Environmental Assessment Report IND: Bihar State Highways II Project

Environmental Assessment Report

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-78 (Bihta–Sarmera Subproject) Project Number: 41629 July 2010

IND: Bihar State Highways II Project

Prepared by Bihar State Road Development Corporation for the Asian Development Bank (ADB).

The initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... i 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1. Project Background/Rationale...... 1 1.2. Project Preparatory Technical Assistance (PPTA) and Environmental Assessment...... 1 1.3. Purpose of the Study...... 2 1.4. Extent of IEE ...... 2 1.5. IEE Content ...... 2 1.6. Methodology...... 3 1.6.1. Information/ data Sources ...... 3 1.6.2. Public Consultation...... 4 1.7. Organizational Setting of Implementing Agency...... 4 2. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK...... 6 2.1. Country’s Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the Project...... 6 2.2. Environmental Clearance Process ...... 7 2.3. Administrative Structure and the Interactive framework...... 9 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 10 3.1. Project Location...... 10 3.2. Characteristics of the Existing road...... 10 3.3. Category of the Project...... 11 3.4. Need for the Subproject ...... 11 3.5. Project Components...... 12 3.6. Existing and Projected Traffic...... 12 3.7. Key Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Activities ...... 13 3.8. Project Implementation Schedule and Cost ...... 17 4. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT...... 19 4.1. Physical Environment...... 19 4.1.1. Meteorology and Climate...... 19 4.1.2. Natural Hazards...... 19 4.1.3. Air and Noise Quality...... 20 4.1.4. Landforms/Physiography and Topography...... 21 4.1.5. Geology ...... 29 4.1.6. Soil...... 29 4.1.7. Land use...... 30 4.1.8. Groundwater...... 31 4.1.9. Surface water ...... 32 4.2. Ecological Resources...... 36 4.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology...... 36 4.2.2. Aquatic Ecology...... 37 4.3. Economic Development ...... 38 4.3.1. Industries...... 38 4.3.2. Infrastructure Facilities ...... 38 4.4. Social and Cultural Resources ...... 40 4.4.1. Population and Communities...... 40 4.4.2. Health Facilities ...... 41 4.4.3. Literacy...... 41 4.4.4. Occupational Status and Migration...... 42

4.4.5. Current use of lands and resources for traditional purposes by Indigenous Peoples...... 42 4.4.6. Structures or sites of historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural significance ...... 43 5. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND ITS MITIGATION MEASURES 44 5.1. Impact on Physical Environment ...... 44 5.1.1. Climate ...... 44 5.1.2. Natural Hazard ...... 44 5.1.3. Air Quality...... 45 5.1.4. Noise ...... 47 5.1.5. Impact on Land and Soil...... 48 5.1.6. Groundwater...... 52 5.1.7. Impact on Surface Water Bodies...... 53 5.1.8. Siltation and Surface Water Quality of Rivers and Other Water Bodies...... 53 5.1.9. Hydrology and Drainage...... 55 5.2. Impact on Biological Environment ...... 56 5.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology...... 56 5.2.2. Aquatic Ecology...... 57 5.3. Management of Construction Debris/Waste...... 58 5.4. Socioeconomic Impact ...... 59 5.4.1. Positive Impacts ...... 59 5.4.2. Anticipated Negative Impacts...... 59 5.4.3. Obstruction and Disruption of Traffic ...... 62 5.4.4. Transports and Storage of Materials ...... 63 6. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE...... 65 6.1. Consultation Method and Information Disclosed...... 65 6.2. Compliance with Relevant Regulatory Requirements ...... 65 6.2.1. Consultation with Executing Agency ...... 66 6.2.2. Consultation with other Government Departments...... 66 6.2.3. NGO Consultation ...... 67 6.3. Beneficiaries’ Comments...... 68 6.4. Integration of Comments into the IEE...... 71 6.5. Public Disclosure...... 71 7. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND GRIEVANCE ADDRESSAL MECHANISM...... 74 7.1. Environmental Management Plan ...... 74 7.1.1. Other Mitigation Plans ...... 74 7.2. Environmental Monitoring Program (EMoP)...... 74 7.2.1. Performance Indicators and monitoring schedule ...... 75 7.2.2. Reporting Mechanism for Environmental Monitoring Program...... 75 7.3. Institutional Setting and Proposed Implementation Arrangement ...... 75 7.3.1. Institutional / Capacity Building...... 76 7.4. Grievance Redressl Mechanism...... 80 8. Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 81 8.1. Conclusions...... 81

List of Tables Table 1.1 : Road Sections under Bihar State Highways II Project ...... 1 Table 1.2 : Primary and Secondary Information Sources ...... 3 Table 2.1 : Permissions/Clearances Required for the Subproject ...... 6

Table 3.1 : Summary of SH-78 Carriageway Existing Condition as June, 2009 ...... 10 Table 3.2 : Present Traffic Volume at Three Selected Locations...... 12 Table 3.3 : Projected Traffic for the Project Road ...... 13 Table 3.4 : Summary of Geometric Improvements of SH 78 ...... 14 Table 3.5 : Details of the Bypasses...... 15 Table 3.6 : Construction Materials and its Avg. Lead for the Project Road...... 17 Table 4.1 : Ambient Air Quality Along the project corridor (24 Hourly) ...... 21 Table 4.2 : Noise Level in dB (A) Along the Project Corridor ...... 21 Table 4.3 : Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Soil in the Project Area ...... 30 Table 4.4 : Land use of Project Districts in percentage...... 30 Table 4.5 : Land use (in %)of the Project corridor...... 30 Table 4.6 : Groundwater Quality Along the Project Corridor...... 31 Table 4.7 : List of Water Bodies Along/across Project Corridor ...... 34 Table 4.8 : Surface Water Quality along the Rivers of Project Road ...... 35 Table 4.9 : No. of Affected Trees ...... 37 Table 4.10 : Demographic Profile of the State and the Project Districts ...... 41 Table 4.11 : Govt. Healthcare Facilities in the State and Project Districts ...... 41 Table 4.12 : Literacy Rate in the State and the Project Districts...... 41 Table 4.13 : Main Workers and its Distribution under Various Category ...... 42 Table 5.1 : List of Some Noise- Sensitive Locations along the Alignment ...... 47 Table 5.2 : List of Common Property Resources Very close/within Corridor ...... 64 Table 6.1 : Summary of Consultation Held with Government Departments...... 66 Table 6.2 : Consultations with Local Community ...... 69 Table 7.1 : Roles and Duties of Implementing Agency/Organisations ...... 76 Table 7.2 : Combined Training Budget for BSHP-II ...... 77

List of Figures Figure 1.1 : Organizational Setup of BSRDCL...... 5 Figure 2.1 Environmental Clearance Procedure ...... 8 Figure 2.2 : Legislative Interface among various regulatory bodies...... 9 Figure 3.1 : Typical Cross Section of Standard 2-Lane Road...... 14 Figure 4.1 : Avg. Monthly Rainfall at Raingauge Stations of Patna ...... 19 Figure 4.2 : Multi Hazard Zone Map of Bihar ...... 20 Figure 4.3 : Topographical Map of SH-78 (Bihta – Daniyawan) Section...... 25 Figure 4.4 : Topograhical Map of SH-78 (Chandi- Sarmera Section) ...... 28 Figure 4.5 : Geological Map of Bihar...... 29 Figure 4.6 : River System of the Project Area...... 33 Figure 4.7 : Forest Cover Map of Erstwhile Unbifurcated Bihar...... 37 Figure 7.1 : Proposed Structure for EMP/EMOP Implementation...... 77

List of Appendix Appendix 2.1 : Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist...... i Appendix 4.1 : National Ambient Air Quality Standards...... v Appendix 4.2 : Ambient Noise Level Limits (In Leq dB(A)), India ...... vi Appendix 4.3 : Drinking Water Standards And Probable Effects on Human Health (BIS: IS: 10500, 1991) ...... vii Appendix 4.4 : Water Quality Criteria And Standards for Freshwater Classification (CPCB, 1979)...... x Appendix 5.1: Guidelines for Borrow Areas Management ...... xi Appendix 7.1: Environmental Management Plan (SH-78: Bihta- Sarmera) ...... xv Appendix 7.2: Monitoring Plan for the Performance Indicators...... xxxv

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB - Asian Development Bank BSRDCL - Bihar State Road Development Corporation Ltd. BSPCB - Bihar State Pollution Control Board CGM - Chief General Manager CPCB - Central Pollution Control Board CRRI - Central Road Research Institute DoE - Department of Environment DFO - District Forest Officer DGM - Deputy General Manager DPR - Detailed Project Report EA - Executing Agency EFRC - Environment Friendly Road Construction EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EMP - Environmental Management Plan EMoP - Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan EO - Environmental Officer GDP - Gross Domestic Product GoI - Government of India GoB - Government of Bihar GRC - Grievance Redressal Mechanism IEE - Initial Environmental Examination IMD - Indian Meteorological Department INR - Indian Rupees IPDP - Indigenous People Development Plan IRC - Indian Road Congress MDRs - Major District Roads MoEF - Ministry of Environment and Forests MoSRTH - Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways MSL - Mean Sea Level NGO - Non Government Organization NH - National Highway NOx - Oxides of Nitrogen NSDP - Net State Domestic Product

PIU - Project Implementation Unit PPEs - Personal Protective Equipments PWD - Public Works Department R and R - Resettlement and Rehabilitation ROB - Road Over Bridge Rs. - Indian Rupees ROW - Right of Way RCD - Road Construction Department RSPM - Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter RP - Resettlement Plan SC - Supervision Consultant SH - State Highway

SO2 - Sulphur Dioxide SPM - Suspended Particulate Matter SPS - ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement SOI - Survey of India SPCB - State Pollution Control Board TA - Technical Assistance TOR - Terms of Reference UNDP - United Nation Development Program

Map 1: Location Map of Road Sections in BSHRP II

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. Description of the Project. The road condition in Bihar is very poor in terms of coverage and riding quality. The road density in Bihar is only 901 kilometres (km) per million populations compared with the national average of 2,567. About half of villages lack all-weather road connectivity. Most roads have poor riding quality, poor geometry, weak pavement, and inadequate capacity; and lack bridges causing high transport cost and excessive travel time. To address this problem, Government of Bihar (GOB) launched an ambitious plan to undertake the State Highway Development Program to rehabilitate and upgrade state highways to at least two lanes and expand the network by upgrading major district roads to two lanes with funding support from Asian Development Bank (ADB). In the first phase, 820 kms of key State Highways are under implementation. In this series, GOB has approached ADB for financial assistance for improving another 13 state highways aggregating 885 kms under Bihar State Highways II Project (BSHP II) programmed to be processed for implementation in 2010. The project also includes the institutional strengthening of the road sector under separate TA (IND 7130) which will enhance EA’s capacity for road asset development and management. 2. Description of the Subproject. The proposed upgrading of the State Highway-78:Bihta-Sarmera Subproject, one of the 13 state highway subprojects, is divided into two sections, the Bihta-Daniyawan section in Patna District covering 52.3 kms, and the Chandi-Sarmera section covering 48.014kms with the National Highway-30 separating the two sections. The subproject is one of the 13 state highways under the Bihar State Highways II Project (BSHRP II) programmed to be processed for implementation in 2010. The Project also includes the institutional strengthening of the road sector under separate TA (IND 7130) which will enhance EA’s capacity for road asset development and management. The subproject will upgrade the existing bad to very bad road condition into a paved 2-lane divided carriageway configuration with improved road geometry, proper and adequate embankment, rehabilitated and new bridges, adequate cross drainage structures and side drains, improved junctions/intersections improvement, and proper service roads, underpasses, and way side amenities. This road design will be adequate to cater to the volume of traffic until 2030 which is predicted to increase from the current 7,392 to 55,910 vehicles (average annual daily traffic). The subproject will be implemented in 36 months with an estimated cost of INR 3331 Million. 3. The subproject was classified as Category-B as provided in the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) based on screening of likely impacts and subproject location which does not pass through or located near any national park, wildlife sanctuary, reserved forests, or any other ecologically sensitive or protected areas. No archaeological/protected monument is located in the project vicinity. Under the EIA Notification, ii

2006 promulgated under Environment (Protection) Act 1986, the subproject is categorised as Category ‘B” and requires prior environmental clearance from State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA).1 Since SEIAA is not constituted yet, the clearance shall be obtained from Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). 4. IEE was conducted based on feasibility report and subproject details provided by the design team during the preparation of this report. The IEE covers all activities proposed under the project including various bridges and cross-drainage structures constructions. The core zone of impact is taken as 100 meters either side of the alignment. However, the study area impact zone is considered up to 7 km on both sides of road alignment to allow for a larger analysis of land use and other environmental features. Although the subproject is proposed to be implemented into 2 phases, this IEE has considered all likely impacts of 4-lane configuration. 5. Description of the Environment. The subproject area is located in the Ganga Plain Zone which has a tropical monsoon climate. Hot season starts on April until June while cold season extends from December to February, and monsoon season starts in July and ends in September. Maximum rainfall is received during the months of July and August and in the subproject area mean annual rainfall ranges from 850 to 1200 mm. Bihar is considered as the most flood-prone state in India where 28 of the 36 districts are susceptible to flooding which accounts for 73% of the total Bihar State territory or nearly 17% of the total flood affected area in the country affecting 22% of the country’s total population. The average annual rainfall in the subproject districts varies from 1000 to 1200mm. Bihar is considered as the most flood-prone state in India where 28 of the 36 districts are susceptible to flooding which accounts for 73% of the total Bihar State territory or nearly 17% of the total flood affected area in the country affecting 22% of the country’s total population. Significant part of the subproject area is flood affected. In the Bihta-Daniyawan section, the alignment passes through flood affected areas starting from right bank of Punpun up to Daniyawan. Area beyond left bank of Punpun River is protected from flood due to construction of embankment. The major portion of the alignment between Rahui-Bind-Sarmera is also flood affected in Chandi-Sarmera section. Most of the project area lies in vast open agricultural land and is largely free from air pollution and noise generating sources with the exception of Bihta, Daniyawan and Bhaganbigha where PM 10 ambient concentrations exceeded standards due to heavy traffic, unpaved shoulders and inadequate road capacity. 6. The subproject is located in a flood plain with its geomorphology consisting of levee, back swamps, and alluvium along the river systems. Its topography is generally flat with an elevation of 61m at Bihta, 49 m at Daniyawan, 53m at Chandi and 43m at Sarmera and gently slope is towards north-east. The geology is part of Magadh Formation characterized by silt, clay, and sand of quaternary period transgressing over the alluvial upland and spreading along the valley sides of river

1 The EA has yet to formally approach MoEF for formal categorisation and grant of environmental clearance. iii

drainage systems. The project area is mainly covered by thick alluvium soil which is well drained, medium to heavy (kewal) textured and alkaline by reactions have high bulk density, poor infiltration rate, sticky and plastic character. 7. The predominant land use of the of the project districts is agricultural. land use/land cover of the proposed subproject corridor (lengthwise) was assessed during field observation. Project corridor is predominantly agricultural (nearly 85%). The flood prone areas are mono cropped. Built- up Area constitutes about 7% and rest is occupied for plantation, water bodies, community property resources, and miscellaneous use. 8. There is abundant groundwater available in the subproject area and used for all purposes including irrigation. Groundwater yield is high (above 150m3/hr) to moderate (50-150m3/hr) in the region. The project area is drained by a number of rivers/rivulets. The major rivers originate from Chotanagpur hills in south and run north-south till it finally joins river Ganga. Hydrology of the project area is governed by Punpun and Kiul- Harohar rivers with their final outfall in Ganga River. Chandi-Sarmera section is also drained by large number of river/rivulets. Most of these rivers/streams like the Mohane, Panchane, Goithwa, and Gerain forms the part of Harohar-Kiul river basin which make confluence with Ganga near Lakhisara. Most of the rivers have seasonal flow. The Punpun River is the main cause of flooding in the subproject area due to reduced channel capacities due to siltation and backwater flow coming from the Ganga River. The water quality of these rivers is suitable for irrigation- Class D and propagation of wild life and fisheries -Class-E. 9. The subproject area is devoid of any type of forests. There are altogether 11 wildlife-sanctuaries and 1 national park in the state. None of them is located in the project area. No other similar eco-sensitive areas is either crossed or located nearby the project alignment. Since most part of the project corridor passes through open agricultural land, large number of roadside trees is not affected considering to the length of the project road. However, there are few orchards en route the corridor. Trees along roadside are mainly non-fruit bearing in nature whereas privately owned orchards are mostly comprised of fruit bearing trees. About 1,785 of these trees will be removed along the ROW. 10. Despite abundant water bodies in the project area, large scale/organized fishing was not observed with the exception of the Punpun River which supports small scale fishing near Village Newa along the project Road. 11. The economy of Bihar is agricultural and service oriented. Bihar has the lowest GDP per capita in India between 1999 and 2008; GDP grew by 5.1% annually, which was below the Indian average of 7.3%. More recently, Bihar's state GDP recorded a growth of 18% in 2006-2007, and stood at 942,510 crores rupees (US $21 billion) which makes Bihar one of the fastest growing major states. About 85% of state's population are dependent on agriculture and allied activities. The major crops of Bihar are: paddy, wheat, lentils. Bihar is also the leading producer of cash crops like tobacco, chillies, turmeric, oilseeds, sugar, and jute. It produces some of the finest varieties of mangoes, litchis, guavas, sapotas, citrus,

pineapples and bananas. Bihar is the largest honey producer of India. The state is distinguished as the "Rice Bowl" of East India accounting for 6%, 6%, 11% and 9% share of rice, wheat, maize and jute produced in India, respectively. The major industries located in the area are mainly sugar factories, thermal power station, wagon factory, and pharmaceutical. Small scale industries include saw mill, rice mill, suji (sweets) factory, beverages, cold storage, and plywood. There are no major industries in the subproject area. 12. Bihar ranks among the top states in accessibility and availability of safe drinking water supply with nearly 90% of the total population have access to safe drinking water. The State is serviced by 2,318 kms. of National Highways, 4,192 km of State highways, 12,579 kms. of district roads and over 69,000 km. of other roads. Only 50% of the other roads are surfaced. The total road length per 100 sq km is 77Km and the road density is only 901 km per million populations. About half of villages lack all-weather road connectivity. Bihar has a fairly developed railway network with the railway route density (route kilometers per 1,000 sq km) in the state being 30.15, compared to 19.09 for All-India. There are also airports in Patna, Gaya, Muzaffarpur, Raxoul and Jogbani. The Patna International Airport is directly connected with Kathmandu (Nepal), and important destinations of the country. About 41% of its villages electrified, power is being viewed as a focus area with new projects. Bihar is a land of monasteries and several antique ruins of Mugal Empire and other dynasties. Several Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, Muslim and Sikh shrines abound in this ancient land. Important places of tourist interest are Rajgir (pilgrim place for the Buddhists), Bodh Gaya (most sacred place for Buddhists), Gaya, (centre of pilgrimage for Hindus), Nalanda (ruins of the world's earliest Buddhist university) and Vaishali (the seat of the first republic of the world in the sixth century BC). 13. The total population of Bihar is 82.8 million, third most populous state in the country. The subproject district contributes nearly 9 % of the state population. Health facility in the state is weak. Among the project districts, Patna being the state capital, the health care facilities is comparatively better than Nalanda. More than 30% of the hospitals/dispensaries of the state are located alone in Patna. The overall literacy rate of Bihar is 47.53%, which is significantly low compared to country’s literacy rate of 65.38%. There is also a disparity among male and female literacy with 60.32% and 33.57% respectively. Among the project districts, Patna has the higher literacy rate of 63.4% the highest in the state while Nalanda ranks 9th. Of the total population of 82.88 million people, roughly 28 million people (34% of the population) comprise the workforce in the State. Migration is crucial survival strategy for the rural poor in Bihar. Based on census and National Sample Survey reports, Bihar has the highest rate of gross interstate migration in India. Tribal population in the project area is insignificant. There are no structures or sites of historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural significance. 14. Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures. All pre-construction, construction, and operation activities that were likely to cause environmental impacts were identified, and evaluated to assess their v

magnitude, duration, and potential receptors in consultation with the stakeholders. Consultations were made with the government representatives (District Forest Office, State Pollution Control Board, Water Resources Department, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, and the District Rural Development Authority), local communities (Srirampur, BIhta; Bhagwatipur, Sadisopur; Newa Village; Village Lakhana and Nima; Balua Chak; Kansari Village; Sikandarpur, Daniyawan; Jatipur, Chandi; Bledhana; Salespur-Beldhana; Mill Par, Noorsarai; Chauripar Village; Rahui; Rampur; Susandi; Bind; Jhana Village; Malama Village; Gopalbad; and Bediya Village), and NGOs (Sankalpkrit Sewa Manch, Nidaan Loksewashram, Ravi Commercial Institute, Vishwashanti Vikash Sewasanthan, Subham Jagriti, and Joint Action Networking) between March to June 2009. 15. The significant impacts during design and construction stage include the constricted sections of the roads which will be by-passed or require road alignment improvement to avoid and minimize resettlement and other sensitive structures and locations particularly in Sadisopur, Naubatpur, Punpun, Kansari-Moiudinpur, Dumri, Rahui, Bind, and Gopalbad. Since the subproject area is located on a flood-prone area, flooding may be exacerbated due to inadequate cross drainage structures and embankments were raised without proper balancing culverts. An estimated 1,785 trees will be removed along to allow for road expansion but will be compensated at a rate of 1:3 plantation along the road. Short- term deterioration of air quality due to increase in fugitive dust emissions and noise level from earthmoving, ground shaping, unpaved transport, and emissions from heavy equipment and other mobile sources. Water suppression to control dust, use of clean fuels, changing the location and timing of construction activities and equipment will minimize these impacts. Land use conversion particularly of residential areas and relocation of structures within the ROW will be implemented with following a meaningful consultation and acceptable compensation and relocation agreements. All borrow areas will comply with national laws and regulations. Impacts from the establishment and operation of the construction camps like generation and disposal of solid wastes, sewage, potable water requirements, health/hygiene, and safety is part of the contractor’s responsibility highlighting the need for compliance with applicable laws. Waste and material use minimization will be promoted to decrease the volume of wastes that will be generated. Traffic safety to workers and pedestrian, particularly to children is considered through the preparation and strict implementation of a Traffic Control Plan to be prepared by the contractor prior to construction activities and in consultation with the affected communities. 16. During operation stage, the main impacts are on the surface water hydrology since the construction of a road crosses several river/rivulets in the flood-affected sections which can act as impediment to natural flow of water. Other issues relate to increase in mobile emissions, road safety to motorist, pedestrian and animals. To minimize the impact on the local hydrology, adequate cross drains and their proper maintenance will be implemented. Information and education campaign through the use of signs and posters distributed along the roadside encouraging motorist to

properly maintain their vehicles, and proper driving habits to reduce emissions, reduce fuel consumption, and promote safety will be made. Finally, traffic control measures will be implemented to ensure safety to pedestrian. 17. Public Consultation and Information Disclosure. In general, the subproject received immense support from local people with some concerns and apprehensions related to compensation for land and structures. The local people appreciated that besides providing an all weather efficient connectivity to large population and improving the traffic scenario in the region, it will bear out several other positive economic and social benefits which outweigh the negative environmental impacts. 18. Conclusion. This initial environmental examination (IEE) ascertains that the subproject is unlikely to cause any significant environmental impacts. Few impacts were identified attributable to the proposed subproject, all of which are localized and temporary in nature and can be easily mitigated with minor to negligible residual impacts. No additional studies or need of undertaking detailed EIA is envisaged at this stage.

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Project Background/Rationale 19. The road condition in Bihar is very poor in terms of coverage and riding quality. The road density in Bihar is only 901 kilometres (km) per million populations compared with the national average of 2,567. About half of villages lack all-weather road connectivity. Most roads have poor riding quality, poor geometry, weak pavement, and inadequate capacity; and lack bridges causing high transport cost and excessive travel time. 20. With the above background, Government of Bihar (GOB) launched an ambitious plan to undertake the State Highway Development Program to rehabilitate and upgrade state highways to at least two lanes and expand the network by upgrading major district roads to two lanes with funding support from Asian Development Bank (ADB). In the first phase, 820 kms of key State Highways are under implementation. In this series, GOB has approached ADB for financial assistance for improving another 13 state highways aggregating 885 Kms under Bihar State Highways II Project (BSHP II) programmed to be processed for implementation in 2010. The project also includes the institutional strengthening of the road sector under separate TA (IND 7130) which will enhance EA’s capacity for road asset development and management. The road sections details under BSHP II are given in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1 : Road Sections under Bihar State Highways II Project SH Length S. No. Project Road Districts No. (Km.) 1 78 Bihta - Sarmera 100.31 Patna, Nalanda 2 80 Bhabhua - Aghaura 53.00 Kaimur 3 81 Sakkadi - Nasriganj 86.80 Rohtas, Bhojpur 4 82 Kadriganj - Sono 94.00 Nawada, Jamui 5 83 Bagi - Barbigha 37.30 Nawada, Sheikhpura 6 84 Ghogha - Barahat 54.60 Bhagalpur, Banka 7 85 Akbarnagar - Amarpur 34.00 Bhagalpur, Banka 8 86 Saraiya - Motipur 28.33 Muzaffarpur 9 87 Roonisaidpur - Bhiswa 64.75 Sitamarhi Vaishali, Samastipur, 10 88 Barunapul - Rashiyaari 124.20 Darbhanga 11 89 Siwan - Siswan 33.00 Siwan 12 90 Mohammadpur - Chhapra 68.50 Gopalganj, Saran 13 91 Birpur - Udakishanganj 104.04 Madhepura, Supoul 1.2. Project Preparatory Technical Assistance (PPTA) and Environmental Assessment 21. ADB has fielded TA: 7198 IND to assist road construction department (RCD) in project preparation for possible financing of BSHP II. As a part of this TA and safeguard requirement of ADB, environmental assessment has been carried out in accordance with relevant country’s applicable laws, regulations and in consistent to ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 and Environmental Assessment Guidelines, 2003. Each 2

subproject was scrutinized as to its type, location, scale, and sensitivity and the magnitude of its potential environmental impacts. 22. This report pertains to Bihta-Sarmera (SH-78) subproject. It has been categorized as Category ‘B’ and hence an initial environmental examination (IEE) has been conducted. 1.3. Purpose of the Study 23. The purpose of the study is to undertake environmental assessment of the project and identify the environmental issues to be considered at planning and design stage. This includes establishing the environmental baseline conditions, identify the significant environmental impacts, and provide requisite measures to mitigate them. It also identifies the applicable law/rules/guidelines and safeguard requirement of funding agency. 1.4. Extent of IEE 24. IEE was conducted based on feasibility report and subproject details provided by the design team during the preparation of this report. Certain changes may occur in the subproject structural components but these changes are unlikely to cause significant environmental impacts. The IEE covers all activities proposed under the project including various bridges and cross-drainage structures constructions. The core zone of impact is taken as 100 meters either side of the alignment. However, the study area impact zone is considered up to 7 km on both sides of road alignment to allow for a larger analysis of land use and other environmental features. Assessment is carried out on the following environment components: terrestrial and aquatic ecology, soil, water, noise, and socio economic aspects. 25. Although the subproject is proposed to be implemented into 2 phases2, this IEE has considered all likely impacts of 4-lane configuration. 1.5. IEE Content 26. The IEE has been largely structured in compliance to the ADB Safeguard Policy State (SPS) 2009, and ADB’s Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003). This includes following eight Chapters including this introduction chapter.  Chapter 1- Introduction  Chapter 2- Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework  Chapter 3- Description of Project  Chapter 4- Description of Environment  Chapter 5- Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures  Chapter 6- Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation

2 The DPR study consists of preparation of Feasibility Study and Detailed Project Report DPR) for four laning of Bihta – Sarmera. However, after considering the forecasted traffic and lane requirement, it was later decided to prepare the DPR in two stages with two lane plus paved shoulder combination in the first phase and widening to four lane divided carriage way in the second phase. Accordingly the DPR consultant has prepared a two stage DPR and submitted estimate for phase 1 with acquisition proposal of 60m considering the requirement of four lane road.

