© in This Web Service Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-05933-7 - War and Cultural Heritage: Biographies of Place Edited By Marie Louise Stig Sørensen and Dacia Viejo-Rose Index More information

INDEX

1954 Hague Convention on the Protection of belonging, 4 Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Bermeo, Spain, 72 Conflict, 4 BešlagiC, Selim, 233–234, 240, 242 Bilbao, Spain, 72 abandonment, 13 biographical approach, 10 accounts of events, 3 biographies of places, 2–3, 10–11, 157 aerial bombardments, 9, 69 as an approach, 11 affective associations, 6 different kinds of time within, 13 aftermaths, 1, 6, 9 potential of approach, 11–14 in Gernika, 76–77 Bismarck, Otto von, 18 agency, 2, 7, 8, 10 Blagojevic,Ljiljana, 169 of materialities, 5 Blobel, Günter, 122 agents, 2, 10 Bloch, Marc, 59 Aguirre y Lecube, José Antonio, 75–76 bombings, 7 American Civil War, 26 borderlands, 11 Angoso, Angel, 78–79 Bosnia, 13, 225–226, See also Slana Banja memorial anthropocentric understanding, 10 complex anti-fascism, 105 1992–5 war and, 226–227 appropriation, 5 importance of Tuzla, 226–227 architectural conservation, 5 political uses of past and, 228–230 architectural conservation guidelines, 10 Slana Banja memorial complex, 227–228 architectural styles, 12, 70–71 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1, 15, See also Kozara, battle architecture, 157 of; Kozara monument and memorial complex artefacts, 10 Mrakovica monument, 211–214 Ashmore, Wendy, 11 boundaries, 4 Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 251–252 Brandt, Friederich, 27 atmosphere, 8 Brandt, Willy, 252 atrocities, 8 bridges, 2 audiences, 70 Brown, Kate, 11 authenticity, 14 Buchli, Victor, 157 buildings, 15 Bähr, George, 115–117, 123 built environments, 6, 7 Barcellini, Serge, 62 Basque Nationalist Party (PNV), 76 Cádenas, Gonzalo de, 78 Basterrechea, Jesús, 85 Carabanchel, prison of, 16, 128, 265–266 battlefields, 15 arrival of first prisoners at, 140 battles, 7, 8 as media image, 139–140 Bauman, Zygmunt, 258, 259 as prison, during last years, 147–148 Belgrade, 9, 16 building of, 131 historic background of, 159–161 changes at, 1953–1968, 141 liberation of, 161 classic radial model as architectural form for, 135 NATO bombing of, 173–177 concessions to nationalist architectural styles reconstruction of, 161 and, 135 resistance as element of self-identity of, 159 confinement of political prisoners at, 143–144

285

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-05933-7 - War and Cultural Heritage: Biographies of Place Edited By Marie Louise Stig Sørensen and Dacia Viejo-Rose Index More information

