Heart and Circulatory System Ii
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Embryology and Anatomy of Fetal Heart
Prof. Saeed Abuel Makarem Dr. Jamila El Medany Objectives • By the end of this lecture the student should be able to: • Describe the formation, sit, union divisions of the of the heart tubes. • Describe the formation and fate of the sinus venosus. • Describe the partitioning of the common atrium and common ventricle. • Describe the partitioning of the truncus arteriosus. • List the most common cardiac anomalies. • The CVS is the first major system to function in the embryo. • The heart begins to beat at (22nd – 23rd ) days. • Blood flow begins during the beginning of the fourth week and can be visualized by Ultrasound Doppler Notochord: stimulates neural tube formation Somatic mesoderm Splanchnic mesoderm FORMATION OF THE HEART TUBE • The heart is the first functional organ to develop. • It develops from Splanchnic Mesoderm in the wall of the yolk sac (Cardiogenic Area): Cranial to the developing Mouth & Nervous system and Ventral to the developing Pericardial sac. • The heart primordium is first evident at day 18 (as an Angioplastic cords which soon canalize to form the 2 heart tubes). • As the Head Fold completed, the developing heart tubes change their position and become in the Ventral aspect of the embryo, Dorsal to the developing Pericardial sac. • . Development of the Heart tube • After Lateral Folding of the embryo, the 2 heart tubes approach each other and fuse to form a single Endocardial Heart tube within the pericardial sac. • Fusion of the two tubes occurs in a Craniocaudal direction. What is the • The heart tube grows faster than shape of the the pericardial sac, so it shows 5 alternate dilations separated by Heart Tube? constrictions. -
Te2, Part Iii
TERMINOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGICA Second Edition International Embryological Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TE2, PART III Contents Caput V: Organogenesis Chapter 5: Organogenesis (continued) Systema respiratorium Respiratory system Systema urinarium Urinary system Systemata genitalia Genital systems Coeloma Coelom Glandulae endocrinae Endocrine glands Systema cardiovasculare Cardiovascular system Systema lymphoideum Lymphoid system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Embryologica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, February 2017 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Embryologica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: ORGANOGENESIS Chapter 5: ORGANOGENESIS -
THE DORSAL AORTAE, Which Run with the Long Axis of the Embryo and Form the Continuation of the Endocardial Heart Tubes
AORTIC ARCH SYSTEM The major arteries in an early embryo are represented by a pair of vessels THE DORSAL AORTAE, which run with the long axis of the embryo and form the continuation of the endocardial heart tubes. The cranial portion of each dorsal aorta forms an arc on both sides of the foregut, thus establishing the first pair of aortic arch arteries, termed aortic arches Dr. Amjad Shatarat, School of Medicine, 1 The University of Jordan Arterial System • Aortic Arches • they run within branchial (pharyngeal) arches • These arteries, the aortic arches, arise from the aortic sac, the most distal part of the truncus arteriosus . • The aortic sac, giving rise to a total of five pairs of arteries. • The pharyngeal arches and their vessels appear in a cranial-to-caudal sequence, so that they are not all present simultaneously. • Consequently, the five arches are numbered I, II, III, IV, and VI . • During further development, this arterial pattern becomes modified, and some vessels regress completely. Dr. Amjad Shatarat, School of Medicine, 2 The University of Jordan • Division of the truncus arteriosus by the aorticopulmonary septum divides the outflow channel of the heart into the ventral aorta and the pulmonary trunk. The aortic sac then forms right and left horns, which subsequently give rise to the brachiocephalic artery and the proximal segment of the aortic arch, respectively . Dr. Amjad Shatarat, School of Medicine, 3 The University of Jordan The first pair of arteries largely disappears but remnants of them form part of the maxillary arteries, which supply the ears, teeth, and muscles of the eyes and face Derivatives of Second Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries Dorsal parts of these arteries persist and form the stems of the small stapedial arteries; these small vessels run through the ring of the stapes, a small bone in the middle ear Dr. -
Fetal Brain Vascularity Visualized by Conventional 2D and 3D Power