 Chapter 7- Environment Management Plan and Grievance Redressal Mechanism  Chapter 8 Conclusion and Recommendation 1.6. Methodology 27. Suitable methodology was adopted to accomplish the study. As the first step, project scoping exercise was undertaken identifying the parameters needed to be considered for the study and to outline the activities for collecting data on each parameter. Data pertaining to all facets of environment viz. physical, ecological and socioeconomic environment both through primary and secondary sources were collected. The stepwise activities includes:  Review of legal requirements  Review of feasibility study  Reconnaissance survey for identification of key issues data requirement and preliminary consultation.  Primary and secondary data collection  Consultation with stakeholders  Identification of impacts and mitigation measures  Institutional review and finalization of EMP in consultation with EA. 1.6.1. Information/ data Sources Key relevant information sources has been summarised in Table 1.2.

Table 1.2 : Primary and Secondary Information Sources

Environmental Parameters Information Sources Project objectives, Technical Bihar State Road Development Corporation, Ltd. information on existing road (BSRDCL), Design Consultant and ADB PPTA features and proposed Technical Review Technical rehabilitation work Inventorisation of road features; Ground Physical surveys viz. water Bodies, Community structures, environmentally sensitive locations areas, congested locations etc. Climatic Condition State of Environment report on Bihar by (state Pollution Control Board) SPCB, Envis Website3, NIC, Wikipedia, Feasibility report, primary data collection Geology, Seismicity, Soil and State of Environment report published by SPCB, Topography websites, and feasibility report, primary data collection Land Use/ Land Cover Survey of India (SoI) Toposheet, Observation during survey, GIS Based land use analysis

3 http:// www.gov.bih.nic.in/, http://bsrdcl.bih.nic.in, http:// www.patna.bih.nic.in/, http:// www.nalanda.bih.nic.in/, http:// www.disastermgmt.bih.nic.in/, http:// www.fmis.bih.nic.in/, http://www.envfor.nic.in/, ,

Environmental Parameters Information Sources

Drainage Pattern Survey of India Toposheet and field observation Status of forest areas. Compensatory afforestation Divisional Forest Office, Patna and Nalanda norms etc. Status of Fishing Activity District Fisheries offices Air quality Noise, Soil and Water Onsite monitoring and Analysis of Field samples Borrow Areas, Quarries and other Road Construction Department (RCD), Design construction material source consultant, SPCB and public consultation during field visit River geo-morphology, hydrology, Irrigation and flood control department and drainage, flood patterns, Feasibility report, field observations Socioeconomic Environment Different Govt. agencies/civic bodies, Official websites maintained by state Govt., census of India 2001 and Public Consultation during the Field survey 1.6.2. Public Consultation 28. Extensive consultations were held with all stakeholders’ that includes local and beneficiary population, government departments/agencies, fishermen, road users and NGOs. This was done with intent to collect baseline information, for better understanding of the potential impacts and appreciate the perspectives/concerns of the stakeholders. Information gathered was used for integration in project design and formulating mitigation measures and environmental management plan. 1.7. Organizational Setting of Implementing Agency 29. RCD is the parent organisation responsible for construction and maintenance of roads on behalf of GOB. GOB has recently setup the Bihar State Highway Development Corporation Limited (BSRDCL) to streamline decision-making and provide more autonomy for project execution and delivery. All powers, functions, and accountability of road agencies have redefined. 30. BSRDCL is the executing agency (EA) for this project now. The organisational setup of BSRDCL has been illustrated at Figure 1.1. The EA capability for effective implementation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been assessed and the same is presented at Chapter 7 with need of additional capacity strengthening.

Note: TA: Technical Advisor, GM: General Manager, DGM: Deputy General Manager PPP: Public Private Partnership, LA: Land Acquisition, QC: Quality Control, CM: Contract Management Figure 1.1 : Organizational Setup of BSRDCL

2. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 2.1. Country’s Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the Project. 31. The legal framework of the country consists of several acts, notifications, rules, and regulations to protect environment and wildlife. Review of Indian legal system has been carried out to identify its applicability to the project. A list of all required clearances/ permissions related to environment has been summarised in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 : Permissions/Clearances Required for the Subproject

Concerned S.No. Clearances Acts/Rules/Notifications/Guidelines Responsibility Agency A. Pre-construction Stage 1 Environmental New EIA Notification, 2006 amended State Clearance4 for 2009 promulgated under Environment Environmental bypasses5 (Protection) Act 1986 Impact ( These Assessment bypasses Authority BSRDCL being new (SEIAA), If construction not constituted will be then MoEF categorised as “B’ 2 Permission for Forest Conservation Act (1980) District Level felling of trees Procedural Guidelines developed by Committee the Department of Environment, GOB constituted by BSRDCL under the orders of the Hon’ble High the State Court; Tree removal will be guided as Govt. per state government rules. B. Implementation Stage 3 Permission for Mines and Minerals (Regulation and River Board Sand Mining Development) Act, 1957 as amended Authorities/ from river bed in 1972 Department of Contractor Mining Govt. of Bihar

4 The Notification entails requirement of prior environmental clearance to the following road projects. Category A -i) New National High ways; and ii) Expansion of National High ways greater than 30 KM, involving additional right of way greater than 20m involving land acquisition and passing through more than one State. Category B-i) All State High ways; and ii) Expansion projects in hilly terrain (above 100 m msl and or ecologically sensitive areas) Note: A general condition applies to both of the above category: “Any project or activity specified in Category ‘B’ will be treated as Category A, if located in whole or in part within 10 km from the boundary of: (i) Protected Areas notified under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, (ii) Critically Polluted areas as notified by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time, (iii) Notified Eco-sensitive areas, (iv) inter-State boundaries and international boundaries”. In this case, construction of Bypasses may be treated as new road (Category B-i above) and thus will require prior environmental clearance.

The State Level Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) of Bihar has yet not been constituted. Till the Bihar SEIAA is constituted, all environmental clearance will be appraised by MoEF , Govt of India. 5 The EA has yet to formally approach MoEF for formal categorisation and grant of environmental clearance. 7

Concerned S.No. Clearances Acts/Rules/Notifications/Guidelines Responsibility Agency 4 Consent to Air (Prevention and Control of Bihar Pollution Contractor operate Hot mix Pollution) Act 1981 Control Board plant, Crushers, Batching Plant 5 Authorization Hazardous Waste (Management and Bihar Pollution Contractor for Disposal of Handling) Rules 1989 Control Board Hazardous Waste 6 Consent for Water (Prevention and Control of Bihar Pollution Contractor disposal of Pollution) Control Board sewage from Act 1974 labour camps. 7 Use of Fly ash Fly Ash Notification, 1999 as amended MoEF Contractor within 100 kms upto 17th August 2003: Mandatory ,if around Thermal the NTPC Barh Power plants. unit becomes operational during the time of construction 8 Pollution Under Central Motor and Vehicle Act 1988 Department of Control Transport, Certificate Govt. of Bihar Contractor authorised testing centres 10 Employing The Building and Other Construction District Labour Contractor Labour/workers Workers (Regulation of Employment Commissioner and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996, 2.2. Environmental Clearance Process 32. The procedure for obtaining environmental clearance has been depicted at Error! Reference source not found.. This project will follow the route applicable to category B projects and shown on right hand side of this figure.

Figure 2.1 Environmental Clearance Procedure 9

2.3. Administrative Structure and the Interactive framework 33. The Government through specific legislations regulates the environmental management system in India. The MoEF and the pollution control boards (CPCB i.e. Central Pollution Control Board and SPCBs i.e. State Pollution Control Boards) together form the regulatory and administrative core of the part. Other Ministries/Statutory Bodies/departments responsible for ensuring environmental compliance and granting various clearances includes state ministry /dept. of environment, regional offices of MoEF and state forests/wildlife departments. Their key roles and responsibilities and interface among them have been concisely depicted through the flow diagram Figure 2.2.

Figure 2.2 : Legislative Interface among various regulatory bodies

3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 3.1. Project Location 34. The subproject road section (SH-78) is located in the state of Bihar. It has been distinctively divided into 2 segments separated by NH 30A. The first segment, Bihta-Daniyawan is in Patna District and the other section, Chandi-Sarmera is in Nalanda District. The first segment starts at Junction of NH-30 near Bihta and ends at junction of NH-30A near Daniyawan totalling 52.3 km. The other section starts at Junction of NH- 30A near Chandi and ends at Junction of NH-82 near Sarmera totalling 48.014 Km. There is a gap of 20km between end point of first segment and start point of second segment. This 20 km section is part of National Highway 30A. The total length of this subproject is 100.314 kms. The Location map of Bihar State Highway Projects II and is given as Map 1. 3.2. Characteristics of the Existing road 35. The first section is two lane bituminous road for about 6 km. The later section for the most part is a single lane bituminous road under section metalled under Rural Engineering Organization (REO) and remaining is poor to bad REO, village and ODR roads. The alignment of the existing project road is very zigzag in several stretches and also has many substandard curves. 36. Carriageway condition of the existing road is poor to very poor for most part (58 Km) and remaining is under good, fair and mostly fair conditions. Section wise details of carriageway condition is given in Table 3.1

Table 3.1 : Summary of SH-78 Carriageway Existing Condition as June, 2009 Chainage Width (m) Village Carriageway Condition 0+000 5+000 3.4-7.0 Behta, Vijarpur Good 5+000 9+000 3.5 Kanhowly, Bhagerdy Poor 9+000 19+000 3.0-3.7 Sadisowpur, Very Poor Gonwan, Korarpur, Ronia, Aswon, Zodipur, Naubatpur 19+000 30+000 3.0-3.7 Newan Poor 30+000 45+000 3.0-3.8 Pera, Gowgapur, Jet Mostly fair Dumani, Monapur, Nerma, Rosalpur, Baldhok, Beldchack kansai 57+000 84+000 2.5-5.5 Cowlopur, Baldiya, Poor Sunderbihar, Muzbarpur 93+000 105 3.5 Bivdi, Jahan Mayan, Fair Gopalbad 105+000 111+000 3.5 Men nagar, Bahiya, Poor Sunmera

37. The project corridor runs mainly in flat terrain and is part of indo-gangetic alluvium with an elevation of 61 m at Bihta, 49 m at Daniyawan, 53 m at 11

Chandi and 43 m at Sarmera with slope towards east. A number of river/rivulets drain the project influence area. Significant part of the road section (from right bank of Punpun upto Daniyawan in Bihta- Daniaywan section and Rahui-Bind-Sarmera in Chandi-Sarmera section) remain water logged during monsoon period. The land use along the project road is mainly agricultural. The road right-of-way (ROW) available ranges from 20 to 30 m in Chandi Bazaar and the remaining sections it varies from 7 to 20 m. Formation width where it is black topped is limited to 3.5 to 5.5 m. Entire stretch is devoid of side drains and cross drainage structures are also not adequate. There are bottlenecks at several places in the form of level crossings at Sadisopur, Jat Dumri, and Kadibigha and un-bridged gaps on river Punpun, Dardha, Goithwa and Jerain. Besides, there are several settlements of semi urban nature along the existing corridor. 3.3. Category of the Project 38. The subproject has been evaluated using environmental screening checklist (Apendix-2.1) for Roads and Highways of the ADB‘s Environmental Assessment Guidelines 2003. The subproject section neither passes through nor is located near any Wildlife Sanctuary, National Park, Reserved Forests, or any other environmentally sensitive or protected areas. It traverses predominantly through agricultural land and most of the habitated areas have been bypassed. Majority of the activities have short-term minor, negligible, or no residual impacts. However, since significant part of the road traverses through flood prone areas, specific engineering solutions are desirable to prevent road damage during flood. Hence, the project has been classified as Category “B” in accordance with ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement 2009. 39. From India’s Legal System perspective, the project is categorised as Category ‘B” and requires prior environmental clearance from State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA)6. Since SEIAA is not constituted yet, the clearance shall be obtained from Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) Government of India. 3.4. Need for the Subproject 40. The road project connects with six national highways, three state highways and several major district roads providing access to important destinations within the state and country as well. Traffic conditions of intersecting national highways are expected to be significantly improved by easing out traffic in various stretches specifically that of NH-30 between Bihta–Danapur-Fatuha. The subproject section will be vital link for the two major districts (the state capital Patna and Nalanda). The project after its implementation will serve as east-west corridor of the State and provides bypass to Patna which is facing a chaotic traffic condition. The project road will benefit more than 7 million populations (mainly rural) by providing all weather transport, communication and accelerate the local economy. Besides, the tourism potential of the state will also increase since it connects several major tourist destinations of the state and neighbouring areas.

6 The EA has yet to formally approach MoEF for formal categorisation and grant of environmental clearance.

41. More specifically, the BSHP II will:  Improve management of the state highway network through the institutional development component and the TA, and enhance the road condition and usesability of the state trunk roads  Increase travel speeds, and reduce travel time, accidents, overloading, and vehicle emissions  Enhance RCD capacity for road asset development and management  Ensure more efficient road asset development and management, and higher quality of construction and maintenance, resulting in decreased recurrent costs over the medium and long term  Accelerate the social and economic developments in Bihar through improved access to socioeconomic services, increase employment opportunities, and improve transport services. 3.5. Project Components 42. Due to the present road conditions, the feasibility report envisages reconstruction and rehabilitation for entire alignment to meet the real objective of the project. The proposed rehabilitation and reconstruction will be in accordance with the applicable Indian Roads Congress (IRC)/Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways (MoSRTH) codes and standards for the design and construction of roads and bridges. 3.6. Existing and Projected Traffic 43. The appreciation of traffic characteristics is one of most important activity to evaluate the potential of the existing network and identify the major issues to develop various components of the proposed project corridor. Hence, the existing and projected traffic scenario has been described before any other project component.

44. Existing Traffic Volume: The classified traffic volume count data collected has been analyzed by location and include – average daily traffic (ADT), hourly variation in total traffic, vehicular composition, peak hour traffic etc. The traffic data has been converted into passenger car unit (PCU) to determine the relative effect of different types of vehicle on the traffic flow as compared to car as a standard vehicle. After thorough site inspection, the project corridor has been divided in to 3 homogeneous sections accordingly with reference to traffic movements Table 3.2.  Bihta- Daniyawan (Km 0.00 to Km 52.000)  Chandi-Bhaganbigha (Km 52.00 to Km 72.000)  Bhaganbigha-Sarmera (Km72.00toKm112)

Table 3.2 : Present Traffic Volume at Three Selected Locations

Location ADT in Vehicles ADT in PCU 13

Bihta (on NH-30) 10,242 18,329 Daniyawan (on NH-30A) 7,775 12,068 Bhaganbigha (on NH-31) 8,480 13,717 Source: Final Feasibility Report 45. Projected Traffic: Traffic projection has been done considering diverted traffic at all three locations (50% of AADT) (ii) expected AADT of the project road (7,352 PCU) and (iii) likely generated traffic (25% of the expected ADDT). The base year has been taken as 2006 and projection has been done for the years 2010, 2015, 2020, 2025, and 2030. The projected traffic has been summarised in Table 3.3.

Table 3.3 : Projected Traffic for the Project Road Bihta (on NH- Daniyawan Bhaganbigha Project Road Year 30) (on NH-30A) (on NH-31) Vehicles PCU Vehicles PCU Vehicles PCU Vehicles PCU 2005/06 10,242 18,329 7,775 12,068 8,480 13,717 5,520 9,201 2010 13,820 24,477 9,413 15,053 10,602 17,433 7,392 12,229 2015 21,274 35,920 12,860 20,477 14,892 24,083 11,455 18,063 2020 34,361 53,947 18,746 28,689 22,071 34,040 18,786 27,543 2025 57,582 82,767 28,749 41,221 34,158 49,146 31,992 43,158 2030 99,366 129,640 45,931 60,642 54,831 72,479 55,910 69,285 Source: Final Feasibility Report 46. After analysis of the projected traffic, immediate requirement of the project is is for 2-lane road. However, by year 2016 the expected PCU is expected to increas to nearly 20000 which will require a 4–lane road. 3.7. Key Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Activities 47. Key activities for subproject road improvement involves: (i) widening/strengthening of the road up to 4-lane divided carriageway configuration (ii) improving road geometry (iii) laying of embankment (iv) rehabilitation and construction of new bridges and other cross drainage structures (v) construction of side drains (vi) construction of ROBs (vii) Junctions/intersections improvement (viii) provision of service roads, underpasses, and way side amenities.. The brief of all key project activities are described below. 48. Road Configuration: It is proposed to reconstruct/widen the road to 4 lane standard divided carriageways of 7.0 m width with a median of 4.5.m including the kerbs on either side. Paved shoulders with average width of 1.5 m are proposed. Structures will be 4-lane standard configuration with independent 7.0 m carriageways on both sides is proposed. However, in the first phase civil works for two lane facilities except for road over bridge (ROB) is proposed for construction and later on to be extended and developed to four lanes. The typical cross section of standard 2-lane has been given at Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1 : Typical Cross Section of Standard 2-Lane Road 49. Geometric Improvement: Both horizontal (curves) and vertical alignments (gradient, summit and valley curves) will be improved to mitigate all areas of concern especially safety aspects. Horizontal alignment is retained as approved by the EA. Modications in super elevation (SE) will be done at certain locations. The summary of the proposed geometric improvements to SH 78 have been given at Table 3.4.

Table 3.4 : Summary of Geometric Improvements of SH 78 S no. Radius Transition Chainage Design Super Proposed improvement (m) length (m) (km) speed- (km/h) elevation (%)

Bhita Daniyawan section 1 500 95 0+219 80 5.7 Increase se to 7%. 2 200 0 1+622 30 2 Provide transition and Increase the SE to 7% 3 1000 50 2+592 20 0.2 Increase SE to 4.4% 4 1000 50 3+347 50 1.1 Increase SE to 4.4% 5 400 0 3+824 50 2.8 Increase SE to 7% & provide Transition. 6 400 120 5+006 80 7.1 Change SE to 7% 7 230 135 8+294 40 3.1 Increase SE to 7% 8 300 75 35+172 30 2.5 Increase SE to 7% 9 230 90 35+524 30 2.5 Increase se to 7% 10 350 60 38+160 30 2.5 Increase se to 7% and Modify transition 11 350 60 38+558 30 2.5 Increase se to 7%. 12 2000 0 38+900 30 2.5 Increase se to 7%. 13 2000 0 40+076 30 2.5 Design speed can be 100km/h. 14 360 135 40+849 30 2.5 Increase se to 7%. 15 360 135 41+318 30 2.5 Increase se to 7%. Chandi - sarmera All horizontal curves meet required geometric standards 15

50. Realignment/Bypasses: Realignments and bypasses are proposed in about 92% of the total project road length due to: (i) poor road geometry and pavement and embankment conditions (iii) inadequate ROW (iii) heavily built-up areas at several locations (iv) damaged cross drainage structures (iv) identification of bridges at suitable locations (iv) drainage problems (v) cutting of large number of trees (vi) minimizing the requirement of over bridges/flyovers and ROBs (vii) interfering with proposed activities of railways at a couple of locations (vi) shifting of utilities and many other bottlenecks. Bypasses are proposed at Sadisopur, Naubatpur, Punpun, Dumri, Kansari to Mohiuddinpur, Rahui, Bind and Gopalbad aggregating 19.25 Km (Table 3.5)

Table 3.5 : Details of the Bypasses Location Approximate Location Approximate Location Approximate Length (km) Length (Km) Length (Km) Sadisopur Dumri Bind 0.750 2.0 2.5 bypass bypass Bypass Naubatpur Kansari to Gopalbad 1.0 6.0 1.0 bypass Mohiudinpur Bypass Punpun Rahui 4.0 2.0 Total 19.25 Bypass bypass 51. Proposed Right-of-Way: The 60-m uniform ROW has been decided keeping in mind the future need of expansion and requirement of comparatively more construction width due to high embankment in some stretches. As realignment is proposed for major part of the project road, the additional requirement of land may be up to 60 m in substantial portion of the project length. 52. Embankment Formation: Significant part of the alignment between right bank of Punpun to Daniyawan, and Rahui-Bind-Sarmera are susceptible to flooding during monsoon, the height of the embankment is proposed at least 1m above the high flood level (HFL) The average height of embankment above the natural ground level (GL) for major and minor bridges varies from 3m to 6 m. The average height of the embankment is above the natural ground level, and will be 2.5 m wherever new construction is involved. High embankments (height 6 m or above) in all soils shall be designed from stability considerations. For design of high embankments IRC: 75 and MOSRTH guidelines will be referred to. 53. Earth retaining structures will be provided as per IRC guidelines. Soil stabilisation in top 1 m of the embankment is proposed as the soil is silty clay mixed with sand. Side slopes will be stabilised to check erosion. There will be approximately 2 balancing culverts per Km of the road to allow the free passage of the water through the embankment. 54. Bridges and other Cross Drainage Structures: One major bridge (on river Punpun) and 17 minor bridges are proposed on this project corridor. Besides one minor Bridge is proposed to be rehabilitated. The existing 26 numbers of culverts (Hume pipe type) shall be repaired and strengthened. Additionally 185 nos of culverts (53 Box type and 132 Hume Pipe type) shall be constructed.

55. Roadside Drainage: There is no proper drainage in rural or urban areas. Suitable drainage is proposed to be constructed based on hydrological design from contours, catchment characteristics, outfall points, rainfall intensity etc. In rural stretches, provisions of longititudinal side drains intercepted by mitre drain are proposed to be constructed to serve as outlet channel to reduce erosion. 56. ROBs: Three ROBs are proposed at Sadisopur (Ch. 6.700), Jat Dumri (Ch 31.300.) in Bihta-Daniyawan section and at Kadibigha (Ch. 17.230) in Chandi-Sarmera section. 57. Junctions/intersections Improvement: There are nine major intersections with national and state highways, and major district roads (MDRs), and 91 minor intersections in this project corridor. All the nine major intersections will be improved to ensure free and uninterrupted flow of traffic. Based on the traffic analysis during feasibility study, grade separation is not required at any of the above intersections. 58. Service roads and Underpasses: Presently, no provision of service roads has been made since most of the alignment is passing through open areas, bypassing the major settlements. Need for vehicular underpass has been envisaged only at Jatt Dumri (Ch. 31.700).To accommodate the slow moving traffic in the built-up areas and to improve overall safety and level of service in the main carriageway, pedestrian walkways/cycle paths are recommended with following components:  Construction of pedestrian walkway/cycle path (1.0 +2.0 m wide ) on built up sections on both side of the road  Concrete kerb to separate fast and slow moving traffic to channelize the traffic  Pavement for pedestrian walkways/cycle paths shall be 250mm Granular gravel base course with PCC 59. By-pass Access/Approach Roads: Since subproject road is realigned for most of its stretches, provision of access b-pass roads shall be made as required. 60. Utility Shifting: All utilities will be safely shifted/relocated with coordination with the concerned departments. However, utilities along the project road are minimum since most of the alignment passes through open agricultural land. 61. Wayside amenities/Toll Plaza/Truck Parkings: Comprehensive way side amenities will be provided at Bhaganbigha. These will have provisions for restaurants, car parking, toilets, vehicle service station, drinking water facilities, and emergency health care facilities. Two Toll Plazas, at near Newa and near Bind are proposed which is likely to be constructed in 2nd phase. 62. Truck Parking (for 10 trucks each lane) with Rest Area will be provided at Bihta, Beldarichak and Bhaganbigha. Mini Truck Parking / Bus bays will be provided at Jat Dumri, Daniyawan and Sarmera. Bus Stops shall be provided at Bihta, Naubatpur, Newa, Dumri, Kansari, Daniyawan, Chandi, Noorsarai, Bhaganbigha, Rahui, Bind, Gopalbad and Sarmera. 17

63. Plantation/Landscaping: The Project highway will have plantation of trees along the highway on either side as per IRC: SP: 21and low height shrubs on the medians. Plantation scheme will be reviewed so that it does not affect the road safety including visibility. A range of 10-15 m centre to centre is recommended for spacing of trees (parallel to the road). Setback distance of trees in different situations shall be as per IRC: SP: 21 and IRC: 66. The distance between the kerb, if any, and the nearest edge of tree trunk shall be at least 2 m. 64. Road Safety Provisions: Adequate road safety features viz. crash barriers, markings, signages will be provided in accordance with the requirements of IRC/MSRTH, Road Transport, and Highways standards. Executing agency has developed a road safety unit to institutionalize road safety audits, to ensure that safety elements of India Roads Congress standards are incorporated in design and during construction. 65. Material Sourcing: For earthwork, sandy soils is available in the bed of all major rivers and especially in river Punpun near Nema village which can be used as fill material after checking its suitability for raising the embankment. The prior permission shall be obtained for any dredging activities. Earth can only be sourced primarily from ROW or nearby field. As per public consultation findings, landowners are largely agreeable to provide the borrow earth if adequately compensated. It is recommended that the top soil shall be preserved and all borrow areas must be rehabilitated as recommended in EMP. For all other major construction material, the location and its average lead from the proposed dumpsites are given in Table 3.6. No quarry shall be opened specifically for this project. All stone aggregate will be sourced from licensed quarries. The location of such quarries are given at Table 3.6 below.

Table 3.6 : Construction Materials and its Avg. Lead for the Project Road S. No Construction Licensed Quarry Location Av. Lead Material (Km) from construction site 1 Stone Aggregate Jamalpur, Shekhpura and 92 Karwandhiya 2 Coarse Sand Near Koilwar (Sone River) 78 and Kuil 3 Bitumen Barauni 116 4 Cement and Steel Patna and Bihar Shariff 29 5 Stone Boulder Manpur 154

3.8. Project Implementation Schedule and Cost 66. The project is in the detailed design stage. As mentioned above, stage wise construction will be adopted. The stage I involving 2- lane road construction, will be implemented in 36 months and divided in two packages. The estimated cost of the stage I of the project excluding R

and R and EMP is estimated to be INR 3331 Million. The time schedule and costs for phase II are yet to be finalised by EA. 19

4. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 67. Baseline environmental conditions of the environment that includes the physical, biological and socioeconomic have been established using primary and secondary sources. Efforts have been made to collect the latest information’s both at regional as well as local level especially along the project corridor. This will help to predict likely changes in the environment due to the project and will serve as performance indicators for various components. 4.1. Physical Environment 4.1.1. Meteorology and Climate 68. The state has a tropical monsoon climate with three distinct seasons; winters, summer and rainy. Broadly the state can be divided into three climate zones as per its physiographic set-up: (a) Sub-Himalayan zone (b) Ganga plains zone, and (c) parts of Chotanagpur plateau zones of South Bihar. 69. The Ganga plains zone, where the project area lies forms an excessive bowl of warm air, especially during daytime. The mean maximum daily temperature falls below 21°C. Hot season covers the period from April to June. May is the hottest month. The area also experiences dust storms, thunderstorms during this period as hot winds blow with an average velocity of 8-16 Kmph. Cold weather extends from December to February, when mean minimum temperature ranges between 7.5°C - 10°C. The monsoon season starts in July and ends in September. Maximum rainfall is received during the months of July and August. The relative humidity ranges between 29 % during summer to 90% during August to September. 70. Rainfall varies in three climatic zones of the state. The Sub-Himalayan zone receives high rainfall of over 1400 mm whereas it ranges from 600- 800mm in the Chotanagpur plateau. The average annual rainfall in the subproject districts varies from 1000 to 1200mm. The average monthly rainfall in different years at rain gauge stations of Patna has been depicted in Figure 4.1.

