The Future of Urban Water Metro Manila and the Philippines This report is the result of a ‘Future of Urban About Arup About Arup Foresight Water’ workshop held in Manila on the 12th November 2015. The workshop was organised Arup has 90 offi ces in over 40 countries around Arup Foresight identifi es and monitors the and facilitated by Arup’s Foresight + Research the world, giving us access to local markets trends and issues likely to have a signifi cant + Innovation team, in collaboration with Arup’s and expertise. Arup is an independent fi rm of impact upon the built environment and society global water business. Participants included designers, planners, engineers, consultants and at large. We research and communicate the a broad range of industry and public sector technical specialists offering a broad range of major challenges affecting the built environment representatives. This was the second of a series professional services to clients around the world. and their implications. We help clients think of workshops on urban water as part of Arup’s Through our work, we aim to make a positive more creatively about the long-term future and ongoing engagement around urban water difference to different communities. Arup brings manage risk and uncertainty more effectively. challenges (the fi rst workshop being held in together broad-minded individuals from a wide Sydney in May 2014 and the third one also on range of disciplines. The fi rm provides expertise www.driversofchange.com the 12th November 2015 in São Paulo). in all aspects of water engineering, management and technology, covering the entire water cycle in temperate, arid and tropical environments.
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Arup 13 Fitzroy Street Rockwell Business London W1T 4BQ Center United Kingdom Meralco Compound Ortigas Avenue Pasig City 1604 Philippines © Arup 2016 Contents
Context 4 1 Global Water Situation 7 2 Philippines: Current Situation 9 3 Drivers of Change: Water 13 4 Scenarios 27 Incremental Improvements 30 Better Together 34 Autonomous Communities 38 Survival of the Fittest 42 5 Case Studies 49 6 Implications and Recommendations 57 7 Appendix 59 Context
“Water is an astonishingly complex and subtle force in an economy. It is the single constraint on the expansion of every city, and bankers and corporate executives have cited it as the only natural limit to economic growth.”
– Margaret Catley-Carlson, Vice-Chair, World Economic Forum
This report is the result of a one day workshop and organisations are already doing or thinking will showcase and explore the similarities and on the ‘Future of Urban Water’ held in Metro about today. differences that cities face in managing their Manila on the 12th November 2015, organised Participants were asked to discuss and water resources and risks. We hope that this by Arup’s Foresight + Research + Innovation share what is important for them in managing programme will support a shift towards more team in collaboration with Arup’s local water water, and what possible future scenarios and sustainable and resilient cities of the future. business. The aim of the workshop was to change they could imagine going forward. The We believe that the challenge of delivering analyse the current situation, and to identify scenarios featured in this report depict four secure, safe and sustainable water can be met future challenges and emerging opportunities for plausible futures for urban water. Scenarios only by working collaboratively, interacting with water management in the Philippines and Metro can be used to explore the viability of different stakeholders and being open to new ideas and Manila. More than 50 participants attended the strategies, inspire innovation and assist in long- innovation. session, including representatives from public term planning for more sustainable and resilient sector bodies, developers and contractors, urban water systems. During the workshop, utilities, and international fi nancial institutions the scenarios were used to explore possible such as the Asian Development Bank. pathways for the future of urban water in Manila. The workshop sessions included an exercise The outputs of the session will feed into to explore and prioritise the key drivers of Arup’s global programme on the Future of Urban change for water, looking at future scenarios for Water. This includes outcomes from a previous water in cities, and a review of inspirational real- workshop in Sydney, Australia, as well as results life project examples showing what other cities from a workshop in São Paulo, Brazil. Outputs
4 The Future of Urban Water | Metro Manila and the Philippines Actions and Recommendations
Key actions The development and implementation of Incremental localised short term plans is needed in order to Improvements overcome situational barriers and contribute to Recommendations long term goals and longer lasting changes. • Development of a climate change action plan focussing on extreme weather events, drought Key actions and precipitation changes More focus on addressing institutional Better • Implementation of fl ood mitigation measures and framework issues and streamlining decision Together green/blue infrastructure solutions making processes is needed to overcome stakeholder challenges to closer collaboration. • Closer collaboration among all stakeholders including city departments, districts, agencies, industry and local populations - cross-sectoral approaches are needed Key actions Closer collaboration and strengthening of local • Empowerment of local communities to improve Autonomous systems, institutions and individuals. Support their livelihood and decrease stress on existing Communities for local economic development that allows centralised infrastructure communities to overcome funding obstacles. • Exploration of options for more effi cient and sustainable local water sourcing with a focus on water reuse and recycling Key actions • Establishment of policies regulating supply, usage Collaboration with communities to deploy volumes and effi ciency measures Survival of the systems which support integrated development. Fittest Regulations to limit the infl uence of organisations ignoring sustainable development issues.
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Global Water Situation 1
Water security is one of the most tangible and fastest-growing social, political and economic challenges faced today. It is also a fast-unfolding environmental crisis. In every sector, the demand for water is expected to increase and analysis suggests that the world will face a 40% global shortfall between forecast demand and available supply by 2030.
—World Economic Forum, 2014
Water is a precious and increasingly critical increased their water usage fi ve-fold, not only groundwater levels. The exploding global resource. The World Economic Forum’s “Global through population growth but considerably demand for “water-heavy” goods including food Risks 2014” report identifi es water crises as through increased per capita demand. Cities and technological products is another critical one of the top fi ve global risks posing the increasingly struggle to access enough water factor, with agriculture already responsible for highest concern. Water crises were ranked supplies to sustain their population, and around 70% of freshwater withdrawals globally.3 as the third biggest risk in terms of impact; currently, half of the world’s cities with more The 2030 Water Resources Group predicts a however, strictly speaking, four of the identifi ed than 100,000 inhabitants are situated in areas global gap between safe freshwater demand top 10 risks are water-related — water crises, experiencing water scarcity.2 Meanwhile, there and supply of 40% by 2030 if business-as- climate change mitigation and adaptation, is increased decoupling of urban and rural usual water management continues, thus not extreme weather events, and food crises.1 systems and a diminishing holistic consideration supporting the predicted population.4 With a Despite this, water issues are often overlooked of the global water cycle, with urban areas possibility for water depletion and increasing or misunderstood, and there is a need for being considered as isolated entities. For cities competition through scarcity, new thinking better awareness of their social, economic to succeed in a world characterised by resource and new ways of managing water become and environmental impacts. In addition to issues and constraints, we must recognize that fundamental. Who will manage, control and be increasing water scarcity and pollution, rapid cities don’t exist in isolation. responsible for water resources in the future?* population growth and urbanisation are major Overlaying and intensifying all of these factors posing fundamental challenges to the pressures is climate change, including rising * Global Water Situation from: Arup (2014). The global water cycle, with a particular pressure on temperatures, extreme weather events, rising Future of Urban Water: Scenarios for Urban the urban water supply. Since 1950, cities have sea levels, and reduction in river fl ows and Water Utilities in 2040
Left: Dragon Boating, Manila Bay 7
Philippines: Current Situation and Future Challenges 2
Rainfall, river fl ow and fl ooding are likely to become more extreme.
—WWF Business Risk study for 16 Philippine Cities, 2014
The Philippines comprises 7,107 islands and, with urbanisation. Additionally, climate change, infrastructure according to KPMG research.10 a population of approximately 100M, it is the 12th ineffi cient and excessive water use, pollution The Philippines is situated in an area most populous country in the world. The majority and increasing volumes of food production experiencing severe weather conditions on a of the Philippines’ population is distributed put pressure on the country’s water systems. frequent basis, with an average of 20 typhoons between only 11 islands.5;6 Its economy is According to the Asian Development Bank, each year. In 2013, typhoon Haiyan (local name: centred on Metro Manila, which has a population 50-65% of households in urban areas have Yolanda) caused extensive damage and was of over 12M and generates some 35% of the access to a piped water supply, reaching 88% rated as one of most powerful typhoons ever Philippines Gross Domestic Product.7 in Metro Manila. The country’s average is 42- seen. The typhoon caused over 6,300 deaths While the Philippines are experiencing rapid 48%. Sanitation provision is even further behind, and signifi cant infrastructure damage. In the population growth, with a projected population with only 5% of households nationally being future, these events are expected to become of 150M by 2050 (up from 26M in 1960 and connected to sewer systems.9 more severe, due to the consequences of 100M in 2015). It is also becoming increasingly Most of the existing water infrastructure climate change.11 Flooding is a constant issue for urbanised. UN data indicates that in the 1960’s dates from the 1950’s through to the 1980’s with the Philippines. Heavy precipitation, storm and roughly 30% of the country’s population lived recent investment being focused primarily on fl ood events are expected to increase, putting in cities, by 2010 this had shifted to 44% and it rehabilitating and managing the water distribution pressure on many regions, urban systems and is estimated that 56% of the population will be networks. In the last fi ve years investment in transport infrastructure. urban by 2050.8 new sewerage, wastewater treatment and fl ood Water supply and sanitation has not kept management has started to increase but it still up with the growing population and rate of ranks towards the bottom of indices for quality of
Left: Flooded market after Typhoon Frank (Fengshen) in 2008 9 PHILIPPINES: CURRENT SITUATION
The Philippines’ water supply is made up of Water is managed by a range of agencies, Flooding is managed by the Department of different sources including groundwater, rainfall regulated by the Government’s National Public Works and Highways (DPWH) who have and surface water, such as reservoirs, rivers and Economic Development Agency. In Metro Manila regional offi ces across the country. In Metro lakes. Large groundwater sources combined the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage Manila they collaborate with agencies such as with high rates of precipitation theoretically System (MWSS) is responsible for water and the Metro Manila Development Authority and the ensure suffi cient supply for the country. However, wastewater provision and has contracted two Laguna Lake Development Authority. Manila’s signifi cant seasonal variations and imbalanced private sector concessionaires to deliver the fl ood management experiences signifi cant geographical distribution often result in water service, Maynilad and Manila Water. The service coordination challenges, not least resulting shortages, especially in densely populated areas is provided under a Public Private Partnership from its 17 municipalities.15 Furthermore, little during the dry season.12 (PPP) approach and has delivered signifi cant incentives to improve water, sanitation and fl ood Currently, the country’s water supplies are improvements in water supply coverage, infrastructure are in place. becoming increasingly constrained. Supply security of supply and non-revenue water Investment in water infrastructure is generally restrictions have been imposed recently for reduction. Wastewater provision is currently low and investment is often skewed towards Metro Manila to help manage the effects being expanded. The concessions are set up to Metro Manila.16 Outside of the Metro Manila predicted to occur by a severe El Niño, resulting run to 2037, giving the private sector operators area there has been little development of water, in radically lower rainfall levels for the country.13 the opportunity to manage their obligations and wastewater and other water management In addition, discharge of wastewater and fi nances over a long term. infrastructure. run-off from agriculture is reducing water quality, Outside of Metro Manila water is managed Whilst there are numerous strategies and resulting in pollution of water bodies such as by Water Districts which are jointly governed by policies in place for managing development rivers and lakes. According to Government data, the Local Water Utilities Association (LWUA). A and regulating water related activities, their only “36% of the country’s river systems are number of PPP projects are underway to develop application is often poor and inconsistent. In classifi ed as sources of public water supply” new bulk water sources, such as in Cebu and many cases regulations are not properly applied and “up to 58% of groundwater sampled Davao. Many local water districts have poor or enforced for a combination of commercial is contaminated with coliform and needs supply management, low economic returns and and technical reasons. This leads to diffi culties treatment”. Water pollution is estimated to result limited technological capability. Increasingly new ensuring good quality of development and in annual economic losses of Php67 Billion developments are processing their own water necessary holistic forward planning. (US$1.3 billion).14 supply arrangements.
