COLONIAL DISCOURSES: Series Two: Imperial Adventurers and Explorers: Part 2
COLONIAL DISCOURSES Series Two: Imperial Adventurers and Explorers
Part 2: Papers of James Augustus Grant (1827-92) and John Hanning Speke (1827-64) from the National Library of Scotland
Contents listing
PUBLISHER'S NOTE
CONTENTS OF REELS
DETAILED LISTING
EXTRACTS COLONIAL DISCOURSES: Series Two: Imperial Adventurers and Explorers: Part 2
Publisher's Note
There is more than one type of Colonial Discourse. This project brings together a wide variety of sources - travel narratives, Indian and African fiction, papers of explorers - which will enable scholars to understand the complexities which exist and to look at the way in which individuals related to the process of Empire and colonisation. How were territories named? How were indigenous peoples treated? Were different cultures respected?
This second series covers papers of imperial adventurers and explorers. Part 1 covered the recently discovered papers of Richard Burton at Wiltshire & Swindon Record Office. Part 2 covers the papers of James Augustus Grant (1827-1892) and related material by John Hanning Speke (1827-1864) from the National Library of Scotland.
Like Burton, Grant began his colonial career in India, joining the Bengal Army in 1848. He was present at the Siege of Multan, the Battle of Gujarat and at the Relief of Lucknow. Grant used his army career as a springboard for entry into the world of exploration and in 1860 he was seconded to join the Royal Geographical Society's expedition under John Hanning Speke to discover the source of the Nile. This was a follow up to Burton and Speke’s original expedition of 1856 in which Speke had left Burton recuperating from malaria while he set off to discover Lake N’yanza. He renamed this Lake Victoria and claimed it to be the source of the Nile. The 1860 expedition sought to prove this claim. Grant and Speke became the first Europeans to enter Uganda and spent much time with King Mutesa and local tribes. Once again, Speke set off alone when his companion fell ill and found a river flowing north out of Lake Victoria. His claim was hotly disputed and Speke died mysteriously in a shooting accident one day before he was due to meet Burton in public and assert that he had discovered the source of the Nile. His theory was not proven until Henry Morton Stanley’s expedition of 1874.
Speke’s own three volume journal of the expedition is included here, and scholars of colonial discourse will be interested to see how this was edited for publication. What was cut out and suppressed? What language was changed? All can be seen from the manuscripts which were rearranged for book publication with large sections crossed out (but still readable), and new linking passages inserted.
To balance this we also offer Grant’s journals for this and other expeditions, dated 1846, 1848-1849, 1852-1854, 1858-1891, describing life in Britain, India and Africa. We also offer Grant’s frank and revealing family correspondence and letters from Edwin Arnold, Samuel Baker, Sam Browne, Paul Belloni du Chaillu, Francis Galton, C E Gordon, Sir Henry Hamilton Johnston, John Kirk and David Livingstone amongst others.
Finally there are letters of James Grant, junior, his eldest son, who accompanied Joseph Thomson on his last African expedition and who was also involved in Cecil Rhodes' plans for central Africa.
Contents of Reels REEL 1 Papers of James Augustus Grant (1827-92) MS.17901-17903 - Family correspondence REEL 2 MS.17904 - Family correspondence MS.17905 - Grant: Letters to his wife REEL 3 MS.17906-17907 - Letters of James Grant, Junior MS.17908 - Family correspondence REEL 4 MS.17909-17911 - Letters from fellow explorers REEL 5 MS.17912-17916 - Grant’s Journals, 1846, 1848-49, 1852-54, 1858-63, 1864-76 REEL 6 MS.17917 - Grant’s Journals, 1877-91 MS.17918 - James Grant junior’s Journal, 1890—Thomson Expedition MS.17919-17921 - Grant’s sketches, 1860 expedition MS.17922 - Miscellanea MS.17923 - Map of Tibet by Speke MS.17924 - Map of Zanzibar by Speke MS.17925 - Memoranda MS.17926 - Press cuttings REEL 7 MS.17927-17928 - Printed materials re Grant and exploration REEL 8 MS.17929-17930 - Correspondence REEL 9 MS.17931-17932 - African letters MS.17933 - Miscellanea REEL 10 MS.17934 - proofs of A Walk Across Africa MS.17935 - Reviews of A Walk Across Africa REEL 11 MS.17936 - Notes taken during 1860 Speke Expedition REEL 12 MS.17937 - Notes taken during 1860 Speke Expedition MS.17938-17939 - Maps drawn during 1860 Speke Expedition MS.17940 - Private copy of Memoranda REEL 13 A MS.17941-17943 - Miscellanea and correspondence REEL 