700

600 2004 500 2005 400 2006 300 2007

200 2008 Rainfall(mm) in 2009 100

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Months (2004-2009)

Source: IMD, Delhi Figure 4.1 : Avg. Monthly Rainfall at Raingauge Stations of Patna 4.1.2. Natural Hazards

71. Flood: Out of 36 districts in Bihar, 28 districts including project districts are susceptible to flood. Nearly 73% of the total geographical area of the state is flood affected. This constitutes nearly 17% of the total flood affected area in the country affecting 22% of the country’s total population. Significant part of the subproject area is flood affected. In the Bihta-Daniyawan section, the alignment passes through flood affected areas starting from right bank of Punpun up to Daniyawan. Area beyond left bank of Punpun River is protected from flood due to construction of embankment. The major portion of the alignment between Rahui-Bind- Sarmera is also flood affected in Chandi-Sarmera section. The cause of flood has been elaborated in water resources section of this chapter. 72. Drought: Due to erratic rainfall, project districts sometimes get drought affected like in year 2009 when most of the districts of the state was declared drought hit. 73. Seismicity: Bihar being close to seismically active Himalayas, is prone to seismic hazards. According to Seismic Zonal Map of India prepared by Bureau of Indian Standard, Bihar lies partially in Zone V and Zone IV. Both the project districts are located in the Zone IV. Zone IV denotes higher damage risk. A multi-hazard zone map prepared by United Nation Development Program (UNDP) indicates that both the project districts fall under moderate zone with respect to earthquakes, flood and cyclones Figure 4.2.

Figure 4.2 : Multi Hazard Zone Map of Bihar 4.1.3. Air and Noise Quality 74. In the absence of data on ambient air quality and noise levels of the project area, onsite monitoring was conducted at few select locations. 21

Most of the project area lies in vast open agricultural land and is largely free from air pollution and noise generating sources other than traffic. However, few rolling mills, brick-kilns, and forge and foundry units are located in Bihta town area with adequate stack height. Moreover, these are located in open area and operate only for few months. Monitoring works carried out at the major road intersections, at 100 meter away from highways in urban and rural areas. The traffic during monitored period was negligible since road was in poor condition during study period and traffic was following other alternative routes. Hence, the results of this location have been compared with residential limits. 4.1.3.1 Air Quality 75. The ambient air quality levels (Table 4.1) with respect to suspended particulate matter (SPM), respirable particulate matter (RSPM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) range from 180.4 to 512 µg/m3, 64.6-175.8 µg/m3, 20.5-32.5 µg/m3 and 20.6-46.2 µg/m3 respectively in the project area. These ambient air quality levels conform to the prescribed National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) appended as Appendix 4.1 except for PM 10 at Bihta, Daniyawan and Bhaganbigha due to heavy traffic, unpaved shoulders and inadequate road capacity. Table 4.1 : Ambient Air Quality Along the project corridor (24 Hourly) Parameters (ug/NCM) RSPM SPM SO NOX Locations (PM 10) 2 Bihta (Near Junction with NH-30) 512.0 175.8 46.2 32.5 Daniyawan NH-30A 324.0 102.0 34.8 24.8 Bhaganbigha(NH-31) 454.0 126.4 43.5 29.0 Sarmera 180.4 64.6 20.6 20.5 CBCP Standard for industrial, --- 100 80 80 residential and other rural Areas Source: Field Monitoring. All units are in µg/m3 . 4.1.3.2 Noise 76. These ambient noise levels (Table 4.2) conform to the prescribed limit for all land use categories monitored (Appendix 4.2) except at few urban areas particularly Bihta and Bhaganbigha where it marginally exceeds the prescribed limits during day and nighttime. Table 4.2 : Noise Level in dB (A) Along the Project Corridor Noise Level Day Time Night Time Locations (6.00 am-9.00 pm) (9.00 pm-6.00 am) Bihta (Commercial Zone) 67.0 63.5 Daniyawan (Commercial Zone) 56.0 50.2 Bhaganbigha (Commercial Zone) 63.4 58.4 Sarmera (Residential) 50.8 44.0 Standard (Commercial 65 55 Standard (Residential Zone) 55 45 Source: Onsite monitoring 4.1.4. Landforms/Physiography and Topography 77. Based on broad geomorphic parameters, Bihar may be divided into three geomorphic domains. They are the: (i) uplifted block of hilly southern

highlands (ii) Ganga foredeep of the north Bihar Plains bounded by the rising Himalaya in the north and the Ganga River in the south, and (ii) Transition zone between the southern highlands the Great Ganga Plains, constituting the central Bihar Plains. The project area lies in Central Bihar Plains geomorphic/physiographic unit which has been further categorised into three land systems: (i) Alluvial upland (ii)Older Flood Plain, and (iii) Present Flood Plains. 78. Project districts fall in the older flood plain constituting the intermediate terrace comprised of two land systems: (i) a narrow linear east-west arrangement of levee and back swamps (Tal7), and palaeo-drainage imprints, parallel to the course of Ganga, and (ii) interfluvial land form morphology evolved in response to various river systems impressed upon the eroded basement of Older Alluvium, in segments. Major portion of project corridor is comprised of this type of landforms. The younger flood plain constitutes the present oscillatory limit of the Ganga and within channel deposits of northerly flowing channels of the project area. 79. The land profile/topography along the project corridor is in general plain with an elevation of 61m at Bihta, 49 m at Daniyawan, 53m at Chandi and 43m at Sarmera. The general slope is towards north-east. The topographic map of both the section of SH-78 is shown at Figure 4.3 and Figure 4.4. (Each figure is presented in three parts A,B,and C).

7 Tal area is defined as a stretch of land having bowl shaped depressions inundated in kharif season (September- December) due to spill/overflow from rivers or runoff from upstream end. It extends to a length of about 100 km with width varying in the range of 6 to 17 km from Fatuha in the west to the vicinity of Lakhisarai in the east covering an area of 1062 sq km. Here most natural drainage systems i.e. rivers from south simply vanish.

A small portion of Bind-sarmera section comes closer to delineated Tal areas. The nearest Tal (Singhol-Sarmera Tal) is approximately 2.5 km from the project corridor. However, the soil characteristics are similar to Tal.

23 A

Figure 4.3 : Topographical Map of SH-78 (Bihta – Daniyawan) Section

Figure 4.4 : Topograhical Map of SH-78 (Chandi- Sarmera Section) 29

4.1.5. Geology 80. The State of Bihar exhibits diverse geological formations ranging in age from Archean to Holocene (Figure 4.5). Geologically, Bihar represents the extreme northern front of Indian sub-continent. These include (i) the belt of Himalayan foothills in the northern fringe of Paschim Champaran (ii) the vast Ganga Plains, (iii) the Vindhyan (Kaimur) Plateau extending into Rohtas region, (iv) the sporadic and small Gondwana basin outliers in Banka district, (v) the Satpura Range extending into large part of the area north of Chotanagpur Plateau, (vi) the parts of Bihar Mica belt in Nawada, Jamui and Banka districts and (vii) the Granite Gneissic complex of Chotanagpur plateau. 81. Nearly two third of Bihar including the project districts falls in Ganga basin. Lithostratigraphically, the project area is part of Magadh Formation characterized by silt, clay, and sand of quaternary period transgressing over the alluvial upland and spreading along the valley sides of river drainage systems.

Figure 4.5 : Geological Map of Bihar 4.1.6. Soil 82. There are three major types of soils in Bihar, namely: (i) Piedmont Swamp Soil found in north-western part of west Champaran district (ii) Terai Soil found in northern part of the state along the border of Nepal and, (iii) Gangetic Alluvium is spread along the plain of Bihar (both new as well as old). The project area is mainly covered by thick alluvium soil. The soil is well drained, medium to heavy (kewal) textured and alkaline by reactions. The soils of Tal areas are dark coloured and heavy textured, grey to dark

grey in colour, medium to heavy in texture alkaline in reaction. Soils have high bulk density, poor infiltration rate, sticky and plastic character. During summer, cracks of 2 to 3 cm wide and more than 100 cm deep develop in the soil. Result of soil sampling is given in Table 4.3. Table 4.3 : Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Soil in the Project Area Locations Bind Newa Parameters Colour Grey Brown pH(20% slurry) 8.44 8.16 Conductivity (mhos/cm.) 316.0 285.0 Bulk density (g/cc) 1.48 1.20 Organic Matter (%) 2.4 2.0 Texture Clay Loam Sandy Loam Nitrogen 765 mg./100 gm. 682 mg./100 gm. Potassium 408 mg./100 gm. 386 mg./100 gm. Phosphorous 34 mg./100 gm. 28 mg./100 gm. 4.1.7. Land use 83. Predominant land use of the of the project districts is agricultural. The total agricultural land in Nalanda district marginally exceeds Patna District. The total cultivable land includes the net sown area, total cropped area, cultivable wasteland, and other fallow land. The land use break-up for both the project districts have been tabulated as Table 4.4. Table 4.4 : Land use of Project Districts in percentage Project Districts Patna Nalanda Land use Category Forest 0.00 2.14 Barren and uncultivable Land 4.10 0.43 Land Put to Non-Agricultural land 23.66 17.52 Permanent Pasture and other Grazing Land 0.00 0.00 Miscellaneous Trees and Groves 0.32 0.43 Other Fallow Land 0.63 0.00 Current Fallow 3.15 2.56 Total Cultivable Land 68.14 76.92 84. Land use/land cover of the proposed subproject corridor (lengthwise) was assessed during field observation. Project corridor is predominantly agricultural (nearly 85%). The flood prone areas are mono cropped. Built- up Area constitutes about 7% and rest is occupied for plantation, water bodies, community property resources, and miscellaneous use (Table 4.5).

Table 4.5 : Land use (in %)of the Project corridor

Agriculture Approx 85% 31

Built-up Approx 7% Roadside Plantation, Pvt. Orchards , scrub and grasses Approx 3% Water bodies Approx 3% Community Property and Misc. 2% 4.1.8. Groundwater 85. Due to favourable geologic setup, abundant groundwater is available in the project area. Ground water is used for all purposes including irrigation. The shallow groundwater aquifer in the area occurs under unconfined state while deeper aquifers are under semi confined to confined state. Shallow water table condition exists in close proximity to rivers. The depth of water table in the area varies from 4-35 m below ground level. Groundwater yield is high (above 150m3/hr) to moderate (50-150m3/hr) in the region. 86. The ground water quality in two locations, Bihta and Chandi, meets the drinking water standards (Appendix 4.3). Result of the groundwater quality of the samples collected during field survey in the study area has been summarised in Table 4.6.

Table 4.6 : Groundwater Quality Along the Project Corridor

Locations Bihta Chandi Parameters Color, Hazen, Unit < 5.0 < 5.0 Electrical Conductivity( mho/cm) 740.0 820.0 Turbidity (NTU) < 1.00 < 1.00 pH 7.16 7.24 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/ltr) 445.8 478.2 Total Suspended Solids, (mg/ltr) 3.6 2.5 Total Hardness (mg/ltr) 216.0 240.5 Chloride as Cl (mg/ltr) 70.6 20.4 Sulphate as SO4(mg/ltr) 36.8 8.5 Nitrate as NO3 (mg/ltr) 10.6 2.8 Phosphate as PO4 (mg/ltr) 0.08 0.04 Fluoride as F (mg/ltr) 0.1 0.08 Iron as Fe (mg/ltr) 0.12 1.10 Lead as Pb (mg/ltr) BDL BDL Copper as Cu (mg/ltr) BDL BDL Nickel as Ni (mg/ltr) BDL BDL Zinc as Zn (mg/ltr) BDL BDL Chromium as Cr (mg/ltr) BDL BDL Manganese as Mn (mg/ltr) BDL BDL Oil andand Grease (mg/ltr) BDL BDL Calcium as Ca (mg/ltr) 65.8 54.2 Magnesium as Mg (mg/ltr) 12.6 25.5 Ammonical Nitrogen (mg/ltr) 2.8 2.0 Total Alkalinity (mg/ltr) 216.4 315.8 Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/ltr) 12.0 6.0

Locations Bihta Chandi Parameters Biological Oxygen Demand (mg/ltr) BDL BDL Source: Analysis of Field Samples 4.1.9. Surface water 4.1.9.1 River System and Water bodies of the Project Area 87. The project area is drained by a number of rivers/rivulets. The major rivers originate from Chotanagpur hills in south and run north-south till it finally joins river Ganga. Hydrology of the project area is governed by Punpun and Kiul-Harohar river basin/sub-basins with their final outfall in Ganga River Figure 4.6. Drainage of Bihta- Daniyawan section is largely controlled by Punpun river system with its tributaries viz. Morhar and Dardha. River Dhova also crosses the project alignment but it does not form the part of this river system. Only some off-shoots joins river Punpun at some locations. Among, all the rivers in the project area, Punpun has the largest catchment and is the only perennial (though the origin is not through the glacial source) river cutting across the proposed alignment near village Newa in Bihta-Daniyawan section at Ch. Km. 23.000. It is one of the main right bank tributary of Ganga River with a catchment area of 8530 Sq.Km. 88. Chandi-Sarmera section is also drained by large number of river/rivulets. Most of these rivers/streams like the Mohane, Panchane, Goithwa, and Gerain forms the part of Harohar-Kiul river basin which make confluence with Ganga near Lakhisarai. Others river/rivulets get vanished in the low lying areas of Tal. Most of the rivers are seasonal. Only deeper portion of the rivers hold some water. List of water bodies along the corridor is given at Table 4.7. 33

Figure 4.6 : River System of the Project Area

Plate 4.1: River Punpun near Newa Village. Plate: 4.2: Dried up Dhova River near Kansari

Plate 4.3: Gothwa River near Bind Plate 4.4:River Panchane

Table 4.7 : List of Water Bodies Along/across Project Corridor

S. S. No. Water Bodies Chainage Water Bodies Chainage Bihta-Sarmera Section No. Chandi-Sarmera 1 Patna Canal 16+805 1 Muhane River 0+980 2 16+445 2 Sansai River 6+150 3 2 Nala 16+885 3 Panchana River 11+400 4 Punpun 23+000 4 Adhura River 14+000 5 Morhar 36+000 5 Panchana River 18+900 6 Dardha 41+100 6 Goithwa River 29+400 7 Dhowa 45+475 7 Mahaich / Gerain 33+850 8 Kumhari River 34+600 9 Nauria River 37+200 10 Kaurihar River 38+750 Other Water Bodies Water Bodies Chainage S. Water Bodies Chainage S. No. Bihta-Sarmera Section No. Chandi-Sarmera 1 2 nalas 31+000 1 Pond 7+300 2 Pond 38+700 2 Pond LHS nearby 19+800 3 Pond crossing 22+100 4 Pond crossing 24+900 Pond Adjacent to 5 Road on LHS 46+000 35

4.1.9.2 Siltation and other Hydrological Attributes of Rivers of the project area 89. The Punpun River is instrumental for water stagnation in low-lying area due to backwater flow/over flow from the river. The water carrying capacities of all the rivers have reduced over time due to siltation resulting in floods in the basin. 90. Due to low bank and inadequate channel capacity, all the channels in the lower reaches spill heavily over their banks even during normal floods. Some portion of the floodwater on the right bank of the Punpun flow to the Dhowa river system and aggravate the flood situation in Rahui-Bind- Sarmera section of second segment. When water level in the river Ganga raises and the backwater flow enters into the Punpun, the Dardha and the Dhowa river systems, it results in inundation of a large area besides adversely affecting Tal areas. 91. Based on the state of environment report of Bihar, the sector between Jehanabad and Munger of central Bihar Plain8 is having subsidence activity thereby the phenomenon of siltation is more pronounced. The problem of slow drainage of water after flooding is associated to clogging/silting of natural drainage channels/points. At many places the drainage out-let points are narrowed due to silting. During flooding phase, the water enters through these outlets quickly due to river bank water, whereas during the drainage phase it takes longer time; (i) man-made encroachment on natural drainage system and (ii) incomplete and un- organized implementation of de-siltation schemes/programmes. The chocking of natural drainage of Harohar River caused by silting of Kiul River, congestion of rivulets in Tal area, lack of sluice gate are main reasons of water logging in normal year. 92. River erosion is one of the important issues that beset Bihar. About 325 river erosion sites have been identified in the State by the water resources department, all of them are in North Bihar. None of the identified sites are along rivers of the project area. Visual observation during field survey confirms the same with exception at some places along the banks of Punpun River where the soil composition is comparatively loose and fine. Rivers in Nalanda districts are not vulnerable to erosion due to clayey characteristics of the soil. 4.1.9.3 Surface Water Quality 93. Surface water samples have been compared with the standards prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for Irrigation- Class D and propagation of wild life and fisheries -Class-E (Appendix 4.4). The results of the samples conforms their suitability for both these purposes. Results of the surface water quality in the project area have been summarized in Table 4.8.

Table 4.8 : Surface Water Quality along the Rivers of Project Road

8 Most of the rivers of the project area except Punpun and its tributaries (Morharand Dardha) lie in between this sector.

Locations Punpun Jerain Parameters pH 7.88 7.84 Electrical Conductivity( mho/cm) 418.0 376.0 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/ltr) 4.8 5.4

Free Ammonia as NH3 (mg/ltr) BDL BDL Boron as ‘B’ BDL BDL Source: Analysis of field Samples 4.2. Ecological Resources 4.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology 4.2.1.1 Forests 94. Forest Areas: The state of Bihar has only 6.9% of forest cover to its total geographic area. Legally this area has been classified into "Reserved Forest, Protected Forest and Unclassified Forest" and their areas are 693 sq. km (0.75%), 5779 sq. km (6.14%) and 1 sq. km (0%) respectively. Per capita forest area in the state is 0.01 ha against the national average of 0.07 ha. The latest estimates of Forest Survey of India (FSI), published in the State of Forest Report (SFR) 2003, suggest that the total forest cover of Bihar is 5,558 sq. km., which is 5.9% of the land area. 95. Forest Types and its Spatial Extent: There are three forest types in the state: dry and wet Deciduous, and sub-Himalayan and Tarai Forests. Dry Deciduous is found in the northeastern region of Kishanganj district, particularly in the water logged area with annual rainfall more than 120 cm. Density of vegetation is very high. The major vegetation type is Sal. Apart from Sal, Assam, Semal, Ghaura, Caham, Kend, Mango, and Jamun are also found. The wet Deciduous forest is found in hills of Kanpur and Chotanagpur plateau and in few parts of Raxual, Purnia and Araria districts where the annual rainfall is less than 120 cm. They are not dense forest and categorized as open forest. The major vegetation type is Sal, Bamboo, Khair, Pal, Shisham, Mahua and Kend. Finalyy, the Sub- Himalayan and Tarai forests are found in northern part of Bihar and boarder of Nepal. The major area in which this type of forest are found are western Champaran (Showmeshwar), Purnia and Araria. The major vegetation type is Sal, Tun, Oak, and Pinl. 96. Forest in Project Area: The subproject area is devoid of any type of forests. The forest cover map of undivided Bihar (Bihar and Jharkhand) has been given as Figure 4.7. 4.2.1.2 Wild Life and Protected Areas 97. There are altogether 11 wildlife-sanctuaries and 1 national park in the state. None of them is located in the project area. No other similar eco- sensitive areas is either crossed or located nearby the project alignment. 4.2.1.3 Road Side Plantations 98. Since most part of the project corridor passes through open agricultural land, large number of roadside trees are not affected when compared to 37

the length of the project road. However, there are few orchards en route the corridor. Trees along roadside are mainly non-fruit bearing in nature whereas privately owned orchards are mostly comprised of fruit bearing trees. No loss of any threatened, rare or endangered is envisaged. Species found along the project corridor are Kadam-Anthrocephalus cadamba, Shisham or Indian Rosewood- Dalbergia sissoo, Aam or Mango- Mangifera indica, Eucalyptus, Jamun or Java Plum- Syzygium cumini, Simul- Bombax ceiba,TalSagwan or Teak- Tectona grandis, Khair- Acacia catechu, Krishnachura-Delonix regia, Satiana-Alstnia scolaris, Neem- Azadirachta indica, Kikar or Babul- Acacia nilotica, Lasura or Lehswa- Cordia dichotoma, Khejri- Prosopis cineraria, Siris-Albizia lebek, Amrood or Guava- Psidium guajava, Bhimkol-Musa sps,Ber or Indian Jujube- Zizyphus mauritiana, Kair or Teat - Capparis deciduas, Amita-Carica papaya, Pakori-Ficus rumphii, Barh or Banyan- Ficus indicus, Ranga Kanchan-Bauhinia purpurea, Kathal-Artocarpus heterophyllus, Pipal or Bo Tree - Ficus religiosa, Bogori-Zizyphus jujuba, Imli or Tamarind- Tamarindus indica, Shahtoot or mulberry-Morus albaatropurpurea , Ghoranim-Melia azedarach, Deodaru-Polialthia longifolia, Amlakhi-Phylanthus ambilica, Mahua, Kahua and Bamboo Plantations.Table 4.9 summarises the details of likely to be affected trees. Table 4.9 : No. of Affected Trees S. No Girth Size No. of Trees 1 30Cm - 60cm 178 2 60cm - 900cm 574 3 90cm -180cm 941 4 Above 180cm 92 Total 1785

Source: Design Consultant

Figure 4.7 : Forest Cover Map of Erstwhile Unbifurcated Bihar 4.2.2. Aquatic Ecology

99. Despite abundant water bodies in the project area, large scale/organized fishing was not observed. Most of the water bodies go dry during summer season. Punpun is the only worth mentioning river in the project area. Small scale fishing was observed in Punpun River near Village Newa along the project Road. Major fish species include Rohu (Labeo rohita), Catla (Catla catla), Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala), Labeo Kalbashu etc. are found only during Monsoon period when Ganga River overflows and the water get into River Punpun. There are no breeding or spawning grounds of major species in any of the rivers in the the project area since the water availability and flow velocity is quite low and unfavourable for breeding. Further, the weed infestations and silt accumulation in the river due to frequent floods are the other limiting concerns. However, weed species like Chelhwa, Boari, Moi, and Chanda Pothia breeds in some portion of the river Punpun during Monsoon period. No migratory fishes are found in these rivers. The average fish production during monsoon and non-monsoon season is 45- 50kg/ha and 12-15 kg/ha. 4.3. Economic Development 100. The economy of Bihar is largely service oriented, with a significant agricultural base and a small industrial sector. As of 2008, agriculture accounts for 35%, industry 9%, and service 55% of the economy of the state. Bihar has the lowest GDP per capita in India, although there are pockets of higher than the average per capita income. Between 1999 and 2008, GDP grew by 5.1% a year, which was below the Indian average of 7.3%. More recently, Bihar's state GDP recorded a growth of 18% between 2006-2007, and stood at 942510 Crores Rupees ($21 billion nominal GDP). This makes Bihar the fastest growing major state. In actual terms, Bihar state GDP is ranked 14th out of 28 states in India. Various facets of socioeconomic environment of the state and the project districts have been described in following paragraphs. 4.3.1. Industries 101. Contribution of industrial sector to the state’s economy is insignificant, mainly due to poor investment climate. Key industries in the state include food processing/beverages fibres/textile, jute, leather, mines and minerals, tobacco, dairy, tea, petroleum products, and cement. Unregistered units dominate the overall industrial sector, accounting for more than half of its total income. There are 259 large and medium industries in Bihar. Food, beverages, tobacco, and petroleum products account for more than 85% of the total industrial income. Total value of output of agro-based industries is less than 1% of the national output, despite the fact that Bihar produces about 10% of India’s total output of common fruits and vegetables. Although Patna has the highest number of industrial units, project area is largely devoid of industries except some rice mills, forge and foundry and one cement unit near Bihta. 4.3.2. Infrastructure Facilities 4.3.2.1 Water Supply 102. Bihar ranks among top states in terms of accessibility and availability of safe drinking water supply. Nearly 90% of the total population gets safe 39

drinking water. Project districts are also richly endowed with groundwater and surface water resources. Groundwater is primarily used for drinking and domestic purposes in the project influence area. 4.3.2.2 Transportation 103. Roads: The State is serviced by 2,318 kms of National Highways, 4,192 kms of State highways, 12,579 kms of district roads and over 69,000 kms. of other roads. Only 50% of the other roads are surfaced. The total road length per 100 sq km is 77km and the road density is only 901 km per million populations. About half of villages lack all-weather road connectivity. 104. Railways: Bihar’s railway network is fairly well developed, with the railway route density (route kilometers per 1000 sq km) in the state being 30.15, compared to 19.09 for all-India. Total rail length in the state is 5,400 km. 105. Waterways: Bihar is traversed by several rivers. Some of the major rivers are the Ganges, Ghaghra, Gandak, Kosi, Damodar, Sone and Swarnarekha. Total length of rivers in Bihar is 4,414 Kms Navigable length of rivers is 1,325 Kms. Farakka to Buxar in the river Ganges has been declared as National Water Ways No.1. It is presently operative from Haldia to Patna. This provides access to Calcutta Seaport (417Kms) and Haldia (517Kms). 106. Civil Aviation: Patna, Gaya, Muzaffarpur, Raxoul and Jogbani have domestic airports Patna International Airport is directly connected with Kathmandu (Nepal), and important destinations of the country. 39 district Head Quarters have air strips/aerodromes. The state government has plans to set up Air Cargo Complex in Patna that will be promoted by Bihar Industrial Area Development Authority and Airport Authority of India. 4.3.2.3 Power Sources and Availability 107. After bifurcation of Bihar with a newly carved state Jharkhand, 70% of the generation capacity of Bihar has gone to the jurisdiction of the state of Jharkhand. Bihar’s power generating capacities stand at 540 MW of capacity in thermal plants in Barauni (320 MW) and Muzaffarpur (220 MW) with a limited amount of power (25 MW) available from the hydel power sources. With 41% of its villages electrified, power is being viewed as a focus area with new projects in the pipeline involving a total estimated cost of US$ 4.4 billion with a targeted capacity of 4820 MW. 4.3.2.4 Agriculture 108. About 85% of state's population are dependent on agriculture and allied activities. The major crops of Bihar are: paddy, wheat, and lentils. Bihar is also the leading producer of cash crops like tobacco, chillies, turmeric, oilseeds, sugar, and jute. It produces some of the finest varieties of mangoes, litchis, guavas, sapotas, citrus, pineapples and bananas. Bihar is the largest honey producer of India. The state is distinguished as the "Rice Bowl" of East India. It has 6%, 6%, 11% and 9% share of rice, wheat, maize and jute respectively, produced in India. Bihar is one of the largest vegetables producing state of India.