10 The Future of Urban Water | Metro Manila and the Philippines PHILIPPINES: CURRENT SITUATION
Risk to El Niño-induced Drought Risk to Projected Rainfall Change
Risk to El Niño-induced Drought Risk to Projected Rainfall Change Very High Very High High High Medium Medium Low Low Very Low Very Low (change: dry season decrease and wet season increase)
*risk baseline: projected Source: Center for Environmental Geomatics - Manila Observatory, 2005 (http://vm.observatory.ph/cw_maps.html) 2080 climatology
Arup 11 population growth
urbanisation
sanitation and hygienewater access
water rights
system vulnerability water consciousness p watershed cooperation al oli ci ti ownership models o ca s l water stress
novel water sources t
e drivers of change ecosystem pollution l
c a
h
t
n water 2.0 n food production o smart infrastructure e l o m g n groundwater depletion ic o a ir l v waterless design n persistent drought e flood risk usage efficiency economic climate adaptation
virtual water ageing infrastructure
water reuse and recycling
energy supply
ecosystem services
For more information go to http://www.driversofchange.com/tools/doc/water/ Drivers of Change: Water 3
The two workshops, held in Manila and São Paulo, coincided with the launch of Drivers of Change Water 2.0. which explores some of the key trends and issues shaping the future of water globally. Issues around water are likely to impact the future shape of our cities, businesses, markets and society for decades to come. Drivers of Change Water is an informational resource that helps groups and individuals explore and prioritise the trends and issues most signifi cant for them, to discuss possible challenges and solutions and to get a broader perspective on the current and future state of water globally. The drivers have been organised into fi ve categories, or lenses, based on their main area of impact: Social, Technological, Economic, Environmental, and Political, collectively referred to as STEEP. The issues chosen for inclusion in this set of cards are the result of knowledge gained through research, interviews, workshops and interaction with our global network, as well as consultation with Arup’s broad spectrum of specialists. Drivers of Change Water is an engaging tool for cultivating relevant discussion about our global water future, especially at a time when our changing climate is bringing water-related challenges around the world. The responses to these drivers will be critical in determining the nature of water supply in the future.
This section identifi es the ten Drivers of Change most likely to infl uence the future of urban water in the Philippines, as identifi ed by workshop participants.
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Workshop Exercise Issues and Priorities
This exercise was designed to review, discuss and collectively prioritise those drivers of change most likely to impact the future of urban water in the Philippines, in particular Metro Manila. The following section highlights the top ten chosen drivers, summarising each drivers relevance to the local context.
Participants were divided into groups of four. Each group was given a full Drivers of Change Water card set consisting of 25 drivers across social, technological, economic and environmental considerations.
• The fi rst step required each group to select the fi ve drivers they perceived as most likely to have the greatest relevance for Metro Manila and the Philippines in general • Individuals were then invited to switch groups and to narrow down the fi ve drivers to their top three • In pairs, participants then reviewed and discussed one of the drivers. Focussing on Manila, they analysed the importance of the driver, key unknowns, potential actions and its relevance on different aspects of the urban water system
14 The Future of Urban Water | Metro Manila and the Philippines DRIVERS OF CHANGE: WATER
Arup 15 DRIVERS OF CHANGE: WATER
1 Population growth
Global trend population growth The global population reached 7bn in 2011 and is projected to reach 9bn how much water will 9bn people need? by 2050. Growth is driven by increasing life expectancy and a rise in the water
James Cridland James number of women surviving to reproductive age, particularly in developing c Africa and Asia. Sub-Saharan Africa — which accounted for 10% of the world’s population in 2000 — will host 17% of the world’s population by
social 2050. By 2050, the population of every country in East-, Southeast-, South- and Central Asia (excl. Japan and Kazakhstan) will grow substantially, with numbers nearly doubling in Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Cambodia, and Laos. As populations expand, demand for water will increase dramatically. This will be driven primarily by a growing demand for food — which is expected to increase by 70% by 2050 — and associated agricultural water use, expected to increase by at least 19% by 2050. A growth in overall consumption will lead to more water use in the manufacturing and production sectors. Consumer spending in India, for example, is expected to expand from US$991bn in 2010 to US$3.6tr by 2020. Historically, the rate of global water consumption has doubled every 20yrs — which is double the rate of population growth. If population and consumption trajectories continue, 1.8bn people will be living in water Local context - workshop analysis scarce regions by 2025. —Population Institute (July 2010) The Philippines has experienced strong population growth resulting in increased water use, while water supply/availability has remained constant. Metro Manila attracts migration from other parts of the Philippines and fertility rates remain high in low income families. Key unknowns include the capacity of local systems and infrastructure to meet increasing demand. Geographic water allocation needs to be reconsidered in light of unevenly distributed population growth due to a lack of policies addressing migration to Metro Manila. The population should be educated about water conservation and the consequences of population growth, whilst job opportunities and services in the provinces need to be enhanced. The country should look into ‘new’ water sources such as desalination, more effi cient technologies for treatment plants and a more effi cient management and operation of water systems.
16 The Future of Urban Water | Metro Manila and the Philippines DRIVERS OF CHANGE: WATER
2 Urbanisation
Global trend urbanisation The percentage of the global population living in urban areas is expected is your city too thirsty? to reach 66% by 2050. A review of the world’s developing regions reveals Anton Bawab Anton water
c that Africa and Asia are the two regions suffering most from lack of urban water supply and sanitation. Major concerns include over-exploitation and pollution of water sources. According to The Times of India, 22 out of 32
social major Indian cities deal with daily water shortages. This is driven by a steady increase in demand, ineffi ciencies in transfer and use, and persistent water pollution. Inadequate infrastructure — such as lack of wastewater treatment and drainage facilities — can lead to pollution of ground- and surface water supplies. In addition to a shortage of reliable water supplies, the street surfaces of many cities continue to be highly impermeable to water. As a consequence, stormwater management has become a high priority to prevent fl oods and sewer overfl ows. Investment in green infrastructure — such as bioswales which use vegetation at street level and subterranean storage to soak up storm water — is leading to more sustainable forms of Brazil is ‘blessed’ with 1/8 of the world’s freshwater, but its natural disaster urban water management. monitoring service estimates that Sao Paulo’s main reservoir could run dry within the next year. The water utility has already lowered pressure in the system to reduce flow. —New York Times Online (16 February 2015) Local context - workshop analysis The Philippines’ existing infrastructure and utility services are subject to increased stress particularly as a result of a high urbanisation rate. A lack of urban planning considerations and urban sprawl amplifi es the issues. This goes beyond Metro Manila and is particularly relevant for Visayas and Mindanao. Unknowns include unpredictable development rates and plans, the direction of political decisions (especially around commercial development), and the intensity of climate change impacts including drought and heavy precipitation. The Government and private sector need to defi ne a consensus and coordinate more effectively on development issues; currently communication is limited. Focus needs to be on urban planning decisions whilst providing alternatives to urban migration through rural development.
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3 Sanitation and hygiene
Global trend sanitation and hygiene Water is critical to staying clean and healthy. Yet, according to international did you wash your hands? charity WaterAid, about 2.5bn of the world’s population lack adequate water sanitation facilities, and 1.1bn still practice open defecation. More than 3.4M people die annually from water, sanitation and hygiene-related causes (99% of which occur in the developing world). It is estimated that nearly social
Commission DG ECHO European 10% of the global disease burden could be reduced through improved c water supply, sanitation, hygiene, and water resource management. Good hygiene behaviour can combat the ill effects of diseases that are caused by poor personal hygiene and skin or eye contact with contaminated water. SuperAmma, a successful handwashing campaign in rural India, used emotional motivators (instead of health messaging) to improve hand-washing behaviours. Six months after the campaign, washing hands with soap in programme-targeted areas had increased by 31% compared with areas without the programme. Organisations such as UNICEF often combine improved sanitation facilities with hygiene education at schools.
