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Angara–Selenga Imbricate Fan Thrust System

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Angara–Selenga Imbricate Fan Thrust System Russian Geology and Geophysics © 2020, V.S. Sobolev IGM, Siberian Branch of the RAS Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 1–13, 2020 DOI:10.15372/RGG2019125 Geologiya i Geofizika Angara–Selenga Imbricate Fan Thrust System N.I. Akulova, , A.I. Mel’nikova, V.V. Akulovaa,b, M.N. Rubtsovaa, S.I. Shtel’makha aInstitute of the Earth’s Crust, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Lermontova 128, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia bIrkutsk State University, ul. K. Marks 1, Irkutsk, 664003, Russia Received 31 December 2017; received in revised form 13 April 2019; accepted 22 May 2019 Abstract—We study Late Jurassic thrusting of the Archean craton basement over Jurassic sediments in Siberia, with the Khamar- Daban terrane as a rigid indenter. The study focuses on deformation and secondary mineralization in Archean and Mesozoic rocks along the thrusting front and the large-scale paleotectonic thrust structure. The pioneering results include the inference that the Angara, Posol’skaya, and Tataurovo thrusts are elements of the Angara–Selenga imbricate fan thrust system and a 3D model of its Angara branch. The history of the Angara–Selenga thrust system consists of three main stages: (I) detachment and folding of the basement under the Jurassic basin and low-angle synclinal and anticlinal folding in the sediments in a setting of weak compression; (II) brecciation and mylonization under increasing shear stress that split the Sharyzhalgai basement inlier into several blocks moving in different directions; formation of an imbri- cate fan system of thrust sheets that shaped up the thrusting front geometry, with a greater amount of thrusting in the front because of the counter-clockwise rotation of the Sharyzhalgai uplift; (III) strike-slip and normal faulting associated with the origin and evolution of the Baikal rift system, which complicated the morphology of the thrust system. Keywords: thrust, Jurassic sediments, Khamar-Daban terrane, Siberian craton INTRODUCTION This study addresses several key problems: (i) number of thrust sheets; (ii) mechanism of thrusting; (iii) tectonic con- The first data on a thrust of the Archean craton basement trol of the location of Lake Baikal; (iv) ongoing thrusting in over Jurassic coal-bearing sediments in Siberia were publi- the eastern side of Lake Baikal. The presented lithological- shed more than one hundred years ago (Tetyaev, 1916). The paleogeographic reconstruction of processes in the Angara- following geological studies revealed multiple tectonic events Selenga thrust system and its surroundings in the Baikal re- in the southern margin of the Siberian craton, including large- gion based on data on rock compositions and tectonics aims scale thrusting (Danilovich, 1941; Salop, 1967; Popov, 1970; at gaining insights into these issues. Klitin, 1974; Lobanov, 1977; Dobretsov, 1986; Mazukabzov and Sizykh, 1987; Alexandrov, 1990; Sizykh, 2001; etc.). STUDY OBJECTIVES AND MATERIALS Thrust tectonics in the southern Siberian craton (“Irkutsk am- phitheater”) has been associated with the evolution of the The study focuses on (i) lithology and petropgraphy of Central Asian Orogenic Belt (Zonenshain and Kuzmin, 1992; rocks in individual thrusts; (ii) paleotectonics of the large- Dobretsov et al., 2019; Gordienko et al., 2019). scale thrust structure; (iii) deformation in Archean and Me- The earlier views of the southern craton margin and the sozoic rocks along the thrusting front; (iv) secondary miner- adjacent orogens of Transbaikalia changed considerably as alization in sedimentary and basement rocks involved in new lithological and tectonic evidence became available due thrusting. Data were collected during four field campaigns to exploratory drilling for oil and gas, as well as to third- in the western and eastern sides of Lake Baikal between generation geological mapping. These data reveal multiple 2015 and 2017 (Fig. 1) in the vicinities of Bol’shie Koty, thrust sheets and their erosion outliers (klippes) and a multi- Bol’shaya Rechka, Nikola, Listvyanka, Posol’skaya, Ka- stage history of thrusting. It was established that the south- mensk, and Tataurovo communities, as well as over 50 km ern boundary of the Siberian craton are universally modified along the left side of the Irkutsk hydroelectric water reser- by a large number of subhorizontal structures represented a voir. Several video films were shot during the field trips:The series of cover tectonical plates, multi-tiered thrusts and Angara Thrust Mistery (https://youtu.be/NhCQrytBkNc); klippes. Beyond the Frontier (https://youtu.be/c73jIYwUK9M); The Way to a Klippe (https://youtu.be/p_jnvfgKusk); and Tatau- rovo Conglomerate (https://youtu.be/6adHWW9LQfg). Corresponding author. The new data extended the earlier knowledge based on E-mail adress: [email protected] (N.I. Akulov) documented core sections of L-1, L-2 and L-3 boreholes. 