109. Total net area irrigated in the project influence area was 2.79 lakhs- hectares during 1998-99. Gross area sown in the project Influence area was 5.17 lakhs-hectares during 1998-99. Almost 25% of the gross area of the project influence area is sown more than once. Project districts produces all types of major crops (rice, wheat, maize, Barley), Pulses (gram, masoor, arhar, khesari peas etc.) and cash crops (sugarcane, potato, tobacco, jute, chillis etc). 4.3.2.5 Mineral Resources 110. Unbifurcated Bihar had vast mineral reserves, now about 90% of the important minerals are with the Jharkhand after separation. Still some important minerals remain in the state contributing to the total though insignificant. Minerals found in the states are limestone, pyrite, magnetite, steatite, mica, chinaclay, soapstone, slate, felsdpar, galena, andstone, and saltpetre. None of the mineral deposits are located in the project districts. 4.4. Social and Cultural Resources 4.4.1. Population and Communities 111. The total population of Bihar is 82.8 million, third most populous state in the country. The subproject district contributes nearly 9 % of the state population. The decennial growth rate of population of Bihar during 1991- 01 was 28.43%. The sex ratio in the State which refers to the number of females per 1,000 males marginally increased from 971 in 1991 to 972 in 2001 as compared to the all India average, which increased from 927 to 933 during the same period. The density of population, which was 685 persons per sq km in 1991, increased to 880 per sq km in 2001. The urban population of 13.38% in 1991 increased to 14.47 % in 2001. According to the census 2001, the state of Bihar has following facts on Population (Table 4.10) 41

Table 4.10 : Demographic Profile of the State and the Project Districts State and Project Districts Bihar Patna Nalanda Indicators Total Population (in millions) 82.8 4.710 2.368 Urban Population (% of total population) 14.77 38.03 10.47 Rural Population (% of total population) 89.53 61.97 85.23 ST Population (% of total population) 0.9 0.11 0.012 SC Population (% of total population) 15.7 0.560 0.387 Density (Sq. km) 880 1471 1000 Sex Ratio (Per 1000 males 919 873 916 Decadal Growth (%) 28.3 30.17 18.64

Literacy Rate (%) 47.0 63.82 53.64 Source: Bihar through Figures, 2007, directorate of Economics and Statistics 4.4.2. Health Facilities 112. Health facility in the state is weak. Among the project districts, Patna being the state capital, the health care facilities is comparatively better than Nalanda. More than 30% of the hospitals/dispensaries of the state are located alone in Patna. Besides, there are several private clinics/hospitals in the city. Table 4.11 provides the number of health care centres in the state and the project districts as of 1999-000.

Table 4.11 : Govt. Healthcare Facilities in the State and Project Districts State and Project No. of No. of No of District Hospitals/Dispensaries Beds Practitioners Bihar 1636 12123 2472 Patna 518 1255 277 Nalanda 55 674 153 Source: Bihar through Figures, 2007, directorate of Economics and Statistics 4.4.3. Literacy 113. The overall literacy rate of Bihar is 47.53%, which is significantly low compared to country’s literacy rate (65.38%). There is also a disparity among male and female literacy with 60.32% and 33.57% respectively. In Bihar only 23% students below 10 years of age attend elementary schools. Among the project districts, Patna has the higher literacy rate of 63.4% ranking first in the state. Nalanda, the other project district ranks 9th in the state in overall literacy rate. sex-wise break-up of literacy rate for the state and the project districts has been tabulated in 0.

Table 4.12 : Literacy Rate in the State and the Project Districts

State No. of Literates Literacy Rate (%) and Project Males Females Total Males Females Total Districts Patna 1554868 943056 2497924 73.81 52.17 63.82 Nalanda 674304 357578 1031882 66.94 39.03 53.64 Bihar 20978955 10696652 31675607 60.32 33.57 47.53 Source: Bihar through Figures, 2007, directorate of Economics and Statistics

4.4.4. Occupational Status and Migration 114. Of the total population of 82.88 million people, roughly 28 million people (34% of the population) comprise the workforce in the state. Though Bihar is the third largest populated state in India, it accounts for about 7% of the total organized sector employment in the public sector. In the private sector, the share of Bihar is still lower at about 3%. There has been a large increase of subsidiary status workers in the state, pointing to the presence of a high degree of disguised unemployment as well as temporary/casual labour. Maximum percentage of the workers is in the agriculture sector as a cultivator or agricultural labourers. More than 80% of the rural population is engaged in the agriculture sector. The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) data shows that wage employment in the agricultural labour accounted for nearly 40% of the rural work force in Bihar in 1999-00. Agriculture labour and cultivation together account for around 80% of occupations in 1999-00. In urban areas, more than 40% households are self-employed. Around 30% had regular employment in 1999-00. Percentage of main workers to total population and distribution of main workers under various categories in the project districts has been summarised in Table 4.13.

Table 4.13 : Main Workers and its Distribution under Various Category

Main Other Cultivator Agricultural Household District Workers Workers 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 Patna 27.07 24.62 27.95 23.31 33.77 27.02 1.89 3.71 36.32 45.94 Nalanda 31.25 29.52 39.47 36.89 43.75 39.16 2.26 4.47 14.58 19.47 Source:-Primary Census Abstract -1991, and 2001(Bihar)

115. Migration is a crucial survival strategy for the rural poor in Bihar. As per census and NSS reports, Bihar has the highest rate of gross interstate migration in the India. Most of the migrants are male (95%) and that of poor section. 4.4.5. Current use of lands and resources for traditional purposes by Indigenous Peoples 116. Tribal population in the project area is insignificant. Out of 4899 affected families, there are only 26 scheduled tribe household being affected due to the project. Those living, are in the mainstream of the society and do not depend on forest and its resources for any purpose. 43

4.4.6. Structures or sites of historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural significance 117. There is no such site of significance either impacted or in the close vicinity of the project area 4.4.6.1 Areas of Eco-Sensitivity/Protected Area/Restricted Area legislative and others 118. No such eco-sensitivity areas, protected area, restricted area and legislative and others were found in the subproject area.

5. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND ITS MITIGATION MEASURES 119. Environmental impacts have been assessed considering present environmental setting of the project area, nature, and extent of the proposed activities. Suitable approach and methodology was adopted to ascertain likely impacts both during design and construction and operation stage. Valued Environmental Components were identified during initial site visit followed by its detailed investigation during later stage of the study. 5.1. Impact on Physical Environment 5.1.1. Climate Design and Construction Phase 120. Cutting of approximately 1,785 trees will have minor to negligible impact on microclimate of the region. 121. The effect of global climate change to the project, particularly predicted extreme rainfall is recognized considering that majority of subproject area is prone to flooding. However, there are no studies yet available about the effect of climate change on rainfall or flood pattern of the area which makes it difficult to recommend specific climate proofing measures. Mitigation Measures 122. All efforts shall be made by the contractor to minimize cutting of the trees up to final stage of project implementation. The project envisaged approximately 2,313 trees as a compensatory plantation in compliance to prevailing guidelines of State’s Forest Department on 1:3 basis. The contractor will be responsible to coordinate with the compensatory plantation that will include meetings, actions and discussions with concerned authorities. Besides, additional plantation is recommended near sensitive locations, riverbanks and wherever additional land is available with PWD. Operation Stage 123. The subproject road is located in vast open agricultural land which will provide adequate dispersion of gaseous emission from vehicle. Further, extensive plantation will ameliorate/enhance the micro climate. No adverse climatic changes/impacts are anticipated during operation stage other than CO2 emission from vehicles. 5.1.2. Natural Hazard 124. Significant part of the project alignment lies in flood prone areas requiring raised formation level of the proposed road. This may aggravate the flood situation if adequate engineering solutions are not included in the design. 125. The project area is located in seismic zone IV which is high damage risk zone. This may cause failure of civil structures in the event of earthquake if design consideration related to seismicity is not taken into consideration. Mitigation Measures 45

126. Provisions of adequate cross drainage structures, like culverts/balancing culverts/causeways and roadside drainage shall be made to avoid flooding/water logging. The height of embankment shall be adequately raised above highest flood level. The design discharge shall be evaluated for flood of 50-year return period for calculation of waterway and design of foundations. 127. Earthquakes may cause failure of civil structures if design aspect related to seismicity is not adequately taken into consideration. Relevant IS codes shall be adopted while designing the civil structures to sustain the earthquake of highest magnitude in Seismic zone IV.

5.1.3. Air Quality Design and Construction Phase 128. The potential sources of air emission during the construction phase of the project are: (i) dust from earth works (during site preparation), (ii) emissions from the operation of construction equipment and machines, (iii) fugitive emissions from vehicles plying on the road, (iv) fugitive emissions during the transport of construction materials, (v) air emissions other than dust arise from combustion of hydrocarbons particularly from the hot mix plants, and (vi) localised increased traffic congestion in construction areas. Most of the emissions will be in the form of coarse particulate matter which will settle down in close vicinity of construction site. Installation of crusher unit will also lead to air pollution. Hot mix plant will generate carbon monoxide (CO), un-burnt hydrocarbon, sulphur dioxide, particulate matters, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. This may affect the air quality of nearby areas especially due to emission discharge from low height stack. However, this will be a temporary phase and hence, no significant impact is envisaged. 129. The stone aggregate will be sourced from licensed quarries. No new quarries shall be open for the project. The pollution related aspects to these quarries are independently complied by the quarry owner. The aggregate will be transported in the covered quarries through existing national and state highways. Mitigation Measures  Vehicles delivering loose and fine materials like sand and aggregates shall be covered.  Loading and unloading of construction materials in project area or provisions of water fogging around these locations.  Storage areas should be located downwind of the habitation area.  Water shall be sprayed on earthworks periodically  Regular maintenance of machinery and equipment. Vehicular pollution check shall be made mandatory.  Mixing plants and asphalt (hot mix) plants shall be located at least 1 km downwind of the human settlements. The asphalt plants, crushers and the batching plants shall be sited at least 500m in the downwind direction from the nearest settlement and after securing a No-Objection Certificate (NOC) from the SPCB. Hot

mix plant shall be fitted with stack of adequate height as may be prescribed by SPCB to ensure enough dispersion of exit gases.  Bitumen emulsion and bitumen heaters should be used to extent feasible.  Only crushers licensed by PCB shall be used.  LPG should be used as fuel source in construction camps instead of wood. Tree cutting shall be restricted.  Regular water sprinkling of unpaved haulage roads9.  Mask and other PPE shall be provided to the construction workers  Diesel Generating (DG) sets shall be fitted with adequate height as per regulations (Height of stack = height of the building + 0.2  KVA.  Low sulphur diesel shall be used in DG sets as well as machineries.  Air quality monitoring should be carried out during construction phase. If monitored parameters are above the prescribed limit, suitable control measures must be taken. Operation Phase 130. Vehicular emission will be the principle source of pollution during operation stage. The subproject road is mostly located in vast open agricultural land which will provide adequate dispersion dynamics of gaseous pollutants. Moreover, majority of the traffic on the subproject will be diverted traffic from the existing highways. 131. Air quality may deteriorate on certain spots like near toll plaza due to idling of vehicles. Mitigation Measures 132. Plantation is one of the preferred solutions to check air pollution. Plants serve as a sink for pollutants, reduce the flow of dust. Tree plantation along roadsides/toll plaza and other places shall include pollution absorbent species. 133. Toll plazas shall be designed for projected peak hour traffic of 20 years. The total number of toll booths and lanes shall be such as to ensure the service time of not more than 10 seconds per vehicle at peak flow regardless of methodology adopted for fee collection. 134. Free flow of vehicles and improved road conditions will restrict the air pollution in settlement areas and toll plaza (consider the use of automated toll charging systems) 135. However, the EA will continue to promote the proper operation and maintenance of vehicle fleets regardless of size and type of vehicle consistent with the manufacturer recommended engine maintenance programs. This will include provision of road signs and distribution of flyers to remind drivers on the benefits of a well maintained engine. The EA may opt to identify operators of large fleet (e.g. more than 100 trucks)

9 Water suppression of fugitive dust can reduce emissions from 12% 98% 47

and cause the promotion ways to reduce emissions through replacement of old with new and more efficient vehicles, converting to cleaner fuels, installing emission control devices, regular maintenance and repair, and avoiding overloading of trucks. 136. Driver education will be promoted on the benefits of driving practices that can reduce fuel consumption and promote safety when driving within the speed limits and avoiding sudden acceleration.

5.1.4. Noise Design and Construction Phase 137. Ambient noise level may increase temporarily in the close vicinity of various construction activities, maintenance workshops and vehicles and earthmoving equipment. These construction activities are expected to produce noise levels in the range of 80 – 95 dB(A) ( at a distance of about 5 m from the source) . Although this level of noise is higher the permissible limit for ambient noise level for residential/commercial levels but will occur only intermittently and temporary. This noise level will attenuate fast with increase in distance from noise source. Impact due to noise during construction activities will be minimal to inhabitants since most of the built-up areas are either bypassed or located at safer distance from the road. However, there are few noise sensitive locations especially schools close to the alignment (Table 5.1)

Table 5.1 : List of Some Noise- Sensitive Locations along the Alignment S. No Structures Village/Chainage Remarks 1. Bihta- Daniyawan Section Located safely within the high Boundary wall of Air force Base 1 School LHS 0.750 LHS Station 2 School RHS Srirampur (0.200) Close to alignment 3 School (LHS) Kanhauli Boundary wall impacted 4 School (LHS) 15.700 Very Close to road School (LHS) 50.200 very close to the alignment

2. Chandi-Sarmera Section 1 School (RHS) Jaitipur (0.400) Very Close Partially impacted 2 School (LHS) Bhandari (21.800) Partially Impacted Impacted, very close to the 3 School Alipur (29.500) thealignment 4 School Jhana (36.500) Partially impacted may be shifted 5 School(LHS) Parnava (43.300) Impacted, Likely to be relocated 6 Scholl (RHS) Meernagar (44.200) Impacted, Likely to be relocated 7 School(LHS) Bediya (46.300) Impacted Likely to be relocated Mitigation Measures  All equipment shall be timely serviced and properly maintained to minimize its operational noise. Noise level will be one of the considerations in equipment selection which will favour lower sound power levels

 Stationary noise making equipments shall be placed along un- inhabited stretches.  On areas near schools, several approaches to reduce noise will be employed by the Contractor to ensure compliance with noise standards. These approaches include the timing of noisy construction activities during night time and weekends when there are minimal activities by the sensitive receptor, concurrent noisy operations may be separated to reduce the total noise generated, and if possible re-route traffic during construction to avoid the accumulation of noise beyond standards.  If the above mentioned schemes prove to be inadequate, the provision of temporary noise barrier shall be made near identified sensitive locations or near the noise source during construction. If temporary noise barriers are not feasible then timing for construction activities shall be regulated.  Protection devices (ear plugs or ear muffs) shall be provided to the workers operating in the vicinity of high noise generating machines.  Construction equipment and machinery shall be fitted with silencers and maintained properly.  Noise measurements should be carried out to ensure the effectiveness of mitigation measures.  Develop a mechanism to record and respond to complaints on noise

Operation Phase 138. During the operational phase, movement of traffic will be the prime source of noise. Traffic congestion and pedestrian interferences increase the use of horns. This may result in increase noise levels at at nearby schools and religious place. Mitigation Measures  Effective traffic management and good riding conditions shall be maintained to reduce the noise level throughout the stretch and speed limitation and honking restrictions may be enforced near sensitive locations.  The effectiveness of the multilayered plantation should be monitored and if need be, solid noise barrier shall be placed.  Create awareness amongst the residents about likely noise levels from road operation at different distances, the safe ambient noise limits and easy to implement noise reduction measures while constructing a building close to the road. 5.1.5. Impact on Land and Soil 5.1.5.1 Loss of Productive Soil and Change in Land use Design and Construction Phase 49

139. The project will require the conversion of approximately 400 ha of land considering the requirement up to 4-lane configuration. Nearly 80% of the land likely to be acquired is agricultural and no encroachment on sensitive areas like forest or any other sensitive land, including their buffer zones is involved due to the project. Acquisition of agricultural land will affect the agricultural yield of the area. Since significant part of the project area is mono-cropped due to recurring flood during Khariff season, the impact on total agricultural yield is reduced by approximately 25% (nearly 50% of the area is mono-cropped). Moreover, the benefits to the individual farmers accrued against reduced yield may get compensated through enhanced accessibility to the commercial market as presently farmers sell the agricultural produce at farm gate prices. 140. In additional to above, land may be required for access road and construction camp for the duration of construction period. This will also result in loss of soil productivity. Mitigation Measures 141. The top soil from the productive land shall be preserved and reused for plantation purposes. It shall also be used as top cover of embankment slope for growing vegetation to protect soil erosion. 142. To offset the lost of agricultural land, efforts shall be made to provide institutional support to farmers in terms of enhancing the productivity of their land, improving the cropping pattern and use of high productive seeds. 143. It shall be ensured that the land taken on lease for access road and construction camp is restored back to its original land use before handing it over back to land owner. Operation Phase 144. The better access can lead to conversion of agriculture land for residential and commercial purposes close to roads and especially in rural and urban area. This may result in loss of productive land and agricultural produce. Mitigation Measures 145. The EA may explore the feasibility of restricting about 50 m-100 m area either side of the road as no development zone on the line restriction are imposed for National Highways in India.

5.1.5.2 Soil Erosion 146. Soil erosion may take place at locations of sharp bend near bridge constructions location like in case of Dardha river, along steep and uncompacted embankment slope, and wherever vegetation is cleared. Soil erosion may have cumulative effect viz. siltation, embankment damage, drainage problem etc. Loss of soil due to run off from earth stock-piles may also lead to siltation. The intensity of soil erosion at different locations will be influenced by the lithology, topography, soil type and climatic condition (mainly rainfall) and drainage pattern.

Mitigation Measures  Bank protection measures shall be taken at erosion prone areas. The protection measures may include use of geo-textiles matting.  Provision of side drain to guide the water to natural outfalls.  Stone pitching wherever necessary.  When soil is spread on slopes for permanent disposal, it shall be buttressed at the toe by retaining walls.  Side slopes of the embankment shall not be steeper than 2H:1V. Turfing of embankment slopes shall be done along the stretch.  Though terrain is flat all through the stretch. However, all steep cuts shall be flattened and benched. Retaining wall on both sides shall be provided. Shrubs shall be planted in loose soil area.  In rural stretches, longitudinal side drains shall be intercepted by ‘mitre’ drains serving as outlet channels to reduce the erosion.  IRC: 56 -1974 recommended practice for treatment of embankment slopes for erosion control shall be taken into consideration.  Soil erosion shall be visually checked on slopes and high embankment areas. In case soil erosion is found, suitable measures shall be taken to control the soil erosion further including bio-turfing. Operation Phase 147. Soil of steep slopes of embankment and near bridge approaches may erode the embankment formation due to unexpected rainfall. Soil erosion condition may arise if borrow area are not stabilized/restored properly. Regular monitoring for effectiveness of soil erosion measures (turfing, stone pitching, etc.) shall form part of the environmental monitoring during project operation). Suitable strengthening measures shall be taken to prevent reoccurrence of soil erosion at existing erosion prone locations and prevent erosion at newer locations. 5.1.5.3 Borrow Areas and Quarries 148. The project area is in general a flat terrain with some comparatively low lying section between Rahi-Bind-Sarmera. Farmers were ready to provide earth from their field up to certain depth on adequate compensation, it is recommended that borrowing from agricultural land shall be minimised to the extent possible. Further, no earth shall be borrowed from already low lying areas. Local people suggested that river bed material can be utilised in embankment if found suitable. This will help in improving river carrying capacity and reduce need of sourcing borrow earth from agriculture fields. 149. The dredging and use of dredged material, if involved, may have its impact in terms of localised sedimentation level increase and dispersion of pollutants present in the dredged material in the river water. 150. Borrow areas if left un-rehabilitated may pose risk to people, particularly children and animals of accidentally falling into it as well as become potential breeding ground for mosquitoes and vector born disease 51

151. Illegal quarrying may lead to unstable soil condition; destroy the landscape of the terrain, air and noise pollution. Opening of new quarries is not envisaged due to the proposed project. Quarry material will be sourced from existing nearby quarries. Mitigation Measures  Borrow pits shall be selected from barren land/wasteland to the extent possible. Borrow areas should not be located on cultivable lands except in the situations where land owners desires to level the land. The top soil shall be preserved and depth shall be restricted to the desired level.  Borrow areas should be excavated as per the intended end use by the owner. The Indian Road Congress (IRC):10-1961 guideline should be used for selection of borrow pits and amount that can be borrowed.  The dredged material from the river bank shall be tested for presence of heavy metals and other pollutants before its reuse.  The depths in borrow pits to be regulated so that the sides shall not be steeper than 25%, To the extent possible, borrow areas shall be sited away from habitated areas. Borrow areas shall be levelled with salvaged material or other filling materials which do not pose contamination of soil. Else, it shall be converted into fishpond in consultation with fishery department and land owner/community.  Monitoring of rehabilitation plan of borrow areas in tune with proposed rehabilitation plan has been appended as Appendix 5.1. 5.1.5.4 Compaction and Contamination of Soil 152. Soil in the adjoining productive lands beyond the ROW, haulage roads, and construction camp area may be compacted due to movement of construction vehicles, machineries and equipments, and due to sitting of construction camps and workshops. Approach road either paved or unpaved is available for most the bridge approaches. However, for some bridges approach road has to be constructed. 153. Soil may get contaminated due to inappropriate disposal of liquid waste, (lubricating oil and fuel spills, waste oil and lubricant and vehicle/equipment washing effluent) and solid waste (fuel filters, oily rags) likely to be generated from repair and maintenance of transport vehicles, construction equipment and machinery. Soil may get contaminated due to inappropriate disposal of domestic solid waste and sewage from construction camps. Mitigation Measures  Fuel and lubricants shall be stored at the predefined storage location. The storage area shall be paved with gentle slope to a corner and connected with a chamber to collect any spills of the oils.

 All efforts shall be made to minimise the waste generation. Unavoidable waste shall be stored at the designated place prior to disposal. To avoid soil contamination at the wash-down and re- fuelling areas, “oil interceptors” shall be provided. Oil and grease  spill and oil soaked materials are to be collected and stored in labelled containers (Labelled: WASTE OIL; and hazardous sign be displayed) and sold off to SPCB/ MoEF authorized re-refiners.  To prevent soil compaction in the adjoining productive lands beyond the ROW, the movement of construction vehicles, machinery and equipment shall be restricted to the designated haulage route.  Approach roads shall be designed along the barren and hard soil area to reduce the compaction induced impact on soil.  The productive land shall be reclaimed after construction activity.  Septic tank or mobile toilets fitted with anaerobic treatment facility shall be provided at construction camp.  Domestic solid waste at construction camp shall be segregated into biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste. The non- biodegradable and recyclable waste shall be sold off. Efforts shall be made that bio-degradable waste shall be composted in the mechanised and movable composter10 by the contractor. Non biodegradable and non saleable waste shall be disposed off to authorised land fill site. If land fill site not available then burial of the waste in a secured manner shall be ensured. Operation Stage 154. No impact on soil is anticipated during operation phase of the project except near low lying areas and near bridge approaches where unexpected rainfall may erode the embankment formation and deterioration of borrow areas if not rehabilitated properly. Mitigation measures 155. Monitoring of borrow areas rehabilitation plan in tune with the proposed rehabilitation plan appended as Appendix 5.1. 156. Regular monitoring of side drains and cross drainage structures to check blockade situation. 5.1.6. Groundwater Design and Construction Stage 157. Water will be mainly required for compaction of formation and for domestic purpose in the workers camp. Water for construction purpose and domestic water requirement for workers camp will be mainly sourced from groundwater. Groundwater resources are not scarce in the project area. But, the depth to water table in some part is depleting annually. Hence, uncontrolled abstraction can further deteriorate the situation. Contamination of groundwater is not envisaged since all construction

10 The low costs and small capacity and size composter are available in India which can be used to disposed of biodegradable waste effectively. 53

camps will have septic tanks or mobile toilets depending on the number of workers in each camp. Mitigation Measures 158. Requisite permission shall be obtained for abstraction of groundwater. 159. The contractor shall make arrangements for water required for construction in such a way that the water availability and supply to nearby communities remain unaffected. 160. Water intensive activities shall not be undertaken during summer period to the extent feasible. Operation Stage 161. No impact is anticipated on groundwater due to the project during operation phase of the project hence no specific mitigation is proposed. 5.1.7. Impact on Surface Water Bodies Design and Construction Stage 162. Several rivers and other water bodies are being crossed by the project road. Most of the rivers or water bodies dry up during non-monsoon period. Ponds with water for significant part of the year are located safely from proposed right- of way. Partial loss to some of the small ponds/ water bodies is envisaged due to the project (first section: Ch. 38.700 second section: 7.300, 21.600, and 24.400). Surface water bodies are used only for cattle bathing and washing. No water was observed in the ponds/water bodies likely to be affected during study period except in a very small ditch near Ch 7.300 which is not a designated pond but water gets accumulated due to depressed land form. Mitigation Measure 163. Since water bodies are not impacted due to the project, no specific mitigative measures are proposed. However, as enhancement measures, efforts shall be made to increase the water holding capacity of the ponds by using the bed material as borrow earth11. Additionally, the borrow areas can be converted into ponds with the concurrence of the land owners. Fisheries activity can be encouraged in such ponds through institutional support from concerned department. 5.1.8. Siltation and Surface Water Quality of Rivers and Other Water Bodies Design and Construction Stage 164. Since most of the major water bodies are seasonal in nature, siltation impact due to bridge works will be negligible if construction debris/other waste are cleared immediately after construction. However, construction of major bridges on river Punpun and river training structure near Dardha River may increase the flow velocity of water and cause erosion/siltation downstream. The temporary pollution of water bodies from spillage of chemicals and oil at construction sites and waste from construction

11 Over the period, the depth of pond due to recurring deposition after flood becomes shallow. Hence it suggested that the deposited material may be utilised as borrow material. As a result, the depth will increase resulting in increased water holding capacity of the pond.

camps may occur. Soil erosion has direct bearing on siltation. The siltation likely to be caused due to bank erosion has already been addressed above in soil erosion section. 165. Accidental oil and chemicals spills can contaminate the water Mitigation Measure  Required mitigation as suggested in soil erosion section shall be taken into consideration.  Bridge construction activity including piling is recommended during non-monsoon (mid-September to mid-June)period.  All chemicals and oil shall be stored away from water and concreted platform with catchment pit for spills collection.  All equipment operators, drivers, and warehouse personnel will be trained in immediate response for spill containment and eventual cleanup. Readily available, simple to understand and preferably written in the local language emergency response procedure, including reporting, will be provided by the contractors.  Silt fencing and/or brush barrier shall be installed for collecting sediments before letting them into the water body. Silt/sediment should be collected and stockpiled for possible reuse as surfacing of slopes where they have to be re-vegetated.  All wastes arising from the construction should be disposed in an environmentally accepted manner so as not to block the flow of water in the channels. The wastes should be collected, stored and transported to the approved disposal sites.  No vehicles or equipment should be parked or refuelled near water-bodies, so as to avoid contamination from fuel and lubricants  The slopes of embankments leading to water bodies should be modified and rechannelised to prevent entry of contaminants.  Chute drains shall be provided to drain surface runoff and prevent erosion from slopes.  Substructure construction should be limited to the dry season and cofferdams may be constructed and utilized to lift the spoil directly out of it and carried to the river bank for land disposal.  Large construction camps shall be avoided along the alignment and located away from habitation and water bodies. Construction labourers shall be preferable from local population. Sewage from labour camps will be treated through septic tanks. No untreated sanitary wastewater shall be discharged into surface water bodies. Operation Stage 166. No major or long-term impact is anticipated during the operation phase on the surface water bodies due to the project implementation activities. Oil-contaminated runoff from the road during monsoon will have minimal impacts considering their low concentration. However, since the project area is prone to siltation due to recurring flood, regular checks shall be done along the alignment to ensure that flow of water is maintained 55

through cross drains and other channels to avoid their blockade/ choking. Regular visual checks shall be made to observe any incidence of blockade of drains. Regular checks shall be made for soil erosion and turfing conditions of river training structures for its effective maintenance. 5.1.9. Hydrology and Drainage Design and Construction Stage 167. Significant part of the project road passes through areas liable to submergence. The situation of flood may get aggravated due to construction of high embankment road which may act as impediment to flow of flood water to its outfall in absence of adequate cross drainage/side drain structures and other engineering measures. Water logging along the road will also have ill effect on the stability of embankment especially in the area of shallow water table. 168. As per hydrological study conducted by the Detail Design Team, River banks of main rivers are largely firm, stable and well defined. Meandering has not been noticed in recent past. However, bridge locations shall be sited at suitable locations to avoid the meandering affect on rivers. 169. Diversion of water channels during construction of cross drainage structures or otherwise is not envisaged. Mitigation Measures  Adequate cross drainage structures shall be provided to avoid natural flow of water. Additional balancing culverts shall be provided in flood prone areas. The embankment height shall be designed consistent with the existing topography of the region.  Elaborate drainage system shall be provided to drain the storm water from the roadway and embankment and to ensure minimum disturbance to natural drainage of surface and subsurface water of the area.  The design of drainage system such as surface and sub-surface drainage shall be carried out as per IRC: SP: 42 and IRC: SP: 50. Surface runoff from the main highway, embankment slopes and the service roads shall be discharged through longitudinal drains, designed for adequate cross section, bed slopes, invert levels and the outfalls. If necessary, the walls of the drains shall be designed to retain the adjoining earth.  Bridge site shall not be selected on sharp bends and unprotected banks. Otherwise adequate bank protection/river training structures shall be provided to avoid meandering.  The design discharge shall be evaluated for flood of 50-year return period for calculation of waterway and design of foundations. Proposed water way shall not be reduced from existing one. Linear waterways of the most of the major rivers are bank to bank. Therefore, proposed bridge length shall be bank to bank.