Of the approximately 7bn people in the world today, almost 6bn have access to a mobile phone, while only 4.5bn have access to working toilets. Local context - workshop analysis —TIME Magazine Online (25 March 2013) This driver highlights the importance of protecting the public health of the 12-15M people in Metro Manila. Groundwater and surface water pollution should be kept as low as possible, preferably completely avoided. Challenges for future upgrades include the quality of the existing system, political will for improvements, maintenance considerations, response to disruptions and questions around dealing with unpiped areas. When moving forward, Metro Manila should raise public and industry awareness around sanitation and hygiene, encouraging dialogue between city stakeholders. The city should achieve a stricter enforcement of the Clean Water Act and develop binding sanitation targets.
18 The Future of Urban Water | Metro Manila and the Philippines DRIVERS OF CHANGE: WATER
4 Water consciousness
Global trend water consciousness In 2012 Americans consumed 1053bn m3 of water whereas China and India 3 3 how much water do you waste? consumed 1207bn m and 1182bn m respectively. Fuelled by population Thomas Berg Thomas water
c growth and a rise in middle- and upper-class consumption, developing countries will also see increasing pressure on their static (or even shrinking) water supplies. Growing water scarcity increases the need for more effi cient
social water consumption. This starts with consciousness at the individual and community level. World Water Day spread the word about water conservation to more than 700M people in 2014 alone. Water use effi ciency can be achieved through better education, behaviour change and technical effi ciency. For example, the average American family could save 60,000 litres a year by installing low-fl ow toilets, or save 1.3M litres a year by not eating beef. Some corporations are helping to elevate consciousness regarding water use as well; Unilever, for example, has pledged to halve the water associated with using their products by 2020.
Local context - workshop analysis According to a study by the Energy Saving Trust, consumers in the UK could collectively save US$318.5M a year, if every household reduced their daily Water consciousness is a key driver that highlights the importance of shower time by just one minute. —Energy Saving Trust, At Home With Water Report (2013) conserving and sustaining water supply for future generations. In order to deal with increasing water scarcity, education around water conservation is becoming more important. Effective use of water can potentially result in less demand and lower cost for the end-consumer. On the other hand, excessive water usage increases the cost of treating water to drinkable water quality standards. Key unknowns include the amount of water readily available, the effects of climate change on water availability and sources, as well as behavioural aspects of water use. Furthermore, the adoption of technology to minimise water wastage as well as the acceptance and adaptation of the concept of water conservation remains unclear. More focus will need to be placed on water reuse and rainwater harvesting, whilst rules and regulations need to be implemented to ensure effective water conservation.
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5 Usage effi ciency
Global trend usage efficiency In Hyderabad, India, up to 40% of the water in the city is wasted every day. how much unused water are you paying for? In many countries, 17% is seen as the “admissible rate of water loss” and © Lisa Picard © Lisa system ineffi ciency. According to a 2014 UN Water report, if effi ciency does
water not improve, worldwide water demand will outstrip supply by 40% by 2030. Increasing water usage effi ciency is critical to effectively managing water supplies. Weather-based irrigation controllers (WBICs) can automatically adjust water volume and timing in response to changing weather conditions. Residential users can save an estimated 60,000 litres of water per year using this technology. At agricultural scale, researchers at the University of Georgia
technological have developed a GPS-based system which enables farmers to accurately target irrigation through geo-spatial data and sensor networks, thus reducing water consumption by as much as 15%. At the urban scale, IBM and Veolia have announced a strategic partnership to use software and analytics for the integration, analysis and optimisation of all data related to water use in municipalities.
A standard western toilet has historically used up to 30 litres of water per flush, whereas a high-efficiency toilet can use as little as 4 litres, or 86% Local context - workshop analysis less water, per flush.—Southern Nevada Water Authority (2015) Rising water demand, triggered by population and particularly economic growth highlights the importance of focussing more on usage effi ciency. It is unclear whether comprehensive benchmarks, including against other countries, will be established. Locally, building codes including water considerations, effi ciency ratings for appliances as well as volume-based charging are non-existent in the Philippines, leading to above-average water usage, which can be especially observed in the context of larger properties. The Philippines will need to look into developing metrics defi ning usage volumes for the public and private sector, including homes and industry.
20 The Future of Urban Water | Metro Manila and the Philippines DRIVERS OF CHANGE: WATER
6 Water reuse and recycling
Global trend water reuse and recycling New fi ltration, recycling and treatment technologies will continue to increase do you drink recycled water? the amount of wastewater available for both industrial processes and human consumption. Global markets for wastewater recycling and reuse
water technologies grew from US$6.7bn in 2009 to US$9.5bn in 2012 and are forecast to reach US$23.4bn by 2017. Greywater recycling — collecting
Commission DG ECHO European used water from sinks, showers and baths, and cleaning it for use in c toilets, washing machines, and landscaping — has the potential to reduce freshwater usage by 50% at a building level. NEWater is a high-grade, drinkable water produced by passing waste-water though membrane
technological purifi cation and UV disinfection. In 2014, Singapore met 30% of its total water needs through NEWater, with a target of expanding this to 55% by 2060. In January 2015, Bill Gates publicly drank a glass of water fi ltered at a local sewage facility. The sewage sludge had been converted to drinking water by the OmniProcessor, a technology that the Gates Foundation hopes will provide clean, safe water in the developing world. Reuse and recycling After a successful 3-year trial, the government of Perth, Australia, is scaling fall below avoidance and reduction in the hierarchy of water management up a water recycling program to supply 7bn litres of water per year. In the coming decades, it will be able to supply 20% of Perth’s drinking water. strategies, but can help make the most of a limited supply. —Government of Western Australia (1 August 2013). Local context - workshop analysis Key questions and considerations for the Philippines will revolve around areas of innovation for water reuse and recycling; what recycled water can be used for; the different parameters available for water quality; and the quality standards necessary for different uses. The Philippines will have to put more focus on fl ood mitigation strategies to reduce urban stormwater run- off. Implementing coherent water reuse and recycling measures will reduce freshwater consumption and could assist in replenishing groundwater supply. Research funding will need to be secured and allocated, and local ordinances for the discharge of storm and wastewater should be implemented.
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7 Ageing infrastructure
Global trend ageing infrastructure A lot of developed countries require upgrades or replacement of failing how old are the water pipes in your city? critical assets such as treatment plants or distribution pipelines. This includes John Donges John
c improving water asset management practices to make the most of existing and new investments. On a macro scale, the OECD estimates that by 2025, water infrastructure will be the largest recipient of infrastructure investment globally, with water spending in OECD and BRIC countries topping US$1tn.
water In the US, researchers estimate that 27bn litres of treated water are lost each day due to ageing and leaky pipes, broken water mains and faulty meters. That amounts to 540,000 individual breaks each year. The US Environmental Protection Agency estimates the minimum repair investment at US$335bn for fresh water and US$298bn for wastewater in the coming decades. economic Similarly, England and Wales invested US$136bn between 1992 and 2012 to try to keep their water infrastructure up to standards, but according to the Institution of Civil Engineers, they will need to invest even more in the coming decade to reduce leakage and improve system effi ciency to serve the needs of their population. If the 10tn litres of treated water that leaks from US infrastructure each year ended up in New York City, a 298-foot deep flood would engulf Manhattan. —Center for Neighborhood Technology, The Case for Fixing Leaks Report (2013) Local context Manila suffers from an ageing water infrastructure, especially old sewer lines. The local infrastructure capacity cannot keep up with demand and effi ciency levels are not optimised, resulting in high water losses. Further diffi culties exist around the lack of as-built plans of existing infrastructure and the absence of updated review and assessment standards by the Government. In light of these ageing infrastructures, the development of asset management plans will become crucial. Additionally, the expansion of water systems will put greater management challenges on operators and owners, necessitating advanced monitoring systems able to control more complex networks.
22 The Future of Urban Water | Metro Manila and the Philippines DRIVERS OF CHANGE: WATER
8 Climate adaptation
Global trend climate adaptation The UN estimates that between 2000-2013, direct losses from disasters is your city prepared for the impacts of globally were roughly US$2.5tn. Climate change increases the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. Responding to and preparing for climate change? extreme weather patterns incurs both economic and societal costs. The charity Oxfam recently reported that between 2009 and 2014, approximately $490bn was spent on climate-related disasters on a global scale. A 2014 Graeme Bunton, Sara Peel water c UNEP report on the state of climate change adaptation found that the global cost of adaptation is likely to be US$250-500bn by 2050, two to three times higher than original estimates by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Given that extreme weather events are likely to increase in both frequency and severity, many governments and municipalities are economic developing strategies to prepare for the future, both in terms of mitigation and adaptation. In the wake of Hurricane Sandy, the Mayor of New York City outlined a US$20bn plan to protect the city from rising sea levels and powerful storm surges. Adaptation measures included building an extensive In 2013, the Rockefeller Foundation pledged US$100M to enable at least network of fl ood walls, levees and bulkheads along the cities shoreline. The 100 cities around the world to hire resilience officers to improve response City of Chicago is investing in permeable pavement and enlarging the size of to climate change and other shocks. —Philanthropy News Digest, Thirteen New Commitments Announced at 2013 Clinton Global Initiative Meeting (2013) its street tree wells to signifi cantly increase stormwater absorption.
