DOCSLIB.ORG

Introduction to Extinction (Pdf)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Introduction to Extinction (Pdf) Introduction to Extinction Norman MacLeod School of Earth Sciences & Engineering, Nanjing University Extinctions: Week 1 Objectives Introduce the concept of extinction. Explain importance of extinction as a natural phenomenon. Review (briefly) record of organismal extinctions. Deep Time (ca. 600 million ybp - 5000 ybp) Historical (ca. 5000 ybp - Present) Future (ca. Present - 1000 yap) Review prospective extinction causes. Endangered Species Mass Extinction Underway Human Impact on the Planet What is Extinction? What is Extinction? Extinction - the complete termination of an organism or group of organisms, usually a species, without the survival of any descendants. Extripation - the condition of an organism, or group of organisms (usually a species) that has ceased to exist in a chosen geographic area while still existing elsewhere. Also referred to as local extinction. Pseudoextinction - the complete evolutionary transformation of one species into another such that no individual assignable to the prior species exists. Extinction Nomenclature Extinct species - a species all of whose members have died without leaving any progeny. Examples of Extinct Species Triceratops horridus Mammuthus primigenius Thylacinus cinocephalus (Woolly Mammoth) (Tasmanian Tiger) Extinction Nomenclature Extripation - a group of organisms (usually a species) that has ceased to exist in a geographic area while still existing elsewhere. Examples of Extripated Species (UK) Alces alces Lycaena dispar Hyla aborea (Elk or Moose) (Large Copper) (European Tree Frog) Extinction Nomenclature Ghost Species - a species (or other taxon) declared extinct, but which has been sighted, by non-professional observers, at a later date. Examples of Ghost Species Lipotes vexillifer Canis lupus hodophilax (Yangtze River Dolphin) (Japanese Wolf) Extinction Nomenclature Lazarus Species - a species (or other taxon) declared to have become extinct, but which has been (re)discovered by qualified observers at a later date. Examples of Lazarus Species Latimeria chalumnae Campephilus principalis Heosemys depressa (Coelocanth) (Ivory-Billed Woodpecker) (Arakan Forest Turtle) Extinction Nomenclature Zombie Species - extant species whose individuals have lost the ability to reproduce.* Examples of Zombie Species Dedeckera eurekensis Adenostoma sparsifolium Xylococcus bicolor (July Gold) (Redshanks) (Mission Manzanita) * This term has also been used to describe a fossil species that has been eroded and redeposited in younger sediments (= reworked), thus mimicking an extinction survivor species. Extinction Nomenclature Elvis Species - a species Example of an that has been redis- Elvis Species covered after being presumed extinct, but has been discovered not to belong to the extinct taxon subsequently. This is usually the result of mistaken taxonomy or extreme morphological convergence. Lobothyris subgregaria (formerly Rhaetina gregaria) Modern Extinctions Modern Extinctions Examples Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Arthropods Fish Molluscs Plants Modern Extinctions International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources International organization which, since 1948, has been involved in at a collection, analysis, research, advocacy and education to “encourage and assist societies to conserve nature and ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable.”