 IRC: 34-1970: Recommendations for road construction in waterlogged area and IRC: 75 and MOSRTH guidelines for Design of High Embankments shall be referred. Operation Stage 170. Regular removal/cleaning of deposited silt shall be done from drainage channels and outlet points before the monsoon season. Rejuvenation of the drainage system by removing encroachments/ congestions will be regularly conducted. 171. Water logging in the low lying Tal and adjoining areas is long standing issue. The permanent and long term solution is possible only through co- ordinations between different departments/agencies that include irrigation, flood, agriculture, fisheries, and road construction. The proposed long term strategy may include: Check dams, construction of reservoir/barrage in upper reaches of rivers like Punpun, and Phalgu Sakari diversions and strengthening/construction of river embankments to check water over flow / backflow, removal of deposited silt from drainage channels and outlet points, economic exploitation of stagnated water for raising fish, large scale use of ground water for irrigation during rabi through the installation of shallow tube wells, crop diversification and multi-enterprise agriculture, in-situ conservation of water in ponds/tanks and regular training / demonstrations on innovative technologies. 5.2. Impact on Biological Environment 5.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology 172. There are no national parks, wildlife sanctuaries or any other similar eco- sensitive areas in the project area. However, some trees are likely to be affected. The impact and mitigation due to tree cutting has been discussed in following paragraphs. Design and Construction Stage 173. One month before the construction starts, clearing and grubbing will be performed by the contractor. All trees within the ROW with 300mm diameter at 1m above the ground will be cut, including the removal of stumps. All stumps and roots of trees of girth more than 33 mm at above 1 m from the ground level will be culled. 174. There are altogether 1,785 trees likely to be affected due to the project. Most of the roadside trees are non-fruit bearing in nature. The cutting of trees will have minor to negligible impact on local environment. Moreover, this will be temporary since large number of trees have been planned to be planted on both sides of the road. This will improve the local climatic conditions in long term. Mitigation Measures 175. Requisite permission from forest department shall be obtained for cutting of roadside trees. 176. The project envisages plantation of approximately 17,000 trees along both sides of road as per IRC SP: 21 specifications. This will include the compensatory plantation as per prevailing guidelines of State’s forest 57

department on 1:3 basis replacement rate. Besides, additional plantation shall be done on river banks near bridge sites to enhance the aesthetics and check soil erosion. All tree plantations will be carried out in close consultation with forest department. 177. A range of 10-15 m centre-to-centre is recommended for spacing of trees (parallel to the road). Setback distance of trees in different situations shall be based on IRC: SP: 21 and IRC: 66. The distance between the kerb, if any, and the nearest edge of tree trunk shall be at least 2 m. The plantation in median shall comprise shrubs whose height would normally not exceed 1-1.5 m and shall be as per IRC SP: 21. 178. For safe traffic operation, vertical clearance between the crown of the carriageway and lowest part of overhang of the tree available across the roadway shall conform to the standards laid down in IRC: SP: 21. The pit size, fencing, watering, and manuring requirements shall also conform to the above standard. Excess use of pesticides shall be restricted. Planting shall be such that it does not obstruct the visibility of traffic from any side and shall be pleasing in appearance. Operation Stage 179. Positive impacts on terrestrial ecology are expected during the project operation due to the increase in vegetation and landscaping along the state highway. The Project will coordinate with the local communities to maintain and enhance the trees planted along the state road.”No adverse impact is anticipated during operation stage except accidental damages or absence of proper tree management.“ 180. No direct impact is anticipated during operation stage except accidental damages or absence of proper tree management. Mitigation Measures 181. Arrangement shall be made to ensure survivability of the tree plantation. The Social Forest Department or Divisional Forest Offices shall be consulted or involved in this programme. The tree survivability audit shall also be conducted at least once in a year to assess the effectiveness of the programme. 5.2.2. Aquatic Ecology Design and Construction Stage 182. Large scale/organised fishing was not observed in the rivers/water bodies of the project area. All water bodies are seasonal in nature except river Punpun. Major species are found when backwater of river Ganga get into river Punpun. Construction of bridge over the Punpun River may increase the turbidity level in the water near the construction areas temporarily. 183. Temporary sedimentation and water quality deterioration is expected from the project during the construction stage. Improvement of existing embankments particularly along the waterways will increase silt while accidental spill of materials, chemicals, and fuels will deteriorate receiving water quality. Mitigation Measures

 Construction of bridge is recommended during summer season.  Best construction practices shall be adopted to prevent increase in siltation level of the water.  Siltation shall be avoided by measures suggested above.

Operation Stage 184. No impact is envisaged during operation phase of the project and hence no mitigation proposed. However, periodic surveillance shall be conducted to check erosion and siltation in major water bodies.

5.3. Management of Construction Debris/Waste 185. Debris can be generated by dismantling of pavement, though involved only for few kilometres as realignment is envisaged for major sections. Quarry dust and unused iron bars or damaged support structures constitute significant wastes. Mitigation for solid waste from construction camp has been given in construction camp section. Mitigation measures  The existing bitumen surface can be utilized for paving of cross roads, access roads, and paving works in construction sites and camps, temporary traffic diversions, haulage routes etc.  All excavated materials from roadway, shoulders, verges, drains, cross drainage and the like will be the property of the BRCDL and will be used for backfilling embankments, filling pits, and landscaping.  Unusable debris material should be suitably disposed off at pre- designated disposal locations, with approval of the concerned authority. The bituminous wastes shall be disposed in secure landfill sites only in environmentally accepted manner. For removal of debris, wastes and its disposal MoSRTH guidelines should be followed.  Unusable and surplus materials, as determined by the Project Engineer, will be removed and disposed off-site. 186. The locations of dumping sites should be selected with following considerations.  Unproductive/wastelands shall be selected for dumping sites.  Away from residential areas and located at least 1000 m downwind side of these locations,  Dumping sites do not contaminate any water sources, rivers etc, and  Dumping sites have adequate capacity equal to the amount of debris generated.  Public perception and consent from the village Panchayats about the location of debris disposal site has to be obtained before finalizing the location. 59

 Form works will be re-used to the extent possible, more than 20 times as dictated by good practice. All stripped formworks will be examined for any damage and rectified in the workshop for re-use. Rectification includes plugging holes, and straightening bent steel props. 5.4. Socioeconomic Impact 187. Assessment of project impact on socioeconomic conditions point to the conclusions that positive benefits are many fold compared to its adverse impact. 5.4.1. Positive Impacts 188. Road-side economic activities will increase due to increased number of vehicle using the road. Economic activities supporting transport like gasoline stations, automotive repair shops, lodging, and restaurants are expected to increase. Increase agro-industrial activities are also expected to take advantage of improved access to urban centres where there are higher demands and better prices for agricultural products. The subproject road will provide lifeline for temporary relocation and relief operation during flood season. Other generic benefits of such projects are (i) Reduction in travel time (ii) better mode and frequency of transport (iii) access to quality heath care facilities, educational and other infrastructural facilities (iv) enhanced tourism activities in the area and state which in many terms will boost the local economy (v) better investment climate for industries creating more employment opportunities to local people. 5.4.2. Anticipated Negative Impacts 189. The only irreversible impact is loss of agricultural land. Other losses like loss of common property resources, problem in accessibility and community linkage, health and safety during and after construction, and temporary change in demographic configuration are mitigable with minor to negligible residual impacts. 5.4.2.1 Impacts due to Construction Camp and Immigration of Workers 190. Poor sitting and improper management of construction camp may lead to several adverse impacts on environment viz. (i) loss of vegetation due to use of wood as fuel source for cooking (ii) deterioration in nearby surface water bodies’ quality (iii) compaction and contamination of soil due to uncontrolled disposal of solid waste (iv)Poor sanitation may result to transmission of communicable diseases among the workers and the host communities. This include the possible spread of sexually transmitted disease, diseases from improper handling and supply of foodstuffs, poor water supply, insect-borne diseases, and alcoholic and drug. Mitigation measures 191. Construction camp shall be sited at such locations so as to utilise the existing infrastructure. No productive land should be utilised for construction camp. All sites must be graded, ditched and rendered free from depressions to avoid water stagnation. Accommodation and ancillary facilities including recreational facility for workers shall be erected and

maintained to standards and scales approved by the resident engineer. All camps should maintain minimum distance of 500 m from habitation and water bodies. 192. All construction camps shall be provided sanitary latrines and urinals with provision of septic tanks attached with soak pits. Storm water drains shall be provided for the flow of used water outside the camp. Drains and ditches shall be treated with bleaching powder on a regular basis. Garbage bins must be provided in the camp and regularly emptied and disposed off in a hygienic manner. LPG cylinders shall be provided as fuel source for cooking to avoid any tree cutting. 193. At every workplace, the Contactor will ensure, in collaboration with local health authorities that a readily available first-aid unit including an adequate supply of sterilized dressing materials and appliances shall be provided. Workplaces remote and far away from regular hospitals shall have indoor health units with one bed for every 250 workers. Suitable transport shall be provided to approach the nearest hospital. At every workplace an ambulance containing the prescribed equipment and nursing staff shall be provided. 194. The Contractor will ensure the good health and hygiene of all workers to prevent sickness and epidemics. These include the HIV/AIDS prevention program to reduce the risk and transfer of HIV virus between and among the workers and community, promote early diagnosis and assist affected individuals. Activities under the program include monthly information, education, and consultation communication campaigns to workers, drivers, delivery crew, and communities on the risk, dangers, and impacts of STD and HIV/AIDS. 195. The Contractor will ensure that sufficient supply of suitable and hygienically prepared food at reasonable price is available to the workers. 196. The Contractor will provide adequate and safe water supply for the use of the workers. 197. The Contractor will ensure that all precautions to protect the workers from insect and pest to reduce the risk to health. This includes the use of insecticides which should comply with local regulations. 198. No alcoholic liquor or prohibited drugs will be imported to, sell, give, and barter to the workers of host community. 199. Migrant workers may be the potential carriers of various diseases. Local community may get exposed to the diseases carried by migrant workers. Regular health check-up and immunization camps shall also be organized for the workers and nearby population. 5.4.2.2 Safety of Construction Workers and Accident Risk to Local Community Design and Construction Stage 200. The following safety aspects viz. (i) safety of construction workers, (ii) safety of road users including pedestrians and cyclists (iii) safety to cattle; (iv) safety of local community (iv) unsafe/ hazardous traffic conditions due to construction vehicle movement need to be considered during design and construction stage and (v) conduct of safety audit. 61

Mitigation measures  During the construction phase, contractors shall be required to adopt and maintain safe working practices. Internationally accepted and widely used safety procedures should be followed during (i) road works (ii) handling of large construction equipment and machineries, (iii) handling of chemicals and hazardous materials and inflammable substances (iii) welding (iv) electrical works etc. A set of mitigation measures for construction workers have been provided in EMP matrix table.  Contractor shall arrange all PPEs for workers, firstaid and fire fighting equipments at construction sites. An emergency plan shall be prepared duly approved by engineer in charge to respond to any instance of safety hazard. The contractor will be required to appoint an Accident Prevention Officer (APO) who will conduct regular safety inspections at construction sites. The APO will have the authority to issue instructions and take protective measures to prevent accidents. The partial control on access for the project road shall be achieved through measures like service road with physical separation for local traffic, intersections, acceleration/deceleration lanes, vehicular and pedestrian underpasses, median openings with shelter lane.  The partial control on access for the project road shall be achieved through measures like service road with physical separation for local traffic, intersections, acceleration/deceleration lanes, vehicular and pedestrian underpasses, median openings with shelter lane.  Grade separated intersections/junctions shall be provided at all major intersections in consistent to IRC: 92  Pedestrian/cyclist and cattle passageways shall be provided near identified locations. These facilities shall be planned in accordance with the relevant provisions contained in IRC-11, IRC- 17 and IRC-103. The crossing facilities can be designed either in conjunction with grade intersections or through underpasses. The road embankment will be high in most of its reaches hence, the cross drainage structures can be designed such that it can be utilised as underpass by pedestrians/ cattles/animal driven vehicles/tractors etc.  To avoid disruption of the existing traffic due to construction activities, comprehensive traffic management plan shall be drawn up by the concessionaire. Traffic in construction zones shall be managed as per the provisions of IRC SP 55.  After construction is completed in a particular zone, it shall be opened for normal operation. All diversions/access roads should l be closed before start of normal operation.  Use of retro-reflectorized traffic signs, and cantilever/gantry types overhead signs, thermoplastic road marking paints, delineators, traffic cones, empty bitumen drums, barricades, and flagmen will

be used to ensure traffic management and safety. Conduct of regular safety audit on safety measures adopted during construction. The audit will cover manpower and their safety, machinery, temporary works, equipment and vehicles, materials storage and handling, construction procedures, environment, site safety guidelines, and miscellaneous services. Operation phase 201. The provision of service roads, underpasses have been made in the road design for safe movement of people and animal across the roads. Important issues related with safety during operational phase are monitoring of emergencies and establishing procedures to carry out rescues during sudden disasters such as floods, fires especially near toll plaza, and accidents. Mitigation Measures 202. Toll Plaza shall have fire-fighting equipment including smoke detectors and auto visual alarm system as per section 4.17.1 of National Building Code so that the personnel working in the complex and the office are not subjected to hazardous situation due to fire. 203. It is proposed to explore the feasibility of providing the following facilities: . Highway patrol unit(s) for round the clock patrolling to provide assistance to the users in case of any need, monitor the travel conditions to provide information to the control section and to undertake immediate measures for managing the traffic flow in case of any incident. . Phone booths for accidental reporting and ambulance services with minimum response time for rescue of any accident victims. . Tow-away facility for the break down vehicles. 204. BSRDCL may also explore the possibility of coordination with operating agency of intersecting National Highways to have common facilities and share the costs as appropriate. 5.4.3. Obstruction and Disruption of Traffic Construction Phase 205. Disruption of access to infrastructure or social resource due to construction activity will cause nuisance and to a certain extent additional cost to the public in terms of longer travel period due to diversion or heavier traffic. It will also pose risk of accident to motorist at night if these blockages and disruption are not clearly demarcated. Mitigation Measures 206. The contractor will submit a Traffic Plan to the Project Engineer at least two weeks before the construction starts that will result to obstruction. The plan will include a drawing of temporary diversions and details of arrangement. A section of the Traffic Plan will be a Control Plan that details how the safety of the pedestrians and workers and delineation of the roadway at night. This Plan will recommend for approval the safe and 63

convenient temporary diversion of traffic during construction, design of barricades, delineators, signs, markings, lights, and flagmen, among others. 207. For widening of existing carriageway and part of it will be used for passage of traffic, paved shoulder will be provided on one side of the existing road by the contractor with the following minimum requirements:  At least one 3.5 m lane to remain to traffic at all times  The surface used by the through traffic will be firm bituminous compacted surface free of defect  The maximum continuous length over which construction under traffic may take place is limited to 750 meters.  Construction activity will be restricted to only one side of the existing road. 208. On stretches where it is not possible to pass the traffic on the part width of existing carriageway, temporary paved diversions will be constructed. These paved diversions will comply with standards on junctions and temporary cross drainage. 209. Transportation of quarry material to the construction sites through heavy vehicles shall be done through existing major roads to the extent possible. This will restrict wear and tear to the village/minor roads. Small vehicles/unmotorised vehicle can also be used for its further transportation to the construction sites from temporary storage areas. 5.4.4. Transports and Storage of Materials 210. The construction material primarily will consist off aggregate, sand, cement, bitumen, lubricating oil and fuel for vehicle and construction equipments. These will be primarily stored temporarily at construction camps. The oils, fuels and chemicals will be stored on concreted platform with spills collection pits. The cement will be stored under cover. All these temporary storage areas will be located at least 150 M away from the habitat. The likely impacts due to transportation and storage including fugitive emission have already been covered under different section above. 5.4.4.1 Impact on Land and Private Properties 211. The assessment made by the resettlement expert shall be referred for exact loss of private properties and measures to compensate such losses. Environmental screening of resettlement sites, if required for the project, shall be carried out. Besides monetary compensation for any loss of private trees, compensatory afforestation and extensive plantation has been incorporated in the EMP to have long-term environmental benefits. 212. Initial estimates have placed the subproject will affect 4,899 families, most of them are landowners who will loose a portion of their lots. The subproject will also affect an estimated There are 224 residential structures being affected.

213. Income restoration measures/livelihood options for vulnerable group/resource poor sections and other affected persons as recommended by social development/resettlement expert shall be implemented. 5.4.4.2 Impact on Common Property Resources 214. There are various types of community structures/ facilities/utilities along the proposed alignment. Geometric adjustments have been made to minimize the loss to any such facilities. Any such structures even falling within ROW but out of required formation width shall be saved. Alternate access has to be provided to these structures during construction stage. All community structures likely to be dismantled shall be suitably relocated. The list of school and ponds has already been mentioned earlier in this chapter. Besides, there are few hand pumps also likely to be affected. The impact on other community properties has been provided at Table 5.2. For exact extent of impact on these structures and mode of compensation, resettlement/land acquisition plan shall be referred.

Table 5.2 : List of Common Property Resources Very close/within Corridor S. Village/ Extent of impact No Structures Chainage 1. Bihta- Daniyawan PWD office, and one May get partially Impacted Temple and Police 1. Station+PWD office Srirampur 2. Police Chowki Pipra village Impacted 2 2 Graveyards Lakhna Village Very close to the ROW

2. Chandi-Sarmera Section 1 Temple Jaitipur (0.400) Impacted needs relocation 2 Powergrid Chauripar Partially Impacted 3 Small Temple Bhandari (21.800) Impacted, needs relocation 1 temple and Panchayat Malama Village Impacted needs relocation 4 Bhawan 5 Temple Parnava (43.300) Impacted needs relocation 6 Aanganwadi +Godown Meernagar (44.200) Impacted needs relocation 7 1 Small Temple Near Sarmera needs relocation

6. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE 6.1. Consultation Method and Information Disclosed

215. Public consultations were held early and throughout the project development stage to allow the incorporation of relevant views of the stakeholders in the final project design, mitigation measures, implementation issues, and enhance the distribution of benefits. 216. Consultations were held during different stages of the IEE. Key issues were identified in initial consultations during reconnaissance site visit with local people and government departments when alignment was not finalised. Inputs were provided to design team wherever modification in alignment was deemed necessary. Framework for comprehensive consultations was designed during this period. After finalisation of the alignment, the team held comprehensive consultation with all stakeholders. 217. Stakeholder’s consultations were held with intent to understand their concerns, apprehensions, overall opinion and solicit recommendations to improve project design. Informal meetings, interviews were organized covering the entire project design stage. The informal consultation generally started with explaining the subprojects, followed by an explanation to potential impacts. Participant’s views were gathered with regard to loss of agricultural land, effect on air and noise quality of the area due to traffic, water availability, accident and risk. 218. The discussions were designed to receive maximum inputs from the participants regarding their acceptability and environmental concerns arising out of the subproject. They were given the brief outline of the project to which their opinions was sought particularly in identifying and mitigating any potential adverse impact. 6.2. Compliance with Relevant Regulatory Requirements 219. In India, public consultation is mandatory in case of Category A and B1 category projects12 in select conditions. Public hearing is required for the proposed project which shall be conducted by Bihar State Pollution Control Board once BSRDCL applies to SEIAA/MoEF for granting of environmental clearance. However, being a Category B project based on ADB Environmental Guidelines 2009, meaningful consultation was carried out during the early stage of IEE report preparation. The requirement of public consultation during the implementation of the project has been proposed as part of the mitigation plan. 220. Public consultation was undertaken consistent with the ADB requirements. All the five principles of information dissemination, information solicitation, integration, co-ordination and engagement into dialogue were incorporated in the consultation process. A framework of different environmental impacts likely from the project was strengthened

12 As per schedule I of EIA notification number S.O. 1533, dated 14th September 2006. This notification also defines when a public consultation is mandatory.

and modified based on opinions of all those consulted, especially in the micro level by setting up dialogues with the village people from whom information on site facts and prevailing conditions were collected. 6.2.1. Consultation with Executing Agency 221. Officials of executing agency provided technical information’s about the project. All issues related to effective implementation of EMP, grievance redress mechanism, various clearances/consent and permission required prior to and during implementation were discussed. Mr. G C Mishra, Deputy General Manager, expressed that the BSRDCL, is committed to implement the project in environmentally sustainable way in consistent to country’s applicable laws/regulations/guidelines and safeguard requirements of ADB. He also shared the lessons learnt from ongoing project. 6.2.2. Consultation with other Government Departments 222. All relevant government departments/agencies including forest and wildlife, fisheries, pollution control board, water resources, and DRDA were consulted for collection of available information their views/ comments and suggestions about the project. 223. Forest officials informed that there is no forest in the project area or any endangered flora and fauna species. Permission for felling of roadside trees must be taken prior to civil works. Officials expressed their willingness to extend all cooperation in compensatory afforestation work. 224. Pollution control board officials informed that the project area is largely devoid of industries except few rolling mills and forge and foundry units at Bihta. Hence, baseline information of the area are not available. They mentioned about need for obtaining environmental clearance and NOC from pollution control board and emphasised that all conditions of such clearances shall be implemented strictly both during construction and operation phase of the project. 225. Officials of Water Resources Department highlighted about likely impact due of construction of high embankment road in flood affected areas. The design shall include all engineering measures to avoid blockade of water during monsoon period and alteration of any channels/streams especially in Rahui-Bind Sarmera section. 226. Fishery department officials informed that there is no breeding or spawning ground in the rivers of project area. Major fish species breeds into major rivers like Ganga and comes through backwater flows in river Punpun. Other rivers are seasonal in nature. Fish culture is not prevalent in the area. 227. Directorate of Economics and Statistics was consulted for obtaining latest facts and figures especially on socioeconomic aspects of the state and project districts. 228. The list of government officials contacted, along with purpose/objective has been summarised in Table 6.1.

Table 6.1 : Summary of Consultation Held with Government Departments. 67

S. No Location and Stakeholders Objective and outcome of the Dates consultation 1 District Forest  Mr. Surendra Singh, DFO Information obtained about compensatory Office, Patna afforestation norms, Estimated cost per km June and for plantation along roadside. Status of September, 2009 forest along the project road. Presence of 2 Office of the  Mr. Rakesh Kumar, DFO any endangered or rare floral and faunal District Forest  Rajendra Das, Assistant species along the project corridor etc. office Nalanda  Vijay Yadav 3 State Pollution  Dinesh Kumar, Assistant Report on “State of the Environment of Control Board, Environmental Officer Bihar” was collected. Information about Patna  Dr. Naveen Kumar, existing baseline conditions of the project June, Sept and Scientist area if any was collected. Capacity December, 2009  Mr. Virendra Kumar, Public assessment was done for the likely Relation Officer involvement in the project for monitoring and other environmental management required for the project. 4 District Fishery  Mr. Shashi Bhushan, Status of Fisheries activity, fish species and office, Patna Fishery Inspector presence of any breeding and spawning  Mr. Upendra Singh, Asst. ground in the rivers of the project area was collected. Impact on fishes due to bridge 5 District Fishery  Yogendra Prasad, J E. construction and suggested mitigation office, Nalanda  Mr. Shiv Shanker, Fisheries options was also discussed. Extension Officer 6 Irrigation and  Mr. Ram Bilash Choudhary, Flood prone areas, its causes and mitigation Flood Control Chief Engineer measures were discussed. River Office, Patna zone  Mr. R S Bharti Assist. characteristics and other hydrological issues Engineer, were also discussed. 7 Directorate of  Dr. Jitedra Kumar Sinha, Latest report on “Bihar through Figures” was Economics and Joint Director, collected. Environmental issues were statistics, Bihar  Dr. Shiv Shanker discussed with head of the Environmental  Dr. Nirbhay Kumar, cell. The newly constituted cell presently has not much of the information related to environment. 8. District Rural  Assistant Project officer Information about active NGOs in the project Development  Public Relation Officer region was obtained. They informed that in Authority, Patna absence of forests and rich floral and faunal resources, NGO’s focus are more towards social issues. T The environmental activities of these NGOs are primarily for tree plantation and National Environmental Awareness Campaign. 6.2.3. NGO Consultation 229. NGOs of the area namely Sankalpkrit Sewa Manch, Nidaan Loksewashram, Ravi Commercial Institute, Vishwashanti Vikash Sewasanthan, Subham Jagriti, and Joint Action Networking (JAN) were consulted to know their views/comments and suggestions about the project. Most of them supported the project and showed their interest in active participation of NGOs in various activities of project including compensatory afforestation, fisheries development, resettlement and rehabilitation work and environmental awareness. They suggested that the project area has a potential for fisheries development hence all borrow areas shall be developed into fish ponds. This will also help in solving the flood problem to a certain extent. The lists of NGO’s consulted with their views are summarized as follows.