Local context - workshop analysis The Philippines is expected to experience more extreme weather conditions in the future. Events such as El Niño, a more intense wet and longer dry season, will lead to extreme conditions including fl ooding, drought and water shortages with social and economic impacts. Challenges include the diffi culty of predicting such events and the need for more local measures, education and awareness. The Government’s engagement in mitigation and adaptation approaches will be key to addressing the consequences of climate change. Ways forward include fl ood/disaster management strategies, sustainable water systems with reuse, recycling and rainwater harvesting.
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9 Flood risk
Global trend flood risk According to a 2015 report by the World Resources Institute, the number what if a 100-year storm happened yearly? of people affected by river fl ooding alone could triple between 2015-2030, affecting nearly 50M and costing the world economy roughly US$500bn. The World Bank and OECD predict that global fl ood losses could rise from Partnership Global Water
c US$6bn in 2005 to US$1tn in 2050 in light of urbanisation, population growth, sea level rise and sinking land. The ten cities most vulnerable to fl ood events (as a percentage of GDP) are Guangzhou, China; New Orleans, US; Guayaquil, Ecuador; Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Abidjan, Ivory Coast;
water Zhanjing; China; Mumbai, India; Khulna, Bangladesh; Palembang, Indonesia; and Shenzen, China. In most of Europe, fl ooding is the most common extreme weather event. In the coming years, winter fl oods are expected to increase, affecting an additional 1.6M people each year in the EU alone. Southeast Asia, however, is widely considered to be the most fl ood-prone region globally in terms of magnitude, frequency and severity. environmental
2013 saw the highest recorded number of billion-dollar weather disasters Local context - workshop analysis in history. Out of the 261 weather-related disasters that year, 41 caused at least $1bn in damage, with flooding causing a large portion of the losses. Metro Manila’s population and infrastructure is highly vulnerable to fl ood —Brian Kahn, Record Number of Billion-Dollar Disasters Globally in 2013, Climate Central (2014) events. Potential fl ood related risks include breakdown of water and other services; transport and logistics interruptions; damage to physical infrastructure and property; and disruption of commercial and industrial activities. Human lives are directly at risk and general public health can be threatened by, for example, resulting groundwater pollution, especially in light of poor sewage and drainage systems. Preparation for future fl ood events exacerbated by the consequences of climate change will need to include an upgrade of existing drainage systems, a better focus on water management, and zoning ordinances. Investment decisions should be focussed on technology and infrastructure improvements, fl ood management structures, housing projects, disaster preparedness as well as rural development. Potentially, resettlement from high-risk areas will need to be considered.
24 The Future of Urban Water | Metro Manila and the Philippines DRIVERS OF CHANGE: WATER
10 Ecosystem pollution
Global trend ecosystem pollution A 2012 report by the Chinese Ministry of Environmental Protection found are you poisoning your own well? that 40% of China’s rivers were “seriously polluted” and 20% were too toxic for human contact. Chemical spills, industrial waste discharge, acidifi ed Gustavo Veríssimo Gustavo
c rain, sewage overfl ows and fracking fl uids are all examples of man-made pollutants affecting aquatic and marine ecosystems. According to a 2010 UNEP report, industry releases about 300–400M tons of heavy metals, solvents, toxic sludge, and other wastes into the world’s waters each year. Beyond industry, in some developing countries roughly 80% of sewage is
water discharged directly into communal waterways without treatment. Degraded water costs countries in North Africa and the Middle East between 0.5 and 2.5% of GDP per year. According to the World Resources Institute, as of 2011 more than 25% of the world’s reefs were considered to be “threatened” by water-based pollution, with nearly 10% considered to be “highly threatened.” The resultant losses in biodiversity could be extremely damaging
environmental to the food chain and other ecological systems upon which humans, and According to research by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), other species, rely. every year, lakes, rivers, and deltas take in pollution that is equivalent to the weight of the entire human population — nearly 7bn people. —UNEP, Clearing The Waters Report (2010) Local context - workshop analysis The pollution of local ecosystems is of immediate importance to Metro Manila’s population. Already, pollution of water resources, through chemical discharge, and poor industrial waste and sanitation management, can be observed. This can lead to loss of local biodiversity and further limitations of available resources. A lack of Government support, poor implementation of laws as well as the absence of public awareness, hinders the realisation of ecosystem protection measures. Public awareness campaigns, better governance, and educational efforts are promising steps in moving towards better ecosystem considerations.
Arup 25
Scenarios 4
In times of increasing uncertainty — and with a future likely to be utterly different from the world we experience today — scenarios help us better understand possible pathways into the future and enable conversations about how we can infl uence and shape the direction we are travelling in.
Scenarios provide a unique opportunity to explore and compare alternative plausible futures. They are an effective engagement and communication tool that enables us to gain a better understanding of potential routes towards the future of urban water provision, including the role of different stakeholders and alternative system designs. Future scenarios build upon a well-grounded understanding of current and future trends and global benchmarks. They present a tool for strategic thinking through which we are able to make sense of uncertainty and explore future options. Scenario modelling enables businesses to develop robust and resilient strategies as well as meaningful stakeholder engagements. The scenarios in this report are intended to represent possible future worlds while describing the challenges and opportunities facing the global and local water cycle. Scenarios assist in identifying and developing actions and strategies towards achieving a preferred future.
Arup 27 SCENARIOS
Workshop Exercise Future of Urban Water Scenarios
The aim of this exercise was to use scenarios to facilitate the exploration of possible pathways for the future of urban water in Metro Manila and the Philippines.
Participants were divided into groups and allocated one of four scenarios to analyse and assess in-depth.
• Each group started by analysing the relevance and likelihood of their given scenario in the context of Metro Manila • Participants then went into a more detailed assessment of the advantages and disadvantages for Metro Manila resulting from their group’s scenario • Finally, all teams participated in an open discussion where they presented their group’s results, discussed desired and most likely futures and explored possible next steps and research areas
28 The Future of Urban Water | Metro Manila and the Philippines SCENARIOS
Matrix and Key Variables
To outline the future of urban water, the two critical key variables representing major Centralisation uncertainties were identifi ed. They fundamentally defi ne the future of urban water systems and experiences. Incremental Better Improvements Together
Centralised vs. decentralised system The degree to which services and utilities are operated from a central point or from several Separated separated locations Integrated
Separated vs. integrated utilities The level to which utilities cooperate across different types of infrastructure Survival of Autonomous Integrated – symbiosis of a variety of the Fittest Communities infrastructures, e.g. water, energy, food Separated – isolated consideration of infrastructures without acknowledging potential interrelations Decentralisation
Arup 29 1 Incremental Improvements
A world with little change to existing assets and operations. A centralised water supply system with a separated provision of utilities.
Economy Governance Water Sources Economic uncertainty, slow economic Regulatory environment focuses on Systems are operating in a linear way, growth, and little investment in clean facilitating economic growth and reactive heavily relying on groundwater sources. technologies climate change related measures. Lack Utilities focus on supply and cost control of political intervention in utility related without rethinking consumption patterns Consumers planning decisions Price driven consumption with little customer engagement and little concern Energy for sustainability Centralised generation with a continued over-reliance on fossil fuels, but some Resources expansion in renewable power generation Focus on effi ciency, driven by price and scarcity, but little behaviour change at the Industry consumption level Focus on profi t maximisation and conforming to regulation Environment Unpredictable, extreme weather Technology conditions and record-high temperatures Limited deployment of smart solutions continuously challenge the resilience of and utilisation of advanced technologies urban systems in need for upgrade to deal with the consequences of climate change
30 The Future of Urban Water | Metro Manila and the Philippines
SCENARIOS
1 Incremental Improvements
The global economy is growing, albeit slowly. costs. Almost no collaboration between utilities brought about incremental improvements to the Governments and businesses have not done is happening and customers are disengaged. performance of existing assets and systems enough to curb greenhouse gas emissions and Those investments happening in regard to water despite disengaged customers not caring the effects of climate change are becoming use effi ciency and security of supply are mainly enough about water issues and still embracing increasingly severe. We continue to break driven by resource constraints and regulatory in an established throw-away culture. Water temperature records and extreme weather pressures. However, as utilities are operating planning is heavily compromised by a lack of events are increasingly common. Population in isolation, an effective overarching strategy agreed and clear objectives for utilities and growth is continuing at pace and cities are of reducing resource consumption wasn’t by political intervention in planning options facing problems to source adequate food for implemented as of yet. Businesses remain and decisions. Urban water systems are still their residents. Rainfall patterns are changing, reacting to fi nancial incentives and legislation. operating in a more linear, rather than a circular with reduced precipitation becoming common Transporting and treating water and wastewater way. Utilities are still primarily focusing on water in many areas while others experience extreme still requires large amounts of energy which is supply and cost control without fundamentally rainfall events, challenging local infrastructures. exacerbated by expensive energy provision. rethinking consumption patterns. Climate change adaptation measures are local and reactive. Through not recognising macro- The water sector has used demand trends, an opportunity has been lost to address management through usage restrictions broader outcomes. Energy is expensive and to manage capacity and performance there is still a global over-reliance on fossil fuels. during supply constraints. As to support A failure in reducing greenhouse gas emissions this management, smart technologies are has led to a higher than expected sea level rise, implemented in small parts. Furthermore, posing huge challenges to many coastal cities. some cities have installed energy and water However, due to the implementation of new and effi cient infrastructure in some areas, together advanced technologies, it became possible to with incremental developments in green adapt to the consequences of climate change. infrastructure. Many cities have distributed smart metering to households, which helped in Most cities have kept much needed reducing domestic water consumption. Because infrastructure investments to a minimum to of climate change a handle on customers’ retain profi ts under restrictive pricing, resulting behaviour is kept and some disposal targets in deteriorating systems and rising operational and grades have been implemented. This has
32 The Future of Urban Water | Metro Manila and the Philippines SCENARIOS
Implications for Metro Manila Workshop Results
Relevance & Disadvan- Advantages Likelihood tages
Incremental Improvements was seen as a Taking this approach was considered to Limited focus on new, more effi cient and highly relevant scenario for Metro Manila offer cost stability and keep prices affordable innovative technology solutions. and the Philippines, especially in the short- considering the large section of the population term, as it refl ects how changes are being on low incomes. Unequal distribution of wealth, and those made and are expected to be made for holding signifi cant resources will drive some time to come. Little risk/friction in initiating change; investment as opposed to investment being stakeholder priorities and hierarchies are less driven by need or benefi t. The likelihood was rated as medium- likely to be challenged with this approach. high, resulting from a lack of integrated planning, the involvement of many agencies, Potential slow-down of urban development limited willingness and understanding of Low and limited requirement for capital in Metro Manila through little investment and how to make signifi cant changes at the investment which leaves room to focus on ongoing deterioration of infrastructure and Government level and economic constraints other priority areas where investment is urban spaces. against more signifi cant changes. considered necessary by Government and investors. Through failing to put in place resilient Reactive responses to climate change systems and technologies, the Philippines will events were also considered a reason for Fits the approach of adjusting older urban be at risk of external market shocks including incremental changes to be made. areas rather than rebuilding them, which fl uctuating oil prices. would need more political intervention.