13 B COLONIAL DISCOURSES: Series Two: Imperial Adventurers and Explorers: Part 2 MS.17944-17948 - Miscellanea and correspondence REEL 14 Papers of John Hanning Speke (1827-64) MS.4872 - Manuscript and proofs of Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile REEL 15 MS.4873 -Manuscript and proofs of Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile MS.4874 - Manuscript and proofs of Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile Detailed Listing Papers of James Augustus Grant (1827-92) MSS.17901-26 Papers of James Augustus Grant (1827-92), the African explorer, and his family. Grant joined the Bengal army in 1848 and was at the siege of Multan, the battle of Gujerat, and the relief of Lucknow. From 1860-1863 he was seconded to the Royal Geographical Society’s expedition under John Hanning Speke, when the source of the Nile was identified and Uganda and southern Sudan visited. After further service in Kashmir and secondment to Napier’s Abyssinian expedition, he retired with the rank of Lt-Colonel in 1868. He was awarded the Royal Medal of the Royal Geographical Society in 1864 and made a Companion of the Bath in 1866. This collection covers all parts of his career, including family and other correspondence, his journals, his African sketches, and other papers. For additional papers see MSS.17927-8 and 17929-48. Bought Sotheby’s 13 March 1979, lots 126-36, 138, 140-150, 156-81, 183-92, with the aid of a grant from the Heritage Grant for Scotland. MSS.17901-4 Family correspondence. Grant was the youngest son of the Rev James Grant (1790-1853), minister of Nairn, and his wife Christiana (d1877). His brothers Alexander (1820-60) and George (1825-55) were respectively an officer in the Madras Army and a merchant in Calcutta and Rangoon. His sister Margaret (1823-1913) married in 1845 the Rev Peter Mackenzie (1818-1913), minister of Urquhart (Dingwall). All corresponded regularly, giving a vivid picture of family doings and of life in India in the 1850s. See also MS.17927. REEL 1 MS.17901 Letters of Alexander to his father, 1849-53 (f 1); to James A, 1848-60, n d (f 46); of James A to him, 1848-60 (f 131); of Alexander to Margaret and her husband, 1850-8 (f 162); and of Margaret and her husband to him, 1851-7 (f 234). 260ff. Quarto and under. MS.17902 Letters of George to his father and mother, 1849-55, n d (f 1); of Alexander to him, 1852-5 (f 117); of George to James A, 1847-54 (f 121); of James A to him, 1852-3 (f 117); and of George to Margaret and her husband, 1850-5 (f 183). 211 ff. Quarto and under. MS.17903 Letters of his father to James A, 1843-53 (f 1); and of James A to his father and mother, 1848-54 (f 19). 129 ff. Quarto and under. REEL 2 MS.17904 Letters of James A to Margaret and her husband, 1848-58 (f 1); of Margaret to him, 1848-61, n d (f 10); and of her husband to him, 1853-60 (f 227). 254ff. Quarto and under. MS.17905 Letters of Grant to his wife Margaret T, 1866-71, n d (f 1); and of his wife to him, 1867 (f 159). These letters come from periods when Grant was apart from his wife, in Kashmir in 1866-7, in Abyssinia in 1868, and in Europe in 1871. 185 ff. Quarto and under. REEL 3 MSS.17906-7 Correspondence and papers of and concerning Grant’s elder son, also James Augustus (1867-1932). After Oxford he went to South Africa where he worked as a surveyor on the Kimberley Bechuanaland Railway, accompanied Joseph Thomson on his last expedition, and became involved in Cecil Rhodes’s plans for Central Africa. Later he was a Member of Parliament and was created a baronet in 1926. See also MS.17928. MS.17906 Letters of Grant to his son, 1885-7, n d (f 1), mostly written while the latter was at Oxford and dealing with Grant’s activities and family affairs; and letters of and concerning his other son Alister (killed in the Boer War in 1900), 1900 (f 129). 141 ff. Octavo. MS.17907 Letters of James A Grant junior to his father and mother, 1883-1900, n d (f 1), mostly written from South and Central Africa; letters of Joseph Thomson to Grant, 1883-91 (f 187), mostly concerning his expedition with his son; and proof of Thomson’s paper on the expedition to the Royal Geographical Society, 28 Nov 1892, with manuscript of Grant’s comments (published in The Geographical Journal, vol 1, 1893, pp 97-121) (f 205). 219 ff. Folio and under. MS.17908 Various family letters, 1821-91 (f 1); letters and documents relating to Grant’s service in the Bengal Army, 1854- 70 (f 50); and miscellaneous letters, 1842-1908, n d (f 109). See also MSS.17932-3, 17944, 17946, 17948. 