Der Er Langt Fra Tasiilaq Til Nuuk – Perspektiver På Socialt Arbejde På Distancen

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Der Er Langt Fra Tasiilaq Til Nuuk – Perspektiver På Socialt Arbejde På Distancen AF KEVIN ANTHONY PERRY OG STEVEN ARNFJORD Der er langt fra Tasiilaq til Nuuk – perspektiver på socialt arbejde på distancen Kevin Anthony Perry er ud- RESUMÉ dannet socialarbejder i Eng- land og ph.d. i samfundsvi- denskab fra Roskilde Univer- En udsendelse fra Danmarks Radio fremhævede i sitet. Han har siden 2018 væ- år alvorlige sociale problemer blandt børn og ret lektor og afdelingsleder unge i Tasiilaq i Østgrønland – og udsendelsen af Socialrådgiveruddannel- fremhævede også alvorlige mangler i den sociale sen ved Ilisimatusarfik (Grøn- indsats. I udsendelsen hævdes det, at kommu- lands Universitet). Han har nen og dens ansatte ikke reagerede eller ikke arbejdet og forsket i socialt reagerede tilstrækkeligt nok, når de modtog arbejde med børn og unge de sidste 25 år. underretninger fra fagfolk. I denne artikel tager Steven Arnfjord, lektor og vi udgangspunkt i situationen i Tasiilaq gennem leder af Afdeling for Sam- DR’s udsendelse ”Byen hvor børn forsvinder” – og fundsvidenskab på Ilisima- med afsæt i en række kvalitative interviews med tusarfik (Grønlands Univer- offentligt ansatte i byen. Vi anlægger et sitet). Tak til Per Arnfjord for socialpolitisk perspektiv på temaet som en case korrekturlæsning. ved bl.a. at se på situationen fra de offentlige ansattes perspektiv – og gennem analyser af mulige udfordringer i en del af en offentlig socialadministration, som dels skal udføres lokalt i Tasiilaq, og dernæst en distanceret efterbe- handling på den anden side af Indlandsisen i Nuuk. Hvilke udfordringer giver det i den voldeligt og fortvivlet samfund og berettede, fremtidige beskyttelse af byens børn og unge? at hvert tredje barn blev seksuelt overfaldet, hver femte borger begik selvmord, og hvert andet barn havde en socialsag. Indledning Programmet blev overvejende bygget op Tasiilaq1 spillede i maj 2019 hovedrollen i omkring udtalelser fra en skolelærer og en Danmarks Radios Tv-program ”Byen hvor børn mor til seks. Under udsendelsen indsam- forsvinder”. Udsendelsen gav et indtryk af et lede moren underskrifter mod kommunens Tidsskriftet Grønland 4/2019 263 KEVIN ANTHONY PERRY & STEVEN ARNFJORD manglede indsats overfor børn og unge – og Studier, 2007, p. 155; Redaktionen, 1966, p. snakkede med borgere fra byen, som havde 14). Særligt på grund af Norges krav på dele været ofre for seksuelle overgreb. Udsendel- af Østgrønland indgik Danmark i 1924 det sen fulgte endvidere læreren, som ønskede Eske Brun kaldte en norsk-dansk overens- et møde med borgmesteren i Nuuk for at komst (Østgrønlandsoverenskomsten), der diskutere bekymringerne omkring den løb frem til 1967 (Brun, 1966). manglede socialfaglige indsats overfor børn Østgrønlands oplevelse af at være fjern- og unge. Den nu forhenværende borgme- administreret ligger derfor tættere i nyere ster aflyste dog mødet uden forklaring, og historie end for resten af Grønland. læreren mødtes i stedet med den øverste embedsmand fra børne- og ungeområdet. Det empiriske arbejde i Tasiilaq Læreren forklarede, at hun sammen med Da TV-udsendelsen blev vist i Grønland, kollegaer havde indsendt mange underret- befandt Kevin Perry sig i Tasiilaq og havde ninger2 til kommunen. allerede indgået interviewaftaler med kom- I en scene gennemgik og kommenterede munalt ansatte i dagene efter udsendelsen. læreren de i alt 109 indsendte underretnin- Formålet med turen var primært at høre ger. Læreren konstaterede, at hun ikke efter om hjemløshed i Tasiilaq og de kommunalt en eneste underretning erindrede, at et ansattes erfaringer med at udføre socialt ar- barn havde modtaget den fornødne hjælp. bejde. Under opholdet blev interviewguiden Det er kommunes underretningsteam, der derfor udvidet, så der også blev spurgt ind sidder i Nuuk, som modtager og gennemgår til tv-udsenselsen. underretningerne – og som skal reagere på Artiklen her tager afsæt i data indsamlet hver enkelt underretning. fra feltarbejdet i Tasiilaq. Formålet med ar- tiklen er at se nærmere på situationen i Ta- Baggrunden for udfordringer med at siilaq set fra de offentligt ansattes perspekti- drive forvaltning på distancen ver, samt at undersøge udfordringerne med Med kommunesammenlægningen i 2009 at udføre socialt arbejde og beskytte børn og blev den tidligere Ammassalik Kommune unge i et fjerntliggende samfund. Undervejs sammenlagt med Nuuk Kommune til den ser vi endvidere på situationen i et socialpo- nye storkommune Kommuneqarfik Sermer- litisk perspektiv. sooq (Sermersooq: kommenen med meget is/ indlandsisen) (Inatsisartut, 2007). Det var en Seksuel vold og overgreb mod børn sammenlægning, som man til at starte med og unge ønskede i den tidligere Ammassalik Kom- Seksuelt overgreb mod børn er en ekstrem mune – men efterfølgende har frustrationer alvorlig form for overgreb og kriminalitet. over sammenlægningen resulteret i medie- Det bør være en meget høj prioritet at gribe reportager, hvor borgere og lokalpolitikere ind og beskytte børn – uanset hvilken form oplevede at blive overset af administratio- overgrebet tager (Corby, 2001). nen i Nuuk og ønskede Ammassalik Kom- Den seksuelle lavalder er 15 år i Grøn- mune genoprettet (Jakobsen, 2014; Jeremias- land, hvilket betyder, at enhver, der er sen, 2015; Lyberth & Møller, 2014). 