Arup 33 2 Better Together
A scenario where industry and utilities better collaborate across a centralised system. A centralised water supply system with an integrated provision of utilities.
Economy Governance Farming Moderate to high economic growth Regulatory environment focuses on Food production is fully integrated with driven by investment in clean facilitating effective cooperation across energy and water systems, with some technologies utilities and effi ciency measures. Urban urban farming in place in the city planning systems are driven by global Consumers climate goals Water Sources Transparency-driven engagement Water recycling and rainwater harvesting between consumer and utilities enabled Energy are standard. Technologies are in use by smart systems to reduce consumption Maximised use of renewable energy, fully for capture, storage and monitoring of integrated with water and food supply citywide water supplies Resources Use of resources is monitored and Industry there is a drive for reuse, recycling and Focus on resource effi ciency, circular avoidance economy, coopetition, and coordinated investments Environment Green infrastructure increases the Technology resilience of urban systems while still Application of smart systems to enable having to deal with consequences of effi ciency and effective integration climate change across utilities and customers. Extensive implementation of smart metering
34 The Future of Urban Water | Metro Manila and the Philippines
SCENARIOS
2 Better Together
Continued globalisation and investment in new techniques as well as early actions on in growing use of real-time data. Customers, new energy technologies have boosted the infrastructure improvements, urban areas are households, industries and the landscape are global economy. There have been a series of now able to meet a considerable amount of integrated, resulting in cities operating as big coordinated and binding efforts, globally and their water demand through local or regional living organisms. The customer experience regionally, to curb carbon emissions and limit sources and their infrastructure capacity is is focused on improved transparency and environmental impacts. However, the mitigating able to keep up with population and demand. effi ciency, and, as a result there has been a impacts of these will only be felt much later and Green infrastructure is increasingly favoured reduction in demand, as people are engaged extreme weather events, especially reductions over man-made, engineered solutions with a with the utility providers and the system and in precipitation are still experienced long after focus on liveable urban habitats, achieving a are careful about their resource usage. Events greenhouse gas emissions have ceased. better infrastructure resilience and stormwater and campaigns around behaviour change are management, linking urban and rural areas. held and people are briefed on how to live Urban planning systems are driven by a green. However, governments still rely heavily commitment to integrated planning as well as Infrastructure hubs were implemented across on policy to change how businesses work and strict regulations to ensure compliance with the city and as a result there has been how people live their lives. Individuals were set global targets. Resource use is monitored greater industry collaboration, especially forced to scale down consumption. The cost for and there is a drive for reuse and recycling. within the water, food, energy and waste infrastructure has shifted to the consumer, which Sustainable, renewable resources have been sectors. Signifi cant strategic and coordinated meant rising energy and water prices. identifi ed and exploited and there has been investments have been made to network utilities, a concerted drive towards zero waste and in order to maximise synergies by integrating the circular economy. Wind and solar energy assets and sharing information and protocols implementation gained speed while many more effectively. Small-scale water reuse is also cities achieved low-carbon goals. They have happening on the household scale, but the minimised their energy and water use and their majority of services are still provided through waste generation and thus substantially reduced central suppliers and their resources. their greenhouse gas emissions. Recycled Complex and integrated water supplies water, stormwater harvesting and reuse are managed by smart grids and systems. became a standard, and seawater desalination Advanced technologies for water capture, is being increasingly used as a reliable source storage and monitoring are widely deployed. of water. Due to the implementation of Smart metering is implemented widely, resulting
36 The Future of Urban Water | Metro Manila and the Philippines SCENARIOS
Implications for Metro Manila Workshop Results
Relevance & Disadvan- Advantages Likelihood tages
Better Together is considered a highly relevant More synchronised and integrated decision The need for stronger leadership to pull all scenario for Metro Manila and the Philippines making around urban development in Metro parties together and requirements for a longer as it describes a situation resulting from more Manila as well as more widely. timeframe to coordinate plans and reach coordinated, integrated and effi cient water decisions. management. The development of water infrastructure that is more effi cient, environmentally friendly and Coordination and cooperation will be harder, The likelihood of this scenario was rated as cost effective which can be shared between with differing perspectives and priorities; at low due to historic constraints and behaviours municipalities and urban areas in proximity to the outset there may be less progress which of stakeholders; in particular the split of roles each other. could reduce willingness to progress. and lack of integration of Local Government Units (LGU’s) and managing agencies was All stakeholders are interrelated; the need Development plans may be constrained, highlighted as a barrier to improvements. for developers to be involved in wider or require modifi cation, to work within the infrastructure decisions could potentially inject water resources and infrastructure currently A lack of attention to, and a gap in the energy, resources and skills to progress. available in Metro Manila and other areas. application of, proper urban planning disciplines constrains the ability to move forwards in this respect.
Arup 37 3 Autonomous Communities
Households, communities and industry are more independent in water collection, processing and distribution, respecting water, energy and food interrelations. A decentralised water supply system with an integrated provision of utilities.
Economy Governance Farming Moderate to high economic growth and Focus on local and regional governance Food production is operated in a closed an increase in independently operating and a collaborative model. Planning circle with energy and water systems, businesses shifted to developments closer to the situated nearer to the point of use source of commodities Consumers Water Sources Customer experience focused on Energy Closed loop system with local water sharing, open networks and resource Dominated by small-scale and harvesting and treatment and little water effi ciency, they are increasingly involved in decentralised renewables operated by going to waste decision-making processes virtual power plants that connect the decentralised network Resources High resource prices and increasing Industry scarcity foster local systems, including Clusters, autonomous systems and collection and supply resource trading across industries with a focus on circular systems Environment The worst of climate change has been Technology avoided while green infrastructure Virtual management of a decentralised measures on the local scale deal with network and increased use of data remaining unpredictable weather events and advanced technologies on the community scale
38 The Future of Urban Water | Metro Manila and the Philippines
SCENARIOS
3 Autonomous Communities
The international community has coordinated These new systems are often at the scale of maintenance. Individual customer relationships efforts to combat advanced climate change. households, communities, and industry clusters. are facilitated through open data, crowdsourcing While weather patterns remain unpredictable, Production and consumption are driven by the and the sharing economy, benefi ting from it is widely thought that the worst of climate desire to operate on the local scale. A spirit of a favourable attitudes towards data sharing. Urban change has been avoided. Despite the fact that circular economy is driving all decision-making. communities managed to achieve a closed a global agreement on the necessity to combat People are better harnessing linked systems, system with little water going to waste. They are climate change was reached early in time, no with food production, water and waste treatment focusing on conserving, effi ciency and reuse binding global deal was achieved. Thus, many and energy production being operated in a of water. Monitoring, sensing and metering cities started to look for solutions on the local closed circle. Local renewable energy generation is deployed and people’s skills and talent is scale and customers realised the benefi ts of and decentralised grids have superseded coal, harnessed to its full extend. A strong focus is put getting involved in decision-making processes. gas and oil. on alternative means of water treatment such This has led to a focus on alternative energy and as reed beds and wetlands, aeration and solar small scale systems. More resilient cities have emerged, with water disinfection. individuals adjusting creatively to the Although greenhouse gas emissions have been unavoidable consequences of climate change. halted and the economy has shifted to a green Communities increasingly embrace urban economy, the impacts of global warming are agriculture, growing food on and between still highly perceptible, due to the huge amounts buildings. Houses and apartment blocks have of emissions that have been put into the air in their own water harvesting, recycling and earlier times. High prices and constrained supply purifi cation, and recycled water became a forces individuals to maximise effi ciency and standard. Through treating and sourcing water decrease their dependence on national utilities. locally, the amount of energy and infrastructure As a result, urbanisation has been stabilised in needed to perform these tasks could be favour of a more sprawled way of living. More reduced signifi cantly. Power resides at the focus is put on existing assets, with resettling community level, utilising computer-based taking place and people being closer to where collaborative tools. Independent customers are their commodities are produced along with operating connected small water networks. commodities being increasingly produced closer Communities engage with the water industry to existing settlements. for trading, information, system design, and
40 The Future of Urban Water | Metro Manila and the Philippines SCENARIOS
Implications for Metro Manila Workshop Results
Relevance & Disadvan- Advantages Likelihood tages
Autonomous Communities is regarded as The empowerment of communities to A potential rise in competition for resources a highly relevant and feasible scenario with develop solutions better suited to local needs, in the short term as communities chase fi nite some aspects already in place and others reducing their dependence on National resources. being developed. Government allocations. Some projects benefi t from economies of The Philippines’ numerous islands, The scenario builds on well established scale and smaller communities may struggle geographically spread population and management principles already in place to implement the necessary projects; some decentralised Local Government Units (LGUs) around communities. degree of centralisation of water supply are circumstances underpinning the relevance and distribution may be needed, requiring a of this scenario. Small scale solutions can promote quicker framework for co-ordination. decision making and more effi cient The likelihood of this scenario was rated deployment of resources. Communities’ necessity for self-regulation medium-high, mainly due to political mechanisms, and to comply with legal uncertainty, inconsistent application of More distributed provision of services requirements, may increase their exposure to regulations and standards, limited awareness could enhance local development, thus external risks. and understanding of managing large scale discouraging further inward migration to water issues, and funding defi cits. already large urban centres, leading to more even economic development.
