Towards a Model of Formal and Informal Address in English
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FHISO CFPS 21: Proposal for Handling Personal Names
CFPS 21 (Call for Papers Submission number 21) Proposal for Handling Personal Names Submitted by: Proctor, Tony Type: Technical proposal Created: 2013-03-19 Last updated: 2013-04-20 URL: Most recent version: http://fhiso.org/files/cfp/cfps21.pdf This version: http://fhiso.org/files/cfp/cfps21_v1-1.pdf Description: Proposal for Handling Personal Names Keywords: Personal-names, Culture-neutral Family History Information Standards Organisation, Inc. http://fhiso.org/ Contents 1. Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Proposal ........................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Name Structure ......................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Time Dependency ..................................................................................................................... 3 2.3 Name Types .............................................................................................................................. 4 2.4 Name Matching ........................................................................................................................ 4 2.5 Sorting and Collation ................................................................................................................ 4 3. Not Covered or Not Required ....................................................................................................... -
L1 ENGLISH L2 GERMAN LEARNERS‟ GRAMMATICALITY JUDGMENTS and KNOWLEDGE of DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS by Daniel Robert Walter a THES
L1 ENGLISH L2 GERMAN LEARNERS‟ GRAMMATICALITY JUDGMENTS AND KNOWLEDGE OF DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS By Daniel Robert Walter A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS German Studies 2011 ABSTRACT L1 ENGLISH L2 GERMAN LEARNERS‟ GRAMMATICALITY JUDGMENTS AND KNOWLEDGE OF DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS By Daniel Robert Walter Second language learners are often faced with difficult decisions while interpreting language. One specific difficulty of discourse is dealing with ambiguity, which is often made more challenging by the fact that second language learners‟ native language processes may carry over into their second language processes. Some learners may not have received any explicit instruction on how to deal with ambiguity and must rely on internal processing by their interlanguage to make a guess as to what the speaker means. This thesis explores the acquisition of German demonstrative pronouns by second language learners of German whose native language is English. Unlike German, which allows for both personal pronoun usage (er, sie, es etc.) and demonstrative pronoun usage (der, die, das etc.) to refer back to antecedents, English only allows personal pronouns. Thus English native speakers tend to rely on syntactic structure to resolve ambiguous pronoun usage, while German speakers can differentiate antecedents through the use of demonstrative and personal pronouns. Demonstrative pronouns in German typically encode for object pronoun reference, while English does not have an equivalent form. In order to determine how L1 English learners of German deal with this incongruity between English and German pronoun resolution, learners of German in advanced German classes were tested via a grammaticality judgment test to see whether they were able to successfully identify demonstrative pronouns in German as grammatical or if they interpreted the demonstrative to be an error. -
Antoine De Chandieu (1534-1591): One of the Fathers Of
CALVIN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ANTOINE DE CHANDIEU (1534-1591): ONE OF THE FATHERS OF REFORMED SCHOLASTICISM? A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF CALVIN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY THEODORE GERARD VAN RAALTE GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN MAY 2013 CALVIN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 3233 Burton SE • Grand Rapids, Michigan • 49546-4301 800388-6034 fax: 616 957-8621 [email protected] www. calvinseminary. edu. This dissertation entitled ANTOINE DE CHANDIEU (1534-1591): L'UN DES PERES DE LA SCHOLASTIQUE REFORMEE? written by THEODORE GERARD VAN RAALTE and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy has been accepted by the faculty of Calvin Theological Seminary upon the recommendation of the undersigned readers: Richard A. Muller, Ph.D. I Date ~ 4 ,,?tJ/3 Dean of Academic Programs Copyright © 2013 by Theodore G. (Ted) Van Raalte All rights reserved For Christine CONTENTS Preface .................................................................................................................. viii Abstract ................................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1 Introduction: Historiography and Scholastic Method Introduction .............................................................................................................1 State of Research on Chandieu ...............................................................................6 Published Research on Chandieu’s Contemporary -
Surnames in Europe
