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New Directions in Behavioral Activation
Clinical Psychology Review 79 (2020) 101860 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Clinical Psychology Review journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/clinpsychrev Review New directions in behavioral activation: Using findings from basic science T and translational neuroscience to inform the exploration of potential mechanisms of change Courtney N. Forbes Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 948, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA HIGHLIGHTS • Understanding mechanisms of change can facilitate improvements in BA treatments. • BA treatments may work by targeting (low) reward responsiveness directly. • Basic science findings can inform hypotheses about potential mechanisms of change. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Interest in behavioral activation treatments for depression has increased over the past two decades. Behavioral Behavioral activation activation treatments have been shown to be effective in treating depression across a variety of populations and Reward responsiveness settings. However, little is known about the mechanisms of change that may bring about symptom improvement Depression in behavioral activation treatments. Recent developments in the theoretical and empirical literature on beha- Mechanisms of change vioral activation treatments have coincided with advances in basic science and translational neuroscience re- Translational neuroscience garding the mechanisms underlying individual differences in responsiveness to reward. Attenuated reward re- sponsiveness has been associated with depression and related clinical outcomes at the self-report, behavioral, and neural levels of analysis. Given that behavioral activation treatments are focused on increasing individuals' contact and engagement with sustainable sources of reward in their environment, it is plausible that behavioral activation treatments bring about improvements in depression symptoms by targeting (low) reward respon- siveness directly. -
General Psychology
mathematics HEALTH ENGINEERING DESIGN MEDIA management GEOGRAPHY EDUCA E MUSIC C PHYSICS law O ART L agriculture O BIOTECHNOLOGY G Y LANGU CHEMISTRY TION history AGE M E C H A N I C S psychology General Psychology Subject: GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Credits: 4 SYLLABUS A definition of Psychology Practical problems, Methods of Psychology, Work of Psychologists, Schools of psychology, Attention & Perception - Conscious clarity, determinants of Attention, Distraction, Sensory deprivation, Perceptual constancies, perception of fundamental physical dimensions, Illusions, Organizational factors of perception. Principles of learning Classical conditioning, Operant Conditioning, Principles of reinforcement, Cognitive Learning, Individualized learning, Learner & learning memory - kinds of memory, processes of memory, stages of memory, forgetting. Thinking and language - Thinking process, Concepts. Intelligence & Motivation Theories - Measurement of Intelligence; Determinants; Testing for special aptitudes, Motivation - Motives as inferences, Explanations and predictors, Biological motivation, Social motives, Motives to know and to be effective. Emotions Physiology of emotion, Expression of emotions, Theories of emotions; Frustration and conflict, Personality - Determinants of Personality, Theories of personality Psychodynamic, Trait, Type, Learning, Behavioural & Self: Measurement of personality Suggested Readings: 1. Morgan, Clifford. T., King, Richard. A., Weisz, John.R., Schopler, John, Introduction to Psychology, TataMcGraw Hill. 2. Marx, Melvin H. -
Observing Ben Wyckoff: from Basic Research to Programmed Instruction and Social Issues Rogelio Escobar and Kennon A
The Behavior Analyst 2011, 34, 149–170 No. 2 (Fall) Observing Ben Wyckoff: From Basic Research to Programmed Instruction and Social Issues Rogelio Escobar and Kennon A. Lattal West Virginia University L. Benjamin Wyckoff’s seminal contributions to both psychological theory and application are the subject of this review. Wyckoff started his academic career as a graduate student at Indiana University, where he developed the observing-response procedure under the guidance of B. F. Skinner and C. J. Burke. At the University of Wisconsin–Madison, Wyckoff refined his mathematical theory of secondary reinforcement. This theory was the impetus for his creation of an electronic simulation of a rat running a T maze, one of the first ‘‘computer models’’ of learning. Wyckoff next went to Emory University, leaving there to help create two of the most successful companies dedicated to the advancement of programmed instruction and teaching machines: Teaching Machines, Inc. and the Human Development Institute. Wyckoff’s involvement in these companies epitomizes the application of basic behavior-analytic principles in the development of technology to improve education and human relationships. The emergent picture of Wyckoff is that of a man who, through his research, professional work in educational applications of behavioral principles, and active involvement in the civil rights movement of the 1960s, was strongly committed to applying behavioral science to positively influence human behavior change. Key words: Benjamin Wyckoff, observing responses, conditioned reinforcement, teaching machines, programmed instruction, human relationships, diversity issues, client-centered therapy The first author is now at the National Lewis Benjamin Wyckoff, Jr., Ben Autonomous University of Mexico and was to friends and colleagues, was born in supported by a postdoctoral fellowship award- 1922 in Niagara Falls, New York. -