Arup 41 4 Survival of the Fittest
A scenario with greater competition for limited resources and restrictions to supply with high disparities in usage behaviour and access. A decentralised water supply system with a separated provision of utilities.
Economy Governance Farming Prolonged period of recession and a lack Strong restrictions on consumption and Food and water supply is scarce, only of investment increases competition for supply with access rights at the city scale some areas are fortunate enough to have capital and resources access to fl ourishing land Energy Consumers High energy prices and a failed shift to Water Sources Accessibility and price-driven consumer renewables Insecure water supply and over-pumped behaviour increases inequality aquifers are commonplace. Confl icts and Industry restrictions for scarce water sources are Resources Lack of reliable water supply forces increasing Utilities fail to manage supply constraints extreme effi ciency measures and some effectively forcing restrictions on resource private water networks usage Technology Environment Smart technologies are deployed in parts Continued environmental degradation to monitor and control the restricted and frequent extreme weather events water consumption
42 The Future of Urban Water | Metro Manila and the Philippines
SCENARIOS
4 Survival of the Fittest
The global economy is in a prolonged period scarcity, strong restrictions on consumption At the community level, no one is willing to of recession. We are experiencing a world and supply have been implemented, forcing share resources anymore. Groundwater is used that woke up late to climate change, a world confl icts for water and resources at the local with little concern for others, people use as with greater water stress and resources only scale. The government thus enforces more much as they can once they have access. All available for those who can pay for it. Many decision on people’s lifestyles. Life in the city available sources are identifi ed and exploited countries have already over-pumped and is tough and major parts of formerly fl ourishing and consumer behaviour is driven through depleted their aquifers and have reached or city centres have been abandoned in people’s accessibility. Despite increasing resource gone past peak water. Insecure water supply search for available resources. Thus, large-scale scarcity, consumption hasn’t been cut down, and an increasing amount of droughts have resettling is happening which resulted in the it is just distributed unequally and all resource become commonplace. As a global agreement urban population being lower than estimations usage is driven by who is the fastest and who failed, tough measures have been adopted predicted. The black market for water is a reality can pay for it. regionally to combat climate change. Resource and informal economies are prospering. For use is strictly regulated in a world short of food those who weren’t fortunate enough to build-up and land. their own system, with no regards to planning or legal rights, water rationing and a constant fi ght In many cities, severe water shortages and for water and resources are daily fare. periodic supply disruptions are on the agenda; often, population growth has been restricted by The lack of cooperation has limited opportunities availability of water and land. The environmental for the effi cient management of networks, while system considerably suffered from environmental simultaneously suffering from a lack of skills and degradation and depletion. Despite decreasing talent. Government planning and policy has rainfall, extreme weather and fl ooding proved woefully short-termist with just enough events became more commonplace, with of the basic infrastructure being maintained. planning decisions still ignoring environmental However, the major part of an ageing water considerations of development. During this infrastructure is in need for upgrade, putting time competition for capital and investment has increasing pressure on capital needs. Local been acute. Poor economic and environmental water supply and treatment companies compete conditions have created clusters of haves and for control over critical infrastructure and sources have-nots within society. As a result of water of supply.
44 The Future of Urban Water | Metro Manila and the Philippines SCENARIOS
Implications for Metro Manila Workshop Results
Relevance & Disadvan- Advantages Likelihood tages
Survival of the Fittest was considered as Advantages of this scenario would be mainly Increased inequality, lack of access to highly relevant for Metro Manila as some experienced by the top/elite of the social essential resources, poor public health features are evident already. pyramid with those holding less economic and sanitation were all seen as potential, power being left behind. undesirable outcomes; the focus would move Attendees expressed the desire to avoid this to ‘daily survival’ which is already a signifi cant scenario from occuring. When taken in isolation, the added control of issue for large parts of the Philippine society. a few parties could drive the development of Social responsibility and the strength of stricter governance and regulation which may Resource confl icts and challenges will community was felt to be a key factor in help to control resources. become more commonplace and lead to preventing this scenario developing in full. widespread urban decay. In the worst case The need to innovate to maintain current civil war could result. positions might increase the creativity of industry and investors and in turn result in Uneven distribution of resources and short- more effi cient systems. termist thinking of those with access will lead to depletion of water resources, more stress on systems and a lack of integrated thinking and economies of scale, resulting in less resilient systems and higher costs.
Arup 45 Scenario Summary Desirability & Key Actions
Incremental Better Improvements Together
Overall desirability Overall desirability Incremental Improvements was not Better Together was considered a desirable, considered an ideal scenario but regarded but unlikely, scenario. Integration challenges as the way forward in the short term. To would remain diffi cult due to a lack of strong maximise benefi ts, efforts to enhance political backing and skilled implementors capabilities and overcome situational at all levels. More directed and better barriers need to be taken. Furthermore, applied regulation with a focus on long term longer term, more visionary plans will need outcomes was regarded essential. to be developed in order to encourage longer lasting changes.
Key actions More focus on addressing institutional Key actions framework issues and streamlining decision The development and implementation of making processes is needed to overcome localised short term plans is needed in challenges for stakeholders, hindering order to contribute to wider long term goals. closer collaboration.
46 The Future of Urban Water | Metro Manila and the Philippines Autonomous Survival of the Communities Fittest
Overall desirability Overall desirability Autonomous Communities is considered Survival of the Fittest is considered a a potentially positive scenario which, if highly possible outcome but not one that is managed effectively, including central desirable to attendees. Government support for co-operation issues, could deliver wide-ranging benefi ts.
Key actions Efforts to minimise the likelihood of Key actions this scenario occurring. Collaboration Identifi cation of potential areas for with communities to deploy systems collaboration and the development of plans which support sustainable, integrated to strengthen local systems, institutions development is needed. Regulation needs and individuals. The provision of means to to be in place that limits the infl uence support local economic development that of large-scale organisations ignoring allows communities to overcome existing sustainable development issues. funding obstacles.
Arup 47
Case Studies 5
The following section highlights a selection of case studies, prepared using Arup’s Inspire database; a collection of case studies of emerging projects and ideas across the globe. Ahead of the workshop in Manila, a compilation of case studies of likely relevance to a Philippine-specifi c context was compiled by the Foresight team. Workshop participants were handed these during the event to serve as inspiration for thinking about ways to tackle future challenges and to prepare for possible future worlds. Case studies are intended to spark conversation and creative thinking. They assist us in shaping future pathways and in developing forward-looking solutions. Participants were challenged to think about potential local responses to these cases.
Left: Flooding from Typhoon Ondoy (Ketsana) in 2009 49 CASE STUDIES
HONG KONG DUAL MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM GROWONUS FLOATING PLANT FILTERS
The City of Hong Kong uses a dual water supply system that A fl oating island was designed to investigate the capacity of plant utilises seawater for 22% of the city’s water consumption. communities to cleanse and phytoremediate one of NYC most This saves 271,000,000 m3 of freshwater annually. polluted waterways and determine the wider benefi t of the idea.
Over the past 50 years, the installation of a dual reticulated system has Located in one of North Americas most polluted waterways the ‘GrowOnUS’ ensured that during times of drought or high water demand the basic fl oating islands have been developed to monitor and study the social and sanitation needs of the city are met by seawater. As the public health ecological benefi ts of fl oating landscapes. The fl oating island comprises a risks associated with using seawater for toilet fl ushing are limited, the number of reclaimed sewer pipes each individually designed, with up to 30 corresponding levels of water treatment are minimal and comprise simple plant species, to investigate the capacity for plant communities to cleanse, disinfection with eletrochlorination. In comparison to freshwater treatment, phytoremediate and desalinate heavily contaminated canal water. As well the processing of seawater requires 37% less energy and has resulted in as capitalising some of the underutilised space within the city, fl oating 17 million kWh of annual energy savings. As well as ensuring a safe supply landscapes have the potential to address a number of additional urban of freshwater to the city, the widespread adoption of a dual reticulated functions including providing bio-diverse habitats, attractive public space, water supply has resulted in annual savings of $160m/yr on the purchase of energy and edible produce. freshwater from the Guangdong Province in China.
Source: http://www.waterscarcitysolutions.org/use-of-seawater-in-dual-municipal-water-supply/ Source: https://nextcity.org/daily/entry/clean-water-fl oating-garden-gowanus-canal
50 The Future of Urban Water | Metro Manila and the Philippines CASE STUDIES
INDIAN TEXTILE INDUSTRY MANDATED WASTEWATER PURIFICATION COPENHAGEN CLOUDBURST EXCESS WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN
Following a zero liquid discharge from the textile industry in The Copenhagen Cloudburst Management Plan aims to increase India to alleviate water quality issues from effl uent discharges, the city’s resilience to climate change by creating multi-functional 96% of effl uent water was treated and returned as freshwater. spaces to store excess water during times of heavy rainfall.