15 år eller derover, og som har seksuel Med til historien hører, at Østgrønland kontakt med et barn, der er under 15 år, ikke som Vestgrønland ophørte formelt overtræder loven. Desuden er seksuelle med at være koloni i 1953 – landsdelen blev, forhold mellem børn, deres forældre, sammen med Nordgrønland/Thuledistrik- bedsteforældre og søskende forbudt og tet, administreret af statsministeriet frem straffes ved lov. Naalakkersuisut definer til 1967 (Dansk Institut for Internationale seksuelle overgreb som: 264 Tidsskriftet Grønland 4/2019 KEVIN ANTHONY PERRY & STEVEN ARNFJORD “Handlinger af både fysisk og ikke-fysisk De kommunalt ansatte beskrev, at de stør- karakter, som barnet eller den unge ikke ste udfordringer i deres arbejde havde at kan forstå eller misforstå, og som barnet gøre med selvmordstrusler. Mindst to gan- ikke udviklingsmæssigt er parat til at give ge om ugen kommer der beretninger fra samtykke til. Ved seksuelle overgreb udnyt- andre fagfolk om selvmordstrusler. Øvrige tes barnets tillid af den person, der begår henvendelser handlede om seksuelle over- overgrebet, og barnets integritet krænkes” greb, vold i hjemmet, alkoholisme, om- (Naalakkersuisut, 2018, p. 11). sorgssvigt og ludomani. De fleste seksuelle overgreb mod børn og En interviewperson udtaler: unge sker indenfor familiestrukturen og begås af mænd og ældre drenge. Mænd og ”Ofte fortæller børn mig om forældres ældre drenge er også ansvarlige for de fleste gambling, forældre der er alkoholikere, seksuelle overgreb begået udenfor famili- forældre der er voldelige, forældre der er ens struktur. De fleste ofre er piger, selvom arbejdsløse, søskende der har begået selv- drenge også bliver ofre for seksuelle over- mord, om deres egne selvmordsforsøg, om greb (Perry, 2006). deres venners selvmordsforsøg”. Omfanget af seksuelle overgreb Denne type fortællinger forekommer dag- Påstanden i tv-udsendelsen om at hvert tredje ligt, og de ansatte prøver efter fyraften som barn i Tasiilaq har været seksuelt forulempet en form for selvbeskyttelse at lukke dem kan kobles til nyere forskning på området, ude af hovedet. der antyder, at over en tredjedel af den grøn- Under interviewene nægtede nogle af landske befolkning har været udsat for et interviewpersonerne at kommentere på seksuelt overgreb (Christensen & Baviskar, DR’s udsendelse. Andre var af den opfat- 2015; Lytken Larsen, 2019; Pedersen & Bjerre- telse, at tv-udsendelsen ikke var helt kor- gaard, 2012). Den citerede forskning er på lin- rekt – samtidig med at den heller ikke var je med international forskning. Ifølge WHO’s langt fra virkeligheden. En interviewper- (WHO, 1999) undersøgelser udført i 19 lande son udtaler: rapporteres forekomsten af seksuelle over- greb til at gå fra 7% til 34% blandt piger og fra ” […] så viste den [udsendelsen] ikke et 3% til 29% blandt drenge. Seksuelle overgreb retvisende billede på afdelingens arbejde. af børn er blevet betegnet som et omfattende Der var en kæmpe kritik af afdelingen. Vi europæisk problem (Pringle, 1998). er klar over, at der er kæmpe store udfor- dringer. Vi har kæmpe udfordringer – og De kommunalt ansattes perspektiv det gælder især børn, der har været udsat Interviewpersonerne blev blandt andet for seksuelt misbrug og omsorgssvigt. Dem spurgt til situationen i Tasiilaq i forhold til har vi så mange af – og så har vi forholds- børn- og ungeområdet – og om deres indtryk vis mange børn anbragt udenfor hjemmet af tv-udsendelsen. Interviewdata viste, at på baggrund af sociale udfordringer i mange børn og unge i byen oplevede et reelt Tasiilaq”. svigt i deres dagligdag i form af seksuelle overgreb samt andre former for vold og Ifølge tv-udsendelsen var der i Tasiilaq omsorgssvigt3. Der er endvidere trusler om mindst 500 aktive børne- og ungesager. En selvmord blandt børnene og de unge. Det interviewperson fortalte, at der rigtig nok blev under interviewene også tydeligt, at de var ca. 500 sager i 2016, da den første tilsyns- ansatte har en stor sagsbelastning. rapport blev lavet (Rasmussen, 2016). Men Tidsskriftet Grønland 4/2019 265 KEVIN ANTHONY PERRY & STEVEN ARNFJORD Stemningsbillede fra Tasiilaq (fotograf: Kevin Perry). efter en gennemgang i 2016 var der ca. 250 tilstrækkelige socialrådgivere i Grønland. Man aktive børnesager tilbage (resten var gamle burde endvidere se kritisk på den offentlige sager, som ikke var arkiveret).
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