Plate1: Consultation with Local NGOs 6.3. Beneficiaries’ Comments 230. The project has immense acceptability among the local people. They perceive that in addition to providing all weather connectivity, the subproject road will bring positive socioeconomic changes in the area. Local people mainly discussed on issues related to rehabilitation and resettlement. They suggested minimising acquisition of agricultural land as much as possible since livelihood of the people is principally dependent on agriculture. 231. People of villages located adjacent to the proposed road like Srirampur, Baluachak, Jaitipur, Beldhana, and Rahui demanded for crossing-over facility/service roads, drainage, wayside amenities, and safety provisions. 232. Villagers of Rahui-Bind Section highlighted that since area is in flood affected zone and drained by several seasonal streams, road should not act as barrier to natural flow of water. Adequate cross drainage along with roadside drainage structure should be constructed to avoid adverse impact due to water logging and any alteration in natural hydrology of the region. 233. Other common demands included modifications of alignment near orchards and community structures. If technically not feasible, accessibility and safety to community structures especially schools should not be affected. Local people should be consulted before relocation of such structures. The list of participants, their views, and outcome of the consultations have been summarised in Table 6.2. 69

Table 6.2 : Consultations with Local Community S. Place and Name of Participants Views/suggestions/Demand of Local No time People 1 Local People at Jagdish Narayan Upadhayay The area is densely populated on both sides of Srirampur, Bihta (Retd. Serviceman), Surendra the road. Local people suggested that the Tiwary, Sheonath Giri, Bansari starting point of the project road should (Near Start of the Rai (agriculture), Dilip Giri, preferably starts before 500 m away from the Bihta-Daniyawan Bhola Rai, Arun Kumar Junction with NH-30 and by modifying the Section) (Student), Satyanath Giri alignment bypassing the built up areas. They (Serviceman), Sheonath also suggested that if realignment not possible (Wage earner), Gajendra, than provision of underpass may be given for (unemployed) Mutur (Motor safely crossing the road. They also raised mechanic) Ashish (Pan shop) concerns about the likely drainage problem in the area since the plinth level of all structures will be lowered down after raised formation level of the road. 2. Bhagwatipur, Sujit Kumar, Serviceman Non- Environmental specific issues were Near Sadisopur Awadh Bihari Singh (Retd. highlighted by the local people except Serviceman, Rampyare providing suggestions for minimizing land Verma, Hari Prasad, Bhola acquisition and cutting of private orchards and Rai, Laloo Rai, Sanjay Kumar road side trees Singh, Hari Gope, Bachu Prasad, Deo Charan Singh (agriculture), Rajkumari Devi, (Widow) 3. Newa Village Mritunjay, Anil Kumar, Umesh Information about fishery activity was obtained near Proposed Sahni, Shyam Bihari, from the local fisherman. They informed that Bridge Site on (agriculture) Papu, Deepak, there is no breeding or spawning ground near Punpun River Angu Paswan (fisherman) the proposed bridge locations. Major fish species are found as a result of backwater flow from river Ganga and other channels from the catchments area of Punpun. Existing plantation on the left bank of river near bridge locations shall not be cut. Additional plantation shall be done on the river banks. 4. In between Bhola Ram, Pramod Kumar Efforts shall be made to minimize the likely loss Village Lakhana Sao, Jitendra Sao, Sunil Singh of structures in Nima Village. The graveyard and Nima Vidyanand (agriculture) near Lakhna is located just at the edge of the proposed road. The implementing agency should take all measures to avoid any negative impact on it. 5. Balua Chak Jagat Narayan Singh, Laldeo, Though habitated area of the village is largely Ramanand Singh, Subhas avoided but adequate safety measures and Singh, Vijay Kumar, Suknanad pedestrian and animal pass should be Thakur, Vishundeo Rai, Dhuri constructed. Singh (Agriculture) 6. Kansari Village Brinda Paswan, Indira Paswan, People informed that the area gets inundated Mritunjay Paswan, Ranjan during monsoon period. There is no bridge on Paswan, Pawan Paswan, river Dardha and they cross the river through Kauleshwar, Tea stall Owner at boat. They perceived that the proposed road Kansari (wage earners). with new bridge will be lifeline for the area by providing all weather connectivity to Patna and NH 30 A. 7. Sikandarpur, Vinay Kumar, Chhote Kumar, None Specific Daniyawan DInesh Singh, Kunal, Driver 8. Jaitipur, Chandi Bishun Deo Prasad, Anil The present design envisages relocation of a Prasad, Sadgu Sharan, temple, and few permanent structures. 100 m Narendar, Guddu Prasad further, there is a school very near to the (Agriculture), Kailu Paswan, proposed alignment. All efforts should be made Dasai Bind ( Wage earner) to avoid minimize the impact on these

S. Place and Name of Participants Views/suggestions/Demand of Local No time People Kamla Devi (Widow), Vinod structures. An underpass should be made for Kumar (Student), Sunil Manzhi, crossing over the proposed road and approach (Fisherman), and Surendra to the school shall not be disturbed. The alignment should also maintain adequate distance from the school. 9 Beldhana Shiv Shanker, Kaushal Kishore Although the alignment is avoiding the major Dilip Singh, Jaiprakash Singh part of the habitation and other community Rajeev Kumar, Ranjay Singh structure, yet the villagers opined to completely Vinay Kumar, Upendra Singh bypass the village either on LHS or RHS. They 10. Salepur- Lalit Prasad, Rajan Kumar, suggested utilizing the existing road as much as Beldhana Mahesh Prasad, Avdesh possible to minimize land acquisition. The Prasad, Brijendra Prasad, villagers demanded all safety installation Ram Nandan, Dilip Kumar, including crossing over facility. Shravan Kumar, Santosh Kr, Yogendra Pd, Ambica Pd. Veeru Yadav, Vijendra Chauhan.(Mostly agriculturist). 11. Mill Par, Near Sobhi Chauhan (Business) They have supported the development of the Noorsarai Chhotelal Prasad, Nathun project and perceived that no adverse Pandit Ramsharan , Brijendra, environmental impact will occur due to the (wage earner) Janakdeo project. Chauhan, Kamta Chauhan (agri andagri labor) Kunal Kumar, Devendra Mistri (carpenter), 12 Chauripar Village Inderdeo, Sarnam Carpenter Anil Ravi Das, Anup, Manoj, Chandrika Pandit, Durga Das 13. Rahui Ramashanker, Teacher It is block level village and densely populated. Pawan Kumar, Sharawan The initial design was affecting large number of Kumar, Rahul Kumar (Student) residential and community structures including Ramdeo Prasad, Pyarelal, a Mosque. After initial consultation with local Kamlesh Prasad, Inderdeo people, design has been suitably modified to Mahto, Bablu Kumar and Bhola avoid impact on these structures. In view of Singh (Agriculture) large population, villagers demanded all type of wayside amenities like bus stops and drains along the road side to avoid water-logging. 14. In between, Dayanand Yadav, Nageshar Villagers were extremely happy to hear out the Rampur and Yadav, Bhagwan Das Yadav, project. The area lacks road connectivity and Susandi Shiv Kumar Yadav, Bhanu lies in flood affected zone. Accessibility to social Yadav (Agriculture) and physical infrastructure is a challenge especially during monsoon period. The existing kutcha roads are in very bad conditions. 15. Near Bind Sudhir Rawat, Raman Ram, The area is badly affected by flood during Ramdev Rawat, Bishun Ram, monsoon. There are two rivers and presently Nepali Rawat, Ganga Bishun unbridged. People face severe difficulty in Paswan, Gangia Devi,Kamlesh accessibility to other places. Local people Kumar (all agricultural labor) perceived that they will be most benefited from 16. Jhana Village Satyendra, Balmiki Ram, Moti the proposed project. At the same time they Ram and Mithlesh Kumar suggested regular cleaning of the drainage (Agriculture) channels and outlets of streams. Adequate 17. Malama Village Shailendra Mahto, Brahdeo cross drainage structures including balancing Prasad, Nawal Prasad, Dinesh culverts should be included in the design to Singh and Krishan Prasad, check flooding. In absence of the same, road 18. Gopalbad Pankaj Kumar (Med. embankment may cause blockade of water Practioner), Jitendra Prasad, A resulting in severe flooding in area. Ramdev Yadav, Anil Yadav, Jagdish Mahto, Rivers of the area carry significant silt and Shailendra,(Agriculture) and hence river bed level is rising year by year. It is 71

S. Place and Name of Participants Views/suggestions/Demand of Local No time People Rambali Paswan(Agri Labor) recurring phenomenon. They suggested that if 19. Bediya Village Chandramauli Singh, Business suitable, river bed material can be used in Bhusan Singh (Agriculture), embankment. Anjali Kumar, Medical Practioner, Neelmani Kr. Few schools and other community structure (Ramshanker, Agri+Business) that include Aaganbadi, Panchayat Bhawan, and ponds. at Jhana, Parnava and Meernagar village, are being affected by the project. Either it should be suitably relocated or all measures should be taken for safety, access and adverse impact of noise due to the traffic. If technically feasible, shift in the alignment should be made. Some villagers also highlighted that existing ROW shall be utilized to maximum which will minimize the land acquisition. 6.4. Integration of Comments into the IEE 234. During discussions, notes were taken on all issues raised and suggestions made. References have been taken from public opinion where no official data were available for understanding of the study area characteristics. Each of the issues were then analysed for practical and scientific basis. The opinions were used for identifying impacts and developing management and monitoring plan, depending on their importance and practicality. For any significant concern, preventive or mitigative measures have been suggested drawing points from all the suggested measures. 6.5. Public Disclosure 235. Disclosure of IEE/SIEE document will be done in line with ADB’s Public Communications Policy and Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009.

Plate 2: Consultation Near Village BishunPura Plate3: Consultation Near Village Baluachak

Plate 4: Consultation Near Village Lakhana Plate 5: Consultation with Fisherman at Newa Village

Plate 6: Consultation Near Village Kansari Plate 7: Consultation Near Daniyawan

Plate 8: Consultation at village Jaitipur near Chandi Plate 9: Consultation near Village Salepur 73

Plate 10: Consultation Near Village Beladhana Plate 11: Consultation at Millpar near Noorsarai

Plate 12: Consultation at Rahui Village Plate 13: Consultation Near Village Rampur

7. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND GRIEVANCE ADDRESSAL MECHANISM 7.1. Environmental Management Plan 236. The project specific Environment Management Plan has been formulated with an aim to avoid, reduce, mitigate, or compensate for adverse environmental impacts/risks and propose enhancement measures. This includes (i) mitigation of potentially adverse impacts (ii) monitoring of impacts and mitigation measures during project implementation and operation (iii) institutional capacity building and training (iii) compliance to statutory requirements (iv) integration of EMP with Project planning, design, construction and operation 237. The environmental management plan highlighting potential impacts, mitigation measures, legislative requirements, time frame and institutional responsibility are given in Appendix 7.1.

7.1.1. Other Mitigation Plans 7.1.1.1 Social Development and Indigenous People Development Program (IPDP): 238. Social impact assessment study has been undertaken under this technical assistance. Anticipated social risks and its mitigations will be addressed as based on the SIA. The correlated issues (other than specific social issues) have been dealt in the environmental assessment and mitigation plan has been proposed in EMP accordingly. Since there is insignificant indigenous population likely to be affected in the project area, IPDP is not envisaged. This has to be confirmed based on the social assessment. 7.1.1.2 Resettlement Plan 239. Similarly, resettlement plan is being prepared to address issues related to involuntary resettlement. The interlinked concern which has direct bearing on environment has also been captured in environmental assessment and mitigation plan. 7.1.1.3 Emergency Response Plan 240. Assessment of nature, type and extent of project activities establishes that accidents on paved roads and consequent spillage can be the more frequent emergency. Other emergent situation includes breach in the embankment due to heavy flood, vehicular accidents, spills, and fire at toll plaza. It is suggested to develop a communication and response system to minimize the response time. The project authorities shall be prepared to counteract against such emergency either by developing in-house capabilities or by associating with any competent agency. 7.2. Environmental Monitoring Program (EMoP) 241. The environmental monitoring programme is devised with the objectives to: (i) evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures and the protection of the ambient environment as per prescribed standards, (ii) suggest improvements in the management plans, if required (iii) verify the statutory compliance and community obligations, and, (iv) use as tool 75

to compare the monitored data against the baseline condition collected during the study period and assess the changes in environmental quality in the project area. This will be used as performance indicators for the project. This shall not only help in assessing the change due to the project activities, but also the potential impacts due to project activities.

7.2.1. Performance Indicators and monitoring schedule 242. Physical, biological and environmental management components identified as of particular significance have been suggested as indicators. A comprehensive monitoring plan for all performance indicators has been prepared for all stages of project and provided as Appendix 7.2. This includes parameters to be measured, methods to be used, sampling locations, frequency of measurements, detection limits, cost and responsibility for implementation and supervision.

7.2.2. Reporting Mechanism for Environmental Monitoring Program 243. Reporting system provides the necessary feedback for project management to ensure quality and timely implementation of the works. It is essential to prepare the reporting system such that flow of information from field to the BSRDCL head quarter and to the funding agency is at regular intervals. The rationale for a reporting system is based on accountability to ensure that the measures proposed as part of the Environmental Management Plan are implemented in the project. 244. Before the civil works starts, the environmental engineer of supervision consultant shall devise format for reporting the status and progress of environmental monitoring. Format shall be designed keeping in mind the compliance conditions of environmental clearance and consent to establish also. The duly filled up reporting form shall be submitted by the contractor on monthly basis to supervision consultant except for setting up of temporary facilities which shall be submitted once before start of the road construction works. The report on pollution monitoring for air, noise, soil, and water shall be submitted quarterly as envisaged in the monitoring plan. The accident report is desirable only in case of its occurrence. The supervision consultant after verifying its compliance will send his report to CGM at HQ with a copy to PIU. The Manager (Technical) for Social and Environment will monitor the effectiveness of EMP implementation. 245. The quarterly reports of the management measures will form an integral part of Quarterly Progress Reports that may be submitted to the funding agency. Additional compliance reports to MoEF regional office and SPCB required as a part of environmental clearance process and consent to establish shall also be prepared and submitted based on these monitoring and reporting formats. 7.3. Institutional Setting and Proposed Implementation Arrangement 246. GOB has recently setup the Bihar State Highway Development Corporation (BSRDCL) to streamline decision-making and provide more autonomy for project execution and delivery. This will act as Project Management Unit fully dedicated for the Bihar State Highways Project.

The technical wing of BSRDCL is headed by Chief General Manager (CGM) supported by a technical advisor at Head Office. General Managers (Projects) will have overall responsibility for implementation of subprojects. For implementation of EMP/ RP, an environment, social development and resettlement cell (ESDRC) has been set up in BSRDCL. The cell is headed by a Deputy General Manager (DGM) and will consist of two managers supported by secretarial staffs. The DGM for Environment and Social is responsible for coordinating the environmental related work of the corporation and co-ordinate with ADB to monitor all environmental requirements of this subproject. 247. For subproject planning and implementation, Project Implementation Unit/s (PIUs) has been established. This is headed by Project Director (PD)/ Deputy General Manager (Technical) at the subproject level supported by the Manager (social and environment). PIU will supervise contractors engaged for execution of civil works under their jurisdiction. The Manager-Technical at PIU is responsible for managing environmental concerns of the project and implementing the EMP. The monitoring of EMP implementation in field will be carried out by the field officers of BSRDCL and supervision consultants (SC). Pollution monitoring shall be conducted by contractor through approved monitoring agency after consent from DGM (Environment and Social) from HQ BSRDCL. Operation stage monitoring will be conducted by PMU through Pollution Control Board or any approved monitoring agency. 248. The EMP will be included in the construction contract and the contractor will be responsible for its implementation. BSRDCL will monitor the implementation of these mitigation measures by the contractors through environmental officer of its SC and Engineer in charge at site. These site engineers are responsible for the field level monitoring of projects. 249. The roles and duties of various agencies responsible for monitoring have been outlined in Error! Reference source not found.. The flow diagram depicting the institutional arrangement for implementation EMP and EMoP has been given as Figure 7.1.

7.3.1. Institutional / Capacity Building 250. Training and Awareness: To enhance the capacity of officials for effective implementation of proposed mitigation measures and monitoring the resultant effects, as well as create awareness amongst workers and public, the training and awareness programme is planned and is given as Table 7.2. The institutions/agencies like regional office of MoEF, SPCB/CPCB, and Indian Institute of Technologies can be consulted for such trainings. Independent subject’s experts/consultants (E.g., for the environmental awareness program, impact assessment specialist will be the resource person) can also be the resource persons to impart trainings. These experts /agencies shall be appointed based on specific need for the training. Table 7.1 : Roles and Duties of Implementing Agency/Organisations HQ BSRDCL Contractor PIU Supervision Consultant 77

 Obtain statutory clearances  Obtain permits required  Joint verification to be  Assist and advise the PIU in required during pre- during construction stage carried out by HQ PIU, SC matters relating to construction stage Contractor Env. Manager. environment and social  Joint Verification Exercise matters.  overall project coordination including, PMU CMU, SC for  Overall Supervision of and management through PIU review of EMP implementation of EMP  Part of Joint Verification supported by SC Exercise to be carried out by  Environmental monitoring  Interaction with ESDRC, PIU HQ, PIU and Contractor for  Interaction and Reporting to through approved and SC review of EMP for ADB laboratory. modification in enhancement  Contractor’s Env. Officer will measures (if required)  Effective implementation of be primarily responsible for  Consent for opening of EMP and Monitoring of EMP implementation EMP borrow areas, quarry areas, and labour camps and  Supervise implementation of  Compilation of data relating to EMP by contractor  Filling of Reporting Format supervising its monitoring. implementation of EMP. and submitting to SC  Keeping records of all  Develop good practices  Advising and suggesting construction guidelines to  Monitoring through approved consents obtained by corrective measures to adhere assist contractor in agency. contractor. to time schedule for implementation of EMP implementation of EMP.  Preparation of various plans  Compilation of data relating  Conduct Consultations for effective implementation of to implementation of EMP.  Carry out programs with the EMP as detailed out in EMP verification/supervision  Filling of Summary Sheets stakeholders on regular basis and submitting it for approval exercises for implementation and reporting to HQ. to get first hand information to SC of EMP with respect to on the inconvenience caused modification (if required) for  Approval of plans prepared  Identification of sites for to contractor’s activities such enhancement measures. by contractor labour camps, hot mix plant, as noise, debris disposal etc. batch mix plant, debris  Addressing grievances of  maintain environmental disposal etc local community and information dissemination reporting system through NGOs/CBOs.

HQ BSRDCL Asian  CGM (Technical Wing) Developmen Supported by technical Advisor t Bank  General Manager (Projects)

Social and Environment Division (DGM. Env and Social) Supported by Manager Env. and Social Each

PIU Supervision Consultant Contractor DGM (Tech) supported Project Manager for each contract Package

Field Level Officer - Manager (Tech) (Social and Environment)

Need Based Support from Approved Monitoring Agency Figure 7.1and : Proposed Independent StructureSubject Exp ertsfor andEMP/EMOP Institutions Implementation

Table 7.2 : Combined Training Budget for BSHP-II

Combined Training Budget for BSHP-II

S. Target Subject(s) Method Time Basis for Costs Estimation No. group Frame and Estimated Cost Training Training Delivery Material Preparatio n 1 All staffs Environmental Lectures Before @ Rs 2.0 Reproduction of Training Material of Overview: cum beginning of Lacs Rs 24,000 (@ Rs. 200 per set for BSRDCL Environmental interaction the 120 sets ) including Regulations, subproject implementat PIU related provisions of ion of the Training Delivery: Honorarium and project various Acts/ Guidelines, subproject. travel cost of the faculty Rs 2.0 lac staff EIA notification, process (@ 50,000 per programme for 4 involved in and methodology for INR 6.24 programmes) implement IEE, EMPs Lakhs ation of Venue and other facility costs Rs the project 2.0 lacs ( @ Rs 50000 per and Select programme with 25 participants in NGOs. each) 2 Managers Implementation of Workshops Before the @ Rs 2.0 -do- (Env) at EMPs: and construction Lacs PIU, Basic features of an Seminars begins Supervisio EMP, Planning, n designing and execution INR 6.24 Consultan of environmental Lakhs t’s mitigation and Environm enhancement measures, ental monitoring and Specialist evaluation of s and environmental conditions Select – during construction NGOs and operation 3 Environm Environmentally Workshops Before the @ Rs 3.0 -do- ental Sound Construction and Site construction Lacs officer, Practices: visits design Clean construction INR 6.24 team, technology, alternatives Lakhs Supervisio materials and n techniques for Consultan construction, Waste t Management and Constructi minimization in on construction, pollution Contractor control devices and s’ staff methods for construction sites and equipment, Environmental clauses in contract documents and their implications, protection of flora and fauna Environmental monitoring during construction 4 PIU and Monitoring Lectures, During initial @ Rs 1.5 Reproduction of Training Material Supervisio Environmental Workshop phases of Lacs Rs 24,000 (@ Rs. 200 per set for n Performance during and site construction 120 persons ) Consultan Construction: visits t, NGOs Air, Water, Soil and INR 5.0 Training Delivery: Honorarium and and Noise, tree survival Lakhs travel cost of the faculty Rs 1.6 lac communit Monitoring requirement (@ 40,000 per programme for 4 y and techniques, programmes) represent Evaluation and Review atives of results, Performance Venue and other facility costs Rs indicators and their 1.6 lacs ( @ Rs 40000 per 79

applicability, possible programme with 25 participants in corrective actions, each) reporting requirements and mechanisms

5 -do- Long-term Workshops During @ RS 1.5 - Do - Environmental Issues and implementat Lacs in Project seminars ion of the Management: Subproject Designing and implementing environmental surveys INR 5.0 for ambient air, noise, Lakhs biological and water quality surveys, data storage, retrieval and analysis, contract documents and environmental clauses, risk assessment and management, contingency planning and management and value addition 6 Public Awareness Workshops During @ RS 3.0 Material reproduction costs 1.0 lac /contractor programmes on construction Lacs ( RS 100 for 1000 sets) s workers environmental protection and initial includes and measures being phase say 3 costs of Faculty Lumpsum: Rs 1.0 lac implemented by years of designing of BSRDCL and their role operation awareness Delivery Lumpsum 4.0 ( two hours in sustaining the booklets/ma workshops) measures taken 9.0 Lakhs terial including for noise pollution, air pollution, safety, soil conservation, and agricultural productivity enhancement 7 BSRDCL Restoration of sites viz Lecture/Pre before @ Rs 1.0 Reproduction of Training Material Staff, borrow areas, sentations Contractor Lac Rs 10,000 (@ Rs. 200 per set for Supervisio construction Camps, Demobilizati 50 persons ) n Crushing units, HMP etc. on Consultan And Training Delivery: Honorarium and t, Reporting INR 2.7 travel cost of the faculty Rs 0.8 lac Engineeri Formats/procedure Lakhs (@ 40,000 per programme for 2 ng Staff of programmes) Contractor . Venue and other facility costs Rs 0.8 lacs ( @ Rs 40000 per programme with 25 participants in each) Total Rs 40.42 Training lacs or Say Costs Rs 40.50 lacs

251. Procurement of Basic Environmental Monitoring Equipment: With a desirable level of manpower currently available at the Social and Environmental Division, procurement of the following basic monitoring equipment and supplies will made and accessible for the all subprojects.

Equipment Description/Use Estimated Cost 1 unit High-Volume Use for SPM Rs 90,000 Sampler including monitoring during consumables construction and (sampling kit, filters, operation phases to table, belt, etc) evaluate fugitive dust from use motor vehicles and road use. 1 unit SOx-NOx-HC To monitor the level of Rs 60,000 Sampler (Impingers) ambient concentrations of emissions from motor vehicle combustion 5 units Noise Meter Roadside and Rs 55,000 x 5 = (digital) senbsitive receptor 275,000 noise monitoring

252. Management System: It is proposed to develop standard environmental guidelines for impact assessment, management plan, and monitoring. It is recommended to develop an Environmental Management and Reporting Systems following international standards like ISO 14001. 7.4. Grievance Redressl Mechanism 253. The concern/grievances from local/affected people may come up related to inappropriate implementation of various components of EMP. These issues can be easily addressed through acknowledgement, evaluation and corrective action and response approach. To resolve grievance from public or stakeholders concerning the project will be directed to the concerned PIU. Firstly, it will be assessed if the grievances are genuine or suggestion is acceptable. Accordingly, response will be given within 15-30 days by the concerned PIU in consultation with field officer. In case the PIU is unable to resolve the issue, the matter will be forwarded to the Social and Environmental Cell BSRDCL Head Quarter. The corrective action will be started as per the response or action plan indicated to the stakeholder. The outcome shall also form part of quarterly report to ADB. 81

8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 8.1. Conclusions 254. The proposed subproject has been categorized as Category ‘B’ based on environmental screening and assessment of likely impacts while the initial environmental examination ascertains that it is unlikely to cause any significant environmental impacts. Few impacts were identified attributable to the proposed subproject, all of which are localized and temporary in nature and easy to mitigate. 255. The subproject proposed road corridor does not pass through or located nearby any national park, wildlife sanctuary, reserved forests, or any other ecologically sensitive or protected areas. No archaeological/protected monument is located in the project vicinity. The land use pattern around the alignment is predominantly agricultural. 256. The significant impacts during construction are air quality deterioration due to increase in fugitive dust emissions from materials hauling and unloading, ground shaping, hot mix plant operation, quarry operation, and unpaved road travel. Nuisance to nearby residents due to increase in noise from heavy equipment operation, hindrance in accessibility to common property resources, and increase in traffic on road sections where construction is on-going. Land use conversion from agricultural or residential to built-up area (road) due to expansion of road right-of-way adequate for a 4-lane carriageway. Surface water quality deterioration of the ponds and rivers, and siltation of waterways from silt-laden surface runoff coming from the construction site. Health and safety risk due to increase in heavy equipment traffic particularly to children and near pedestrian crossing points. During operation stage, the main impact may be on the surface water hydrology since the construction of a road across several river/rivulets in the flood-affected sections can act as impediment to natural flow of water. 257. Other than the permanent change in land use, all identified impacts are short-duration and co-terminus with the construction phase, and are easy to mitigate. All private lands that will be converted, including structures that will be relocated will be justly compensated in compliance to existing laws. 258. In general, the subproject received immense support from local people. The local people appreciated that besides providing an all weather efficient connectivity to large populations (majority of them are rural and in flood affected areas) and improving the traffic scenario in the region, it will bear out several other positive benefits. 259. The initial environmental examination of the of the subproject ascertains that the project is unlikely to cause any significant environmental impacts. No additional studies or need of undertaking detailed EIA is envisaged at this stage. The Executing Agency shall ensure that EMP and EMoP is included in Bill of Quantity (BOQ) and forms part of bid document and civil works contract. The same shall be revised if necessary during project implementation or if there is any change in the project design and with approval of ADB.

APPENDIX 2.1 : Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist

ROADS AND HIGHWAYS BIHTA-SARMERA (SH-78) SUBPROJECT Instructions: This checklist is to be prepared to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form that is to be prepared and submitted to the Chief Compliance Officer of the Regional and Sustainable Development Department.