Tiruppur is the principal city; producing 80% of India’s national knitwear and Tasked with addressing the risks associated with future climate change generating more than $1 billion in exports every year. Effl uent discharges and unpredictable heavy rainfall events, the Copenhagen Cloudburst from the textile industry in this area, contributes to very poor water quality of Management Plan focuses on priorities and recommendations for creating the river and groundwater system the industry uses. As a result the Indian multi-functional space to store and manage excess water during future High Court issued a mandate for zero liquid discharge from the textile fl ooding events. Developed by a number of overlapping city agencies and industry. In response to this decision, nine effl uent treatment plants were enabled through newly created fi nancial mechanisms, the city wide strategy upgraded via a two stage process. This project cost $84 million, fi nanced by includes walled bicycle paths which can be transformed into ‘canals’, government grants, soft loans and industry but has resulted in a reduction in sunken parks that retain excess water and underground car parks which are water demand by 876,000 cubic metres per year. The project is expected to designed to fl ood and act as temporary reservoirs. have a payback period of 15 years.
Source: http://www.waterscarcitysolutions.org/water-reuse-in-the-textile-sector/ Source: http://en.klimatilpasning.dk/media/665626/cph_-_cloudburst_management_plan.pdf
Arup 51 CASE STUDIES
CONCENTRATED SOLAR STILL DESALINATION TECHNOLOGY ECOVOLT BIOELECTRIC ON SITE WASTEWATER TREATMENT
This desalination approach uses parabolic mirrors to focus solar This treatment system uses electrically active microbes to extract energy, evaporating salt water and collecting pure condensate; clean water and usable methane gas from wastewater, allowing the process uses one-fi fth the energy of traditional plants. beverage producers to generate revenue from waste streams.
Concentrated solar still (CSS) desalination plants use large parabolic mirrors Traditional wastewater treatment systems used by the food and beverage to focus solar energy on a pipe fi lled with mineral oil; the oil effi ciently industries, such as aerated ponds, demand valuable land and consume transfers heat to tanks of salt water, forcing evaporation. The solidifi ed energy, driving up fi nancial and environmental costs. In areas without available salt can be removed and the pure water condensate harvested for use land, wastewater is often trucked to processing plants hundreds of miles in agricultural irrigation. A well-constructed system can purify over 700 away, further increasing carbon footprint. EcoVolt’s containerized treatment million gallons of water a year, or enough to irrigate 2,200 acres of land. As system moves treatment to the wastewater source; once on site, the system water resources become increasingly constrained around the world, CSS employs electrically activated microbes to biologically convert wastewater technology may solve growing irrigation problems and help to curtail rising into recoverable methane gas and clean water usable for irrigation. Biogas food prices. emissions are converted into clean heat and electricity, generating an average 120kW of power.
Source: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/17/technology/water-cleaning-technology-could-help- Source: http://en.klimatilpasning.dk/media/665626/cph_-_cloudburst_management_plan.pdf farmers.html?_r=0
52 The Future of Urban Water | Metro Manila and the Philippines CASE STUDIES
URBAN RUNOFF MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT TREE BOX FILTER MOBILE FLOODWATER PURIFICATION TO DRINKING WATER
Tree box fi lters are decentralized treatment systems integrating This innovative water purifi cation system uses nanotechnology volume and pollutant reduction capabilities into street trees to improve the effi ciency of fi lters, providing up to 2,000 litres of through physical and biological processes. drinking water a day to fl ood-hit communities.
Conventional treatment facilities are commonly utilised by different industries Thailand’s National Nanotechnology Centre (NANOTEC) has applied to treat wastewater and accumulated storm water through sewer systems. nanotechnology to improve the speed, effi ciency and longevity of emergency This method, however, has its limitations in dense urban areas due to large water fi ltration units. Traditional fi lters capture bacteria without destroying spatial requirements and hazard restrictions. Hence, the concept of the tree it, leaving a gradual accumulation over time; but by applying a silver box fi lter was developed to preserve the post-development hydrologic regime antimicrobial nanocoating to the fi lter, the new unit kills or disables the and to abate the diffuse pollution before discharge to receiving waters. bacteria before it reaches the fi lter. Named ‘SOS’, (Solar Operating System), The runoff will be collected in a pre-treatment basin (i.e. sedimentation the portable unit can be run on solar or battery power, vital for fl ood-hit and tank) to separate the large washed-off materials (i.e. leaves, small stones, hard to reach communities, and is capable of cleaning up to 200 litres of etc.) and then fi ltrated through a series/stacks of different media before water per hour. The innovative system was developed as a direct result of being discharged as groundwater recharge or onto the sewer line. This Thailand’s devastating fl oods in 2011, and it is hoped the technology will system could be effective at controlling runoff volume and peak fl ows when become a standard tool in post-fl ood relief efforts. distributed throughout a larger area.
Source: http://www.lowimpactdevelopment.org/pubs/LID_National_Manual.pdf Source: http://www.nanotec.or.th/en/?p=3721
Arup 53 CASE STUDIES
STORMWATER RE-USE AND AQUIFER RECHARGE INITIATIVE MALAYSIA SMART TUNNEL STORMWATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
This South Australia urban stormwater harvesting and re-use This multi-purpose tunnel and fl ash fl ood prevention system project in Adelaide uses wetland bio-fi lters and underground combines a stormwater channel with a traffi c-easing motorway aquifers to reduce stress on traditional water sources. that is also capable of diverting fl oodwater.
In a dry year, the Adelaide metropolitan area has to source the majority The Stormwater Management And Road Tunnel, or ‘SMART Tunnel’, is a of its water from the River Murray, with detrimental environmental effects. motorway and excess water tunnel to the north east of Kuala Lumpur that After severe water shortages in 2003, the government initiated programme simultaneously tackles both fl ooding and traffi c problems. Developed by of strategies to secure sustainable water supplies. The City of Salisbury Malaysian engineering fi rm Gamuda Berhad in association with SSP and identifi ed that 90% of its drinking water supply could be replaced with non- Mott MacDonald UK, the system comprises a 4km double-deck motorway potable water, which could be met by the collection, storage and distribution that partly sits above a 9.7km stormwater channel, anchored by two large of storm water run-off that would otherwise be discharged into the sea holding ponds at either end. The fl oodwater channel is activated when via drains and rivers. The project required the creation of large wetlands in there is a moderate or minor storm, while the motorway is able to operate combination with underground aquifers, to hold the stormwater from winter. normally. During a major storm, the motorway section is also closed off and The wetlands effectively act as bio-fi lters, treating the water before it is slowly evacuated and opened to accommodate excess stormwater. Opened in injected underground into the aquifer where it is stored for re-use. At $57/m, 2007 at a cost of $515m, the SMART Tunnel is claimed to have prevented the stormwater harvesting programme now treats 5 million m3 annually. seven fl ash fl oods in the city centre in its fi rst three years of operation.
Source: http://www.waterscarcitysolutions.org/aquifer-recharge-with-stormwater/ Source: http://smarttunnel.com.my/
54 The Future of Urban Water | Metro Manila and the Philippines CASE STUDIES
SAN DIEGO AIRPORT STORMWATER MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME WATER LOSS REDUCTION DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
SDIA, on the edge of San Diego Bay, faces particular This plan, devised by the City of Johannesburg, resulted in stormwater management challenges; this project reduced annual water savings of 10m m3 through measures including polluted runoff, lowered supply costs and mitigated fl ood risk. infrastructure monitoring, upgrade and pressure management.
San Diego International Airport is the busiest single-runway airport in the The principal user of water from the Vaal River is Johannesburg Water; who United States; positioned in an extremely rainy area, on the edge of a major supply nearly four million customers with an average demand of 1,366,000 body of water, stormwater management is a signifi cant concern. As part cubic meters per day. To help reduce and stabilise demand they implemented of an overarching sustainability initiative, the airport partnered with local a water demand management plan. The major components of this plan consulting groups to implement a rainwater harvesting programme; the included; replacing water mains across their 11,300km distribution network, project has reduced toxic runoff into the bay, provided a new water supply pressure management to reduce night time pressures, continuous monitoring, for airport operations, and substantially mitigated both the physical and active and passive leakage control and the Soweto infrastructure upgrade. In fi scal dangers of fl ood risk. The programme saves the airport as much as its fi rst 12 months the mains replacement initiative improved leakage repairs $300,000 annually in operating costs. and reduced the number of burst pipes by 77%. Whilst improvements in response performance for the passive leak control program, have increased from 80% in 2006 to 89% in 2011.
Source: http://www.san.org/Airport-Projects/Environmental-Affairs Source: http://www.waterscarcitysolutions.org/reducing-water-losses-in-a-large-distribution-network/
Arup 55 Two main challenges related to water are affecting the sustainability of human urban settlements: the lack of access to safe water and sanitation, and increasing water-related disasters such as fl oods and droughts.