286 INDEX

Carabanchel, prison of (cont.) loss of ambiguity during, 266–267 control centre of, 137–140 propaganda uses of, 16 decline of, during 1980s, 146–147 sites of, 6 discipline and charity at (1944–1961), 135–141 terminated but not concluded, 265–266 division of areas in, 135–138 transformation of landscapes and, 8–9 documentary films of, 147 Congress of Vienna (1814–1815), 4 dome of, 137–140 consequences, 8, 13 fate of Carcel Modelo vs., 153–154 construction, dynamic of, 8 galleries of, 137 contexts, memory and, 252–253 historical phases of, overview, 129–130 contradictory claims, 8 Homines sacri of, 129–130 Crimean War (1853–1856), 26 inauguration of, 139–142 cultural dimensions, importance of, 5 lessening of repressive system of, 134 cultural emergency relief, 8 number of gates of, 135–137 cultural heritage number of prisoners at, 132 as deliberate targets, 8 overcrowding and, 140–141 conflicts and, 1, 8–9 panopticon of, 138–139 evolvement of ways of looking at, 5–6 political prisoners’ views of, 134 functions of, 9 Prison Watch and, 142–143 growing awareness of national ownership of, 4 prisoner profile at, during last years of, impact of violence of, 9 147–148 intangible dimensions of, 5 Psychiatric Hospital of, 141–142 tangible, 5 Psychological Laboratory and, 142 cultural myths, 15 repressive spaces used during construction of, Cypriot conflict, 15 132–134 Cyprus, 1, 13, See also Ledra Palace Hotel resistance by inmates and, 140–141 School for Prison Studies and, 142 Danish-Prussian war, 15 shift towards modern disciplinary process in dark heritage, 6 1960s at, 142 De Gaulle, Charles, 59–60, 61 Spanish Civil War and, 130–131 decay, 7 state of exception (1968–1978) and, decorative details, 12 144–146 deliberate destruction, 2 transformations of neighborhoods around, 144 Denmark, 1, 18 vacating of, 148–154 destruction Carcel Model de Madrid, 131–132 dynamic of, 8 Carlist War, 73 long-term effects of, 14 Causa General (General Cause), 76–77 narrative of, 9 Chirac, Jacques, 58, 59, 60 destructive acts, 8 Cicero, 261 destructive effects, 8 civic society, role of, 14 difficult heritage, 6 Coch, Friedrich, 117 dismantling, 7 codification, process of, 4 dissonant heritage, 6 collective memory, 256–257 Dobrovi|, Nikola, 161, 165–167 communities Dresden, 9, 12, 16, 263–264, See also Frauenkirche re-making of themselves, 17 (Dresden) community identities, 10 ‘annihilated,’ as historical symbol, 100–101 community values, 10 architectural modernism and reconstruction of, complex events, 3 113–114 conflicts, 254–255 as iconic representations of complex events, 16 aftermath of, 9–10 as symbol of catastrophic destruction, 98–100 analysing aftermaths of through biography of, as historical symbol, 101–102 places, 2 challenging narrative of, 107–108 cultural heritage and, 1 changes in collective memory of, and re-erection editing and reediting of places of concluded, of Frauenkirche, 112 262–264 construction and placement of symbolic narrative frozen, 264–265 of, 102–103 impact of, on heritage, 9 demands for recovery of lost iconic interpretations of, 3 buildings, 115

INDEX 287

extremist groups and, 110–112 public campaign and dispute about re-erection of, fragmentation and segregation of symbol of, after 120–124 1990, 108–109 reconstruction of, 118 German Democratic Republic and use of symbols re-erection of, 109 of, 103–106 frozen conflicts, 264–265 internationalisation and universalisation of future generations, 71 destruction of, 106–107 mythical ‘Old Dresden’ and, 113 Gallego, Ferrán, 153 public space as protest venues, 111 Gallipoli, battle of, 251–252 Düppel-Denkmal (monument), 29–32 Gana, Luis Maria de, 78 Durango, Spain, 72 Geertz, Clifford, 13–14 Dybbøl fortification, 23 Generalštab, 9, 16, See also Belgrade Dybbøl, battlefield of, 12, 16, 18, 262 after death of Tito, 169–170 as burial ground, 24–26 as cultural heritage, 177–178 construction of victory and honourable defeat as frozen conflict case, 265 narratives (1864–1914), 28 as memorial, 178–179 construction of, as memorial site, 18–19 as symbol of Partisan resistance, 167 ‘Danification’ of landscape phase of (1920–1972), at war, 171–173 36–37 construction of, 162–165 Danish memorials and burial stones at, 37–39 context of, 161–162 Danish narratives of ‘ culture of defeat’ at, 33–36 design of, 161 distancing phase of (1973 to present), 39–41 destruction and afterlife (1999–present day), four phases of, overview, 24 173–177 location and historical background of, 20–22 during Cold War, 167–169 military sequence of, 22 future of, 180 photographic record of, 26 introduction, 156–158 Prussian victory at, as German symbol, 28–33 rise of Milosevi| and, 170–171 recording of, 26–28 Sutjeska interpretation of, 166–167 relevance of case study of, 19–20 generations, 1 themes of biographical analysis of, 41–44 geographical dimensions of place, 2 Germany, 1, 18 emotions, 7 Gernika, 8, 9, 12, 265–266 European Union, 1 aerial bombardment of, 76 events, 7 architectural characteristic of buildings in, 72 iconic representations of complex, 16 architectural styles in town hall square, 95 as iconic representations of complex events, 16 Fillon, François, 60 bombing of, 69 First Prussian War of 1864, 15 building materials used in, 72 First Schleswig War, 20–22 building of Town Hall of, 74, 81–82 First World War, 15 Carlist Wars and, 73–74 folkloric activities, Franco’s support of, 83 Casa de Juntas, 93 France, 1 celebration of 600th anniversary of, 89 Franco, Francisco, 12, 69, 70–71, 76, 77 construction of Courts, Post and Telegraph Office aesthetic symbolism of regime of, 89 building in Town Square, 84–85 reconstruction policies of, 71, 93–95 designation as town, 71–72 Frankovi|, Mijo, 234–235 destruction of town centre during civil war, 75–77 Frauenkirche (Dresden), 8, 9, 12, 16, 265, See also dispersal of symbolism of, 93–95 Dresden early reports of reconstruction of, 77 as remembrance site, 118–119 evolution of Foru Plaza in townscape and bombing of night of 13th February, 117–118 symbol-scape of, 89–94 changes in collective memory of bombing of expansion of, 74 Dresden and re-erection of, 112 Falange and national-social reconstruction plans debate over role off, 115 (1938–1939), 78–79 German reconstruction craze after 1990 and, first town hall of, 72 124–126 Foral Tree of, 93 history of, 115–119 Foru Plaza (Town Square) of, 69, 70, 72, 74, 78, 93 layers of meaning of, 126–127 Foru Plaza (Town Square) of, use of symbolic and National Socialist party in, 117 stylistic elements, 93–95

