Material koinai in the West: Achaean colonial indications on urban structures during these pottery production between 8th and 6th initial periods. Traces of the archaic city have century BC been found in several areas of Sybaris, but the information that we have about the I will briefly summarize part of a wider spatial organization of the settlement are research conducted on colonial pottery still very lacking. 3 Rescue excavations coming from Sybaris, Kroton and Kaulonía conducted in Kroton during the last thirty and dated between the second half of the 8th years, especially in the southern part of the and the end of the 6th centuries BC.1 modern city, allow us to reconstruct the In archaeological terms, we know very little sketch of a urban plan designed since the about the phases of birth and growth of end of the 7th century BC, as the dislocation these three colonial centers, due to the of the necropolis that will be maintained paucity of excavations that have reached the during all the life of the city seems to oldest levels or to the lack of published data, confirm.4 We know of the existence of walls while historiographical sources concentrate and roads starting from the second half of their attention on the aitia and chronologies the seventh century BC in Kaulonía, together of foundation and on the wars of the 6th with a clear functional definition of the century BC. So there is a vacuum essentially different parts of the city attested by the for the 7th century BC, namely a crucial distribution of houses and sacred spaces.5 period of development in which the colonies In this situation, pottery studies are one of try to reach their complete individual the principal sources to refer to try to appearance.2 Archaeological data give more reconstruct the first two centuries of life of first generation Achaean colonies. So the ambitious aim of my research is to help to fill I want to express my genuine gratitude to the Organizing Committee of the Conference for giving a large gap in the knowledge of the Achaean me the possibility to propose my work in this colonial world in the archaic period. important occasion. Part of my post-doc researches on topics presented in this paper has been conducted during a period of study at the Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene, where I could stay thanks to the Sybaris Ampolo 1992; for Kaulonía, usually less helpfulness of the Director, Prof. Emanuele Greco, considered in the amplest debate on the Achaean and of all the staff which facilitated my work in every colonial world, Lombardo 2010, 8-11. For epigraphic possible way. and numismatic sources BTCGI XVIII, 764-5 (Sibari); 1 The research La ceramica arcaica delle colonie achee V, 472-88 (Crotone); X, 192-4 (Monasterace Marina). d’Occidente. Importazioni e produzioni coloniali a 3 For a general view of the researches conducted in Sibari, Crotone e Caulonia tra la metà dell’VIII e la fine Sybaris see Sibari I-V, For the archaic phases Santuari del VII secolo a.C. was conducted during the XXIV della Magna Grecia, 232 and Carando 1999. In recent PhD program in ‘History and Civilization of the years the Italian Archaeological School at Athens Ancient World’ of the University of Florence and will began to investigate the area of Casa Bianca: annual be entirely published within the end of the year in the reports of these activities are available on ASAtene. Tekmeria collection. All the unpublished materials Some new very important data on the archaic phase mentioned in this paper will be presented in the final of the city coming from the area of Parco del Cavallo edition of the work. were presented at the Convegno di Studi sulla Magna 2 Literature concerning complex stages of the birth of Grecia di Taranto in the past year (Proceedings these colonies, in particular of Sybaris and Kroton, is forthcoming). very rich: among the more general essays see e.g. for 4 See now Kroton 2014, pp. Kroton Mele 1983, 9-60 on the archaic period; for 5 Luberto 2015, 123-7. 1 The need to conduct a comparative analysis together with the ‘East Greek type’, begins of the archeological documentation of the during the same period.10 three centers is consistent with the current I cannot of course discuss in detail every research directions in this field; this was the group that I mention, so I’ll say a very few way D. Mertens investigated on architectural things about these last two groups and I’ll systems, Coldstream on some pottery concentrate my attention on the others. First productions and Croissant on coroplastics, of all, terminology requires some correction: just to name a few examples.6 This kind of I’ve chosen the names approach is clearly imposed by the very “Protocorinthian/Corinthian type” and “East nature of the Achaean colonial phenomenon Greek type” for these classes with the goal of which on the whole is very uniform in terms making clear what