139 ff. Folio and under. MSS.17909-11 Letters to Grant. Letters from explorers and others concerning Africa are grouped alphabetically in MSS.17909-10, others in MS.17911. See also MSS.17931-2. REEL 4 MS.17909 Letters of Sir Edwin Arnold, 1875 (f 1); Sir Samuel White Baker, 1866-92, n d (f 5); Ernst Behm, 1875 (f 81); Sir Samuel James Browne, 1879 (f 83); Verney Lovett Cameron, 1876 (f 87); Paul Belloni Du Chaillu, 1871-87 (f 89); Sir Francis Galton, 1864 (f 93); Charles George Gordon and Sir Charles Moore Watson, 1874-9, n d (f 97); Sir Harry Hamilton Johnston, 1884 (f 126); Sir John Kirk, 1867-79 (f 129); Johann Ludwig Krapf, 1870 (f 151); and David Livingstone, 1865 (f 155). 156 ff. Quarto and under. COLONIAL DISCOURSES: Series Two: Imperial Adventurers and Explorers: Part 2 MS.17910 Letters of Sir Roderick Impey Murchison, 1864-8, n d (f 1); Robert Henry Nelson, 1892 (f 37); Thomas Heazle Parke, 1890 (f 39); August Petermann, 1875 (f 40); Christopher Palmer Rigby, 1864-75 ( f 42); Georg Schweinfurth, 1874 (f 65); John Hanning Speke, 1854-64 (f 67); also letters of Speke to Rigby, 1859-60, and of Speke’s family to Grant, 1864-76, n d); William Grant Stairs, 1890 (f 120); Sir Henry Morton Stanley, 1878-90, n d (f 123); and Armin Vambéry, 1865 (f 151). 152 ff. Quarto and under. MS.17911 Letters of Lt Alexander Turnbull, 1850-3 (f 1); Mrs M Currie, 1854-7, n d (f 24); Major William G Keppel and his parents, 1857-60 (f 69); and others, mostly fellow officers in the Bengal Army, 1851-90, n d (f 91). 283 ff. Quarto and under. MSS.17912-17 Grant’s journals REEL 5 MS.17912 4 Feb-31 Dec 1846, covering his first journey to and arrival in India. 78ff. Duodecimo. MS.17913 23 Apr 1848-12 Apr 1849, describing hs service in the Second Sikh War. 64 pp. Octavo. MS.17914 20 May 1852-20 Mar 1854, describing hunting expeditions in North India with John Hanning Speke. 84ff. Octavo. MS.17915 23 Feb 1858-31 Dec 1863, describing his African expedition with Speke in great detail. Some of the material in this journal was used for Grant’s A Walk across Africa (Lond, 1864). Inverted at the end are a list of letters written 1858-62, photographic and botanical notes, a list of porters, Africa vocabulary, etc. 320pp + 52 inverted pp. (Grant’s own numbering, added at a later date, in which the even numbers are generally omitted). Quarto. MS.17916 1 Jan 1864-29 Dec 1876, dealing with his triumphant reception in England, his final military service in India and Abyssinia, and his life in retirement at Nairn, including frequent engagements in London and tours abroad. 185ff. Quarto. REEL 6 MS.17917 5 Jan 1877-19 Oct 1891, continuing his life in retirement. i+ 180ff. Quarto MS.17918 Journal of James A Grant Junior kept during his membership of Joseph Thomson’s expedition in 1890. 11 ff + many blank ff + 1 inverted f. Quarto. MSS.17919-21 Grant’s sketches, mostly watercolour, some pencil or pen and ink, made on his African expedition with John Hanning Speke, 1860-3. They include scenes, portraits, objects, and incidents. Some are the source of woodcuts in Speke’s Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile, Edin 1863, and some of these have notes in Speke’s hand. The majority were mounted by Grant in 1880 in two albums and provided with printed introduction, list and captions, the latter mostly repeating contemporary inscriptions; an earlier arrangement is indicated by pencil numbering. MS.17919 68 sketches, 250 x 175 mm, mounted in an oblong folio album. MS.17920 62 sketches, 175 x 125 mm, and 13 lithographs, various sizes (from several articles in the Botanical Magazine and the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, accompanied by offprints of the articles), mounted in an oblong folio album. MS.17921 Unmounted sketches. 17 ff. Folio and under. MS.17922 Various papers, including Grant’s agreement with Speke, 1860 (f 2); Grant’s expenses during the African expedition (f 3); table of temperature and rainfall, 1860-3 ( f 4); notes on Speke’s latitudes, etc ( f 10); journal, 12-22 Apr 1863 (f 14); speech on the expedition delivered in Calcutta, 4 Dec 1865 (f 32); zoological notes (f 56); lecture on Kashmir (f 87); note by Christopher P Rigby on the second volume of Sir Richard Burton’s Zanzibar (Lond, 1872) (f 107); lists of committees, etc on which Grant served (f 108); a family memoir (f 121); and a map of the Nile from Gondokoro in southern Sudan to central Egypt (f 124). See also MS.17933. 125 ff. Folio and under. MS.17923 ‘Map of Tibet by J H Speke’, outlining in fact, on a scale of eight miles to the inch, the roughly triangular area of Ladakh bounded by the rivers Spiti, Indus, and Zaskar. For Speke’s mapping activities in the early 1850s see his What led to the Discovery of the Source of the Nile, Edin and Lond, 1864, pp 6sqq. 420 x 410mm MS.17924 Copy of A Map of the Route explored by Captns Speke & Grant from Zanzibar to Egypt…, Lond 1863, with ink and pencil annotations by Grant. 