This checklist is to be completed with the assistance of an Environment Specialist in a Regional Department

This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to A DB checklists and handbooks on (i) involuntary resettlement, (ii) indigenous peoples planning, (iii) poverty reduction, (iv) participation and (v) gender and development

Answer the questions assuming the without mitigation case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Country / Project Title: IND: TA-7198 (BIHAR STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT II)

Sector Division: INRM - SATC

Screening questions Yes No Remarks A. Project siting Is the project area adjacent to or within any of the following environmentally sensitive areas? . Cultural heritage site No cultural heritage site in located X within the road ROW. . Protected area No protected area is located within the X road ROW Some sections of the project area is prone to flooding. In the Bihta- Daniyawan section, the alignment passes through flood affected areas . Wetland X starting from Right bank of Punpun up to Daniyawan. The major portion of the alignment between Rahui-Bind-Sarmera is also flood affected in Chandi-Sarmera section No mangrove area is located in the . Mangrove X project site . Estuarine X Not applicable . Buffer zone of protected area X No special biodiversity area is located . Special area for protecting biodiversity X within the ROW B. Potential environmental impacts Will the project cause…

Screening questions Yes No Remarks Encroachment on historical/cultural The topography of project road is areas; disfiguration of landscape by mainly plain. Minor impacts of road embankments, cuts, fills, and landscape by road embankments, cuts quarries? and fills are anticipated. No encroachment of historical places. However, some temples / shrines / exist along the project road which may get impacted.

Opening of New Quarries is not X envisaged since area is underlain by thick alluvium. Quarry material will be sourced from existing quarries. Earth material to the extent will be taken from the side of the road within the ROW with provision of adequate drainage system. Any new borrow areas will be suitably rehabilitated. Encroachment on precious ecology There is no National Parks, Wild Life (e.g. Sensitive or protected areas)? X Sanctuaries or any other similar eco- sensitive areas in the project area. Alteration of surface water The proposed alignment is crossing hydrology of waterways crossed by through several rivers/rivulets. roads, resulting in increased Important among them is River Punpun sediment in streams affected by which is only perennial river. All other increased soil erosion at streams are seasonal in nature. Water construction site? is found only in some deeper portion of X the rivers during non-monsoon period. All drainage courses will be maintained to avoid alteration in surface water hydrology so that watercourses are not affected. The temporary soil stockpiles will be designed so that runoff will not induce sedimentation of waterways. Deterioration of surface water Adequate sanitary facilities and quality due to silt runoff and sanitary drainage in the workers camps will help wastes from worker-based camps to avoid this possibility. As the and chemicals used in construction? X construction activity in this project will not contain any harmful ingredients, no impact on surface water quality is anticipated. Increased local air pollution due to Local air pollution level is likely to be rock crushing, cutting and filling increased for short duration during works, and chemicals from asphalt construction period. Appropriate processing? distance from settlement area and wind X direction may be taken into account to locate air polluting facility like stone crushing unit etc. Use of environment friendly equipments/machineries will help to reduce air pollution iii

Screening questions Yes No Remarks Noise and vibration due to blasting Blasting is not involved. and other civil works? Ambient noise level is expected to increase in the range of 80-90 dB(A) due to various construction activities, maintenance workshops, and earthmoving equipment. Although this level of noise exceeds National Standards, their occurrence will be intermittent and co-terminius with the project construction. Impact due to noise during construction activities will X be minimal to inhabitants since most of the built-up areas are either bypassed or located at safer distance from the road. However, there are few noise sensitive locations especially schools close to the alignment that will be affected.

Impact due to noise to the workers and local community will be avoided/minimised by adequate mitigation measures. Dislocation or involuntary Though large scale land acquisition is resettlement of people involved related to ROW, involuntary X resettlement will be of low-medium magnitude. Number of displaced persons to be confirmed by RP. Other social concerns relating to Deterioration in ambient air quality will inconveniences in living conditions be limited to be localised and in the project areas that may trigger temporarily during construction activity. X cases of upper respiratory problems The project area is largely located in and stress? vast open areas.

Hazardous driving conditions where To minimized the impact suitable traffic construction interferes with pre- management plan will be designed and X existing roads? implement by the contractor

Poor sanitation and solid waste Proper provisions for sanitation, health disposal in construction camps and care and solid waste disposal facilities work sites, and possible will be available in the contract transmission of communicable X documents to avoid such possibility. diseases from workers to local Workers will be made aware about populations? communicable diseases

Creation of temporary breeding No such condition is anticipated, All habitats for mosquito vectors of borrow pit areas will comply with disease? national standards. Borrow areas, will X be promoted for fish culture and will naturally control mosquitos. Incidence of malaria will be monitored.

Screening questions Yes No Remarks Dislocation and compulsory There are 226 residential structures resettlement of people living in right- (224 purely residential and 2 residential X of-way? cum commercial) are likely to be affected Accident risks associated with Adequate safety measures will be increased vehicular traffic, leading adopted to avoid such conditions. X to accidental spills of toxic materials and loss of life? Increased noise and air pollution Increase in noise and air pollution is resulting from traffic volume? expected during construction phase. Adequate mitigation measures will be adopted to minimise them.

During operation phase, the main source of noise and air will be the main X source. Improved road conditions, extensive plantation including multilayered plantation near sensitive locations will hel reduce the noise and air impact. Morever, the alignment mostly passes through open agricultural land which will provide adequate dispersion of gaseous emission. Increased risk of water pollution Controlled construction activities and from oil, grease and fuel spills, and proper drainage system will reduce this X other materials from vehicles using possibility. the road? After review of the checklist, the project is categorized as ‘B’ since no impact on any environmentally sensitive area is involved. Most of the impacts are temporary in nature and mitigable with no or negligible residual impacts. As per EIA notification, the project requires Environmental Clearance from State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA). In absence of duly constituted SEIAA, environmental clearance has to be obtained from Ministry of Environment and Forests.

APPENDIX 4.1 : National Ambient Air Quality Standards

The finding as Notified on 16th November 2009 by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in exercise of its powers conferred under Section 6 and Section 25 of the Environment Protect Act, 1986.

Pollutant Concentration in Ambient Air Time-Weighted Average Industrial, Ecologically Residential Sensitive Area and other (Notified by rural area Central Government) Annual* 50 20 3 SO2 ug/m 24 hours** 80 80 Annual* 40 30 3 NOx ug/m 24 hours** 80 80 Annual* 60 60 3 PM10 ug/m 24 hours** 100 100 Annual* 40 40 3 PM2.5 ug/m 24 hours** 60 60

Annual* 0.50 0.50

Lead ug/m3

24 hours** 1.0 1.0

8 Hours** 2000 2000 3 CO ug/m 1 Hour** 4000 4000 8 Hours** 100 100 3 O3 ug/m 1 Hour** 180 180 Annual* 100 100 3 NH3 ug/m 24 hours** 400 400 Source: Gazette of India, Part II-Section-3-Subsection (i)

* Annual Arithmetic Mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24-hourly at uniform interval. ** 24-horly / 8-hourly values or 0.1 hourly monitored values shall be complied with 98% of the time in the year. However, 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days.

APPENDIX 4.2 : Ambient Noise Level Limits (In Leq dB(A)), India

Day Time Night Time Area/Class (6:00 AM to 9:00 PM) (9:00 PM to 6:00 am)

Standard Standard

Industrial 75 70

Commercial 65 55

Residential 55 45

Silence 50 40 Source: Environment Protection Rules, 1986, Schedule III

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APPENDIX 4.3 : Drinking Water Standards And Probable Effects on Human Health (BIS: IS: 10500, 1991)

S. Prescribed limits Parameters Probable effects No. Desirable Permissible 1 COLOUR (HAZEN UNIT) 5 25 Aesthetically undesirable. 2 ODOUR Essentially free Aesthetically undesirable. 3 TASTE Agreeable Aesthetically undesirable. 4 TURBIDITY (NTU) 5 10 Indicates pollution/ contamination. Affects taste, corrodes supply 5 pH 6.5 8.5 system. Causes scaling, excessive soap HARDNESS, as CaCO3, 6 300 600 consumption, calcification of mg/l arteries. Causes staining of laundry and 7 IRON, as Fe , mg/l 0.30 1.00 porcelain. In traces it is essential for nutrition. May be injurious to heart or kidney patients. Taste, indigestion, 8 CHLORIDE, as Cl , mg/l 250 1000 corrosion and palatability are affected. RESIDUAL CHLORINE, only Excessive chlorination causes 9 when 0.20 - asthma, colitis and eczema Water is chlorinated May cause gastro-intestinal TOTAL DISSOLVED 10 500 2000 irritation, corrosion and laxative SOLIDS, mg/l effect to new users. Excessive Cause incrustation, deficiency causes rickets, 11 CALCIUM, as Ca, mg/l 75 200 essential for nervous, muscular, cardiac functions and in coagulation of blood. Its salts are cathartics and diuretic. Excessive may cause laxative effect; deficiency causes 12 MAGNESIUM, as Mg, mg/l 30 100 structural and functional changes. It is activator of many enzyme systems. Beneficial in human metabolism, deficiency results in nutritional anaemia in infants. Large amounts may result in liver damage, 13 COPPER, as Cu, mg/l 0.05 1.50 causes central nervous system irritation and depression. Enhances corrosion of Al in water supply systems. Causes gastro-intestinal irritation. Along with Mg or Na can have a 14 SULPHATE, as SO4, mg/l 200 400 cathartic effect. Concentration more than 750 mg/l may have laxative effect. Causes infant methaemoglobinaemia, at very 15 NITRATE, as N, mg/l 45 100 high concentration causes gastric cancer and effects central nervous

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S. Prescribed limits Parameters Probable effects No. Desirable Permissible and cardiovascular system.

Reduces dental carries, very high 16 FLUORIDE, as F, mg/l 1.00 1.50 concentration may cause crippling skeletal fluorosis. Acute toxicity may be associated with renal, arterial hypertension, 17 CADMIUM, as Cd, mg/l 0.01 No relaxation itai-itai (bone disease). Cd salts cause cramps, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Burning in mouth, severe inflammation of gastro-intestinal tract with vomiting and diarrhoea. 18 LEAD, as Pb, mg/l 0.05 No relaxation Chronic toxicity produces nausea, severe abdominal pain, paralysis, mental confusion, visual disturbances, and anaemia etc. Essential and beneficial in human 19 ZINC, as Zn , mg/l 5 15 metabolism. Imparts astringent taste to water. Cr6+ produces lung tumours, 20 CHROMIUM, as Cr, mg/l 0.05 No relaxation coetaneous and nasal mucous membrane ulcers and dermatitis. Causes skin damage, circulatory 21 ARSENIC, as As, mg/l 0.05 No relaxation problems, and increased risk of skin cancer. Raises blood cholesterol, lowers 22 ANTIMONY, as Sb, mg/l 0.006 No relaxation blood sugar. 23 ALUMINIUM, as Al, mg/l 0.030 0.200 Leads to neurological disorders. 24 BARIUM, as Ba, mg/l 2 No relaxation Increases blood pressure. 25 BERYLLIUM, as Be, mg/l nil 0.0002 Is carcinogenic Causes nerve damage, thyroid 26 CYANIDE, as CN, mg/l 0.05 No relaxation problem. Neurological and renal disturbances. Excess causes 27 MERCURY, as Hg, mg/l 0.001 No relaxation gonadotoxic and mutagenic effects and disturbs the cholesterol metabolism. Essential as a cofactor in enzyme systems and metabolism processes. Excessive causes change in appetite and reduction 28 MANGANESE, as Mn, mg/l 0.10 0.30 in metabolism of iron to form haemoglobin. Imparts undesirable taste and stains plumbing fixtures and laundry. Leads to hair, finger loss, and 29 SELENIUM, as Se, mg/l 0.01 No relaxation numbness in fingers or toes, circulatory problems. Affects central nervous system, 30 BORON, as B, mg/l 1.00 5.00 salts may cause nausea, cramps, convulsions, coma, etc. 31 ALKALINITY, as CaCO3, 200 600 Imparts unpleasant taste, ix

S. Prescribed limits Parameters Probable effects No. Desirable Permissible mg/l deleterious to humans in presence of high pH, hardness and TDS. Imparts toxicity, accumulates in different organs of body, and 32 PESTICIDES, ug/l nil 0.001 affects immune and nervous systems. Carcinogenic. High concentration causes vomiting and diarrhoea stimulates 33 PHOSPHATE, as PO4, mg/l No guideline secondary hyperthyroidism and bone loss. Harmful to persons suffering from 34 SODIUM, as Na, mg/l No guideline cardiac, renal and circulatory diseases. Essential nutrition element but 35 POTASSIUM, as K, mg/l No guideline excessive amounts are cathartic. Non-toxic element but may be carcinogenic in animals, can react 36 NICKEL, as Ni , mg/l No guideline with DNA resulting in DNA damage in animals. PATHOGENS Causes water borne diseases like a)TOTAL COLIFORM coliform jaundice; Typhoid, 37 No/dl 1 10 Cholera etc. produces infections

b)FAECAL COLIFORM involving skin mucous membrane No/dl of eyes, ears and throat. RADIOACTIVITY: -BETA PARTICLES 0-4 milligram/year 38 Increases risk of cancer. -ALPHA PARTICLES 0-15 picocuries/year -RADIUM 0-05 picocuries/year

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APPENDIX 4.4 : Water Quality Criteria And Standards for Freshwater Classification (CPCB, 1979)

Characteristics A B C D E

Dissolved Oxygen 6 5 4 4 - (DO), mg/L, Min Biological Oxygen 2 3 3 - - Demand, BOD, mg/L, max Total Coliform 50 500 5000 - - organism **, MPN/100ml, Max pH value 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6 – 9 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 Free Ammonia (as - - - 1.2 - N), mg/L, Max Electrical - - - - 2250 Conductivity, µmhos/cm, max Sodium absorption - - - - 26 Ratio Boron, mg/L, Max - - - - 2

A) Drinking water sources without conventional treatment but after disinfecting B) Outdoor Bathing (organized) C) Drinking water source with conventional treatment followed by disinfecting D) Propagation of wildlife, fisheries E) Irrigation, industrial cooling, controlled waste disposal

Appendix 5.1: Guidelines for Borrow Areas Management

1. SELECTION OF BORROW AREAS Location of borrow areas shall be finalized as per IRC: 10-1961 guidelines. The finalization of locations in case of borrows areas identified in private land shall depend upon the formal agreement between landowners and contractor. If, agreement is not reached between the contractor and landowners for the identified borrow areas sites, arrangement for locating the source of supply of material for embankment and sub-grade as well as compliance to environment requirements in respect of excavation and borrow areas as stipulated from time to time by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, and local bodies, as applicable shall be the sole responsibility of the contractor. The contractor in addition to the established practices, rules and regulation will also consider following criteria before finalizing the locations. (1) The borrow area should not be located in agriculture field unless unavoidable i.e. barren land is not available. (2) The borrow pits preferably should not be located along the roads. (3) The loss of productive and agriculture soil should be minimum. (4) The loss of vegetation is almost nil or minimum. (5) The Contractor will ensure that suitable earth is available. 2. CONTRACTOR’S RESPONSIBILTY The Contractor shall obtain representative samples from each of the identified borrow areas and have these tested at the site laboratory following a testing programme approved by the Engineer. It shall be ensured that the sub-grade material when compacted to the density requirements shall yield the design CBR value of the sub-grade. Contractor shall begin operations keeping in mind following; (1) Haulage of material to embankments or other areas of fill shall proceed only when sufficient spreading and compaction plants is operating at the place of deposition. (2) No excavated acceptable material other than surplus to requirements of the Contract shall be removed from the site. Contractor should be permitted to remove acceptable material from the site to suit his operational procedure, then shall make consequent deficit of material arising there from. (3) Where the excavation reveals a combination of acceptable and un- acceptable materials, the Contractor shall, unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer, carry out the excavation in such a manner that the acceptable materials are excavated separately for use in the permanent works without contamination by the un-acceptable materials. The acceptable material shall be stockpiled separately. (4) The Contractor shall ensure that he does not adversely affect the stability of excavation or fills by the methods of stockpiling materials, use of plants are siting of temporary buildings or structures.

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3. BORROWING FROM DIFFERENT LAND-FORMS

A. Borrow Areas located in Agricultural Lands

(i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile. (ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal). (iii) Borrowing of earth will be carried out up to a depth of 1.5m from the existing ground level. (iv) Borrowing of earth will not be done continuously through out the stretch. (v) Ridges of not less than 8m widths will be left at intervals not exceeding 300m. (vi) Small drains will be cut through the ridges, if necessary, to facilitate drainage. (vii) The slope of the edges will be maintained not steeper than 1:4 (vertical: Horizontal). (viii) The depth of borrow pits will not be more than 30 cm after stripping the 15 cm topsoil aside.

B. Borrow Areas located in Elevated Lands

C. Borrow Areas near River side

D. Borrow Areas near Settlements

(i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile. xiii

(ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal). (iii) Borrow pit location will be located at least 0.75 km from villages and settlements. If un-avoidable, the pit will not be dug for more than 30 cm and drains will be cut to facilitate drainage. (iv) Borrow pits located in such location will be re-developed immediately after borrowing is completed. If spoils are dumped, that will be covered with a layers of stockpiled topsoil in accordance with compliance requirements with respect MOEF/PPCB guidelines.

E. Borrow Pits along the Road

Borrow pits along the road shall be discouraged and if deemed necessary and permitted by the Engineer; following precautions are recommended (i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile. (ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal). (iii) Ridges of not less than 8m widths should be left at intervals not exceeding 300m. (iv) Small drains shall be cut through the ridges of facilitate drainage. (v) The depth of the pits shall be so regulated that there bottom does not cut an imaginary line having a slope of 1 vertical to 4 horizontal projected from the edge of the final section of bank, the maximum depth of any case being limited to 1.5m. (vi) Also, no pit shall be dug within the offset width from the toe of the embankment required as per the consideration of stability with a minimum width of 10m. 4. REHABILITATION OF BORROW AREAS The objective of the rehabilitation programme is to return the borrow pit sites to a safe and secure area, which the general public should be able to safely enter and enjoy. Securing borrow pits in a stable condition is fundamental requirement of the rehabilitation process. This could be achieved by filling the borrow pit floor to approximately the access road level.

Re-development plan shall be prepared by the Contractor before the start of work inline with the owners will require and to the satisfaction of owner. The Borrow Areas shall be rehabilitated as per following;  Borrow pits shall be backfilled with rejected construction wastes and will be given a vegetative cover. If this is not possible, then excavation sloped will be smoothed and depression will be filled in such a way that it looks more or less like the original round surface.  Borrow areas might be used for aquaculture in case landowner wants such development. In that case, such borrow area will be photographed

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after their post use restoration and Environment Expert of Supervision Consultant will certify the post use redevelopment. The Contractor will keep record of photographs of various stages i.e., before using materials from the location (pre-project), for the period borrowing activities (construction Phase) and after rehabilitation (post development), to ascertain the pre and post borrowing status of the area.

APPENDIX 7.1: Environmental Management Plan (SH-78: Bihta- Sarmera)

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision A. Design and Construction Stage 1. Alignment  Constricted  Avoidance to settlement areas, Design Bypasses and During the Project Design PIU,BSRDCL/ Sections along sensitive locations requirement Realignment at design stage preparation Consultant SC the proposed  Compliance with highway alignments  Sadisopur cost alignment standards for curvature and grading  Naubatpur  Avoidance of additional need of  Punpun ROBs/RUBs.  Kansari - Moiudinpur  Inadequate land width/ROW.  Dumri,  Minimum interference to major water  Rahui bodies.  Bind and  Gopalbad 2. Natural Hazards  Flooding/Water  Provision of adequate cross drainage IRC:34 Throughout the stretch Design Project Design PIU,BSRDCL/ logging structures. Recommendatio especially near water Stage and preparation Consultant SC  Balancing culverts in flood prone areas ns for road crossings and Construction Cost  Embankment height: 1m free board construction in identified (Punpun- Stage from HFL waterlogged area Daniyawan and Rahui-  Improve drainage to restrict the flooding and IRC: 75 and Bind Sarmera) flood Included in due to poor drainage. MOSRTH prone areas. Engineering guidelines for cost  Protection of  Embankment height to be raised Design of High Rahui-Bind-Sarmera Design Project Design PIU,BSRDCL/ road embankment sufficiently to avoid impact due to Embankments Sections Stage and preparation Consultant SC in Flood prone capillary action and other engineering Construction Cost Areas solutions to protect embankment. Stage Included in  Adequate balancing culverts. Engineering cost  Earthquake  All civil structures to be to be designed BIS codes and Throughout the project Design and Included in Design PIU/BSRDCL/ to sustain the Earthquake magnitude of design corridor Construction Engineering Consultant SC MSK IV as per BIS codes requirement Stage Cost and Contractor 3. Climate and Air Quality  Local Climatic  Geometric adjustment to reduce tree Kyoto Protocol, Throughout project Design and Road Side Design PIU/BSRDCL/

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision conditions cutting. Environmental Construction Plantations Consultant SC  Compensatory Plantation (1:3) Protection Act, stage +Additional and Contractor  Additional Plantation on river banks, 1986; The Air During the Plantation borrow areas and sensitive locations will (Prevention and Construction cost13=1.9 also enhance the local climatic Control of stage Million conditions Pollution) Act, (Appendix 7.1)  Poor air quality  Road design and Pavement roughness 1981 Project Design PIU/BSRDCL/ due to as per IRC specifications. + preparation Consultant SC corridor, level compromise in  congestion free movement of traffic with IRC and cost and Contractor crossings, haulage design. provision of junctions at major MORTH roads, earthwork, intersections and ROB Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction sites,  Plantation of pollutant absorbing trees. works Loading areas, storage  Dust Generation  Transport, loading and unloading of Included in Design PIU,BSRDCL/ Air areas, Transport route, due to loose and fine materials through project cost consultant SC (P and CP) construction covered vehicles. Act 1974 and activities and  Paved approach roads. Central Motor transport, storage  Storage areas to be located downwind and Vehicle and handling of of the habitation area. Act 1988 construction  Water spraying on earthworks, unpaved materials haulage roads and other dust prone areas.  Provision of PPEs to workers.  Emission from  Regular maintenance of machinery and Asphalt mixing plants, During the Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ vehicle, equipment. crushers, DG sets Construction project cost SC equipment and  Batching, asphalt mixing plants and locations stage machinery. crushers at downwind (1km) direction from the nearest settlement.  Only crushers licensed by the PCB shall be used  DG sets with stacks of adequate height Included in and use of low sulphur diesel as fuel. monitoring cost  ambient air quality monitoring

13 The total no. trees likely to be cut are estimated to be 1785. Compensatory afforestation norm is 1: 3. Hence, 5355 trees have to be planted in lieu of compensatory plantation. Project has the provision of planting trees on both sides of the road. As per IRC SP: 21 specifications, 85 trees per km have been proposed (with spacing of 12m). The total no. of trees likely to be planted along roadside is 17000. Besides, additional plantation of 3000 trees has been proposed on river banks and Multilayered plantation near sensitive locations. The estimated amount for roadside plantation is 1.95 Million and 0.25 Million is estimated for additional plantation.

xvii

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision 4. Noise  Noise from  All equipment to be timely serviced and Legal Throughout project During the Cost for Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ construction properly maintained. requirement section especially at Construction Plantation SC vehicle,  Bottlenecks to be removed. Noise Pollution construction sites, stage already equipment and  Construction equipment and machinery (Regulation and residential areas and indicated machinery. to be fitted with silencers and Control) Rules, identified sensitive above. maintained properly. 2000 and locations  Timing of noisy construction activities amendments shall be done during night time and thereof weekends when there are no activities + by the sensitive receptor, concurrent Clause No noisy operations may be separated to 501.8.6. reduce the total noise generated, and if MoSRTH possible re-route traffic during Specifications for Monitoring construction to avoid the accumulation Road and Bridge Cost as of noise beyond standards. Else works indicated In provision of temporary noise barrier at EMoP. sensitive locations or near sources.  Time regulation near residential areas and other noise sensitive areas.  Initiation of multi layered plantation, to serve as mitigation option for operation phase  Honking restrictions near sensitive areas  PPEs to workers  Noise monitoring as per EMoP. 5. Land and Soil  Land use  Significant lands to be acquired for Project Throughout the project During Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ Change and Loss Road construction hence, to the extent requirement section and borrow design and engineering SC of productive/top non-agricultural areas to be used as areas construction cost soil borrow areas. Stage  Top soil to be preserved and laid over either on the embankment slope for growing vegetation to protect soil erosion.