288 INDEX

Gernika (cont.) post-conflict reconstruction of, 5 historic prints and photograhs of, 72 Spanish, 70 inauguration of Town Hall square, 83 tangible and intangible, 7 Kulture Etxea (public library) in, 93 war and, 3–4 modification of Foru Plaza after Franco’s death, heritage management professionals, 11 90–92 heritage sites, 8 Monday Market of, 92 analysis of relationships of, 157 Museum of, 92 as anchors of symbolic meaning, 6 obelisk in centre of, 83 creation of narratives and, 8 ordering and sanitising dimension of destruction of, 157 reconstruction of, 80–81 importance of physical setting of, 6–7 origins of main square of, 71–75 new, 8 peace symbolism of, 92 new, in post-conflict societies, 9 Plaza de los Fueros of, 69, 83 prioritisation of, 8 political symbolism of, 92 heritage that hurts, 6 post-conflict rhetoric and rebuilding of, 70–71 heritage value, 3 post-war reconstruction and moulding Spanish Hilton of Cadboll, 11 heritage in, 70 historical contexts, 4 reconstruction of ‘centre,’ 115.30, 77–78 historical events, 3 reorientation of biographical focus on main square historical references, 71 of, 71 Hochhuth, Rolf, 106 representation of authority in, 78 Homo sacer, 129–130 rhetoric vs. reality of reconstructing, 86–88 AIDS-infected addicts at Carabanchel as, 147 role of authority and reconstruction of, 78 foreign populations at Carabanchel as, 148 symbolic centre of, 76 Hopp, Hanns, 113, 118 symbolic significance of, 69 task of descombro, 86–87, 92 iconic representations, 3 theatricality of town square, 82–83 iconoclasm, 4 Town Hall as centre for protests in, 93 identities, 2, 4 Tree of, as symbolic nucleus of, 72–73 ideological influences, 15 united with Lumo, 74 ideological vision, 12 urban landscape of, 72 ideologies, 17 Gernika Peace Museum, 92, 93 Imamovi|, Jasmin, 240–241 Gordy, Eric, 171 inaugurations, performances of, 70–71 Guernica. See Gernika Indian Rebellion of 1857, 26 Guernica (Picasso), 76, 90–92 Informe Herran, 77 intangible marks, 2 Hadzic, Miroslav, 159, 160 international media, 69 Hague Convention on the Protection of Cultural interpretations of conflict, 3 Property in the Event of Armed Conflict of invested places, 3 1954, 4, 9 Iriondo, Luis, 92 Hague Conventions on land warfare of 1899 and Irving, David, 106 1907, 4 Hahn, Hugh, 117 Jansen, Stef, 159 Hahn, Hugo, 117 Jones, Sian, 11 Hamilakis, Yannis, 11 heritage Kaiser, Michael, 120 and war, connection between, 3 Kapija massacre, 236, 237 as instrument for reconciliation, 255–256 Kelly, William, 92 dark, 6 Kohl, Helmut, 58, 252 deliberate destruction vs. collateral damage of, 4–5 Kolsto, Pal, 159 difficult, 6 Kopytoff, I., 10 dissonant, 6 Kosovo Poje, battle of, 176, 264 immovable, 4 Kovaχevi|, Bojan, 163, 165 intangible, 4 Kozara case studies, 13 interpreting, 70 Kozara monument and memorial complex, 264 legal codification of, 4 after Breakup of Yugoslavia, 216–222 national re-framing, 4 biography of changing meaning of, 222–223