DSJUOG Fetal Brain Vascularity Visualized by Conventional 2D and 3D Power Doppler Technology REVIEW ARTICLE Fetal Brain Vascularity Visualized by Conventional 2D and 3D Power Doppler Technology 1Ritsuko K Pooh, 2Asim Kurjak 1CRIFM Clinical Research Institute of Fetal Medicine PMC, Osaka, Japan 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia Correspondence: Ritsuko K Pooh, CRIFM Clinical Research Institute of Fetal Medicine PMC 7-3-7, Uehommachi, Tennoji Osaka #543-0001, Japan, Phone: +81-6-6775-8111, Fax: +81-6-6775-8122, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Significant advances have been made in accurate and reliable visualization of the cerebral circulation in normal and abnormal pregnancies. They provided the non-invasive studies of fetal cerebral angiogenesis and further development that filled some of the gaps made by neuroanatomical studies alone. The first breakthrough in the assessment of fetal circulation was development of Doppler system with purpose to obtain velocity waveforms. Continuing technical advances in Doppler ultrasound equipment, especially highly sensitive color flow imagining techniques have made it possible to study smaller anatomical parts of fetal circulation system including cerebral vascularization. Before examination of brain vascularity, anatomical vascular structure and development on the different appearance at each gestational age should be remembered as the basic knowledge. Since the development of the embryo is rapid and significant changes occur during even one week it is important to specify the stage of the embryo or fetus both by age (postmenstrual weeks and days) and by size (crownrump length (CRL) and biparietal diameter (BPD). Introduction of three-dimensional (3D) sonography and 3D power Doppler techniques have enabled visualization of intracranial vessels. -
The Ventricles
Guest Editorial Evolution of the Ventricles Solomon Victor, FRCS, FRCP We studied the evolution of ventricles by macroscopic examination of the hearts of Vijaya M. Nayak, MS marine cartilaginous and bony fish, and by angiocardiography and gross examination of Raveen Rajasingh, MPhil the hearts of air-breathing freshwater fish, frogs, turtles, snakes, and crocodiles. A right-sided, thin-walled ventricular lumen is seen in the fish, frog, turtle, and snake. In fish, there is external symmetry of the ventricle, internal asymmetry, and a thick- walled left ventricle with a small inlet chamber. In animals such as frogs, turtles, and snakes, the left ventricle exists as a small-cavitied contractile sponge. The high pressure generated by this spongy left ventricle, the direction of the jet, the ventriculoarterial ori- entation, and the bulbar spiral valve in the frog help to separate the systemic and pul- monary circulations. In the crocodile, the right aorta is connected to the left ventricle, and there is a complete interventricular septum and an improved left ventricular lumen when compared with turtles and snakes. The heart is housed in a rigid pericardial cavity in the shark, possibly to protect it from changing underwater pressure. The pericardial cavity in various species permits move- ments of the heart-which vary depending on the ventriculoarterial orientation and need for the ventricle to generate torque or spin on the ejected blood- that favor run-off into the appropriate arteries and their branches. In the lower species, it is not clear whether the spongy myocardium contributes to myocardial oxygenation. In human beings, spongy myocardium constitutes a rare form of congenital heart disease. -
Fetal Blood Flow and Genetic Mutations in Conotruncal Congenital Heart Disease
Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease Review Fetal Blood Flow and Genetic Mutations in Conotruncal Congenital Heart Disease Laura A. Dyer 1 and Sandra Rugonyi 2,* 1 Department of Biology, University of Portland, Portland, OR 97203, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: In congenital heart disease, the presence of structural defects affects blood flow in the heart and circulation. However, because the fetal circulation bypasses the lungs, fetuses with cyanotic heart defects can survive in utero but need prompt intervention to survive after birth. Tetralogy of Fallot and persistent truncus arteriosus are two of the most significant conotruncal heart defects. In both defects, blood access to the lungs is restricted or non-existent, and babies with these critical conditions need intervention right after birth. While there are known genetic mutations that lead to these critical heart defects, early perturbations in blood flow can independently lead to critical heart defects. In this paper, we start by comparing the fetal circulation with the neonatal and adult circulation, and reviewing how altered fetal blood flow can be used as a diagnostic tool to plan interventions. We then look at known factors that lead to tetralogy of Fallot and persistent truncus arteriosus: namely early perturbations in blood flow and mutations within VEGF-related pathways. The interplay between physical and genetic factors means that any one alteration can cause significant disruptions during development and underscore our need to better understand the effects of both blood flow and flow-responsive genes. -
Of the Bulbus Cordis