610 x 360mm MS.17925 Copy of James A Grant, Memoranda, n p, n d (after Apr 1880), consisting of biographical data, with some later ink additions by Grant. On the title page is written ‘Margaret Grant’s Copy’. See also MS.17940. 32 (printed) pp. Octavo. MS.17926 Newspaper cuttings on Grant’s death, funeral etc, pasted into an album. It is signed on f i ‘Margaret Mary Mackintosh 1892’ COLONIAL DISCOURSES: Series Two: Imperial Adventurers and Explorers: Part 2 i + 40 + many blank ff. Small quarto. REEL 7 MSS.17927-8 Grant. Copies of printed books associated with James Augustus Grant, the explorer. Presented, 1979, by Sotheby Parke Bernet & Co, London (Sotheby’s, 13 Mar 1979, lots 139 and 154). MS.17927 Aaron Penley, A System of Water-Colour Painting, 17th edit, Lond, 1858. On the front cover are Grant’s signature and the note ‘This book was my guide through Africa. J A Grant’; on a leaf tipped in after p [ii] are pencil and watercolour sketches; on p 64 is a pencil sketch; and on pp 7 and 10 of the advertisements at the back are pencil notes. MS. as listed through 64 + 30 printed pages. Octavo. MS.17928 James A Grant, A Walk across Africa, Edin and Lond, 1864. On the front flyleaf is the inscription ‘To my sister & brother-in-law at Ferintosh Manse Dingwall with love from the author. J A Grant Dingwall 8 Decr/64’. 1 f in xviii + 454 + [32] printed pages. Quarto. MSS.17929-48 GRANT. Further papers of James Augustus Grant, the African explorer, and his family, additional to MSS. 17901-26. For formal documents see Ch.15198-230. Bought, 1979, with the aid of an additional grant from the Heritage Grant for Scotland. REEL 8 MS.17929 Family correspondence, 1765-1891, supplementary to MSS. 17901-5 and 17908, including letters to Alexander Grant, minister of Cawdor, 1765-1821 (f 1); letters of George Grant, merchant in Liverpool, to his brother James, minister of Nairn, and others, 1827-60 (f 15); of Mrs Christian Grant, 1857-69 (f 73); of James A Grant, his brothers, sister, and brother-in-law, 1864-91 (f 77a); and of James A Grant and his wife, 1867-77, n d (f 137). 159 ff. Folio and under. MS.17930 Correspondence of and concerning Grant’s sons, supplementary to MSS.17906-7, including letters of Grant to his elder son James Augustus, 1885-91, n d (f 1); letters of James A Grant Junior to his parents, 1874-91, n d (f 89); letters to and concerning James A Junior and Alister Grant, and some other letters, 1889-1918, n d (f 149); school reports and other certificates of James A Grant Junior, 1867-91 (f 203); and drafts of letters and speeches by James A Grant Junior, n d (f 261). 270 ff. Folio and under. REEL 9 MSS.17931-2 Letters to Grant, supplementary to MSS.17909-11. MS.17931 Letters of Sir Samuel White Baker, 1890 (f 1); Charles Tilstone Beke, 1864 (f 3); Paul Belloni du Chaillu, 1881, 1887 (f 5); Sir John Edward Dorington, 1864 (f 8); David Emanuel Daniel Europaeus, 1865 (f 10); Sir Francis Galton, 1872 (f 12); Christopher George, 1872 (f 13); Charles George Gordon, 1877 (f 18); Sir John Kirk, 1865 n d (f 19); Johann Ludwig Krapf, 1870 (f 33); Sir Roderick Impey Murchison, 1863-70, n d (f 35); Lady Murchison, 1864, n d (f 62); Cristoforo Negri, n d (f 66); John Hanning Speke, 1854, 1864 (f 68); also letters of Speke to Christopher Palmer Rigby, 1860, and of Speke’s family to Grant, 1864-73, n d); and Sir Henry Morton Stanley, 1885-93 (f 100). 108 ff. Quarto and under. MS.17932 Other letters to Grant, 1848-93, n d. 326 ff. Folio and under. MS.17933 (i) Papers concerning Grant’s service in India, 1853-84, n d, supplementary to MS.17908 ff 50-108, including a list of property lost during the Mutiny and general statements of his service. (f 1). (ii) Papers concerning Africa, n d, supplementary to MS 17922, including a list of the contents of Speke’s cases at Zanzibar and a copy of an agreement between Alexander Low Bruce and James A Grant Junior concerning the estate of Magomero, Malawi. (f 12). (iii) Accounts and other financial papers, 1852-1913. (f 26). (iv) Legal papers, 1827-90, including a disposition by Alexander Grant, minister of Cawdor, to his sons George and James, a state of the teinds of Nairn in 1837, and papers concerning the Rev Peter Mackenzie, minister of Urquhart. (see also Ch 15229-30). (f 58). (v) Miscellaneous papers, 1872-92, n d, including a sketch by Grant, a paper ‘A Glimpse of the Battlefields of 1870-1’, and an extract minute of the Royal Geographical Society on his death. (f 107). 