is, in my opinion, the of times, places and structuring modalities. general background that inspired these As is known, indeed Kroton, Sybaris and productions in terms of morphologies and Kaulonía were founded in rapid decorations, but in this case there are only chronological sequence and in narrow very few examples that can be realistically geographical contiguity by Greek people considered strict imitations of motherland coming, themselves, from adjacent sites of products, such as is known for Pitecusa and Eastern Achaea.7 Taranto.11 Colonial pottery production in these Protocorinthian type pottery starts to be colonies starts together with the beginning produced during the last decade of the 8th of colonization. The first ceramic series that century BC and lasts till the end of the first we can recognize is Thapsos style pottery, half of the 6th century BC (Table 2). The first represented by a large group of cups and by example is a kantharos from Sybaris,12 while only one fragment of krater (Figg. 1-2). 8 the most popular shapes are, as happens in Among cups, the very first document can be th dated to the last years of the 8 century BC, 10 These last two groups are so large that is impossible but the bulk of the group is attested between to quote here all the bibliographical references of the the beginnings and the first half of the 7th published materials, so I'll talk about just a few century BC (Table 1). 9 The production of examples and I'll refer for morphologies and quantities to the Tables and to the final publication ‘Protocorinhtian/Corinthian type pottery’, for the all the details. one of the most conspicuous series among 11 For a general overview see e.g. Iozzo-Denoyelle Achaean colonial pottery production 2009, 35, 48-9 (Pitecusa), 67-71 (Taranto) with further bibliographical references; for Pitecusa Mermati 2012. 12 Sibari V, 24, n. 180. Tomay 2002, 335-7, ‘seconda variante’: kantharoi locally produced from the Sibaritide with orange clay and black or brownish-red 6 Mertens 2002, Croissant 2002 and Coldstream 1998. paint, comparable with La dea di Sibari 2, 58-9, 75-7, 7 On the argument see e.g. the opposite views in Mele nn. 36-42 from Francavilla M.ma. Kantharoi entirely 2002, 78 on colonies, and Morgan 2002, in particular painted, very similar for technological characteristics 100-103, 100 for ample references to previous to those from Sybaris and the Sibaritide, come from bibliography; furthermore see ‘Introduction’ by E. Incoronata: Incoronata 1, 51, 57, 82, nn.58 and 74; I Greco in Gli Achei. Greci sul Basento 1986, 171, table 40.1; Incoronata 6, 69 8 Fragment of krater: Luberto 2010a, 284, n. 25, from and 71, nn. 21-6; Stea 1991, 423-4, note 42. For further the excavations conducted in the south quarter, in the information on morphology and on distribution in area ‘Crugliano 1975’ (Fig. 1). South Italy see d’Agostino 2002, in particular notes 2- 9See notes 26-7 below. 3, 5. 2 other colonial centers, cups and kotylai with second half of the 7th century BC and of linear decoration (Table 3). 13 Cups were course is made up of cups of the well-known produced since the end of the 8th century ‘ionian’ types, undoubtedly of local BC, in parallel with Thapsos type pottery, in production because we have defective five typologies, identified by the parallel examples in all our colonies (Table 5): 16 four examination of the shape of lip and body, types with nine decorative variants there and seven - five already attested in Thapsos have been identified on the basis of the same type pottery plus two new - decorative parameters used for cups of protocorinthian- variants (Table 3a-b; Fig. 3).14 Kotylai, largely corinthian types just mentioned (Table 6; attested as cups, are of two types defined on Fig. 4).17 A small group of vases from Sybaris the basis of the rim, with two morphological and one fragment of a deinos that was found variants determined by the thickness of the in Kroton have figured decoration (Table walls and two others based on the form of 7).18 Noteworthy is the presence among them the feet; decoration, always very poor, is known in two variants, with vertical strokes 16 Ionian type cups are most represented than any under the rim and with large painted bands. other morphology in Achaean colonial contexts, like Figured production is very rare and all in all colonial centers. As it’s known, we still don’t concentrated in Sybaris (Table 4).15 have the possibility to refer to a classification that The largest part of the production of East embraces all the types of cups produced in the West, so my purpose in the specific case of the three centers Greek type pottery is attested during the analyzed is to define the common elements of their production , which in general is rather different from 13 There are some other smaller groups of that of the models evaluated in the other morphologies illustrated on Table 3.