INDEX 289

introduction, 208–210 monuments, rebuilding of, 9 use of meaning of, between 1972 and 1992, 214–216 moral values, 71 Kozara, battle of, 16, 160, 210–211 mourning and loss, 8, 9 Kulick, Vladimir, 161, 163, 164, 169–170 Mrakovica monument (Bosnia Herzegovina), 209 commemorative practices and, landscapes, 10 211–214 phenomenological approach to, 6–7 Mulisch, Harry, 106 rural and urban, 15 Mumford, Lewis, 70 Lavrence, Christine, 157, 159 museum collections, 6 layers of symbolism, 3 museum conservation guidelines, 10 Ledra Palace Hotel, Nicosia, Cyprus, 12–13, 16, myths of antiquity, concept of, 159 183–185, 255 beginnings of (1948–1968), 185–190 Nacionales, 76 cultivation of loss and, 196–202 Napoleonic wars, 4 refurbishment of, 203–206 narratives, 12 ‘the conflict, 190–196 post-war identity, 16 Lehendakari, 92 National Antii-fascist Council of the People’s Lieber Code of 1863, 4 Liberation of Bosnia and Herzegovina lieux de mémoire, 11 (ZAVNOBIH), 234 liquid warfare, 259–260 National Battle of Liberation, 160 long-term impacts, 8 national cultural property, 4 looting, 4 national spirit, 8 Lumo, Spain, 71, 74 NATO, 18 Luttwak, Edward, 254 NATO, bombing of Belgrado, 173–177 Navarre, Spain, 72–73 Madrid. See Carabanchel, prison of Non-Intervention Pact, 76 Markovic, Ante, 216 Nora, Pierre, 11 material damage, 8 materialities, 69 Ossuary at Douaumont, 47, See also Monument to agency of, 5, 6, 7 Victory (Monument de la Victoire); Verdun, traditions of, 14 battlefield of meaning origins and early history, 48–52 acquire or loss of, 3 changing, 10 palimpsests, 13 symbolism and, 5 Paracuellos, mass killings of, 131–132 meaning-making, 6 parks, 2, 15 mechanisms of, 15 Parthenon marbles, 11 memorial places, 7, 257–260 peace symbolism, Gernika and, 92 memorialisation, 3 Pétain, Henri-Phillipe, 59–60 memories of war, 2 Picasso, Pablo, 76, 90–92 memories, foci of, 7 places, 2, 10 memory agential character of, 11 collective, 256–257 as artefacts and agents, 10 contexts and, 252–253 as focus of study, 2–3 ‘places’ of, changing reading of, 261–262 importance of tangible qualities of, 7 memory events, 3 life-cyles of, 17 Mercado, Rosendo, 149 materiality and, 6–7 Merkel, Angela, 251–252 remaking of, 3 Mexican-American War (1846–1848), 26 stories of, 251 Milja∀ki, Ana, 159 tangible qualities of, 7 Miloševi|, Slobodan, 157, 170–171, 174, 178 Poland, 11 misuse, 4, 5 policymakers, 11 Mitterrand, François, 58, 252 political claims, 4 Monument to Victory (Monument de la Victoire), Popular Front (Spain), formation of, 75–76 47, 52–54, 60–61, See also Ossuary at Portelli, Allesandro, 253 Douaumont; Verdun, battlefield of post-conflict heritage, 2 monuments, 2, 6, 15 post-conflict heritage landscapes, 2 conservation and restoration of, 10 as approach of study, 2