. The IUCN maintains the most https://www.iucnredlist.org comprehensive database available of the extinction status of extant species. Modern Extinctions Extinct Species by Taxonomic Group Total Percent Mammalia 83 Total: 926 5,416 1.53 Aves 161 9,500 1.69 Reptilia 33 10,700 0.31 Amphibia 34 8,043 0.42 Fish 72 33,600 0.21 Arthropods 75 5,000,000 0.00 Mollucs 313 85,000 0.37 Plants 155 391,000 0.04 0 160 320 480 640 800 5,543,259 0.02 Extinct Extinct in Wild Modern Extinctions Extinct & Possibly Extinct by Taxonomic Group Total Percent Mammalia Total: 1,726 5,416 2.09 Aves 9,500 3.40 Reptilia 10,700 1.00 Amphibia 8,043 2.55 Fish 33,600 0.74 Arthropods 5,000,000 0.01 Mollucs 85,000 0.90 Plants 391,000 0.11 0 160 320 480 640 800 5,543,259 0.03 Extinct Possibly Extinct Extinct in Wild Possibly Extinct in Wild Modern Endangered Species Endangered Species by Taxonomic Group Total Percent Mammalia 1,220 Total: 22,630 5,416 22.53 Aves 1,492 9,500 15.71 Reptilia 1,367 10,700 12.78 Amphibia 2,157 8,043 26.82 Fish 2,494 33,600 7.42 Arthropods 2,474 5,000,000 0.05 Mollucs 2,231 85,000 2.62 Plants 14,195 391,000 3.63 0 3,200 6,400 9,600 12,800 16,000 5,543,259 0.40 Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Actual + Predicted Endangered Species Actual + Predicted Endangered Species (by Taxonomic Group; + 100 years) Total Percent Mammalia 1.172 Total: 26,919 5,416 21.63 Aves 1,660 9,500 17.48 Reptilia 1,293 10,700 12.09 Amphibia 2,050 8,043 25.49 Fish 2,489 33,600 7.41 Arthropods 2,470 5,000,000 0.05 Mollucs 2,813 85,000 3.31 Plants 12,971 391,000 3.32 0 3,000 6,000 9,000 12,000 15,000 5,543,259 0.47 Predicted Extinct Predicted Endangered Modern Extinctions IUCN Summary: 2020 Animals Plants Extinct 0.1% 4.1% Extinct in Wild 0.1% Critically Endangered 0.4% Endangered 1.0% Vulnerable 7.2% 9.0% Conservation Dependent 18.6% 6.5% Neat Threatened Least Concern Data Deficient 8.5% 15.0% 0.0% 6.0% 42.9% 18.7% 0.5% 55.2% n = 71,861 n = 33,238 6.2% Ancient Extinctions Ancient Extinction Data The Sepkoski Database Sepkoski, J. J., Jr., 1982. A Sepkoski Jr., J. J. (2002). A compendium of fossil marine compendium of fossil families: Milwaukee Public marine animals. In D. Museum Contributions in Jablonski & M. Foote Biology and Geology, v. 51, p. (Eds.), Bulletins of 1-125. American Palaeontology 363. Ithaca, New York: A listing of over 3,500 family- Palaeontological Research level records consisting of of taxonomic assignments and Institution. stratigraphic ranges referenced to stratigraphic stages and a A listing of over 37,000 common geological time scale. genus-level records consisting of of taxonomic Updated subsequently: assignments and Sepkoski, stratigraphic ranges J. J. Jr, 1992, A compendium of referenced to stratigraphic fossil marine animal families, stages and a common 2nd edition, Milwaukee, geological time scale. Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Public Museum, Contributions in Biology and Geology, 156 p. Ancient Biodiversity Phanerozoic Family Richness 800 600 400 200 NumberFamilies of 0 Cambrian Ordovician Sil. Devonian Carbon. Permian Tri. Jurassic Cretaceous Tertiary 500 400 300 200 100 0 Geological Time Data from Sepkoski (1981) Ancient Biodiversity Phanerozoic Family Richness 800 600 400 Modern Fauna 200 NumberFamilies of Paleozoic Fauna Cambrian Fauna 0 Cambrian Ordovician Sil. Devonian Carbon. Permian Tri. Jurassic Cretaceous Tertiary 500 400 300 200 100 0 Geological Time Data from Sepkoski (1981) Ancient Biodiversity Phanerozoic Family Richness 800 600 400 Gastropoda Bivalvia Osteichthyes Nakacistraca Articulata Echinoidea Crinoidea Gymnolaemata 200 Ostracoda Demospongia NumberFamilies of Cephalopoda Chondrichthyes Anthrozoa Trilobita Polychaeta Stenolaemata Monoplacophora Stelloeroidea Inarticulata 0 Cambrian Ordovician Sil. Devonian Carbon. Permian Tri. Jurassic Cretaceous Tertiary 500 400 300 200 100 0 Geological Time Data from Sepkoski (1981) Cambrian Evolutionary Biota Trilobita Polychaeta Monoplacophora Inarticulata Paleozoic Evolutionary Biota Articulata Crinoidea Ostracoda Cephalopoda Anthrozoa Stenolamata Stelleroidea Modern Evolutionary Biota Gastropoda Bivalvia Osteichthyes Nakacistraca Echinoidea Gymnolaemata Demospongia Chondrichtyes Ancient Biodiversity Phanerozoic Family Richness 800 End-Cretaceous Late Devonian End-Ordovician End-Permian End-Triassic 600 400 