2 N.I. Akulov et al. / Russian Geology and Geophysics 61 (2020) 1–13 left side of the Irkutsk water reservoir to vicinities of Bol’shie Koty community in the western side of Lake Bai- kal and on as far as the Selenga Delta. By the time being, a 4 × 16 km granitic intrusion has been found (Sizykh, 2001) along the Baikal shore from the source of the Angara River and four granitic erosion outliers of thrusts (klippes). More evidence of rock compositions was obtained from core samples of three deep boreholes L-1, L-2 and L-3 drilled near Listvyanka community for thermal water pros- pecting. The 1160 m deep borehole L-2 at the Angara source opposite the Shaman Rock stripped the craton basement composed of migmatites, granitoids, schists, and gneisses of the Sharyzhalgai uplift (basement inlier). Data from two other boreholes (Fig. 1), L-1 at Taltsy community and L-3 at Nikola community, which stripped sedimentary rocks, allow reconstructing the history of the imbricate fan thrust system. Petrography Borehole L-3 stripped the complete section of the Angara branch of the thrust system (Figs. 1–3) which represents the rock complex of the hanging wall. The footwall of the thrust Fig. 1. Location map of the study area. 1, borehole. consists of ortho-amphibolite and heavily deformed catacla- stic biotite granite of the Archean craton basement. The Borehole L-3 stripped a 50-m thick granitic sheet thrust on ~10 m thick zone of detachment between the foot and hang- Jurassic sediments of the Irkutsk coal basin. The borehole ing walls of the thrust is composed of chloritized mica penetrated into the basement through the sedimentary com- schists (micalite) with abundant slickensides. The 381.9 m plex and the detachment and stopped at the depth 535.5 m. thick middle section of the hanging wall comprises slightly The 257 samples collected during the field trips include one altered conglomerates and outsize sandstones with inclu- from L-3, which has been described in detail by G.V. Orlo- sions of carbonaceous plant detritus. The upper part of the va, a reputed petrographer. section, 28.9 m in total, predominantly contains coarse con- The tectonic framework was studied by numerous struc- glomerates with hard siliceous cement. Deformation is re- tural measurements in thrust zones and their surroundings. corded in numerous slickensides surrounded by zones of Additionally, reference was made to previously published secondary chlorite and foliation where the pebble material is data on the Angara branch of the thrust system collected crushed and dispersed. Foliation and slickensides also ap- prior to the dam construction and impoundment in 1958. pear in layers of gravelstone and sandstone. The entire sedimentary unit is overthrust by a 61.3 m thick sheet of Archean plagiogranite gneiss which experi- RESULTS enced deformation (fracturing and cataclasis), weak chloriti- The Siberian craton underwent multiple events through zation and leaching. The boundary between the sedimentary its long history. The milestones were associated with accre- and basement units is marked by mylonite sutures, i.e., the tion of the Barguzin and Tuva–Mongolia microcontinents in detachment, which led lately to the formation of an imbri- the Late Neoproterozoic and in the Silurian–Devonian, re- cate fan system of thrusts, was originally along the base of spectively, as well as with the closure of the Paleoasian the Jurassic strata. The Jurassic coal-bearing sediments ocean followed by the formation of the Mongolia–Okhotsk stripped by L-3 belong to the Dabata, Cheremkhovo, and orogenic belt (latest Jurassic–Cretaceous) and the Angara, Sayan Formations; more data on the Angara branch of the Posol’skaya, and other thrusts (Zonenshain et al., 1990). thrust system come from composite sections in the vicinities Thrusts in the craton’s southern margin and its folded pe- of the Sobolev Cape, Mt. Skriper, and a klippe in the Nizh- riphery belong to five fold-thrust belts interpreted (Sizykh, nyaya valley (Fig. 3). The rocks underwent low-temperature 2001) as thrust roots (1); flanking mobile belts (2); thrust- metamorphism, which led to the formation of low-tempera- related structures of the craton margin (3); structures of the ture minerals associations under the influence of dynamic thrust front (4) and behind it (5). The five belts grade succes- metamorphism in the contact zones of sedimentary forma- sively from one to another inward the craton from the folded tions and crystalline rocks.. periphery. Hornblende melanocratic granites are typical representa- The thrust system of the southern Siberian craton, the key tives of Archean allochthonous granitoids in the hanging object of this study, extends in a 15 km wide zone along the wall of the Angara thrust. They are massive medium- and N.I. Akulov et al. / Russian Geology and Geophysics 61 (2020) 1–13 3 Fig. 2. Simplified geology of the southern Baikal region. 1–5, Siberian craton: Lower–Middle Jurassic sediments (1), Paleozoic sediments (2), latest Precambrian–Paleozoic sediments (3), granitoids of the Primorsky complex (4), basement (Sharyzhalgai Group) (5); 6, Sayan–Baikal fold belt; 7, marginal suture of the Siberian craton; 8, frontal line of the Angara thrust sheet; 9, faults; 10, sites of detailed studies (Fig.
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