Dr.Amjad Sahatarat 1 Two opposing ridges are developed in the walls of the Truncus Arteriosus Called Truncal ridges And in the walls of Bulbus Cordis Called Bulbar ridges The bulbus cordis is also some times named conus and therefore The ridges developed inside it are also called conal. And with those developed in the truncus arteriosus they also together called These ridges are derived mainly from the Conotruncal Ridges neural crest When these ridges are fused with each other, They form Septa So ridges developed in the truncus arteriosus ridges developed in the lumen of the bulbus after their fusion are called cordis after their fusion are called Truncal septum bulbar septum We will study first of all the bulbar septum The Distal bulbar septum The Proximal bulbar septum The proximal bulbar septum shares A) in closing the interventricular foramen The proximal bulbar septum also B) incorporated into the walls of the definitive ventricles in several ways: into the infundibulum and the vestibule In the right ventricle, the bulbus cordis is represented by the conus arteriosus (infundibulum), which gives origin to the pulmonary trunk Dr.Amjad Sahatarat 6 In the left ventricle, the bulbus cordis forms the walls of the aortic vestibule the part of the ventricular cavity just inferior to the aortic valve. The distal bulbar septum 1- Four endocardinal cushions ( one anterior, one posterior, and two lateral right and left) are developed in the distal part of the bulbus cordis. 2- A ridge is developed in the middle of each of the two lateral cushions. It should be noted that the development of these ridges will divide each of the lateral cushions into two Dr.Amjad Sahatarat 9 3-These ridges will fuse to form a complete septum called the distal bulbar septum. -
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FIG. 4–1 Dorsal aspect of the 10-somite embryo. 24 IV the fourth week of life somite and neural tube period I. EMBRYO PROPER caudal openings of the tube are called neuropores. The rostral neuropore closes between 18 and 20 somites. The caudal neuro- A. EXTERNAL APPEARANCE pore closes at 25 somites. Figs. 4–1, 4–2 1. The specimens measure approximately 1 to 3.5 mm in length Brain and have 1 to 29 pairs of somites. Three brain subdivisions are present in the cranial portion of the 2. The head and tail folds move the attachment of the amnion tube and are named, from cranial to caudal, the prosencephalon, to the ventral side of the head and tail regions, respectively. mesencephalon and rhombencephalon. The boundary between the The lateral body folds move the amnion attachment to the pros- and mesencephalon is demarcated by a ventral bend, called ventrolateral surface in the midportion of the embryo. the cephalic flexure. An external groove and a prominent swelling 3. The head region is elevated above the yolk sac by the large on the medial surface of the neural plate may also demarcate the pericardial sac, the midportion lies upon the yolk sac and the boundary. The boundary between the mes- and rhombencephalon caudal region is curved toward the yolk sac. is distinguished by a groove on the medial and lateral surfaces of 4. The embryo possesses somites, which are apparent through the neural plate or tube. the ectoderm. 5. The neural tube develops from the neural plate and remains Prosencephalon open at each end for 2 to 4 days. -
Endothelium in the Pharyngeal Arches 3, 4 and 6 Is Derived from the Second Heart Field
Thomas Jefferson University Jefferson Digital Commons Center for Translational Medicine Faculty Papers Center for Translational Medicine 1-15-2017 Endothelium in the pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 is derived from the second heart field. Xia Wang Thomas Jefferson University Dongying Chen Thomas Jefferson University Kelley Chen Thomas Jefferson University Ali Jubran Thomas Jefferson University AnnJosette Ramirez Thomas Jefferson University Follow this and additional works at: https://jdc.jefferson.edu/transmedfp Part of the Translational Medical Research Commons LetSee next us page know for additional how authors access to this document benefits ouy Recommended Citation Wang, Xia; Chen, Dongying; Chen, Kelley; Jubran, Ali; Ramirez, AnnJosette; and Astrof, Sophie, "Endothelium in the pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 is derived from the second heart field." (2017). Center for Translational Medicine Faculty Papers. Paper 45. https://jdc.jefferson.edu/transmedfp/45 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Jefferson Digital Commons. The Jefferson Digital Commons is a service of Thomas Jefferson University's Center for Teaching and Learning (CTL). The Commons is a showcase for Jefferson books and journals, peer-reviewed scholarly publications, unique historical collections from the University archives, and teaching tools. The Jefferson Digital Commons allows researchers and interested readers anywhere in the world to learn about and keep up to date with Jefferson scholarship. This article has been accepted for inclusion in Center for Translational Medicine Faculty Papers by an authorized administrator of the Jefferson Digital Commons. For more information, please contact: [email protected]. Authors Xia Wang, Dongying Chen, Kelley Chen, Ali Jubran, AnnJosette Ramirez, and Sophie Astrof This article is available at Jefferson Digital Commons: https://jdc.jefferson.edu/transmedfp/45 HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author Dev Biol Manuscript Author . -