DOI: http://dx.doi.org./10.17651/ONOMAST.61.1.9 JUSTYNA B. WALKOWIAK Onomastica LXI/1, 2017 Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu PL ISSN 0078-4648 [email protected] FUNCTION WORDS IN SURNAMES — “ALIEN BODIES” IN ANTHROPONYMY (WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO POLAND) K e y w o r d s: multipart surnames, compound surnames, complex surnames, nobiliary particles, function words in surnames INTRODUCTION Surnames in Europe (and in those countries outside Europe whose surnaming patterns have been influenced by European traditions) are mostly conceptualised as single entities, genetically nominal or adjectival. Even if a person bears two or more surnames, they are treated on a par, which may be further emphasized by hyphenation, yielding the phenomenon known as double-barrelled (or even multi-barrelled) surnames. However, this single-entity approach, visible e.g. in official forms, is largely an oversimplification. This becomes more obvious when one remembers such household names as Ludwig van Beethoven, Alexander von Humboldt, Oscar de la Renta, or Olivia de Havilland. Contemporary surnames resulted from long and complicated historical processes. Consequently, certain surnames contain also function words — “alien bodies” in the realm of proper names, in a manner of speaking. Among these words one can distinguish: — prepositions, such as the Portuguese de; Swedish von, af; Dutch bij, onder, ten, ter, van; Italian d’, de, di; German von, zu, etc.; — articles, e.g. Dutch de, het, ’t; Italian l’, la, le, lo — they will interest us here only when used in combination with another category, such as prepositions; — combinations of prepositions and articles/conjunctions, or the contracted forms that evolved from such combinations, such as the Italian del, dello, del- la, dell’, dei, degli, delle; Dutch van de, van der, von der; German von und zu; Portuguese do, dos, da, das; — conjunctions, e.g. -
AACR2: Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2Nd Ed. 2002 Revision
Cataloguing Code Comparison for the IFLA Meeting of Experts on an International Cataloguing Code July 2003 AACR2: Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2nd ed. 2002 revision. - Ottawa : Canadian Library Association ; London : Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals ; Chicago : American Library Association, 2002. AAKP (Czech): Anglo-americká katalogizační pravidla. 1.české vydání. – Praha, Národní knihovna ČR, 2000-2002 (updates) [translated to Czech from Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2nd ed. 2002 revision. - Ottawa : Canadian Library Association ; London : Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals ; Chicago : American Library Association, 2002. AFNOR: AFNOR cataloguing standards, 1986-1999 [When there is no answer under a question, the answer is yes] BAV: BIBLIOTECA APOSTOLICA VATICANA (BAV) Commissione per le catalogazioni AACR2 compliant cataloguing code KBARSM (Lithuania): Kompiuterinių bibliografinių ir autoritetinių įrašų sudarymo metodika = [Methods of Compilation of the Computer Bibliographic and Authority Records] / Lietuvos nacionalinė Martyno Mažvydo biblioteka. Bibliografijos ir knygotyros centras ; [parengė Liubovė Buckienė, Nijolė Marinskienė, Danutė Sipavičiūtė, Regina Varnienė]. – Vilnius : LNB BKC, 1998. – 132 p. – ISBN 9984 415 36 5 REMARK: The document presented above is not treated as a proper complex cataloguing code in Lithuania, but is used by all libraries of the country in their cataloguing practice as a substitute for Russian cataloguing rules that were replaced with IFLA documents for computerized cataloguing in 1991. KBSDB: Katalogiseringsregler og bibliografisk standard for danske biblioteker. – 2. udg.. – Ballerup: Dansk BiblioteksCenter, 1998 KSB (Sweden): Katalogiseringsregler för svenska bibliotek : svensk översättning och bearbetning av Anglo-American cataloguing rules, second edition, 1988 revision / utgiven av SAB:s kommitté för katalogisering och klassifikation. – 2nd ed. – Lund : Bibliotekstjänst, 1990. -
Issues in the Linguistics of Onomastics
Journal of Lexicography and Terminology, Volume 1, Issue 2 Issues in the Linguistics of Onomastics By Vincent M. Chanda School of Humanities and Social Science University of Zambia Email: mchanda@@gmail.com Abstract Names, also called proper names or proper nouns, are very important to mankind that there is no human language without names and, for some types of names, there are written or unwritten naming conventions. The social importance of names is also the reason why onomastics, the study of names, is a multidisciplinary field. After briefly discussing the multidisciplinary nature of onomastics, the article proves the following view stated and proved by many a scholar: proper names have a grammar that includes some grammatical features of common nouns. In so doing, the article shows that, like common nouns, proper names show cross linguistic differences. To prove that names do have a grammar which in some aspects differs from the grammar of common nouns, the article often compares proper names and common nouns. Furthermore, the article uses data from several languages in addition to English. After a bief discussion of orthographic differences between proper names and common nouns, the article focuses on the morphology, both inflectional and lexical, and the syntax of proper names. Key words: Name, common noun, onomastics, multidisciplinary, naming convention, typology of names, anthroponym, inflectional morphology, lexical morphology, derivation, compounding, syntac. 67 Journal of Lexicography and Terminology, Volume 1, Issue 2 1. Introduction Onomastics or onomatology, is the study of proper names. Proper names are terms used as a means of identification of particular unique beings. -