Gastropoda Bivalvia Osteichthyes Nakacistraca Articulata Echinoidea Crinoidea Gymnolaemata 200 Ostracoda Demospongia NumberFamilies of Cephalopoda Chondrichthyes Anthrozoa Trilobita Polychaeta Stenolaemata Monoplacophora Stelloeroidea Inarticulata 0 Cambrian Ordovician Sil. Devonian Carbon. Permian Tri. Jurassic Cretaceous Tertiary 500 400 300 200 100 0 Geological Time Data from Sepkoski (1981) Ancient Biodiversity Phanerozoic Genus Richness 3000 End-Cretaceous Late Devonian 2500 End-Ordovician End-Permian 2000 End-Triassic 1500 1000 Modern Fauna NumberGenera of 500 Paleozoic Fauna Cambrian Fauna 0 Cambrian Ordov. Sil. Dev. Carbon. Permian Tri. Jurassic Cretaceous Paleogene 500 400 300 200 100 0 Geological Time Data from Sepkoski (2001) Ancient Extinction Peaks Phanerozoic Extinction-Intensity Spectrum End-Ordovician End-Devonian End-Permian End-Triassic End-Cretaceous 80 Palaeozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic 60 40 PercentExtinction 20 0 Data from Sepkoski (1998) Transcending Taxonomic Limits Field-of-Bullets Model A simulation based on the concept of constant extinction susceptibility that takes a sample of families, genera and species and asks the question “on average how many species extinctions does it take to eliminate a genus or a family?” 10 Families 10 Genera/Family 10 Species/Genus Transcending Taxonomic Limits Taxonomic Rarefaction These curves summarize a Orders series of simulation experiments Families in which random elimination of species (= equal probability of Genera extinction) was used to estimate how many species extinctions would be necessary into to remove larger taxonomic groups. These curves look reasonable insofar as their inflection points grow more pronounced and migrate to the left as taxonomic generality increases. But they do assume a taxonomic structure that’s far from reality. Transcending Taxonomic Limits
Load more

Recommended publications
  • In Defense of Cyberterrorism: an Argument for Anticipating Cyber-Attacks
    IN DEFENSE OF CYBERTERRORISM: AN ARGUMENT FOR ANTICIPATING CYBER-ATTACKS Susan W. Brenner Marc D. Goodman The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States brought the notion of terrorism as a clear and present danger into the consciousness of the American people. In order to predict what might follow these shocking attacks, it is necessary to examine the ideologies and motives of their perpetrators, and the methodologies that terrorists utilize. The focus of this article is on how Al-Qa'ida and other Islamic fundamentalist groups can use cyberspace and technology to continue to wage war againstthe United States, its allies and its foreign interests. Contending that cyberspace will become an increasingly essential terrorist tool, the author examines four key issues surrounding cyberterrorism. The first is a survey of conventional methods of "physical" terrorism, and their inherent shortcomings. Next, a discussion of cyberspace reveals its potential advantages as a secure, borderless, anonymous, and structured delivery method for terrorism. Third, the author offers several cyberterrorism scenarios. Relating several examples of both actual and potential syntactic and semantic attacks, instigated individually or in combination, the author conveys their damagingpolitical and economic impact. Finally, the author addresses the inevitable inquiry into why cyberspace has not been used to its full potential by would-be terrorists. Separately considering foreign and domestic terrorists, it becomes evident that the aims of terrorists must shift from the gross infliction of panic, death and destruction to the crippling of key information systems before cyberattacks will take precedence over physical attacks. However, given that terrorist groups such as Al Qa'ida are highly intelligent, well-funded, and globally coordinated, the possibility of attacks via cyberspace should make America increasingly vigilant.