Patent Ductus Arteriosus About This Factsheet the Normal Heart
Understanding your child’s heart Patent ductus arteriosus About this factsheet The normal heart This factsheet is for parents of babies and children who The heart is a muscular pump which pumps blood through the have patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), which is also known as body and lungs. There are four chambers in the heart. The two persistent arterial duct. upper ones are called the right atrium and left atrium. These are separated by a wall called the atrial septum. The two lower It explains: chambers are called the right and left ventricles, and are separated • what patent ductus arteriosus is and how it is diagnosed by a wall called the ventricular septum. • how patent ductus arteriosus is treated • the benefits and risks of treatments. On each side of the heart, blood passes from the atrium, through a heart valve – the tricuspid valve on the right, and the mitral valve This factsheet does not replace the advice that doctors or on the left – into the ventricle. The ventricles are the main pumping nurses may give you, but it should help you to understand chambers of the heart. Each ventricle pumps blood out into an artery. what they tell you. The right ventricle pumps blood – blue in the illustration – into the pulmonary artery (the blood vessel that takes blood to the lungs). The left ventricle pumps blood – red in the illustration – into the aorta (the blood vessel that takes blood to the rest of the body). Blood flows from the right side of the heart, through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery, and then to the lungs where it picks up oxygen. -
Tetralogy of Fallot with Pulmonary Obstruction at the Level of the Conus Inlet a CASE REPORT
6 April 1974 S.-A. MEDIESE TYDSKRIF 677 Tetralogy of Fallot with Pulmonary Obstruction at the Level of the Conus Inlet A CASE REPORT T. MULLER SUMMARY in diameter could be seen. The right ventricle was enlarged and the thickness of the wall was 13,5 mm, compared with A case of Fallot's tetralogy is described in a Black male the 12,5 mm thickness of the left ventricle. The right who died of acute cardiac failure at the age of 17 years. ventricle communicated with the left ventricle through a The conus arteriosus was practically a separate chamber very large defect of the interventricular septum, which communicating with the right ventricle through a very easily admitted 3 fingers and which was straddled by the small ostium. The embryology of the truncus arteriosus aorta. The right ventricle was completely demarcated from the bulbus cordis is discussed in the light of the anomalies the infundibulum or conus arteriosus, the only connection described here. The question of maintenance of the pul being an ostium of 7,5 mm in diameter. monary circulation in the absence of an open ductus The conus arteriosus was a well-developed entity, both arteriosus is discussed. externally and internally (Figs 1 and 2). The interior of the conus arteriosus adjoining the right ventricle showed trabeculae carneae, but the upper portion leading to the S. Air. Med. J.• 48, 677 (1974). pulmonary valve was smooth. The pulmonary artery was reduced in size to half of that of the aort'i, and had only 2 valves (Fig. 2). -
EXTRACORONARY CARDIAC VEINS in the RAT1 the Present Work
EXTRACORONARY CARDIAC VEINS IN THE RAT1 MYRON H. HALPERN Department of Anatomy, Unit-ersity of Michigan, Ann Arbor SIX FIGURES The present work had its inception in the discovery of vessels around the rat’s heart which did not correspond to anything previously described in other mammals. These ves- sels are a system of veins which begin on the heart and terminate in the anterior venae cavae. Two major veins eom- prise this system, each of which crosses the midline to empty into the contralateral anterior vena cava. They drain the conal region of the right ventricle and the ventrocephalic region of the left ventricle. The term “extracoronary” cardiac veins has been applied to these vessels by the author because they originate on the heart and terminate in remote vessels not otherwise associated with the coronary circulation. Al- though this system has been found to exist in certain fishes and amphibians, to the author’s knowledge it has never been recognized in mammals. These findings seemed to warrant a more detailed study of the adult cardiac venous drainage of the rat. To supplement this portion of the investigation, an embryologic study was undertaken. Both the adult and the embryonic patterns of the cardiac drainage were com- pared with the patterns found in the above vertebrates and were interpreted on the basis of these comparisons. MATERIAL AND METHODS For this study, the venous system of 85 adult rats were injected with latex preparatory to dissection. Of this number, Portion of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Michigan.