126 ff. Folio and under. REEL 10 MS.17934 An interleaved set of page proofs of James A Grant, A Walk across Africa, Edin and Lond, 1864. There are numerous corrections by Grant on the proofs, most of which have been incorporated into the published work; there is a proof of pp 454-7, ‘Explanation of Names and Terms’, which were omitted from the published work. The interleaves have been used by Grant at various dates to make corrections and additional comments. ii + 460 printed pp; 250 ff (many blank) interleaved. Quarto. MS.17935 Newspaper reviews of A Walk across Africa, 1864-5, cut out and pasted onto large sheets. COLONIAL DISCOURSES: Series Two: Imperial Adventurers and Explorers: Part 2 12 ff. Folio. REEL 11 and REEL 12 MSS.17936-7 ‘Copy of original notes and drawings from life of the plants collected by me during the Speke & Grant Expedition in /60/63. J A Grant.’ The plants were deposited at Kew Gardens and are described by Grant, Daniel Oliver and John G Baker, ‘The Botany of the Speke and Grant Expedition’, Transactions of the Linnean Society, vol 29, 1875; the original notes and drawings are in the Library at Kew (Catalogue of the Library of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Additional series 3, 1899, p 781). 368 ff; 463 ff. Quarto and under. MS.17938 ‘Map of Eastern Equatorial Africa by J H Speke. Constructed by Keith Johnston FRSE’, taken from a copy of Speke’s Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile. Edin and Lond, 1863, with two manuscript annotations by Grant. 1 f. 445 x 575 mm MS.17939 ‘Map of Africa traced from an atlas entitled “ATLAS SIVE GEOGRAPHIA COMPENDIOSA IN QUA ORBIS TERRARUM PAUCIS ATTAMEN NOVISSIMIS TABULIS OSTENDITUR AMSTERDAM no date’. The title is in Grant’s hand and the tracing was presumably done by or for him. He further notes that ‘Copies of the atlas are in the possession of W Culbard Esq North Lodge Elgin and the Rev James Cooper, Broughty Ferry’. The atlas was probably that of R and J Ottens, 1756 (cf Cornelis Koeman, Atlantes Neerlandici, vol 3, Amsterdam, 1969, p 90). 1 f. 560x 550 mm. MS.17940 ‘Private Copy’ of Grant’s Memoranda (see MS. 17925), wanting pp 31-2, with fuller annotations than MS.17925. 30 (printed) pp. Octavo. REEL 13A MS.17941 A volume of pedigrees of Grant’s family and others (Chisholm, Cuthbert, Fraser, Mackintosh, etc) connected to it by marriage, written in an unidentified hand with notes by Grant himself. A list of contents (ff ii-iii) and index (pp 89-95) are provided. iv ff + 96 pp. Oblong quarto. MS.17942 Correspondence, 1871-91, n d (f 1) and papers, 1872-89, n d (f 74) concerning Grant’s genealogical researches, and including notes and histories by Grant and others, the results of searches in various records, and copies of documents. 220 ff. Folio and under. MS.17943 Papers, 1863-1913, n d, relating to property, mostly the estate of Househill, Nairn, acquired by Grant after his retiral from the army, and its water supply. See also Ch 15221-5. 66 ff. Folio and under. REEL 13B MS.17944 Letters to and papers concerning Sir Peter Laurie, Lord Mayor of London and grand-uncle of Grant’s wife, and his family, 1823-71, n d. Another letter to him is in MS.17908, f 111. See also Ch 15236-40. 95 ff. Folio and under. MS.17945 Journal kept by Margaret T Laurie (later Grant) of a tour in Europe in August 1852 by her, her grand-uncle Sir Peter Laurie, and her uncle and aunt Mr and Mrs Northall Laurie. From London they sailed to Calais and proceeded, mostly by rail, through Belgium and Germany, down the Rhine as far as Basel, then back via Strasbourg, Rheims, Paris and Boulogne. 32 + some blank ff. Octavo. MS.17946 Correspondence and papers concerning the executry of Eliza Forsyth Ross of Dingwall, 1849-50 (for further letters see MS.17908, ff 113-17). The active executor was George Cameron, sheriff-substitute of Dingwall, but one of the others was the Rev Peter Mackenzie. 72 ff. Folio and under. MS.17947 Extracts from various religious works (mainly Isaac Barrow, Sermons, Edin 1751, and Edward Fowler, The Design of Christianity, Lond, 1671; also Gilbert Burnet, Exposition of the Thirty-Nine Articles, Lond 1699, Jacques H B de Saint Pierre, transl by H Hunter, Studies of Nature, Lond, 1796, and Jeremiah Seed, Posthumous Works, Lond, 1750) in two hands, of which the later is apparently that of James Grant, minister of Nairn, and the earlier may therefore be that of his father, Alexander Grant, minister of Cawdor. 