Journal 4519
Journal #4519 from sdc 10.4.19 Navajo filmmaker’s project stays playful Lithium Nevada hires mining contractor Hemp Cleans Up Radioactive Soil and So Much More Arts Sector Contributed $763.6 Billion to U.S. Economy—More Than Agriculture or Transportation For Northwest tribes, wildfire on Rattlesnake Mountain ravages 'a ceremonial place' How the Kansas City Chiefs got their name and the Boy Scout Tribe of Mic-O-Say Emmett Van Fleet, last of the Mohave creation song singers Episode 64: Monumental Sculpture of Preclassic Mesoamerica More and More Movies Indigenous Canoes Will Cross the SF Bay to Honor 50th Anniversary of Alcatraz Occupation We are looking for hand drum singers, vendors and Frybread & Stew chefs that would like to participate in our upcoming event! Please reach out to our center and ask for Judyann, Toni or Leona so we can get you all signed up!! We are also looking for donations to help promote your business. This is a free event, open to the ALISA BANKS via Associated Press Micah Chee and Colleen Biakeddy, front, star in an ad project by Christopher Nataanii Cegielski, back right. Navajo filmmaker’s project stays playful A spec is a made-up commercial that filmmakers use to showcase their talent and potential. For Diné filmmaker Christopher Nataanii Cegielski,that project became a New Balance spec called “For Any Run.” The video is a product of the Commercial Directors Diversity Program, an organization that provides guidance, exposure and tools for minority directors who hope to work in the industry. For Cegielski, 28, the story began with an idea of a Diné, or Navajo, grandmother who chased her sheep and did flips in the Arizona desert. -
Reinforcement
Reinforcement This article is about the psychological concept. For behavior but this term may also refer to an enhancement the construction materials reinforcement, see Rebar. of memory. One example of this effect is called post- For reinforcement learning in computer science, see training reinforcement where a stimulus (e.g. food) given Reinforcement learning. For beam stiffening, see shortly after a training session enhances the learning.[2] Stiffening. This stimulus can also be an emotional one. A good ex- In behavioral psychology, reinforcement is a ample is that many people can explain in detail where they were when they found out the World Trade Center was attacked.[3][4] Reinforcement is an important part of operant or instrumental conditioning. 1 Introduction B.F. Skinner was a well-known and influential researcher who articulated many of the theoretical constructs of reinforcement and behaviorism. Skinner defined rein- forcers according to the change in response strength (re- sponse rate) rather than to more subjective criteria, such as what is pleasurable or valuable to someone. Accord- Diagram of operant conditioning ingly, activities, foods or items considered pleasant or en- joyable may not necessarily be reinforcing (because they consequence that will strengthen an organism’s future be- produce no increase in the response preceding them). havior whenever that behavior is preceded by a specific Stimuli, settings, and activities only fit the definition of antecedent stimulus. This strengthening effect may be reinforcers if the behavior that immediately precedes the measured as a higher frequency of behavior (e.g., pulling potential reinforcer increases in similar situations in the a lever more frequently), longer duration (e.g., pulling future; for example, a child who receives a cookie when a lever for longer periods of time), greater magnitude he or she asks for one. -
Operantsissue III, 2017 from the President
ISSN 2476-0293 OperantsISSUE III, 2017 from the president was recently talking with a researcher in child development. Naturally, I mentioned Skinner. The researcher said, “of course his science works in the lab, but I have to work in the real world.” Scientific principles, I pointed Iout, are universal. Gravity does not work just in a lab. Nor do the laws of operant conditioning. Skinner made his discovery in a lab, but selection by consequences operates with all organisms and in all settings. This issue of Operants illustrates places around the world where behaviorology is “working.” Julie S. Vargas, Ph.D. President, B. F. Skinner Foundation Chinese Traditional Translated by Kiwiya Zhang 最近我与一位儿童发展领域的研究者聊天。很自然地,我提起了Skinner。这位研究者说:“当然他的科学在实验室里说得通,但我却是要在真实 世界里工作。”我指出,科学的原则是具有普遍性的。万有引力不仅仅在实验室里有用,操作制约也是。Skinner在实验室里发现了后效对行为的 作用,但该作用在所有场合、对所有生命体都有效。本期Operants就阐释了行为学在哪些地方“有用”。 Czech Translated by Helena Vadurova Nedávno jsem mluvila s jedním výzkumníkem, který se zabývá vývojem dítěte. Přirozeně jsem zmínila Skinnera. Ten výzkumník mi řekl: „jeho práce samozřejmě funguje v laboratoři, ale já musím pracovat ve skutečném světě.“ Vědecké principy, poznamenala jsem, jsou uni- verzální. Gravitace funguje nejen v laboratoři. Stejné je to se zákony operantního podmiňování. Skinner svůj objev učinil v laboratoři, ale výběr na základě následků funguje u všech organizmů a ve všech prostředích. Toto vydání časopisu Operants představuje různá místa na světě, kde behaviorální věda „funguje“. French Translated by MarieCeline Clemenceau J’ai récemment échangé avec un chercheur dans le développement de l’enfant. Naturellement, j’ai mentionné Skinner. Le chercheur a déclaré: «Bien sûr, sa science fonctionne dans un laboratoire, mais je dois travailler dans le monde réel». -
