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Childhood and Adolescence in the Digital Age Childhood and adolescence in the digital age A comparative report of the Kids Online surveys in Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica and Uruguay Daniela Trucco Childhood and adolescence in the digital age Amalia Palma Editors Montevideo Office Regional office for Sustainable Sciences in Latin America Development and the Caribbean Goals Project Documents Childhood and adolescence in the digital age A comparative report of the Kids Online surveys in Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica and Uruguay Daniela Trucco Amalia Palma Editors Montevideo Office Regional office for Sustainable Sciences in Latin America Development and the Caribbean Goals This report was prepared by the Latin America Kids Online network and edited by Daniela Trucco and Amalia Palma of the Social Development Division of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), as part of the activities in the framework of the cooperation agreement to strengthen social policies for children in Latin America and the Caribbean between ECLAC and the Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and the cooperation programme for the period 2018– 2020, Sustainable development paths for middle-income countries within the framework of the 2030 Agenda in Latin America and the Caribbean, carried out by ECLAC, in conjunction with Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), and financed by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) of Germany. The following worked on the preparation of the chapters of this document: Luisa Adib, Amaranta Alfaro, Patricio Cabello, Magdalena Claro, Matías Dodel, Ana Laura Martínez, Juan Manuel Ochoa, Amalia Palma, Rolando Pérez, Fernanda Rojas, Fabio Senne, David Torres and Daniela Trucco. Thanks are extended to Alexandre Barbosa, Guilherme Canela, Álvaro Carrasco, Cristóbal Cobo, Cristina Ponte, Sonia Livingstone, Alejandra Trossero, Mario Volpi and Felipe Zanoni for their work on the text boxes. The editors are grateful to María Isabel Pavez of the Universidad de los Andes (Chile) for her valuable input to chapter I, as well as to Daniela Huneeus, of the Social Development Division of ECLAC, for her editorial support. Valuable contributions and comments relating to different sections of the document were received from Rodrigo Martínez, of the Social Development Division of ECLAC, Guilherme Canela, from the Montevideo office of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and Alejandra Trossero, from the Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean of UNICEF. This document was translated from Spanish by Teri Jones-Villeneuve, of the United Nations Volunteers Programme (UNV). The views expressed in this document, which has been reproduced without formal editing, are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Organization. United Nations publication LC/TS.2020/18.REV.1 Distribution: L Copyright © United Nations, 2020 All rights reserved Printed at United Nations, Santiago S.20-00333 This publication should be cited as: Trucco D. and Palma A., Childhood and adolescence in the digital age. A comparative report of the Kids Online surveys on Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica and Uruguay, Project Documents (LC/TS.2020/18.REV.1), Santiago, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC),2020. Applications for authorization to reproduce this work in whole or in part should be sent to the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Publications and Web Services Division, [email protected]. Member States and their governmental institutions may reproduce this work without prior authorization, but are requested to mention the source and to inform ECLAC of such reproduction. ECLAC Childhood and adolescence in the digital age... 3 Index Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................... 11 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................... 13 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 21 I. Regional policies and statistics: background information on children and adolescents in the digital age ...................................................................................................................... 23 A. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 23 B. Analytical model for the analysis ....................................................................................... 24 C. Access and gaps in inclusion in the digital world in Latin America...................................... 30 D. Public policies and digital inclusion for children and adolescents ....................................... 36 E. Bibliography ...................................................................................................................... 38 II. Types of material access to the Internet and its relation to digital skills and practices ............................................................................................................................ 41 A. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 41 B. Types of access for children and adolescents in Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica and Uruguay ....... 43 C. Types of access and sociodemographic variables as predictors of digital skills and participation in the digital society ...............................................................................46 1. Relation between types of access and participation in the digital society .................. 47 2. Relationship between types of access and digital skills .............................................. 48 D. Discussion and conclusions ............................................................................................... 48 E. Bibliography ...................................................................................................................... 51 III. Educational context: school use and teacher mediation ....................................................... 53 A. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 53 B. Digital education policies in Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica and Uruguay .................................... 55 C. Internet access in schools in Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica and Uruguay .................................... 57 D. Digital device uses in schools ............................................................................................. 59 ECLAC Childhood and adolescence in the digital age... 4 E. Educational mediation of Internet and mobile phone use ..................................................62 F. Sources of information for safe Internet use for parents and guardians ............................. 67 G. Final considerations .......................................................................................................... 70 H. Bibliography ...................................................................................................................... 71 IV. Participation of children and adolescents in the digital world ............................................... 73 A. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 73 B. Levels of participation in online activities by children and adolescents in Chile, Brazil, Costa Rica and Uruguay .......................................................................................... 77 C. Implications of online participation among children and adolescents for public policy ...... 83 D. Bibliography ...................................................................................................................... 85 V. Managing online risk and coping skills .................................................................................... 87 A. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 87 B. Content risks .....................................................................................................................89 1. Exposure to content that children and adolescents found upsetting ..........................89 2. Exposure to sensitive content ....................................................................................90 3. Exposure to sexual content ........................................................................................92 C. Contact risks .....................................................................................................................94 1. Contact with strangers online ....................................................................................94 2. Receiving sexual messages ....................................................................................... 96 D. Conduct risks ..................................................................................................................... 97 1. Sending sexual messages .......................................................................................... 97 2. Online harassment: recipients, senders and witnesses...............................................98
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