28 ff. Quarto. MS.17948 Miscellaneous letters and papers, including letters to Thomas Mackay, social reformer, 1893-1908, n d (ff 16-33; see also MS.17908, ff 125-9), a petition for John Mackenzie, minister of Lochcarron, ?1801 (f 36), lecture notes on the practice of medicine, 1840, probably taken by John M Grant, second son of James, minister of Nairn (f 68), and a note by John Laurie on salmon caught on a stretch of the Tweed, 1842 (f 130). 145 ff. Folio and under. REEL 14 Papers of John Hanning Speke (1827-64) MSS.4872-4 John Hanning Speke Manuscript and proofs of Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile, Edin, 1863. MS.4872 consists of the manuscript, including an unpublished journal for January to June, 1863, and excluding chapter ix of the published work. MS.4873 consists of the first corrected proofs, with many stylistic changes by Speke and by John Hill Burton, the editor of the work. Manuscript pages in Speke’s hand and a letter of James A Grant have been inserted (ff 102, COLONIAL DISCOURSES: Series Two: Imperial Adventurers and Explorers: Part 2 184-6, 278-9); leaves corresponding to pages 7-17 of the published work are lacking. MS.4874 consists of the second corrected proofs, including the conclusion and appendices; these, too, have been heavily corrected by Speke and Burton. MS.4874 includes also further proofs of Pages 1-15, 20-54, 56-62, 74-81, 155, and 597-658 (ff 24, 47, 67, 83, 136, 394, 412, and 441); the manuscripts of part of the conclusion, in Burton’s hand, and of Appendix E, in Speke’s hand (ff 410v, 476); and two leaves of the Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, vol iv (1860), containing a printed letter to Lord Ashburton, President of the Society, from John Petherick about Speke’s expedition (f 474). 520 ff; 358 ff; 476 ff. Folio. Extracts Papers of James Augustus Grant (1827-92) Reel 1 Letter from James Augustus Grant to his brother Alick, 30 September 1860 MS.17901 “My dear Alick The Sultan’s Man of War…brought Speke. Col Rigby & myself here last Tuesday four days ago and we have been doing nothing since then but collecting men to carry our loads up country—one detachment of them left this morning and we ourselves mean to make a short march of two or three miles tomorrow merely for the name of the thing to show all...we are in earnest. For several days we shall have to make these short marches...and then nothing under ten miles daily - more would fatigue and probably do up the porters - though they are fine sturdy fellows carrying sixty pounds weight of our kit and 20 more of their own….” Reel 4 Letter from Edwin Arnold to James Augustus Grant, October 1 1875 MS.17909 “You will have heard no doubt that we have received long letters from Stanley, & that he has marched 720 miles in 106 days from Bagamoyo to the Victoria Nyanza & sailed almost right round that Lake. I have his map of it - which I have with my own hands enlarged, & knowing how ? your fame is connected with the Victoria I wanted & still wish to show you this very interesting chart before any one sees it….” Reel 4 Letter from Lord Baker to James Augustus Grant, 16 November 1875 MS.17909 “I return Gordon’s letter which is very interesting to me and I wish I were there to help him with all my heart—now that he is well rid of his sickly Europeans. The fact of his having towed the ‘Khedive’ the twin screw steamer up to Loboré is most cheering but he cannot possibly get up to Affaddo as he hopes. I saw stupendous falls above the Aswa river where the river was so narrow that you could throw a stone across. There were rocks at this point quite 30 feet above the surface where the fall was about 25 feet perpendicular and the natives had made a bridge by laying trees from rock to rock…. Nevertheless if Gordon establishes a chain of communication along the river he will be able to convey his heavy material along the banks whenever the obstructions prevent a direct transit by boat - and by reshipping above cataracts he will at all events get very near Affaddo and be able to convey his section of vessels by land to the navigable Nile. I see Stanley has endeavoured to bring my name into his letter from Mr Tesés in a disagreeable manner - and it is to be hoped that his information on most matters is more correct, otherwise there must be a great amount of absurdity in his accounts - I quite agree with Gordon in hating these newspaper correspondents whose time is occupied in self glorification…. Although there is no doubt that Stanley has pushed on very well, there is an amount of bad taste about him that is simply incurable. He presumes to bring in my name 150 miles from any place that I visited during the last expedition, and would make it appear that I was not on good terms with