    [Show full text]
  • Program, Elěadáskivonatok, Kirándulásvezetě 7. Magyar Ěslénytani Vándorgyķlés
    PROGRAM, ELěADÁSKIVONATOK, KIRÁNDULÁSVEZETě 7. MAGYAR ěSLÉNYTANI VÁNDORGYĶLÉS 2004. MÁJUS 6–8. BEREMEND A MAGYARHONI FÖLDTANI TÁRSULAT ěSLÉNYTANI-RÉTEGTANI SZAKOSZTÁLYA RENDEZÉSÉBEN 7. MAGYAR ėSLÉNYTANI VÁNDORGYĥLÉS PROGRAMJA BEREMEND, 2004. MÁJUS 6–8. ELėADÓÜLÉS – 1. NAP (CSÜTÖRTÖK) DélelĘtt – LevezetĘ elnök: Vörös Attila 11:30 Heindl József Köszöntés és megnyitó (Beremend polgármestere) Pálfy József 11:40 – 12:00 ėsi Attila NövényevĘ krokodil a magyarországi felsĘ-krétából (Bakony) 12:00 – 12:20 Pászti Andrea Rhenanoperca minuta Gaudant et Micklich (Pisces, Perciformes) a középsĘ-eocén Messeli Formációból (Messel, Németország) 12:20 – 12:40 Gál Erika FelsĘ pleisztocén madárcsontleletek a Kálvária 4. sz. barlangból 12:40 – 13:00 DezsĘ József, A beremendi SzĘlĘhegy hasadékai és kitöltéseik a Tóth Judit morfológiai megfigyelések tükrében 13:00 – 14:30 EBÉDSZÜNET, POSZTEREK Délután 1. – LevezetĘ elnök: Galácz András 14:30 – 15:00 Vörös Attila ÜledékképzĘdési epizódok és faunaváltozások a villányi jura rétegsorban 15:00 – 15:20 Görög Ágnes A mecseki foltos márga foraminiferái 15:20 – 15:40 Szabó János Magyarországi terrének jura Ęsföldrajzi helyzete a Tethys és a kapcsolódó tengerek új gastropoda- faunisztikai eredményeinek tükrében 15:40 – 16:00 Dulai Alfréd, Lobothyris ? subgregaria: egy kora-jura Elvis faj a Pálfy József Nyugati-Tethys területén 16:00 – 16:30 KÁVÉSZÜNET Délután 2. – LevezetĘ elnök: Dulai Alfréd 16:30 – 16:50 FĘzy István, Négy eltĦnt réteg nyomában. Milyen korú volt az Nico M.M. Janssen ammoniteszes pad a zirci Márványbányában? 16:50 – 17:10 Galácz András Paleocén Nautiloideák Líbiából 17:10 – 17:30 Katona Lajos Pannóniai puhatestĦ faunák a Balaton-felvidék feltárásaiból Este – Nyilvános elĘadás 17:45 – 19:00 Kordos László Beremend és a magyar gerinces paleontológia 19:30 VACSORA (a Zokogó Majom étteremben) 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Zombies—A Pop Culture Resource for Public Health Awareness Melissa Nasiruddin, Monique Halabi, Alexander Dao, Kyle Chen, and Brandon Brown
    Zombies—A Pop Culture Resource for Public Health Awareness Melissa Nasiruddin, Monique Halabi, Alexander Dao, Kyle Chen, and Brandon Brown itting at his laboratory bench, a scientist adds muta- secreted by puffer fish that can trigger paralysis or death- Stion after mutation to a strand of rabies virus RNA, like symptoms, could be primary ingredients. Which toxins unaware that in a few short days, an outbreak of this very are used in the zombie powders specifically, however, is mutation would destroy society as we know it. It could be still a matter of contention among academics (4). Once the called “Zombie Rabies,” a moniker befitting of the next sorcerer has split the body and soul, he stores the ti-bon anj, Hollywood blockbuster—or, in this case, a representation the manifestation of awareness and memory, in a special of the debate over whether a zombie apocalypse, manu- bottle. Inside the container, that part of the soul is known as factured by genetically modifying one or more diseases the zombi astral. With the zombi astral in his possession, like rabies, could be more than just fiction. Fear of the the sorcerer retains complete control of the victim’s spiri- unknown has long been a psychological driving force for tually dead body, now known as the zombi cadavre. The curiosity, and the concept of a zombie apocalypse has be- zombi cadavre remains a slave to the will of the sorcerer come popular in modern society. This article explores the through continued poisoning or spell work (1). In fact, the utility of zombies to capitalize on the benefits of spreading only way a zombi can be freed from its slavery is if the spell public health awareness through the use of relatable popu- jar containing its ti-bon anj is broken, or if it ingests salt lar culture tools and scientific explanations for fictional or meat.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Western of the United
    from the Western of the United GEOLOGICAL SURVEY P R® BES&lON AL PAPER 1057 Early Triassic Terebratulid Brachiopods from the Western Interior of the United States By PETER R. HOOVER GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1057 Description and illustration offive species of terebratulid brachiopods, and discussion of their distribution and developmental and evolutionary history UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1979 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR CECIL D. ANDRUS, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY H. William Menard, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Hoover, Peter R. Early Triassic Terebratulid Brachiopods from the Western Interior of the United States (Geological Survey Professional Paper 1057) Bibliography: p. 19 Includes index Supt. of Docs. No.: I 19:16:1057 1. Terebratulida, Fossil. 