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Munis Entomology & Zoology Mun. Ent. Zool. 484 https://www.munisentzool.org/ (January, 2021) ISSN 1306-3022 © MRG ___________________________________________________________ LIFE HISTORY AND BIOLOGY OF ROSE SAWFLY, ARGE ROSAE LINNAEUS (HYMENOPTERA: ARGIDAE) Halil Bolu*, M. Murat Aslan** and Hasan Maral*** * Associate Professor, Dicle University Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Protection Department, 21280, Diyarbakır, TURKEY. E-mail: [email protected], ORCID ID: 0000-0001-5488- 0056 ** Professor, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Protection Department, Kahramanmaraş, TURKEY. E-mail: [email protected], ORCID ID: 0000-0002-4586-1301 *** Karacadağ Development Agency, 21080, Bağlar, Diyarbakır, TURKEY. E-mail: [email protected], ORCID ID: 0000-0001-9201-8758 [Bolu, H., Aslan, M. M. & Maral, H. 2021. Life history and biology of rose sawfly, Arge rosae Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Argidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 16 (1): 484-493] ABSTRACT: Arge rosae Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Argidae) is one of the most important pests of roses. This study has been carried out in Diyarbakır, which has an important place in rose cultivation, between March and July in 2016-2018 to determine the life parameters and damage type of A. rosae. The study has been carried out in the rose garden based on local (white, yellow, pink and red color) and Isparta variety. It has been investigated on A. rosae's eggs, larvae, pupae and adult periods, egg laying behaviour, colour preference for adults to lay eggs and loss rate. It has been determined that the female of the pest causes significant damage to the branches during egg laying and the larvae to the leaves during feeding as a result of the study. In the study, the average body length of the pest has been measured as 6.7 mm. The pest lays a maximum of 5 eggs package in one branch, and each egg pack has been found to have between 8 and 72 eggs. In the examination regarding the colour preference of A. rosae, it has been determined that the pest was contaminated with 100% in Isparta rose, 92% in pink roses, 88% in yellow roses, 24% in red roses, and 16% in white roses. As a result, it is recommended to investigate the damage status of the pest, which is determined to cause significant damages in roses, especially in cut flowers and oil roses and additional work on the activities of natural enemies in the future. KEY WORDS: Arge rosae, roses, damages, life parameters, biology The ornamental plants market in the world has a foreign trade volume of approximately 40 billion dollars. Rose (Rosa spp.) has significant economic value both in terms of being an ornamental plant and raw material of valuable products such as rose oil in this market. Turkey is a key actor in ornamental plants market. Cut roses are grown in the area of about 2 thousand decares in Turkey. Production quantity of roses called oil roses or Isparta roses which are rich in essential oil is around 15,000 tons per year in the world that 8,500 tonnes of it are produced in Turkey (Anonymous, 2018). Rose cultivation has a history of 4600 years in Diyarbakır, which stands out with its agricultural potential in every period of history (Yalçın Mendi, 2011). It is understood that Diyarbakır was an important “Rose Center” during the Ottoman Empire, 25 rose species were grown in the province and important rose cultivation researches were conducted in Diyarbakır at that time (Maral, 2010). Important awareness studies has carried out and trial production has carried out in order to reactivate the potential of Diyarbakır in terms of rose. It is of great Munis Entomology & Zoology Mun. Ent. Zool. https://www.munisentzool.org/ (January, 2021) 485 ISSN 1306-3022 © MRG ___________________________________________________________ importance to know the pests and diseases that cause economic damage to rose in order to spread the production and obtain quality products. Numerous harmful insect species that damage to rose have been identified both in the world and in our country (Strom et al., 1997; Horst & Cloyd, 2007; Hazar & Baktır, 2014). Arge rosae L. (Hymenoptera: Argidae), one of these insect species, causes significant damage to roses (Sharifia et al., 2012). The larvae of the pest feed on fresh leaves and cause leaf loss in the plant; the females of the pest, leaving their eggs on young shoots, cause the stems to dry and consequently to shed leaves (Khosravi et al., 2015). As a result of all these losses, there are significant losses in rose yield and quality. It is of great importance to know the life parameters and damage type of the pest in order to reduce the economic losses caused by A. rosae and to determine the appropriate pest management method. The life parameters and damage type of A. rosae has been investigated in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study