—United Nations, Water and cities, 2014 Implications and Recommendations 6
The Philippines’ urban water future is infl uenced by a broad range of factors, with increasing water demand, urban population growth, climate-related risks and the Recommendations resulting necessity for effi cient systems beingthe most infl uential. This report is aimed at assisting in exploring future options for urban water systems, in making sense of • Development of a climate change action plan focussing on extreme uncertainty and in identifying risks and challenges. weather events, drought and precipitation changes The Drivers of Change, future scenarios and Particular attention should be paid to urban • Implementation of fl ood mitigation case studies covered in this report refl ect fl ood mitigation measures and the reduction measures and green/blue the necessity for urban areas to be prepared of stormwater runoff. As well as the impacts of infrastructure solutions for a world that will likely be utterly different population growth and demographic change, • Closer collaboration among from the world we experience today. Local and the need for improved climate change all stakeholders including city water sourcing, reuse and recycling in order resilience, a key theme for Metro Manila is the departments, districts, agencies, to sustain the growing urban population will challenge of adapting its ageing infrastructure industry and local populations - cross- become increasingly important. Metro Manila’s and systems to future demands and stresses. sectoral approaches are needed water systems will need to be prepared for Another central topic identifi ed in the workshop • Empowerment of local communities increased water demand resulting from a is the need to establish a more coordinated to improve their livelihood and growing population, highly infl uenced by inward and integrated approach across the city’s decrease stress on existing centralised migration to Metro Manila, while water supply various stakeholders and institutions shaping infrastructure remains constant. The consequences of the future of urban water in Metro Manila. City • Exploration of options for more climate change will necessitate more resilient departments, districts and agencies will have to effi cient and sustainable local water water systems and an early, concerted attempt work together more closely, and an increased sourcing with a focus on water reuse to develop responses to extreme weather involvement of Government around water and recycling events will prove benefi cial in the long-term. policies and laws is seen as highly important to • Establishment of policies regulating Forward looking strategic planning and disaster Metro Manila’s water future. supply, usage volumes and effi ciency response will be key. measures
Left: Manila Bay Panorama 57
Appendix 7 Workshop Impressions
Arup 59 APPENDIX
Literature
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60 The Future of Urban Water | Metro Manila and the Philippines APPENDIX
Image Credits
The references below indicate: 16-25: Drivers of Change Water Cards © Arup 54: Malaysia Smart Tunnel Stormwater Management System (https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KL-SMARTtunnelentrance.JPG) by Azreey Page number: subject (image link) by creator (creator’s link) license 26/31/35/39/43: Scenario Illustrations © Steven Scicluna / Arup (https://www.fl ickr.com/photos/sauer-thompson/) CC-BY 4.0
Key to license defi nitions: 48: Flooding from Typhoon Ondoy (https://www.fl ickr.com/photos/ 55: San Diego Airport Stormwater Management Programme (https://www. CC-BY 2.0: Creative Commons – Attribution (https://creativecommons. dfataustralianaid/10695910543/) by Department of Foreign Affairs and fl ickr.com/photos/kittysfotos/10884573966) by Kitty Terwolbeck (https:// org/licenses/by/2.0/) Trade (https://www.fl ickr.com/photos/dfataustralianaid/) CC-BY 2.0 www.fl ickr.com/photos/kittysfotos/) CC-BY 4.0 CC-BY 4.0: Creative Commons – Attribution (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/) 50: Hong Kong Dual Municipal Water Supply System (https://www.fl ickr. 55: Water Loss Reduction Distribution Network (https://www.fl ickr.com/ CC-BY-SA 2.0: Creative Commons – Attribution – Share Alike (https:// com/photos/studiokanu/16988106769/) by Pasu Au Yeung (https://www. photos/south-african-tourism/6252678075/) by South Africa Tourism creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/) fl ickr.com/photos/studiokanu/) CC-BY 4.0 (https://www.fl ickr.com/photos/south-african-tourism/) CC-BY 4.0 CC-BY-SA 4.0: Creative Commons – Attribution – Share Alike (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/) 50: GrowOnUs Floating Plant Filters © Balmori Associates (www.balmori. 56: Manila Panorama (https://www.fl ickr.com/photos/rdexter/4624455124/) CC-BY-ND 2.0: Creative Commons – Attribution – No Derivatives (http:// com) by Ree Dexter (https://www.fl ickr.com/photos/rdexter/) CC-BY 2.0 creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) CC-BY-ND 4.0: Creative Commons – Attribution – No Derivatives (http:// 51: Indian Textile Industry Mandated Wastewater Purifi cation (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/) www.fl ickr.com/photos/nrdc_media/5009249315/) by NRDC/ Julia Bovey CC-BY 4.0: Attribution 4.0 International (http://creativecommons.org/ (https://www.fl ickr.com/photos/nrdc_media/) CC-BY-ND 4.0 licenses/by/4.0/) 51: Copenhagen Cloudburst Excess Water Management Plan (https:// www.fl ickr.com/photos/56380734@N05/5898855207/) by Comrade Foot (https://www.fl ickr.com/photos/56380734@N05/) CC-BY-SA 4.0 Front/Back Cover: Storm Over Makati (https://www.fl ickr.com/photos/ bensonkua/6055627771) by Benson Kua (https://www.fl ickr.com/photos/ 52: Concentrated Solar Still Desalination Technology © WaterFX (http:// bensonkua/) CC-BY-SA 2.0 waterfx.co/)
6: Dragon Boating (https://www.fl ickr.com/photos/azilade/3257781677/) 52: EcoVolt Bioelectric On Site Wastewater Treatment © Cambrian by Liz (https://www.fl ickr.com/photos/azilade/) CC-BY-ND 2.0 Innovation (http://cambrianinnovation.com/)
8: typhoon frank_mother and child_market (https://www.fl ickr.com/ 53: Urban Runoff Management and Treatment Tree Box Filter © Jevelyn photos/biagkensiak/2600186364) by Constantine Agustin CC-BY-SA 2.0 Tobio/Konju National University Cheonan Campus
11: Diagrams (http://vm.observatory.ph/cw_maps.html) © Center for 53: Mobile Floodwater Purifi cation to Drinking Water © Daniel Lovering/ Environmental Geomatics - Manila Observatory (http://www. MIT Technology Review (www.daniellovering.com) observatory.ph/) 54: Stormwater Re-use and Aquifer Recharge Initiative (https://www.fl ickr. 12: Drivers of Change Water Diagram © Arup Foresight com/photos/sauer-thompson/2936718233/) by Gary Sauer-Thompson (https://www.fl ickr.com/photos/sauer-thompson/) CC-BY-SA 4.0 15/58/59: Workshop Images © Arup
Arup 61 APPENDIX
Participants
External Experts Oliver Javier Philippine Business for the Engr. Jean Margaret Mercado University of Environment, Inc. Santo Tomas Engr. Abel D. Fajardo Habitat for Humanity Ma. Teresa C. Combatir Philippine Association Dr. Dolores Cleofas University of Santo Tomas Mai Flor WaterLinks of Water Districts Engr. Cris Edward Monjardin Mapua Institute Gabriel De Vera WaterLinks Engr. Nestor G. Lualhati Metropolitan of Technology Renato Da Jose JVACC Waterworks and Sewerage System Sheila Grace Perez Mapua Institute of Diosadado Galvez Makati Development Engr. Nida C. Gaspar Metropolitan Waterworks Technology Corporation and Sewerage System Stella Tansengco-Schapero Asian Grandmaster Caro Makati Development Atty. Mia Mary Sebastian PPP Center of the Development Bank Corporation Philippines Ramon Alikpala USAID/Be Secure Robert Turner Britishwater Inc. Lea Odulio PPP Center of the Philippines Engr. Allan A. Martin Pasig City Hall Julius L. Patawaran JH Patawaran Arch. Paul Henrick M. Letana Bases Engr. Lawrence B. Prudencio Pasig City Hall Construction Co. Conversion and Development Authority Engr. Susan Redillas Manila City Hall Engr. Eric M. Salvadora Philippine Society of Engr. Brando C. Aguilera Bases Conversion Engr. Pablo Del Mundo Provincial Government Sanitary Engineers, Inc. (PSSE) and Development Authority of Laguna Mario Lawrence Suelto Philippine Green Hoomer Monroyo Bases Conversion and Joyce T. Berba Provincial Government of Building Council Development Authority Laguna Robert Elrey Goce Philippine Green Building Ramon Ordoño Local Water Utilities Adriana Bienes Provincial Government of Council Administration Laguna Heherson H. Tabag Manila Water Company Inc. Angelina Forcadilla Department of Public Engr. Rommel Sta Ana San Miguel Holdings Aubrey San Buenaventura Manila Water Works and Highways Corp. Company Inc. Dolores M. Hipolito Department of Public Engr. Benedetto Del Rosario San Miguel Edgar Santos Manila Water Company Inc. Works and Highways Holdings Corp. Kris Catangcatang Maynilad Water Services Crissa Rica V. Espiritu Department of Public Engr. Ferdinand Almeda Filinvest Land Inc. Inc. Works and Highways Engr. Rolando Reyes Filinvest Land Inc. Cesar Quintos Laguna Lake Development Mark Josepg L. Rivera Department of Public Cherrie Nuez UK Trade and Investment Authority (LLDA) Works and Highways Rachel Gancia UK Trade and Investment
62 The Future of Urban Water | Metro Manila and the Philippines APPENDIX
Contacts
Arup Raul Manlapig Facilitation Principal, Manila Josef Hargrave Raul Manlapig [email protected] Adrian Marsden Materials Kenneth Kwok Adrian Marsden Felicitas zu Dohna Josef Hargrave Associate, Manila Elisa Magnini Claro Vera [email protected] Raphael Iruzun Martins Fritzie Ferrer Stephanie Schemel Emilfredo Siervo Josef Hargrave Jeramee Dimapilis Associate, London Report Jevelyn Tobio [email protected] Elisa Magnini Stephanie Schemel Thomas Sagris Associate, Leeds Scenario Illustrations [email protected] Steven Scicluna
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Arup 63 Arup 13 Fitzroy Street London, W1T 4BQ United Kingdom