2. Paleontology Triassic. 3. Paleontology The West. I. Title. II. Series: United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1057 QE797.T29H66 564'.8 77-608314 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock Number 024-001-03182-5 CONTENTS Page Page Systematic paleontology Continued Abstract ....................... 1 Family Dielasmatidae Continued Introduction .................... 1 Subfamily Dielasmatinae. Previous work................ 1 Rhaetina Waagen ..... Present study ................ 3 Family Terebratulidae ......... 9 Acknowledgments ............ 3 Subfamily Plectoconchiinae. 9 Fossil localities cited in this report. .... 3 Vex, n. gen. ......... 9 Stratigraphic setting of the brachiopods 4 Family Cryptonellidae ......... 11 Faunal relationships. .............. 6 Subfamily Cryptacanthiinae . 11 Biostratigraphic implications........ 6 Obnixia, n. gen. ...... 11 Systematic paleontology............ 7 Family Zeilleriidae ............ 17 Family Dielasmatidae.......... 7 Periallus, n. gen. ......... 17 Subfamily Zugmayeriinae . 7 References cited. ................. 19 Portneufia, n. gen. .... 7 Index ......................... 21 ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates follow index] PLATE 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Emergence and Development of the Sentient Zombie: Zombie
    The Emergence and Development of the Sentient Zombie: Zombie Monstrosity in Postmodern and Posthuman Gothic Kelly Gardner Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy Division of Literature and Languages University of Stirling 31st October 2015 1 Abstract “If you’ve never woken up from a car accident to discover that your wife is dead and you’re an animated rotting corpse, then you probably won’t understand.” (S. G. Browne, Breathers: A Zombie’s Lament) The zombie narrative has seen an increasing trend towards the emergence of a zombie sentience. The intention of this thesis is to examine the cultural framework that has informed the contemporary figure of the zombie, with specific attention directed towards the role of the thinking, conscious or sentient zombie. This examination will include an exploration of the zombie’s folkloric origin, prior to the naming of the figure in 1819, as well as the Haitian appropriation and reproduction of the figure as a representation of Haitian identity. The destructive nature of the zombie, this thesis argues, sees itself intrinsically linked to the notion of apocalypse; however, through a consideration of Frank Kermode’s A Sense of an Ending, the second chapter of this thesis will propose that the zombie need not represent an apocalypse that brings devastation upon humanity, but rather one that functions to alter perceptions of ‘humanity’ itself. The third chapter of this thesis explores the use of the term “braaaaiiinnss” as the epitomised zombie voice in the figure’s development as an effective threat within zombie-themed videogames.
    [Show full text]
  • Zombie Apocalypse: Engaging Students in Environmental Health
    Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice Volume 15 | Issue 2 Article 4 2018 Zombie Apocalypse: Engaging Students In Environmental Health And Increasing Scientific Literacy Through The seU Of Cultural Hooks And Authentic Challenge Based Learning Strategies Harriet Whiley Flinders University, [email protected] Donald Houston Flinders University, [email protected] Anna Smith Flinders University, [email protected] Kirstin Ross Flinders University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://ro.uow.edu.au/jutlp Recommended Citation Whiley, Harriet; Houston, Donald; Smith, Anna; and Ross, Kirstin, Zombie Apocalypse: Engaging Students In Environmental Health And Increasing Scientific Literacy Through The sU e Of Cultural Hooks And Authentic Challenge Based Learning Strategies, Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice, 15(2), 2018. Available at:http://ro.uow.edu.au/jutlp/vol15/iss2/4 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Zombie Apocalypse: Engaging Students In Environmental Health And Increasing Scientific Literacy Through The seU Of Cultural Hooks And Authentic Challenge Based Learning Strategies Abstract Environmental Health (EH) is an essential profession for protecting human health and yet as a discipline it is under-recognised, overlooked and misunderstood. Too few students undertake EH studies, culminating in a dearth of qualified Environmental Health Officers (EHOs) in Australia. A major deterrent to students enrolling in EH courses is a lack of appreciation of the relevance to their own lives. This is symptomatic of a wider problem of scientific literacy: the relevance gap and how to bridge it.