Behavioral Models of Depression: a Critique of the Emphasis on Positive Reinforcement
International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy Volume 4, No. 2, 2008 Behavioral Models of Depression: A Critique of the Emphasis on Positive Reinforcement Paulo Roberto Abreu & Carlos E. Santos Abstract This paper provides a review of behavioral models of depression highlighting the problems associated with its historical emphasis on lowered frequencies of positive reinforcement. We analyzed the models of Ferster and Lewinsohn in their theoretical approach, methodology and application. We conducted a review of the suppressive characteristics exercised by punishment, by the presentation of non-contingent aversive stimulation and by operant extinction. A number of recommendations are made concerning how these processes can inform interventions. We conclude that interventions geared towards identifying aversive control play a promising role in clinical change in the treatment of depression. Keywords: Aversive Control, Response-Contingent Positive Reinforcement, Depression, Clinical Behavior Analysis, Functional Assessment, Behavioral Activation. The present article aims to revisit the principles of behavioral models of depression by emphasizing advancements in the field, as well as providing a critique of the dominant models. With this goal in mind, we aim to re-direct the conceptual analysis towards an understanding of the environmental variables frequently observed in the behaviors of depressed individuals. Drawing from the existing literature, we propose possible variables associated with behavioral suppression and its mechanisms during the development and course of depressive behavior repertories. Three particular behavioral processes are considered: (1) suppressive characteristics exercised by punishment, (2) the presentation of non-contingent aversive stimulation, and (3) operant extinction. We begin with a discussion of the dominant models of depression, followed by a critique, and we conclude with a discussion of how each of these processes can inform clinical interventions. -
B. F. Skinner's Analysis of Verbal Behavior: a Chronicle
ISSN 1982-3541 Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil 2007, Vol. IX, nº 2, 21-38 B. F. Skinner’s analysis of verbal behavior: a chronicle Ernst A. Vargas Julie S. Vargas B. F. Skinner Foundation Terry J. Knapp University of Nevada, Las Vegas Abstract A time line of Skinner’s work on verbal behavior must start at the very beginning of his scientific career. Skinner laid down the conceptual framework of his Theory of Behavior as early as his thesis. He developed his experimental work within this framework, and depended on research results to adjust and modify his theory. At the same time, he initiated efforts to interpret verbal behavior within his theoretical formulations and upon the operant relations he discovered in the laboratory. Work on both mediated and nonmediated relations entwined throughout his career. He discovered the basic verbal relations slowly and inductively over a twenty-five year span of effort. Key words: Skinner, Verbal behavior, History, Theory. Introduction ior derived from an experimental analysis of a more rigorous sort” (Skinner, 957, p. ). Skinner’s writing of Verbal Behavior From the beginning, it was an effort about took place over many years, in many settings, which he was quite explicit as he stated in a and with continuous revisions. More impor- letter to Fred Keller, “What I am doing is ap- tantly, it took place within the implicit frame- plying the concepts I’ve worked out experi- work of his theory of behavior, primarily mentally to this non-experimental (but Em- based on the process of behavioral selection. pirical) field” (Skinner, July 2, 1934). -
Some Historic Roots of Education Reform
Some Historic Roots of Education Reform Francis Mechner The Mechner Foundation Queens Paideia School 1 INTRODUCTION Those of us who are old enough can remember the big splashes that educational technology made in the 1960s and 1970s with involvement of the national media, the White House, Congress, state agencies, and corporate America, and international reverberations via UNESCO and the OECD. What follows is my attempt to weave the connecting threads of these achievements into a story that reveals them as precursors of current work in school reconfiguration and education reform. THE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PSYCHOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF THE 1950s That’s where the story begins. It was a time of unabashed idealism, of gradu- ate students giddily discussing the ways in which the emerging science of behavior would transform society. We were on fire with a sense of mission. Each of us had reached it by a different path. My own featured a war- whipped childhood with multiple close calls in the Holocaust. Survivor’s guilt? Maybe. What I know for sure is that I was left with a strong sense of obligation. Perhaps it was my Viennese upbringing that led me to assume that I would fulfill it as a painter or pianist, but at age 20, I discovered what seemed like a more impactful way—the science of behavior. In any case, I adopted a monastic existence in which personal comforts had no standing. I spent 14-hour days, 7-day weeks in the lab, feeling dedicated to the advancement of behavioral science and its application to human affairs. -