has carried out between 2016-2018 in Dicle University Faculty of Agriculture (Diyarbakır) and established rose garden based on local (white, yellow, pink and red color) and Isparta variety (Fig. 1). Egg, larvae, pupae and adult periods, egg laying behavior, color preference of adults for laying eggs and the damage rate of A. rosae has investigated in the rose garden from March to July. It has brought to the laboratory with the its nutrients gathering larvae of the harmful insect in different periods from the garden. In addition, investigations on various biological phases, measurements and weighing have made about the pest collected from the garden on different dates brought to the laboratory. Measurement (digital caliper) and weighing (digital precision scales) has been made on the adult individuals. To determine the color preference of the pest, 25 plants from each color has been selected and the contamination rate of the pest in these plants has been determined. The data has been analyzed in Statistics Software SPSS 21 Windows Software package by applying Duncan 5% test. Figure 1. The garden in which the study is carried out. A- local roses, B- Isparta Rose. RESULTS The examinations and observations on the biology of A.rosae in the rose garden and laboratory are given below. Adult Average length of male 6.7 mm (6-7.5 mm, excluding wings, n: 50), female have measured as 8.5 mm (6.5-9.5 mm, excluding wings, n: 50) (Figs. 2-3). The head of both sexes is black, from the top (dorsal) prothorax black and there is a Munis Entomology & Zoology Mun. Ent. Zool. 486 https://www.munisentzool.org/ (January, 2021) ISSN 1306-3022 © MRG ___________________________________________________________ transverse black section between 1st and 2nd leg in. Abdomen is golden in both sexes. The wings and legs are yellowish. Figure 2. The ventral view of the male (Left) and female (Right) of Arge rosae. Figure 3. The lateral, ventral and dorsal view of the male and female of Arge rosae. There are 3 ocelli eyes at head of male and female. Compound eyes are light black, dot eyes are reddish. There are obvious differences between the antennas of male and female (Fig. 4). The antennas has 3 segments. Flagellum are much longer than pedicel and scape. The predominant color of females' antennas is black and less hairy, while the upper part of males' antennas are covered with longer hairs and the underside is yellowish. Mandibules developed in both sexes. Figure 4. Antennas of Arge rosae, male (A) and female (B). Munis Entomology & Zoology Mun. Ent. Zool. https://www.munisentzool.org/ (January, 2021) 487 ISSN 1306-3022 © MRG ___________________________________________________________ Egg As of the beginning of April, it was determined that adults started mating and laying eggs (Figs. 5, 6). It was observed that females lay eggs with their heads facing the soil surface (Fig. 7). Females lay their eggs on the branches in a double row and at an angle at horizontal. Transparent eggs and embryo in the first days become blackens near the opening (Fig. 7). A maximum of 5 egg groups were counted in one branch. It was determined that there were between 8 and 72 eggs in each egg group (Fig. 8). Figure 5. Mating adults of Arge rosae. Figure 6. Arge rosae's females lay eggs on the branches. Figure 7. The eggs of Arge rosae laid on branches. Figure 8. Egg groups of Arge rosae on the branches. Munis Entomology & Zoology Mun. Ent. Zool. 488 https://www.munisentzool.org/ (January, 2021) ISSN 1306-3022 © MRG ___________________________________________________________ Larvae Arge rosae mostly has 5 larval stages. However, in the study, 6th period larvae has been also found. It has not been determined under what conditions or sex group the larvae reached the 6th period. The capsules of the newly hatched larvae has been found to be white or black and the legs were blackish (Fig. 9). Figure 9. Arge rosae's larvae hatching. Head capsules and legs of the second stage larvae are completely black, black spots on the body are seen intensely (Fig. 10). The head capsules of the third stage larvae turn dark brown, the fourth stage light brown, and head capsule of last period larvae turn light yellow (Fig. 11). From the third period of larvae, its leg colors turn white. Changes in the body color of the larvae has been also observed. In the third period, its body colors are greenish, dorsal side is orange in the last period, the lateral side turns light yellow (Fig. 12). Figure 10. Second stage larvae of Arge rosae. Figure 11. The third, fourth and fifth stage larvae of Arge rosae. Figure 12. Sixth stage larvae of Arge rosae. Munis Entomology & Zoology Mun. Ent. Zool. https://www.munisentzool.org/ (January, 2021) 489 ISSN 1306-3022 © MRG ___________________________________________________________ Pupa The larvae entering under a few cm of the soil near root of the roses during the last larval period becomes pupa in a cocoon (Fig.