    [Show full text]
  • REVIEW of the UPPER TRIASSIC BRACHIOPODS in the NORTHERN CALCAREOUS ALPS Shallow-Water Carnian Brachiopod Fauna of the NCA Is R
    ©Geol. Bundesanstalt, Wien; download unter www.geologie.ac.at Berichte Geol. B.-A., 76 (ISSN 1017-8880) – Upper Triassic …Bad Goisern (28.09 - 02.10.2008) REVIEW OF THE UPPER TRIASSIC BRACHIOPODS IN THE NORTHERN CALCAREOUS ALPS Miloš SIBLÍK Institute of Geology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 269, CZ-16500 Praha 6. [email protected] Shallow-water Carnian brachiopod fauna of the NCA is relatively poor in its diversity (e.g. Adygella and some species of Cruratula and koninckinids in the Raibl and Cardita Beds). It is markedly different not only from partially synchronous assemblages of the Hallstatt Limestone, which lived in deeper parts of the Tethys but totally from those of the Norian and Rhaetian. At that time the diversification of the brachiopod assemblages was already more intensive. The Hallstatt facies yielded already more varied, often smooth fauna of the Carnian and Norian age. The differences in composition between them are rather insignificant. Some brachiopod taxa (Camerothyris, some species of the characteristic genus Austriellula – A. nux, A. longicollis, A. dilatata etc.) are known from both Carnian and Norian levels, some other (terebratulids Nucleatula and Juvavella, athyridid Pexidella strohmayeri, and rhynchonellids Austriellula juvavica, A. laevis, Norella geyeri etc.) are reported from the Norian only. Curious local neptunian dyke “Weisser Crinoidenkalk“ on the GSSP candidate Steinbergkogel near Hallstatt is according to KRYSTYN et al. (2007a) the youngest fossil horizon of the Hallstatt Limestone (top of Paracochloceras suessi Zone). It yielded according to BITTNER (1890) „Juvavella Suessii, Rhynchonella Geyeri, Rhynchonella nux, Koninckina blandula and Spirigera deslongchampsi“, all of them held for the Norian species.
    [Show full text]
  • Zombie Apocalypse: an Epidemic Model
    Zombie Apocalypse: An Epidemic Model REDay 2013 Cait Witkowski Brian Blais Overview • Our interest • Zombie basics • Epidemic (SIR) model • Munz et al., 2009 • Modifications What is a zombie? • “Undead” • Eat human flesh • Infect healthy • Difficult to kill (destroy brain) Photo credit: thewalkingdeadstrream.net What is a zombie? Main dynamics: 1. How you become a zombie Sick, Bitten, Die 2. How you get rid of zombies Cure, Death Epidemic Model • Outbreak • Spread • Control • Vaccination Epidemic Model Susceptible Infected Recovered S I R Total Pop Photo credit: http://whatthehealthmag.wordpress.com S I S I (change in quantity S)= -(constant) S I (change in quantity S)= -(constant) S’= -θ S I (change in quantity S)= -(constant) S’= -θ I’= +θ Epidemic Model ζI I R I’ = - ζI R’= +ζI Epidemic Model βSI S I S’ = -βSI I’ = +βSI Epidemic Model βSI ζI S I R S’ = -βSI I’ = +βSI—ζI R’= +ζI Epidemic Model Example of SIR dynamics for influenza Sebastian Bonhoeffer, SIR models of epidemics Epidemic Model Modifications •Death rates •Latent periods (SEIS) •Ability to recover (SEIR) •Ability to become susceptible again (SIRS) “When Zombies Attack!: Mathematical Modelling of an Outbreak Zombie Infection” Munz, Hudea, Imad, Smith (2009) Goals: •Model a zombie attack, using biological assumptions based on popular zombie movies •Determine equilibria and their stability •Illustrate the outcome with numerical solutions •Introduce epidemic modeling with fun example “When Zombies Attack!: Mathematical Modelling of an Outbreak Zombie Infection” Munz, Hudea, Imad,
    [Show full text]
  • Paléobiologie
