Springer Geography

Springer Geography More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10180 Yves Boquet The Philippine Archipelago Yves Boquet Département de Géographie Université de Bourgogne Dijon, France ISSN 2194-315X ISSN 2194-3168 (electronic) Springer Geography ISBN 978-3-319-51925-8 ISBN 978-3-319-51926-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-51926-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017930197 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Acknowledgements In loving memory of Mrs Josefina Labrador (1939-1977) This book would not exist without the warm welcome of my Filipino friends and colleagues. Maraming salamat sa inyong lahat! I must first of all thank the Department of Geography at the University of the Philippines–Diliman in Quezon City for hosting me on several occasions and especially during my stay as a guest faculty from June to September 2013. Heartfelt thanks to its director Dr. Darlene Occeña-Gutierrez, who organized my stay and arranged for my long-term campus accommodation, free of charge, barely 5 min walking time from my bedroom to my classroom: thanks are given to the efficient and friendly staff of UP-Nismed residence. Thank you Professor Meliton Juanico, who introduced me to Manila during my first ever visit to the Philippines in August 2009. Thank you to David Garcia who accompanied me in Clark and Subic Bay, and Emmanuel Garcia for experiencing all kinds of public transport in Manila on my second visit in December 2009. Thank you also to Daniel Mabazza for many insightful exchanges including in Chile and Poland during IGU conferences, Doracie Zoleta-Nantes (from Cologne to Kyoto), Ony Martinez, and the rest of the department, faculty, staff, and my students of GEOG 151 and GEOG 242, for their contributions and suggestions about this book, and the tasting of Philippine delica- cies on many occasions. Thank you to colleagues in other departments, in particular the Institute of Transport, the UP Department of Architecture and Urban Planning (Dean Mary Ann Espina, Michael Tomeldan, Danilo Silvestre), the UP Diliman Center for International Studies (Professor Cynthia “Chim” Zayas, Raymond Macapagal and others, who introduced me to Ifugao anthropology), and UP Chancellor Dr. Michael Tan. I have also a profound gratitude to the Lyceum of the Philippines University (Manila campus) for another 4 months teaching stint (June to September 2015): thanks to Deans Cristina Aquino and Lilibeth Aragon, as well as Myrna Reyes and Rommel Cabacog who helped immensely in the logistics of an extended stay, and to the dynamic students of my world tourism classes. Thank you to colleagues in Ateneo de Manila (Quezon City), especially Danielle Guillen, Michael Pante, Professor Filomeno Aguilar, and Hiroko Nagai, and at La Consolacion College (Manila), for welcoming me to conferences and for seminars v vi Acknowledgements in their respective universities, and for trusting me to publish in Philippine Studies and review for books and articles about the Philippines. Being recognized as an expert on their country by my Filipino academic peers is indeed very gratifying. Christian Merer, as Cultural attaché at the French Embassy in Manila (Makati to be precise), provided early advice and contacts with Philippine academics. This was very valuable. I am grateful to the University of Burgundy and my colleagues in the Department of Geography for allowing me to leave for such long times and as often! Succeeding university presidents Sophie Béjean and Alain Bonnin, the deans of the School of Social Sciences Daniel Durney and Philippe Salvadori, as well as International Relations director Caroline Fortier have all encouraged my efforts to develop academic exchanges with the Philippines. My senior students at the UTB Inter-Age Université pour Tous have been a remarkably responding audience in the spring of 2016 when I proposed a course focusing solely on the Philippines, quite possibly a first in French universities. Thanks to Editions Universitaires de Dijon’s director Professor Hervé Duchêne for encouraging me to write on short notice an abridged French version of this book, and EUD commercial director Philippe Vauthier for promoting it so well to the media on the eve of the 2016 Philippine elections. It helped me to clarify the focus of some chapters in the present book. Thanks must be addressed to Jean-Jacques Bavoux, Carol Boquet, Pierre Camberlin, Jean-Pierre Chabin, Robert Chapuis, Guillaume Giroir, and Pierre Volpoet for their constructive readings, remarks, criticisms, and suggestions along- side the elaboration of this book. I have an immense gratitude towards my sister Véronique Lahaye, cartographer at the Paris geography institute (University Paris-Sorbonne) who made beautiful maps out of my ugly sketches and scribbles and transformed boring statistical data into explicit thematic maps. One map drawn at UP by Ony Martinez for an earlier paper was reused in this book. All photographs in the book are mine. I was also able to experience life in the Philippines “from the inside” thanks to many friendships developed since 2009. It is impossible to mention everyone, but I thank above all those who welcomed me to their homes in provinces, under the shade of palm trees or in front of rice fields, without the physical comfort of the West or Metro Manila hotels, but with the warm and smiling hospitality of Filipinos: families De Leon, Guevarra, Martinez, Osio, Saguinsin and Siquijor in Calauan, Cabuyao, Pagsanjan, Victoria and Santa Cruz (Laguna), Diesta and Marbella in Pagbilao and San Antonio (Quezon), Labrador, Ramos and Botuyan in Cayucyucan (Camarines Norte), Factor in Pinamalayan (Oriental Mindoro). Thank you all for making me “kuya” (elder brother), “tito” (uncle), or “ninong” (godfather and wed- ding sponsor). Thank you Mr. Rogelio Labrador for making me feel part of your extended family, and for the karaoke singing duets. This immersion in the life of several Filipino families has been an invaluable experience to complement and enrich academic, book-based, knowledge, and understand better how people live in the country, what is important to them, while sharing their day-to-day joys and sadnesses, hopes and disappointments, enthusiasms, and difficulties. I think it will show through in several parts of this book. Acknowledgements vii Thank you to Bernard Marcellana for driving long hours to Bicol and the north- ern Philippines (Baguio, Banaue, Sagada) in 2011 and 2012 and many interesting insights about the Philippines during these trips of discovery outside of Manila. I am very grateful to Richel Martinez, Joy, and Janneth Botuyan for helping and translat- ing into/from Tagalog or Bikolano during field surveys in Pagsanjan and Cayucyucan. The country has many problems to solve, but also a youthful population willing to do it, if given the chance. Filipino children (Aesha, Allaine, Andy, Ayill, Chris Jay, Evelyn, Ghiem, Hannahkim, James Albert, Jhanella, John Hurley, Khayeann, King Lenard, Limchel, Maelyn, Mark Rassel, Miles, Nonoy, Patrick, Ralph Ronald, Rheu Jade, Sarah Joy, Sean Ace, Trishia, Yuna, and millions of others): the future of the Philippines is in your hands! Contents 1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 1 References.................................................................................................. 7 Part I Land, History and People 2 7107 Islands.............................................................................................. 11 2.1 Sea and Land Intertwined: The Terraqueous Character of the Philippines.............................................................................. 12 2.1.1 Islands, Seas and Lakes......................................................... 12 2.1.2 Shorelines.............................................................................. 18 2.1.3 Philippine Seas and EEZ....................................................... 21 2.2 Mountainous Islands from the Ring of Fire...................................... 22 2.2.1 Physiography of the Philippines...........................................

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