M’tese, wheras it was I who established an alliance….” Reel 4 Letter from C J Rigby regarding Speke’s death, 14 December 1864 MS.17910 “What a fearful sad end for poor Speke after all the dangers he has gone through to lose his life in so melancholy a manner: poor fellow I can hardly realise that he has gone from us for ever. What a dreadful shock it must have been for his poor Mother and father so soon after he was restored to them. We have had 5 months of the most terrific heat I ever experienced and now when we ought to have the cold season it is stifling hot. We have had no rain for about 3 months and there is not a blade of grass or corn in the country, famine & cholera are raging, there is partial famine all over India…. About a month ago I wrote to Govt requesting to resign this Appointment for this is such an abominable country I cannot endure it, nothing but tough mutton to eat every day, no potatoes, no fruit, no vegetables & horrid musty bread…. You can form no idea what a detestable country India has become, everyone is trying to get out of it, or giving up the Service to take to coffee or tea planting…. I see that fellow Burton is going to Santos in Brazil. I was sorry to see Sir Roderic call such a man his friend, for he must know his true character. I have received a copy of poor Speke’s last book, it is better written than the first. What a sad loss he will be to African geography, it will be long before any men can be found with such indomitable perseverance and energy & with his experience & influence over wild races….” Reel 4 Letter from W E Stairs to James Augustus Grant, 21 February 1890 MS.17910 “…. I can only say that I am extremely glad I went with the Expedition. Mr Stanley I found to be a tough’un but a good’un. As COLONIAL DISCOURSES: Series Two: Imperial Adventurers and Explorers: Part 2 he gradually got to know us he trusted us all absolutely…. I suppose on Mr Stanley’s arrival in London you will be there to meet him—I will I fancy go to Dover & meet him….” Reel 4 Letter from H M Stanley to James Augustus Grant, Congo River, 10 February 1880 MS.17910 “ I was delighted to get a letter from you because the mere fact that it was written was a proof that you held no very unkindly feelings, though after reading it I am rather alarmed when you say that you think Mrs Grant has not quite forgiven me. Dear me! You cannot possibly be in earnest for I am most anxious to be in Mrs Grant’s good graces. You must ask her for me to reflect upon the thousand & one injurious things said of me during my absence the two previous journeys, and how the most considerate and most circumspect behaviour & bearing towards natives hostile to our Expedition failed to please….” Reel 7 Proof of ‘A Walk Across Africa’ by James Augustus Grant, MS.17928 “The four native races were as follows:- I. ‘The Wazaramo - A smart, dressy (though nearly naked), well-to-do looking people, with a most self-possessed air, and fond of ornaments in beads, sea-shells, or tin. Their heads are covered with wool, elongated with bark fibre into hanks, and their bodies smeared with an oily pomade of red clay….The worst features in this Wazaramo race are, that they will give travellers no aid, and will pounce upon stray men. II. ‘The Wasagara’ population live such an outcast life on the tops of their conical hills, above the path of the traveller, that we saw little of their manners or customs. Parties from the coast attack them, to capture their people and cattle…. III. ‘The Wagogo’ We did not enter their oblong, walled villages, but I have a distinct and vivid recollection of the people. Among them were smart, wiry, active young fellows, who would make first-rate recruits. Their woolly hair, elongated by working into it hanks of bark fibre, flew in the air as they ran; beads were at times strung on, or an ostrich-feather waved about their heads; their ear-lobes were distended by a plug of wood, &c…. IV. ‘Wanyamuezi:- The 115 porters we left the seaport with were of the class of the Wanyamuezi, and we had good opportunity for observing their habits and character. They were average-sized, slim-limbed negroes, many of them with handsome countenances and incisions of caste above the cheek-bones; they were dressed in goat-skins hanging loosely in their front from the right shoulder; most of them with a shabby small bow and a couple of arrows; a few of the better sort had flint-guns, which they carried awkwardly at the long “trail”, and pointing to the men behind them. They are frank and amiable on first acquaintance, eating or taking anything from your hand, singing the jolliest of songs with