    REVUE DE VOLUME 35 (2 ) – 2016 PALÉOBIOLOGIE Une institution Ville de Genève www.museum-geneve.ch Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève (décembre 2016) 35 (2): 385-416 ISSN 0253-6730 Die Brachiopoden der Klippendecke (Préalpes médianes) in den Préalpes romandes der Südwestschweiz, des Chablais und der zentralschweizerischen Klippen: eine Übersicht und paläogeographische Beziehungen Heinz SULSER Paläontologisches Institut und Museum der Universität Zürich, Karl Schmid-Str. 4, CH-8006 Zürich. E-Mail: [email protected] Zusammenfassung Die Kenntnis der Brachiopoden der Préalpes romandes in der Südwestschweiz (Kantone Bern, Freiburg und Waadt), des fränzösi- schen Chablais und der Klippenregion der Zentralschweiz beruht zum grossen Teil auf den klassischen Arbeiten früherer Autoren. Die Brachiopoden kommen fast ausschliesslich in der Klippendecke (Préalpes médianes) vor. Die Klippendecke besteht aus einer nahezu lückenlosen Abfolge von mesozoischen Sedimenten. In fast allen stratigraphischen Stufen kommen Brachiopoden vor, doch mit unter- schiedlicher Häufigkeit und Frequenz. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden über 60 Arten der Ordnungen Rhynchonellida, Spiriferinida und Terebratulida diskutiert. Zwei neue Arten (Septaliphoria felberi nov. sp., Aulacothyris maendlii nov. sp.) aus dem Dogger der My- then werden beschrieben. Obwohl die von älteren Autoren aufgestellten Arten neu untersucht und teilweise revidiert werden müssen, ist der besondere Charakter dieser Brachiopoden offensichtlich. In der Trias lassen sich die Brachiopoden mit Vorkommen in ganz Europa vergleichen. Im späten Dogger und Malm zeigen sich deutliche Analogien zu Formen der Ost- und Südalpen. Die Brachiopoden der Mytilus-Schichten sind eher endemisch. Im frühen und mittleren Lias erscheint eine gemischte Fauna mit Arten aus Jura und Alpen. Diese Affinitäten passen recht gut in den gegebenen tektonischen Rahmen: nach der Trennung des Kontinents Pangaea in einen euro- päischen Nord- und afrikanischen Südteil am Ende der Trias entstanden in der Bruchzone Mikrokontinente (Ostalpen, Briançonnais).
    [Show full text]
  • Quantitative Untersuchungen an Rhaetina Gregaria (Suess) (Brachiopoda) 3-35 © Biodiversity Heritage Library
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Zitteliana - Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Histor. Geologie Jahr/Year: 1974 Band/Volume: 3 Autor(en)/Author(s): Klören Christoph Artikel/Article: Quantitative Untersuchungen an Rhaetina gregaria (Suess) (Brachiopoda) 3-35 © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at 3 ZITTELIANA 3 3—35 München, 1. 10. 1974 Quantitative Untersuchungen an Rhaetina gregaria (Suess ) (Brachiopoda) Von CHRISTOPH KLÖREN1) Mit 31 Abbildungen und Tafeln 1—5 Zusammenfassung Am Beispiel einer rätisdien Terebratuliden-Fauna 5. Die Bildung von Quotienten y/x oder x/y (wenn (Bradiiopoda) werden quantitative Untersuchungs­ y = ax), bzw. nach Translation von Originaldaten techniken diskutiert und durchgeführt. die Bildung von Tangens oder Cotangens, ist dann gleichermaßen sinnvoll, wenn eine Schichtung der Methodische Ergebnisse Population nach dem relativen Alter nicht vorge­ 1 . Die für eine optimale Stichprobe geltenden Homo­ nommen wurde. Erfolgte eine Schichtung, so sind genitätskriterien können im Rahmen paläontologi- die Daten, die das relative Alter repräsentieren, im scher Stichproben nur näherungsweise erfüllt wer­ Nenner des Quotientenbruches zu führen. den, da die Inhomogenität bewirkenden Faktoren 6. Die Schätzung von Korrelationskoeffizienten für in Ausmaß und Richtung ihrer Wirksamkeit nur die ontogenetisch veränderten Merkmalspaare einer noch theoretisch, nicht aber konkret und damit eli­ Population liefert keine sinnvoll interpretierbaren minierbar zu erfassen sind. Ergebnisse. 2. Werden zum Zwecke der formalen Ausschaltung der ontogenetischen Variabilität aus den Indivi- Faunistische Ergebnisse duen-Daten (x u. y) einer paarigen Meßreihe Quo­ 1 . Die analysierten Individuen gehören den Arten tienten y/x gebildet, so sind diese vom ontogene­ Rhaetina gregaria (Suess ) und Rhaetina pyriformis tischen Zustand der Daten liefernden Individuen (Suess ) an.