The Botanical Exploration of Angola by Germans During the 19Th and 20Th Centuries, with Biographical Sketches and Notes on Collections and Herbaria
Blumea 65, 2020: 126–161 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/blumea RESEARCH ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.02.06 The botanical exploration of Angola by Germans during the 19th and 20th centuries, with biographical sketches and notes on collections and herbaria E. Figueiredo1, *, G.F. Smith1, S. Dressler 2 Key words Abstract A catalogue of 29 German individuals who were active in the botanical exploration of Angola during the 19th and 20th centuries is presented. One of these is likely of Swiss nationality but with significant links to German Angola settlers in Angola. The catalogue includes information on the places of collecting activity, dates on which locations botanical exploration were visited, the whereabouts of preserved exsiccata, maps with itineraries, and biographical information on the German explorers collectors. Initial botanical exploration in Angola by Germans was linked to efforts to establish and expand Germany’s plant collections colonies in Africa. Later exploration followed after some Germans had settled in the country. However, Angola was never under German control. The most intense period of German collecting activity in this south-tropical African country took place from the early-1870s to 1900. Twenty-four Germans collected plant specimens in Angola for deposition in herbaria in continental Europe, mostly in Germany. Five other naturalists or explorers were active in Angola but collections have not been located under their names or were made by someone else. A further three col- lectors, who are sometimes cited as having collected material in Angola but did not do so, are also briefly discussed. Citation: Figueiredo E, Smith GF, Dressler S. -
German Grammar Articles Table
German Grammar Articles Table Is Tedd fornicate when Franky swivelling railingly? Douglis plucks his prefigurations promised saucily, but powerless Elwood never faxes so pronto. Traumatic and unassisted See hydrogenized his gatecrasher retrogrades jewel cross-legged. And the gender is it is important to get if available in german grammar table for each noun is spoken among the german article, we have to tell you to In German there's a lawn more to determining which article to crank than just. German Grammar Indefinite articles Vistawide. And crash the nouns with both definite article in the key below as first. German Grammar Songs Accusative and Dative Prepositions. Experienced German teachers prepared easy articles and simple conversations in German for. German grammar Nouns Verbs Articles Adjectives Pronouns Adverbial phrases Conjugation Sentence structure Declension Modal particles v t e German articles are used similarly to the English articles a crawl the film they are declined. Why by a fresh male a fit female exit a window neutral in German Though these might. Because as these might be already discovered German grammar is. General sites Helpful articles about teaching grammar Animated German Grammar Tutorials. The German definite article d- with growing its forms is getting essential tool. A new wrath of making chart German is easy. German Nominative and Accusative cases audio. How To our Understand The Frustrating Adjective Italki. Contracted Preposition-Determiner Forms in German Tesis. German language Kumarika. German Definite Articles Der Die Das Everything may Need. To give table above certain adjectival pronouns also talking like the background article der. You dig insert a 'k-' in front seven any voyage of 'ein-' in the constant of the against to. -
A Machine Learning Approach to German Pronoun Resolution
A Machine Learning Approach to German Pronoun Resolution Beata Kouchnir Department of Computational Linguistics Tubingen¨ University 72074 Tubingen,¨ Germany [email protected] Abstract The system presented in this paper resolves German pronouns in free text by imitating the This paper presents a novel ensemble manual annotation process with off-the-shelf lan- learning approach to resolving German guage sofware. As the avalability and reliability of pronouns. Boosting, the method in such software is limited, the system can use only question, combines the moderately ac- a small number of features. The fact that most curate hypotheses of several classifiers German pronouns are morphologically ambiguous to form a highly accurate one. Exper- proves an additional challenge. iments show that this approach is su- The choice of boosting as the underlying ma- perior to a single decision-tree classi- chine learning algorithm is motivated both by its fier. Furthermore, we present a stan- theoretical concept as well as its performance for dalone system that resolves pronouns in other NLP tasks. The fact that boosting uses the unannotated text by using a fully auto- method of ensemble learning, i.e. combining the matic sequence of preprocessing mod- decisions of several classifiers, suggests that the ules that mimics the manual annotation combined hypothesis will be more accurate than process. Although the system performs one learned by a single classifier. On the practical well within a limited textual domain, side, boosting has distinguished itself by achieving further research is needed to make it good results with small feature sets. effective for open-domain question an- swering and text summarisation. -