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision  Efforts shall be made to provide institutional support to farmers in terms of enhancing the productivity of their land, improving the cropping pattern and use of high productive seeds.  Slope protection  Construction schedule for bridges IRC: 56 -1974 Throughout the stretch Design and Project Design PIU,BSRDCL/ and Soil erosion during non-monsoon season. recommended especially at all construction preparation consultant and SC due to  Bio-turfing of embankments to protect practice for bridges stage cost and Contractor, construction slopes. treatment of construction activities,  Slope protection by providing frames, embankment cost earthwork, and dry stone pitching, masonry retaining slopes for cut and fill etc. walls, planting of grass and trees. erosion control  The side slopes of all cut and fill areas Clause No. 306 will be graded and covered with stone and 305.2.2 pitching, grass and shrub as per design MoSRTH specifications. Specifications for  Soil erosion at  The earth stockpiles to be provided with Road and Bridge At earth stockpiles Design and Project Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ earth stockpiles gentle slopes to prevent soil erosion. works construction preparation SC Guidelines IX for stage cost and Soil erosion construction cost  Borrow areas  Non-productive, barren lands, upland IRC Guidelines Borrow sites and During Engineering Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ shall be used for borrowing earth with on borrow areas quarries (if required) Design and cost SC the necessary permissions/consents. and for quarries location. construction  Depths of borrow pits to be regulated. (Environmental Stage  Topsoil to be stockpiled and protected Protection Act for use at the rehabilitation stage. and Rules, 1986;  Transportation of earth materials Water Act, Air through covered vehicles. Act)  IRC recommended practice for borrow + pits (IRC 10: 1961). Clause No.  Borrow areas not to be dug 305.2.2 MoSRTH continuously. Specifications for  To the extent borrow areas shall be Road and Bridge xix

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision sited away from habitated areas. works Borrow areas shall be levelled with Guidelines V for salvaged material or other filling Borrow Areas materials which do not pose Management contamination of soil. Else, it shall be converted into fishpond in consultation with fishery department and land owner/community. Rehabilitation of the borrow areas as per Guidelines for redevelopment of Borrow Areas.  If dredging is required, prior permission shall be taken and dredged material shall be checked.  Quarry  Aggregates will be sourced from Clause No. 111.3 Operations existing licensed quarries. MoSRTH  Copies of consent/ approval / Specifications for rehabilitation plan for a new quarry or Road and Bridge use of existing source will be submitted works to EO, BSRDCL. Guidelines VI for  The contractor will develop a Quarry Quarry Areas Redevelopment plan, as per the Mining Management Rules of the state and submit a copy of the approval to EA.  The quarry operations will be undertaken within the rules and regulations in force in the state.  Compaction of  Construction vehicles, machinery, and Design Parking areas, Just before Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ soil and impact on equipment to be stationed in the requirement Haulage roads and commencem Engineering SC quarry haul roads designated ROW to avoid compaction. construction yards. ent of cost due to movement  Approach roads/haulage roads shall be construction of vehicles and designed along the barren and hard soil equipments area to reduce the compaction.  Transportation of quarry material to the dumping sites through heavy vehicles shall be done through existing major roads to the extent possible to restrict wear and tear to the village/minor roads.  Land taken for construction camp and

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision other temporary facility shall be restored to its original conditions.  Contamination  Construction vehicles and equipment Design Fuelling station, Just before Monitoring Contractor; PIU,BSRDCL/ of soil due to will be maintained and refueled in such requirement construction sites, and commencem Cost Included SC leakage/spillage a fashion that oil/diesel spillage does construction camps ent of in EMoP of oil, bituminous not contaminate the soil. and disposal location. construction and non  Fuel storage and refueling sites to be bituminous debris kept away from drainage channels. generated from  Unusable debris shall be dumped in demolition and ditches and low lying areas. road construction  Waste oil and oil soaked cotton/ cloth shall be stored in containers labeled ‘Waste Oil’ and ‘Hazardous’ sold off to MoEF/SPCB authorized vendors  Non-bituminous wastes to be dumped in borrow pits with the concurrence of landowner and covered with a layer of topsoil conserved from opening the pit.  Bituminous wastes will be disposed off in an identified dumping site approved by the State Pollution Control Board  Soil quality monitoring 6. Water Resources  Construction  Contractor will arrange adequate supply Clause No. 1010 Throughout the Project During Included in Contractor, PIU,BSRDCL/ water and storage of water for the whole EP section Construction engineering Groundwater SC construction period at his own costs and Act 1986 stage cost authority and submit a list of source/s to EA. MoSRTH irrigation Specifications for department  The contractor will source the requirement of water preferentially from Road and Bridge ground water but with prior permission works from the concerned authority.  The contractor will take all precaution to minimize the wastage of water in the construction process/ operation.  Water intensive activities not to be undertaken during summer period (April, May June) xxi

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision  Alteration in  Existing drainage system to be Design Near all drainage During Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ surface water maintained and further enhanced. requirement, channels, river Construction engineering SC hydrology due to  Provision of adequate size and number Clause No crossings etc. stage cost embankment of cross drainage structures. 501.8.6.  Sections of the corridor to be raised MoSRTH suitably along flood prone areas with Specifications for the cross drainage structures and Road and Bridge adequate side drains to be built.  Siltation in water  Bridge construction on non-perennial Design Near all river water During Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ bodies due to streams to be limited to the dry season. requirement , bodies, embankment Construction Engineering SC construction  Embankment slopes to be modified Clause No slopes. stage Cost activities/ suitably to restrict the soil debris 501.8.6. earthwork entering water bodies. MoSRTH  Provision of Silt fencing shall be made Specifications for at water bodies. Road and Bridge  Silt/sediment should be collected and works stockpiled for possible reuse as (CP and CP) surfacing of slopes where they have to and worldwide be re-vegetated. best practices  Earthworks and stone works to be prevented from impeding natural flow of rivers, streams and water canals or existing drainage system.  Deterioration in  No vehicles or equipment should be The Water Water bodies, refueling During Engineering Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ Surface water parked or refuelled near water-bodies, (Prevention and stations, construction Construction cost SC quality due to so as to avoid contamination from fuel Control of camps. Stage leakage from and lubricants. Pollution) Act, Monitoring cost vehicles and  Oil and grease traps and fuelling 1974 and as indicated in equipments. platforms to be provided at re-fuelling amendments EMoP locations. thereof.  All chemicals and oil shall be stored away from water and concreted platform with catchment pit for spills collection.  All equipment operators, drivers, and warehouse personnel will be trained in immediate response for spill containment and eventual cleanup. Readily available, simple to understand

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision and preferably written in the local language emergency response procedure, including reporting, will be provided by the contractors  Construction camp to be sited away from water bodies.  Wastes must be collected, stored and taken to approve disposal site only.  Water quality shall be monitored periodically. 7. Flora and Fauna  Vegetation loss  Suitable modifications in design to Forest Throughout project During the Indicated BSRDCL PIU,BSRDCL/ due to site minimize tree cutting. Conservation Act corridor design and above through DFO SC preparation and  Roadside trees to be removed with prior 1980 Construction construction approval of DFO. + stage activities and  Compensatory plantation at 1:3 basis IRC SP: 21 and Plantation Strategy  Provision of LPG in construction camp IRC SP:66 as fuel source to avoid tree cutting.  Plantation of trees on both sides of the road. Integrate vegetation management (IVM) with the carriage way completely clear of vegetation. From the edge of the road to the boundary of ROW, vegetation structured with smaller plants near the line and larger trees further away to avoid costly clearing when the carriage way is expanded from 2L to 4L and provide habitats for a wide variety of plants and animals. Additional plantation near river banks to check erosion.  In the event of design changes during the construction stages additional assessments including the possibility to save trees shall be made by the EA.  Road side Plantation Strategy as per IRC specifications including manuring. xxiii

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision  Control use of pesticides/manure  Impact on fishing  Adequate waterways to be maintained State Govt. Near all water Bodies During Part of Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ activity  Siltation and water contamination shall Fisheries and Ponds especially Construction Engineering SC (production, be preventing to reduce turbidity. Department in river Punpun which Stage Work spawning and  Restricting construction activity during guidelines and is only perennial river. breeding Best practices the breeding period (Monsoon Period) grounds)  Plantation in the riparian area of the rivers, to reduce erosion. 8. Construction Camps  Impact associated  All camps should maintain minimum Design All construction camps During Included in Contractor and PIU,BSRDCL/ with location distance from following: Requirement Construction Engineering EO SC # 500 m from habitation stage Cost # 1000m from forest areas # 500 m from water bodies # 500 m from through traffic route

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision  worker’s Health in  The location, layout and basic facility The Building and All construction camps During Included in Contractor. PIU,BSRDCL/ construction provision of each labor camp will be Other construction Engineering SC camp submitted PIU prior to their construction. Construction stage Cost The construction shall commence only workers after approval of PIU. (Regulation of  The contractor will maintain necessary Employment and living accommodation and ancillary Conditions of facilities in functional and hygienic Service) Act manner as approved by the EA. 1996 and  Preventive medical care to be provided The Water to workers. (Prevention and  Disposal of solid waste on regular basis Control of at identified locations. Pollution) Act,  The Contractor will take all precautions 1974 and to protect the workers from insect and amendments pest to reduce the risk to health. This thereof includes the use of insecticides which should comply with local regulations.  No alcoholic liquor or prohibited drugs will be imported to, sell, give, barter to the workers of host community.  Provision of day crèche for children  Recreation and sporting facilities for the staff and workers.  Immunization to immigrant workers/local community against communicable and sexually transmitted diseases. 8. Management of Construction Waste/Dismantled Debris  Selection of  Unproductive/wastelands shall be Design At all Dumping Sites Construction Part of the Contractor. PIU,BSRDCL/ Dumping Sites selected for dumping sites. Requirement contract SC  Away from residential areas and water and MoSRTH bodies guidelines  Dumping sites have adequate capacity equal to the amount of debris generated.  Public perception and consent from the village Panchayats has to be obtained before finalizing the location. xxv

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision  Reuse and  The existing bitumen surface shall be disposal of utilized for paving of cross roads, construction and access roads, and paving works in dismantled waste construction sites and camps, temporary traffic diversions, and haulage routes.  All excavated materials from roadway, shoulders, verges, drains, cross drainage will be used for backfilling embankments, filling pits, and landscaping.  Unusable debris material should be suitably disposed off at pre-designated disposal locations, with approval of the concerned authority. The bituminous wastes shall be disposed in secure landfill sites only in environmentally accepted manner. For removal of debris, wastes and its disposal MOSRTH guidelines should be followed.  Unusable and surplus materials, as determined by the Project Engineer, will be removed and disposed off-site.  8. Accessibility, Traffic Management, Accident and Safety Risks  Design  Provision of junctions at all major Throughout the project During Project Contractor. PIU,BSRDCL/ requirement and intersections. Design corridor especially at construction preparation SC Traffic Planning  Temporary traffic diversion shall be requirement and intersections. stage and During planned by the contractor and approved IRC SP:55 construction Construction by the ‘Engineer’. cost Stage  The traffic control plans shall contain details of diversions; traffic safety arrangements during construction; safety measures for nighttime traffic and precautions for transportation of hazardous materials. Traffic control plans shall be prepared in line with

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision requirements of IRC’s SP 55 document’.  The Contractor will ensure that the diversion/detour is always maintained in running condition, particularly during the monsoon to avoid disruption to traffic flow.  On stretches where it is not possible to pass the traffic on the part width of existing carriageway, temporary paved diversions will be constructed.  The contractor shall inform local community of changes to traffic routes, and pedestrian access arrangements with assistance from “Engineer”.  Use of adequate signages to ensure traffic management and safety. Conduct of regular safety audit on safety measures.  Pedestrians,  All measures for the safety of traffic Design Near habitation on Included in Contractor in PIU,BSRDCL/ animal and during construction viz. signs, markings, requirement and both sides level Engineering/ consultation SC Vehicular flags, lights and flagmen as proposed in  IRC: SP: 27 - crossings, schools and Construction with Forest movement, the Traffic Control Plan/Drawings shall 1984 Report hospitals, graveyards, cost. department be taken. Containing construction sites, and BSRDCL Recommendat haulage roads,  Temporary access and diversion, with ions of IRC proper drainage facilities. Regional diversion sites.  Access facility to the schools located Workshops on adjacent to the highway. Highway  Provision of service roads, underpasses Safety near built-up areas. Else the cross  IRC:SP: 32 - drainage structures at select locations in 1988 Road high embankment areas can be made Safety for Children (5-12 suitable for crossing over facilities. Years Old)  Fencing wherever cattle movement is  IRC:SP: 44 - expected. To avoid the need for cattle 1994 Highway underpasses, some of the proposed Safety Code culverts `near habitations may be  IRC: SP: 55 - widened to facilitate cattle movement. 2001 xxvii

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision  Accident risk from  Contractors to adopt and maintain safe Guidelines for Construction sites Construction Included in Obligation of PIU,BSRDCL/ construction working practices. Safety in period project cost Contractor SC activities  Usage of fluorescent signage, in local Construction Zones language at the construction sites  The Building  Training to workers on safety and other procedures and precautions. Construction  Mandatory appoint of safety officer. workers Act  All regulations regarding safe 1996 and scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, Cess Act of gangway, stairwells, excavations, 1996 trenches and safe means of entry and  Factories Act 1948 egress shall be complied with.  Provision of PPEs to workers.  Provision of a readily available first aid unit including an adequate supply of dressing materials, ambulance, nursing staff, and doctor to be provided.  The contractor will not employ any person below the age of 14 years for any work and no woman will be employed on the work of painting with products containing lead in any form.  Electrical Hazard  No material will be so stacked or placed The Building and Construction Site and Construction Included in Obligation of PIU,BSRDCL/ Storage Areas period project cost Contractor SC as to cause danger or inconvenience to Other any person or the public. Construction  All necessary fencing and lights will be provided to protect the public in workers construction zones. (Regulation of  All machines to be used in the Employment and construction will conform to the relevant Conditions of Indian Standards (IS) codes, will be free Service) Act from patent defect, will be kept in good working order, will be regularly 1996 and Cess inspected and properly maintained as Act of 1996 per IS provision and to the satisfaction Factories Act of the ‘ Engineer’. 1948 9. Common Property Resources and other Utilities

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision  Avoidance of  Realignment near all CPRs wherever Project Near all sensitive Design Project Design BSRDCL CPRs it is technically feasible. requirement Locations. Graveyards Phase Preparation Consultant near Lakhna village. cost  Shifting of  Geometric adjustment while finalizing Project Throughout the Before Cost of Loss of BSRDCL, PIU,BSRDCL/ community the alignment to minimize the loss to requirement corridor Construction structures as NGO and SC properties any such facilities. per RandR RandR Unit  Relocation of. wells, hand pumps at Cost. suitable locations.  Utilities  All telephone and electrical poles/wires Project Throughout the Before Included in BSRDCL, PIU,BSRDCL/ and underground cables should be requirement corridor Construction engineering / NGO and SC shifted to avoid any such hazard RandR cost. RandR Unit 10. Enhancement Measures  Environmental  Enhancement of Ponds, tree Environmental Pond near Meernagar, Design and Borrow areas Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ enhancement plantations near likely to be relocated Enhancement as community structures Construction enhancement SC along the corridor community structures/ landscaping etc. part of project likely to be Stage is part of  Enhancement/rehabilitation of borrow requirement rehabilitated and engineering areas etc. landscaping sites. Cost for others Lump sump (1.0 million) 11. Contractor Demobilization  Clean-up  Contractor will prepare site restoration Project Throughout the Immediately ---- Contractor PIU/BSRDCL Operations, plans, which will be approved by the requirement Corridor after Restoration and ‘Engineer’. The clean-up and Construction Rehabilitation restoration operations are to be implemented by the contractor prior to demobilization.  All construction zones including river- beds, culverts, road-side areas, camps, hot mix plant sites, crushers, batching plant sites and any other area used/affected by the project will be left clean and tidy, at the contractor's expense, to the entire satisfaction to the Environment officer .All the opened borrow areas will be rehabilitated .and ‘Engineer’ will certify in this regard. B. Operation Stage xxix

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision 1. Climate and Air quality  Air pollution due  Roadside tree plantations shall be Environmental Throughout the Throughout Indicated In BSRDCL to due to maintained. Protection Act, Corridor operation EMoP vehicular  Bottlenecks should be avoided for 1986; The Air period movement smooth flow of traffic. Provision of (Prevention and ROB at level crossings Control of  Regular maintenance of the road will be Pollution) Act, done to ensure good surface condition 1981  Vehicular air pollution will be managed and monitored at the toll plazas.  .Ambient air quality monitoring. If monitored parameters are above the prescribed limit, suitable control measures must be taken.

 Technological and behavioral changes

 Road signs shall be provided reminding the motorist to properly maintain their vehicles to economize on fuel consumption and protect the environment.  2. Noise Environment  Noise due to  Effective traffic management and good Noise Pollution Noise sensitive areas Throughout Included in BSRDCL movement of riding conditions shall be maintained to (Regulation and operation additional traffic reduce the noise level throughout the Control) Rules, period plantation cost. stretch and speed limitation and 2000 and honking restrictions may be enforced amendments near sensitive locations. thereof  The effectiveness of the multilayered plantation should be monitored and if need be, solid noise barrier shall be placed.  Create awareness amongst the residents about likely noise levels from

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision road operation at different distances, the safe ambient noise limits and easy to implement noise reduction measures while constructing a building close to the road.

3. Land and Soil  Enroachment of  Roadside Market places shall be Throughout the stretch Operation ---- BSRDCL in coordination with prime agricultural developed at non-agricultural land in especially near Phase local planning/development land planned manner to restrict settlement authority encroachment of ROW. areas/market areas  Explore the possibility of restricting new construction within 50 -100 m of the ROW.  Soil erosion at  Periodic checking to be carried to Project At bridge locations and Throughout Included in BSRDCL embankment assess the effectiveness of the requirement embankment slopes operation Operation/ during heavy rain stabilization measures viz. turfing, and other probable soil period Maintenance fall. stone pitching, river training structures erosion areas. cost etc.  Soil erosion at  Visual monitoring and inspection of soil Project At bridge locations and Throughout Included in BSRDCL borrow areas erosion at borrow areas, quarries (if requirement embankment slopes operation Operation/ closed and rehabilitated), and other probable soil period Maintenance embankments and other places erosion areas. cost expected to be affected, will be carried out once in every three months as suggested in monitoring plan. 4. Water Resources  Contamination of  Collection tray to be installed under the Near surface Water surface water canal bridge to prevent canal/water bodies Indicated in quality due to bodies water contamination. EMoP leakage of oil  Monitoring of surface water bodies  Siltation  Regular visual checks shall be made to observe any incidence of blockade of drains. Regular checks shall be made for soil erosion and turfing conditions of river training structures for its effective maintenance. . . xxxi

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision  Water logging  Regular checks shall be done along Throughout the due to blockade the alignment to ensure that flow of corridor of streams water is maintained through cross drains and other channels/streams.  Monitoring of water borne diseases due to stagnant water bodies  Protection of  Immediate removal of deposited silt Project Identified Flood prone During Operation and BSRDCL Embankment in from drainage channels and out-let requirement areas whole Maintenance Flood prone points. Rejuvenation of the drainage operation Cost Areas system by removing encroachments/ stage congestions. This shall be done in close coordination with concerned department.  Long term strategy to be worked out with water resources, fisheries, agriculture, soil and other department. 5. Flora and Fauna  Vegetation  Planted trees, shrubs, and grasses to Forest Throughout project During Indicated in BSRDCL be properly maintained. Conservation Act section whole Monitoring cost  The tree survivalist audit to be 1980 operation in EMoP conducted at least once in a year to period assess the effectiveness 6. Flooding/ inundation  Road inundation  BSRDCL will ensure that all drains Project Throughout the stretch During Overall BSRDCL due to choking of (side drains, and all cross drainages) operation particularly near flood whole Operation cost drainage are periodically cleared especially Requirement prone major crossings operation channels before monsoon season to facilitate viz. Bridge No. 305 period the quick passage of rainwater and avoid flooding. 7. Right-of-Way Maintenance  Accident Risk due  The construction site shall be kept Project Throughout the Project During Included in BSRDCL to uncontrolled completely clear of vegetation. requirement route whole operation/ growth of  Regular maintenance of plantation operation Maintenance vegetation  Invasive plant not to be planted near period. cost the road.  Controlled use of herbicide/pesticide  The designated ROW shall be

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision maintained free of any encroachment. 8. Accidents and Safety  Accident risks  Traffic control measures, including IRC:SP:55 Throughout the Project During Included in BSRDCL associated with speed limits, will be enforced strictly. route whole operation/ traffic movement.  Further encroachment and squatting operation Maintenance within the ROW will be prevented. period. cost  No school or hospital will be allowed to be established within 100m of the highway without permission from the planning authorities.  Monitor/ensure that all safety provisions included in design and construction phase are properly maintained  Highway patrol unit(s) for round the clock patrolling. Phone booths for accidental reporting and ambulance services with minimum response time for rescue of any accident victims.  Tow-away facility for the break down vehicles.  Coordination with operating agency of intersecting National Highways to have common facilities and share the costs as appropriate.  Transport of  Preparation of spill prevention and Throughout the Included in BSRDCL Dangerous control and emergency preparedness project stretch operation/ Goods and responsive plans based on an Maintenance analysis of hazards, implementation of cost. presentation and control measures. 9. Monitoring Operation Performance  Monitoring  The BSRDCL will monitor the Throughout the Included in BSRDCL Operation operational performance of the various corridor EMoP Performance mitigation/ enhancement measures carried out as a part of the project  The indicators selected for monitoring include the survival rate of trees; utility of enhancement provision, status of rehabilitation of borrow areas, Air xxxiii

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision quality, water quality, noise levels, soil quality, drainage pattern, etc. Note: It is assumed that Items like Dust Suppression, Management of construction Camp as per EMP, provision of silt-fencing, oil traps and fuelling platforms etc. are part of engineering cost. Cost towards median plantation has not been considered at this stage since 2-lane undivided carriageway is proposed at this stage. Noise mitigation at this stage has been proposed in the form of Multilayered plantation. Effectiveness of which will be examined during operation phase and accordingly solid noise barriers may be installed

 Environmental Mitigation and enhancement Cost (Excluding Items Coming Under Project Preparation / Engineering Cost/Operation/Maintenance) = Rs 3.2 Million  Total EMoP Cost: INR 0.78 million  Estimated cost for Institutional Capacity Building/Training: 4.0 Million ( Combined cost for BSHP II)  Cost for Equipment : 0.5 Million (Combined cost for BSHP II) Grand Total for Environmental Safeguard for the Subproject: 3.2+0.78 = INR 3.98 Million EA: Executing Agency, BSRDCL: Road Construction Department, SC: Supervision Consultant, PIU: Project Implementation Unit, EO: Environmental Officer, IRC: Indian Road Congress

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Supplement to Appendix 7.1: Roadside Plantation Budget Material Labour cost @ Rs. (Total for Amount S. No Activities Unit Mandays 102.00/Manday 100 Km) in INR. 1 Preliminary Work 1a Clearance of Vegetation per km 15 1530 153000

1b Soil/earthwork digging etc. per 1000 pits 55 5610 47695 Establishment of Temporary Nursery with additional 20% trees and Misc work viz. fencing, samplings, watering and per 1c maintenance etc. 1000plants 10 1020 11050 28390 Construction of mounds in probable flood affected 1d areas per/mound 1.19 121.38 1031730 2 Plantation Work Maintenance of Nursery from sampling upto start of Plantation work (sorting, per 1000 2a watering etc.) plants 13 1326 5950 28492 Transportation from Temporary Nursery to Plantation site, manuring per 1000 2b Herbicide etc plants 24 2448 5100 46716 3 Protection per 1000 3a Ist yr plants 52 5304 90168 3b 2nd yr 72 7344 124848 3c 3rd yr 72 7344 124848 4 Misc. Works sign boards etc 4a Plantation year @5000/site It is assumed that in 100 Km stretch there will 25 125000 4b Ist year Maintenance @ 1000/site including additional sites at river banks and other 25000 4c 2nd year Maintenance @ 1000/site landscaping sites 25000

Total 1850887 Contingency 5% 92545 Grand Total 1943432 Say INR 1.95 Million Note: 1. The forest department has formulated the plantation charges for different seasons. In this case the budgetary provisions have been worked for Monsoon Season. 2. Construction of Mounds have been considered for 50% of the alignment and pits for remaining portions since nearly 50% of the area is under flood affected areas. xxxv

APPENDIX 7.2: Monitoring Plan for the Performance Indicators Env. Project Stage Parameters Method/Guidelines Location Frequency Standards Approximate Implementation Supervision Indicators and Duration cost (Rs) Air Quality Construction SPM, High volume sampler Hot mix plants, stone crushers 24 hr Air quality 6x5000x3x3 Contractor PIU /SC stage RSPM, to be located 50 m and construction/ earthwork continuous, standard =Rs2,78,0 00 through approved SO2, NOX, from the plant in the sites and as suggested by SC 3/year for 3 by CPCB monitoring CO, HC downwind direction. (Total 6 Locations) years agency Use method specified by CPCB for analysis Operation High volume sampler Toll Plaza and Major Road 24 hr Air quality 6X5000x3X1 PIU through PIU, stage to be located 50 m Intersections and one continuous, standard =Rs 9,0000 approved BSRDCL from the selected Residential area 3/year for 1 by CPCB monitoring locations in the (6 Locations) year agency downwind direction. Use method specified by CPCB for analysis Water Construction Ground Grab sample collected Groundwater at Construction 3 year for 3 Water 5x 4000x3X3 Contractor PIU /SC Quality stage water: (IS: from source and Camps/site and Surface water years quality =Rs 180, 000 through approved standard monitoring 10500:1991 analyse as per at Upstream and Down ) and by CPCB agency Standard Methods for Stream of Punpun river and as Surface water for Examination of Water suggested by SC Class D and and Wastewater (5 Samples) Class E Operation 3/year for 1 Water 4X3x4000 PIU through PIU, (Propagatio Groundwater at 2 locations ( 1 stage year quality =Rs 81, 000 approved BSRDCL n of Fishes) each from Bihta-Daniyawan, standard monitoring as Chandi- Bind and Bind- by CPCB agency Prescribed Sarmera sections) and by CPCB Surface water sample of river and for Punpun (downstream of bridge vector Location) and stagnant water borne bodies developed due to diseases Borrows areas

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Env. Project Stage Parameters Method/Guidelines Location Frequency Standards Approximate Implementation Supervision Indicators and Duration cost (Rs) Siltation in Construction Visual Checks for presence of All rivers/streams/drainage Once during Guidelines Routine work Contractor PIU /SC Water construction debris/waste and channels and major water rainy seasons from water of Engineering Bodies bodies along the stretch of the resources Team blockade of drainage channels construction department period. Operation Once during Guidelines Routine work PIU, with support PIU, operation of from water of Engineering of Water BSRDCL 1st year resources Team Resource department Department Noise Construction Equivalent Free field at 1 m from Construction sites, major road 24 hr As per 6x1500x3x3 Contractor PIU/SC levels stage Noise levels the equipment whose intersections and 1 each at continuous, National =Rs.81,000 through approved on dB (A) noise levels are being residential, commercial and 3*/year for 3 Ambient monitoring scale for determined. sensitive locations along the years Noise agency day and alignment. Standard night (6 Locations) specified in Operation Equivalent Noise Toll Plazas and near 3 / year for 1 Environme 6x3000x3X1 PIU through PIU, stage levels using an residential, commercial and year ntal =Rs 108, 000 approved BSRDCL integrated noise level silence zone. Protection monitoring meter kept at a (6 Locations) Act, 1986 agency distance of 15 m from amended edge of Pavement 2002 Soil Construction NPK (ICAR As specified by the One agricultural land and at Once during CPCB 30,000 Contractor PIU/SC Quality Stage standard ) site engineer each dredging locations if whole standard through approved and heavy BSRDCL / dredging is involved and HMP construction and NPK monitoring metals for supervision sites stage as per agency dredging consultant ICAR sites standard Operation Oil and At oil spillage locations and Once for the CPCB 30,000 PIU through PIU, stage grease other probable soil first year of standard approved agency BSRDCL contamination location operation Soil Construction Visual Through the Project Corridor After first rain Visual Part of routine Contractor BSRDCL Erosion Stage check for especially at River banks, Checks action of Soil erosion bridge locations and river engineering and siltation training structures team Operation Once during Visual Part of routine Engineering Team of BSRDCL Stage operation of Checks action of 1st year engineering team xxxvii

Env. Project Stage Parameters Method/Guidelines Location Frequency Standards Approximate Implementation Supervision Indicators and Duration cost (Rs) Drainage Construction Visual Checks Through the Project Corridor Once in a None Part of routine Contractor’s PIU/SC Congestio stage especially Probable drainage year before Specific. action of Engineering Team n congestion areas as rainy season No engineering described in IEE blocking of team drainage. Operation Once in a None Part of routine BSRDCL Engineering Team Stage year before Specific. action of rainy season No engineering for 3 yrs blocking of team drainage. Borrow Construction Visual Identification of Borrow areas to be operated Once in a IRC Part of the Contractor with PIU/SC Areas Stage Checks borrow areas as per month guidelines Contract approval from PIU, IEE and Best BSRDCL Practices for Borrow area operation Operation Visual Rehabilitation as Closed Borrow Areas Quarterly for 1 Borrow BSRDCL Stage Checks recommended in IEE year Area rehabilitatio n Plan Constructi Construction Storage Rapid audit as per Construction Sites and Camp Quarterly Part of the Contractor with PIU/SC on stage Area, reporting format during regular approval from PIU, IRC Sites and Constructio construction monitoring BSRDCL guidelines Labour n Sites for period and to the Camp Hygiene, satisfaction drainage of EO, Medical BSRDCL Facilities Etc. Construction Surveillance monitoring of trees Throughout the Project During site Included in PIU/Local Forest Departments Tree Stage felling Section clearance in overall Plantation construction plantation Cost As phase suggested Operation Audit for survival rate of trees Throughout the Project Once in a The Engineer will be responsible by Forest stage plantation Section year for years for monitoring upto the Defect Dept. Liability Period in any particular stretch. After this period the PIU will be responsible for monitoring

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Env. Project Stage Parameters Method/Guidelines Location Frequency Standards Approximate Implementation Supervision Indicators and Duration cost (Rs) Monitoring Costs: INR 0.78 Million BSRDCL – Bihar State Road Development Corporation Limited, EO: Environmental Officer, SC-Supervision Consultant; IS - India Standard; NOx - Nitrogen Oxide; Pb - Plumbum, (lead); PIU - Project Implementation Unit; RPM - Respirable Particulate Matter; SO2 - Sulfur Dioxide; SPM - Suspended Particulate Matter, RPM - Respirable Particulate Matter