    [Show full text]
  • Applying Traditional Jurisdictional Frameworks to a Modern Threat
    PROSECUTING CYBERTERRORISTS: APPLYING TRADITIONAL JURISDICTIONAL FRAMEWORKS TO A MODERN THREAT Paul N. Stockton* & Michele Golabek-Goldman** The United States faces a growing risk of cyberterrorism against its finan- cial system, electric power grid, and other critical infrastructure sectors. Senior U.S. policymakers note that building U.S. capacity to prosecute cyberterrorists could play a key role in deterring and disrupting such attacks. To facilitate pros- ecution, the federal government is bolstering its technical expertise to attribute attacks to those who perpetrate them, even when, as is increasingly the case, the perpetrators exploit computers in dozens of nations to strike U.S. infrastructure. Relatively little attention has been paid, however, to another prerequisite for prosecuting cyberterrorists: that of building a legal framework that can bring those who attack from abroad to justice. The best approach to prosecuting cyberterrorists striking from abroad is to add extraterritorial application to current domestic criminal laws bearing on cyberattack. Yet, scholars have barely begun to explore how the United States can best justify such extraterritorial extension under international law and assert a legitimate claim of prescriptive jurisdiction when a terrorist hijacks thousands of computers across the globe. Still less attention has been paid to the question of how to resolve the conflicting claims of national jurisdiction that such attacks would likely engender. This Article argues that the protective principle—which predicates prescrip- tive jurisdiction on whether a nation suffered a fundamental security threat— should govern cyberterrorist prosecutions. To support this argument, the Article examines the full range of principles on which States could claim prescriptive ju- risdiction and assesses their strengths and weaknesses for extending extraterrito- rial application of U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • POST-APOCALYPTIC DESIRES, SCIENCE DISTRUST, and the DE(CON)STRUCTION of a ZOMBIE STORY By
    BRING AN AXE AND YOUR WILDEST DREAMS: POST-APOCALYPTIC DESIRES, SCIENCE DISTRUST, AND THE DE(CON)STRUCTION OF A ZOMBIE STORY by SAMANTHA JO LONG B.A., Illinois State University, 2011 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Colorado in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts Department of English 2014 This thesis entitled: Bring an Axe and Your Wildest Dreams: Post-Apocalyptic Desires, Science Distrust, and the De(con)struction of a Zombie Story written by Samantha Jo Long has been approved for the Department of English Richelle Munkhoff Stephen Graham Jones Date _ The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we Find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards Of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. iii Long, Samantha Jo (M.A., English) Bring an Axe and Your Wildest Dreams: Post-Apocalyptic Desires, Science Distrust, and the De(con)struction of a Zombie Story Thesis directed by Assistant Professor Richelle Munkhoff Observing the current popularity of the zombie narrative in American culture, this thesis explores the questions “why zombie?” and “why now?” through a combination of research and the creation of an original zombie story. Moving beyond existing criticism which argues that the zombie transforms to fit each generation’s specific fears, I argue that zombie movies, novels, and video games from George A. Romero-onwards continually speak to a distrust of science and scientific progress while additionally romanticizing the post-apocalyptic landscape. Consequently, the zombie’s unprecedented mainstream popularity over the last fifteen years could be read as symptomatic of this distrust intensifying, paralleling an increasing politicization of science and a rise in apocalyptic thinking within the public sphere.
    [Show full text]