290 INDEX

post-conflict heritage reconstruction, 5 reflections on new image of, 240–243 post-conflict phases, 1, 16 turning point for re-discovery and transformation post-conflict reconstruction, i of, 236–237 narratives and, 9 Smith Ibarra, José María, 78 post-conflict rhetoric, 70 Smith Ibarra, Manuel Maria, 81, 86 post-conflict societies, new heritage sites in, 9 social identities, 2 post-war identities, 71 social ordering, 71 power, legitimisation of, 4 social recovery, 5 Pozderac, Hamdija, 215 Sontag, Susan, 256–257 protection, measures of, 5 Spain, 1, 12, 70–71 Prussia, 18, 20–22 Basque regions of, 72–73 formation of Popular Front, 75–76 reconstruction activities, 2 Spanish Civil War (1936–1940), 15, 69, 134 reconstruction rhetoric, 9 Carabanchel prison and, 130–131 reconstruction, post-conflict, i, 3, 5, 7 Spanish heritage, 70 dynamic of, 8 spatial topography, 15 long-term effects of, 14 squares, 2, 15, 69, 70 physical, 69 Stam, Mart, 113 recovery, 2 stories, of places, 251 Regiones Devastadas y Reparaciones (Service for Sutjeska, battle of, 160, 166, 167 Devastated Regions and Reparations), 77–78, symbolic meanings, 6, 70 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89 post-conflict rhetoric and, 70 reinterpretations, performing, 13 symbolic topography, 15 Republican frontlines, 69 symbolism resentment, 9 importance of, 10 ruination, 16 meaning and, 5 rural spaces, 6 symbols, 70 Russia, 11 tabula rasa, 12, 92, 112, 113 San Juan, church of (Gernika), 69, 95 tangible remains, 6 Santa María, church of (Gernika), 76, 84 targeting, deliberate, 4 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 60, 251–252 Tello, Don (Count of Biscay), 71, 89, 90 Schleswig-Holstein, 18, 20–22 temporal dimensions of place, 2 Second Carlist War, 73–74 temporal nature, 11 Second Schleswig War, 20–22 Texeira, Pedro, 73 Second World War, 15 thick description, concept of, 13–14 sedimentations, 13 Tito, Marshal (Josip Broz), 160–161, 166, 225 Sennett, Richard, 78 Todorova, Maria, 167 sense of belonging, 2 Torres, Moreno, 78 Serbia, 1, 15 Town Hall square, 12 Servia, 13 town halls, 69 shared imagery, 3 tradition, 8 Siegessäule (victory column), 29–32 traditional sites, 5 sites of conflict, 6 trauma, 1 Slana Banja case studies, 13 Tree of Gernika, as symbolic nucleus, 72–73 Slana Banja memorial complex, 227–228, Tuzla, Bosnia, 16 264–265, See also Bosnia importance of, 226–227 conceiving post-war transformation of, narrative of, in material forms, 243–246 238–240 political uses of past and, 228–230 cultural heritage and, 227–228 early ideological transformations as reflected in UNESCO ‘Declaration concerning the cultural heritage (1992–2000), 233–236 Intentional Destruction of Cultural exclusions, silences, and selective memory in, Heritage’ of 2003, 4 248 UNESCO Manifesto 2000, 92 functions and conditions of, during socialist urban and symbolic fabric, 71 period, 231–233 urban centres, 70 initial construction of, 230–231 urban landscapes, 71 meaning creation in, 246–247 urban ordering, 71

INDEX 291

urban spaces, 6 violence, impact of, on cultural heritage, Urdaibai estuary, Spain, 72, 73 9, See also conﬂicts Volcic, Zala, 159 vandalism, 4 Vonnegut, Kurt, 106 Venice Charter of 1964, 5, 10 Verdun, battleﬁeld of, 8, 16, 46, 262–263, See also war and heritage, connection Monument to Victory (Monument de la between, 3 Victoire); Ossuary at Douaumont war heritage, 6, 8 creation of monumental and memorial landscape war, rule of, 4 on, 47–48 Weiss, Srdjan, 174 material life of site of memory, 65–67 ‘wounded’ buildings, 16 modern memorialisation of, 62–65 reconciliations and, 58–62 Yugoslav wars of 1990s, 15 reconstructing ‘site of memory’ between city and, Yugoslavia, 13, 15 54–58 Victory Monument. See Monument to Victory Zaldumbide, Antonio, 74 (Monument de la Victoire) Zhukov, Georgy, 106