The Life of Mario Von Bucovich: Perils, Pleasures, and Pitfalls in the History of Photography
Mario for T.H. // Berkowitz collaboration 1 The Life of Mario von Bucovich: Perils, pleasures, and pitfalls in the history of photography Todd Heidt, Knox College, Galesburg, IL and Michael Berkowitz, University College London Mario von Bucovich was a successful and prolific early to mid-twentieth century photographer whose existence was, like many in his cohort, peripatetic. Remnants of his oeuvre are readily found on the internet, as scores of his prints and postcards are reproduced and offered for sale, especially his portrait of Marlene Dietrich. Bucovich himself was apparently camera-shy. Highly unusual for someone in his field, there are few if any self-portraits. He was captured at least once as part of an informal group, but no photograph of him alone has yet emerged. Despite the persistence and wide circulation of his photographs and writings, there has been limited interest in Bucovich, which may reflect a somewhat ungenerous assessment. Until now there has been little effort to detail and interpret his career. Although many of his portraits, landscapes, and urban photos are not notable, he was a creative and talented photographer. He also took the initiative, as few photographers did, to produce books of his photographs dedicated to New York and various European cities. In a privately published volume of 1935, intended to simultaneously de-mystify and elevate photography, Bucovich was unusually reflective about his views on photography and his own practice of the craft. But he reveals almost nothing of a personal nature beyond his life in the studio behind the lens. Both authors of this article, before learning of each other's work--coming from German Studies and Jewish Studies, respectively--were struck by the disparity between 1 Mario for T.H. -
The Syntax of Formality: Universals and Variation
THE SYNTAX OF FORMALITY: UNIVERSALS AND VARIATION Elizabeth Ritter1 and Martina Wiltschko2 1University of Calgary, 2ICREA & University of Pompeu Fabra 1. Introduction In this paper we explore the formal properties of formality distinctions in pronominal systems. The World Atlas of Linguistic Structures (WALS) identifies four types of languages based on the number of distinctions of politeness (their term for formality) in second person pronouns – (i) languages with no formality distinctions; (ii) languages with a binary distinction; (iii) languages with multiple distinctions; and (iv) languages that avoid pronouns due to considerations of politeness/formality. This is illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 1: WALS typology of second person politeness (formality) distinctions In this paper we develop a different typology, based on the grammatical derivation of (in)formal forms. We identify two types of systems: Type I systems are exemplified by French and German and Type II by Korean and Japanese. French and German both have the widely discussed T/V distinction between an (unmarked) informal form and a marked formal one. One of the key features of such systems is that the formal pronoun is homophonous with another pronoun in the paradigm. French uses the second person plural form vous as its formal pronoun, while German uses the third person plural form sie. Korean and Japanese, on the other hand, have an open class of forms that encode information about the social status of the addressee relative to the speaker, the age and sex of the addressee (and sometimes the speaker), etc. Consistent with the characterization of these forms as open class, we note that different sources provide slightly different lists of Actes du congrès annuel de l’Association canadienne de linguistique 2019. -
Anaphora Analysis Based on ABBYY Compreno Linguistic Technologies
ANAPHORA ANALYSIS BASED ON ABBYY COMPRENO LINGUISTIC TECHNOLOGIES Bogdanov A. V. ([email protected]), Dzhumaev S. S. ([email protected]), Skorinkin D. A. ([email protected]), Starostin A. S. ([email protected]) ABBYY, Moscow, Russia This paper presents an anaphora analysis system that was an entry for the Dialog 2014 anaphora analysis competition. The system is based on ABBY Y Compreno linguistic technologies. For some of the tasks of this competition we used basic features of the Compreno technology, while others required building new rules and mechanisms or making adjustments to the existing ones. Below we briefly describe the mechanisms (both basic and new) that were used in our system for this competition. Key words: anaphora resolution, coreference resolution, syntactic analy- sis, syntactic-semantic analysis Introduction The main task of the ABBYY Compreno system is to convert the input text into a semantic structure that is a tree where nodes are concepts and arcs are relations between these concepts. For details see [1] and [4]. At the early stage of the analysis process the structure of a sentence is repre- sented as a syntactic tree. The syntactic analysis of the input text is complete, i.e. every item of the input text takes some syntactic slot of some parent. Then the syntactic tree is augmented with non-tree links. While tree links en- code syntactic dominance, non-tree links capture conjunction, pronominal anaphora, PRO control, and other non-local dependencies between nodes. Further follows the transition from syntactic to semantic structure. During this process every parent-child arc in the tree is interpreted, and each node gets a semantic role related to its parent.