Impact Evaluation Study
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Impact Evaluation Study on Public-Private Partnership the case of Angat Water Supply Optimization Project and the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System Republic of the Philippines FINAL REPORT July 2003 UTCE Ltd. Japan PFI Association Contents Executive Summary Acknowledgements List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 1. Introduction ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 1 1.1 Background ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 1 1.2 PPP in Public Utilities General ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 1 1.3 Water Supply Service and Waste Water Treatment (Sanitation) Service ・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 4 1.4 Objective ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 11 1.5 Study Focus ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 12 1.6 Outline of this Report・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 12 2. Framework and Methodologies of the Study ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 13 2.1 Study Framework ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 13 2.2 Data Collections and Fact Findings・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 16 3. Provision and Process of PPP in Water and Sanitation Services in Metro Manila ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 19 3.1 Background ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 19 3.2 PPP in Philippines ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 20 3.3 Process of PPP ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 21 3.4 Initial Facilities Conditions in West and East Zone ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 23 3.5 Concession Agreement ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 24 4. Comparative Analysis Ⅰ ~Service-related Performance~ ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 27 4.1 Service Coverage・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 27 4.2 Water Availability and Line Pressure・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 30 4.3 Quality of Water ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 31 4.4 Non-Revenue Water (NRW) ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 32 4.5 Staff Productivity・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 35 4.6 Sewerage and Sanitation ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 36 4.7 Tariff of Water Services ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 38 4.8 Tariff of Sewerage and Sanitation Services ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 39 4.9 Summary of Service-related Performance ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 40 5. Comparative Analysis Ⅱ ~Financial and Operational Performance~ ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 42 5.1 Financial Performance of MWSS・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 42 5.2 Financial Performance of the Concessionaires・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 45 5.3 Capital Expenditures of MWSS and Concessionaires ・・・・・・・・・・・・ 49 5.4 Capital Investment Program to Expand and Modernize Water and Sanitation Services ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 50 5.5 Summary of Financial Performance ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 53 6. People’s Perception before and after PPP ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 57 6.1 Opinion Surveys ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 57 6.2 Summary of Customers Perception ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 58 6.3 Perception Trend before Privatization・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 58 6.4 Quality of Water ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 58 6.5 Water Availability ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 60 6.6 Satisfaction with the Water Service in Respondent’s Place ・・・・・・・ 61 6.7 Consumed and Paid per Month ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 62 6.8 Satisfaction with Concessionaires' Price of Water ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 63 7. Special Programs for the Urban Poor ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 64 7.1 The Water Improvement Program for Depressed Area (WIPDA) of the MWSS ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 64 7.2 The Manila Water’s Tubig para sa Barangay Program・・・・・・・・・・・・ 65 7.3 The Bayan Tubig of MWSI ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 68 7.4 Impact on the Slum Dwellers and Non-revenue Water ・・・・・・・・・・・ 69 7.5 Forgotten Sanitation・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 69 8. Profile of Concessionaires and the “Residual” MWSS ・・・・・・・・・・ 70 8.1 Impact of the Privatization on Human Resources in MWSS ・・・・・・・ 70 8.2 MWSI ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 70 8.3 MWCI ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 74 8.4 Role of International Operators ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 77 8.5 Capacity of the “Residual” MWSS in Managing the Privatized Water Utility ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 78 9. Role of Donors Agencies ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 80 9.1 World Bank ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 80 9.2 International Finance Corporation (IFC) ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 81 9.3 Asian Development Bank (ADB) ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 81 9.4 Capacity Building for the Regulatory Office of MWSS ・・・・・・・・・・・・ 82 9.5 Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 83 9.6 Role of Donors in a Privatized Regime・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 84 10. Regulatory Mechanism ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 85 10.1 Importance of the Contract ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 85 10.2 Competition・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 86 10.3 Competence of the Public Sector, Especially the Regulator ・・・・・・・ 87 10.4 MWSS Regulatory Office ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 89 10.5 Dispute and Arbitration ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 92 10.6 Notice of Termination of the MWSI Concession ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 95 11. Tariff Setting and Rate Adjustment ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 97 11.1 Tariff Structure in the Concession Agreement ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 97 11.2 Rate Adjustment Mechanism in Amendment Ⅰ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 98 11.3 Rate Adjustment ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 102 11.4 Rate Rebasing ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 102 12. Social Dimension of the Water Supply Privatization・・・・・・・・・・・ 105 12.1 Goal of Development and the Way to Achieve it・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 105 12.2 Importance of the Local Cultural Setting ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 105 12.3 Social Organization of the Water Providers ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 106 12.4 Social Roots of NRW・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 107 13. Conclusions and Recommendations・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 110 13.1 Conclusions・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 110 13.2 Recommendations ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 114 Executive Summary (1) Background and Objective In the last decade, private sector participation in public utilities has globally significantly increased. Privatization of water supply and sanitation services in Metro Manila is the largest one in the world. Study of its impact on the national budget and lives of Manila inhabitants uncovers strong and weak points of the arrangement and its implementation process. When the role of Philippine local conditions in the project is well understood some general conclusions useful for future cases can be suggested. The objective of the study is to clarify the impact of Public Private Partnership (PPP) in MWSS case on quality of services and financial situation of the government, and to analyze the arrangement of PPP scheme affecting the impact, which will lead recommendations for future projects in other cities in the developing world. (2) Methodology Focus of the evaluation is on the comparison of financial and service situation of the whole system and its parts within a five-year period before (1992-1996) and after the privatization (1997-2001). Emphasis has been placed on primary data collection and interviews with concerned agencies. Where the primary data were not available, relevant documents were analyzed. (3) Fact Findings The greatest achievement of the private operators is expansion of their service. During the last five years, the number of water connections has increased by 30%, a feat that would have taken MWSS 30 years to do. At the same time, the average daily water availability has increased from 17 to 21 hours. On the other hand, sewerage coverage is still far bellow promised levels and NRW remains to be the majority of the water produced. Despite the common apprehension before 1997, the concessionaires have spent more effort on bringing water to poor communities than government had used to, which resulted in dramatic water coverage increase. An increasing reliance of MWSS on ODA was probably the main reason for privatization. The Asian Financial Crisis hit hardly MWSI, which assumed 90% of MWSS loans. As Peso suddenly devalued, these loans effectively doubled. This, together with its operational inefficiency and other aspects, resulted in MWSI’s financial instability and subsequently decision of its contract termination. The other concessionaire, MWCI, has been posting positive gains from its operations, but its contribution to relieve the government’s financial burden is rather small. The majority of MWSS employee did get absorbed by the two private firms. Management strategy and capacity building in the firms greatly affected operational efficiency and job satisfaction of the employee. According to public opinion surveys, the customers are more satisfied with the private service but they find water tariffs to be high. The tariffs after privatization dropped but were readjusted after the sudden currency devaluation. The transfer of MWSS operations to MWSI and MWCI resulted only in negligible dislocation of employees. (4) Lessons Learned Lessons learned from MWSS privatization through 5 years experiences are as follows. a) preparation and bidding process It was reported that the privatization process lacked a good communication for confirming the mutual expectation before the contract. The government should have explained that future investment entailed cost. It only emphasized lower tariffs with privatization to get approval of public. But even lower tariffs were only true at the onset. b) concession agreement Tariff rate adjustment.