deep-toned choruses from their thick necks and throats, but soon trying to get the upper hand, refusing to make the ring- fence round camp, showing sulks, making halts, or going short marches, treating with perfect contempt any message sent them even to sit apart from your tent, as the smoke of their fires, the odour of their persons, and their total want of delicacy annoy you…. We had daily visits from the women of the country…. They were copper-coloured and flat-featured, and wore round their necks a profusion of pendent bead necklaces of the colour of the mountain-ash berry; their ankles were concealed with masses of wire rings. For hours they sat silently before us, smoking, nursing, and shampooing the limbs and necks of their infants; some wore the heavy cloth of the country, others had soiled robes of calico. Young girls, many of them with pleasing faces and plump round figures, wore merely a diminutive cloth about their loins, and infants had a fringe of beads…. We saw some decidedly handsome N’yambo girls on this route: their men attend upon cattle exclusively, while they stay at home doing household work, cooking, coquetting, and showing off their beautiful feet….” Papers of John Hanning Speke (1827-64) Reel 16 Proof of Speke’s Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile MS.4874 “In the following pages I have endeavoured to describe all that appeared to me most important and interesting among the events and the scenes that came under my notice during my sojourn in the interior of Africa. If my account should not entirely harmonise with preconceived notions as to primitive races, I cannot help it. I profess accurately to describe naked Africa-Africa in those places where it has not received the slightest impulse, whether for good or evil, from European civilisation…. The Wa-n-guana, as their name implies, are men freed from slavery; and as it is through these singular negroes acting as hired servants that I have been chiefly indebted for opening this large section of Africa, a few general remarks on their character cannot be out of place here. Of course, having been born in Africa, and associated in childhood with the untainted negroes, they retain all the superstitious notions of the true aborigines, though somewhat modified, and even corrupted, by that acquaintance with the outer world which sharpens their wits. Most of these men were doubtless caught in wars, as may be seen every day in Africa, made slaves of, and sold to the Arabs for a few yards of common cloth, brass wire, or beads. They would then be taken to Zanzibar market, resold like horses to the highest bidder, and then kept in bondage by their new masters, more like children of his family than anything else. In this new position they were circumcised to make Mussulmans of them, that their hands might be ‘clean’ to slaughter their master’s cattle, and extend his creed; for the Arabs believe the day must come when the tenets of Mahomet will be accepted COLONIAL DISCOURSES: Series Two: Imperial Adventurers and Explorers: Part 2 by all men…. The whole system of slave-holding by the Arabs in Africa, or rather on the coast, or at Zanzibar, is exceedingly strange; for the slaves, both in individual physical strength and in numbers, are so superior to the Arab foreigners, that if they chose to rebel, they might send the Arabs flying out of the land. It happens, however, that they are spell-bound, not knowing their strength any more than domestic animals, and they even seem to consider that they would be dishonest if they ran away after being purchased, and so bring pecuniary loss on their owners…. Bomani to Ikambura, 4th October A short stage brought us to Ikambura, included in the district of Nzasa, where there is another small village, presided over by Phanzé Khombé la Simba meaning Claw of Lion. He, immediately after arrival, sent us a basket of rice, value one dollar, of course expecting a return—for absolute generosity is a thing unknown to the negro. Not being aware of the value of the offering, I simply requested the Sheikh to give him 4 yards of American sheeting, and thought no more about the matter, until presently I found the cloth returned. The ‘Sultan’ could not think of receiving such a paltry present from me, when on the former journey he got so much; if he showed this cloth at home, nobody would believe him, but would say he took much more and concealed it from his family, wishing to keep all his goods to himself. I answered that my footing in the country had been paid for on the last journey, and unless he would accept me as any other common traveller, he had better walk away….”