AUTHOR Emotionally Disturbed. Volume 1: Identification And
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 229 948 EC 151 957 AUTHOR Noel, Margaret M., Ed.; Haring, Norris G., Ed. TITLE Progress or Change: Issues in Educating the Emotionally Disturbed. Volume 1: Identification and Program Planning. INSTITUTION Washington Univ., Seattle. Program Development Assistance System. SPONS AGENCY Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services (ED), Washington, DC. Div. of Innovation and Development. PUB DATE Sep 82 CONTRACT 300-79-0062 NOTE 172p.; For a related document, see EC 151 958. PUB TYPE Books (010) -- Viewpoints (120) Information Analyses (070) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC07 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Administrative Problems; Agency Cooperation; *Behavior Disorders; *Definitions; Delivery Systems; Educational History; Elementary Secondary Education; *Emotional Disturbances; Evaluation Methods; *Handicap Identification; Program Development; Student Evaluation; Student Placement ABSTRACT Seven papers focus on issues in identification and educational program planning for children with emotional disturbances. "Social Policy Issues in Special Education and Related Services for 'Emotionally Disturbed Children and Youth" (J. Kauffman), touches on problems with the federal definition of and terminology about the emotionally disturbed and suggests possible reasons for inadequate services to this population. Two major areas (conceptual and procedural) relating to the assessment of mild behavior disorders in children are examined in "Assessment of Behavior Disorgaers in the School Setting: Issues, Problems, and Strategies" by H. Walker. Biophysical, psychodynamic, behavioral, sociological, and ecological perspectives in assessment are considered, and a 9-step model is proposed by B. Algozzine ("Assessment of Severe Behavior Disorders"). S. Braaten presents "A Model for the Differential Assessmet and Placement of Emotionally Disturbed Students in Special Education Programs," in which data are assigned priority ratings to convey the extent of the student's disturbing behavior. -
Living Beyond Limits
BCW Leaders Circle p.42 POWER MOMENTS Meet Sara 104 Years Young Living THE FIRE Beyond IN MY Limits Soul— CHANTELLE NICKSON-CLARK RSVP TODAY BCW is Throwing YOU a Birthday Party $4.95 Volume 10, Issue 2 Summer 2015 Contents COVER THRIVER Chantelle Nickson-Clark twelve p. 26 SUMMER 2015 Volume 10, Issue 2 Subscribe See page 35 or go to www.breastcancerwellness.org * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 30 38 PUBLISHER Beverly Vote 573.873.3444 Openings } Renew } [email protected] 4 Editor’s Letter 22 Young Thrivers: ADVERTISING 10 Wellness Tips Bonnie Phelps Director of Sales 24 Power Moments 417.581.3438 Grow } [email protected] Please refer to breastcancerwellness.org 8 What do core beliefs have for guidelines for story and article submissions. to do with healing? Inspire } Cookie Newberry 12 Money, Mindset and 26 Chantelle Nickson-Clark: MaryJo Carson Account Representatives Manifesting The Fire in My Soul ART DIRECTOR 16 Summer Wellness 30 Sara Thompson: Thriving at 104 Stacie L. Marshall 32 Laura Pexton: Living Beyond Limits www.hilldesignco.com 38 Joy Matters } * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Nourish 40 A Little Help from the Cookie Jar Breast Cancer Wellness 18 The Healing Magic of P.O. Box 1228, Camdenton, MO 65020 Medicinal Mushrooms 573.873.3444 20 Summer BBQ Connect } breastcancerwellness.org 44 Pink Pages Directory Copyright 2015 by Breast Cancer Wellness magazine. All rights reserved. Breast Cancer Wellness magazine is pub- lished four times annually for world-wide distribution. While efforts have been made to authenticate all claims CONNECT WITH US! and guarantees offered by advertisers in this magazine, we cannot assume liability for any products or services BreastCancerWellness.org advertised herein. -
2001-2001 Official Manual, Chapter 9, Pages 943-950
ACADEMY OF MISSOURI SQUIRES 943 E.L. Dale, Carthage* True Davis, Washington, D.C. Joyce C. Hall, Kansas City* Academy of Charles N. Kimball, Kansas City* Samuel S. Mayerberg, Kansas City* James S. McDonnell Jr., St. Louis* Missouri Squires Sterling Price Reynolds, Caruthersville* Special class of 1962 An organization unique among the states, Henry S. Caulfield, St. Louis* the Academy of Missouri Squires was founded in Forrest C. Donnell, St. Louis* the fall of 1960 by Governor James T. Blair Jr., Lloyd C. Stark, Louisiana* who established it with a ceiling of 100 mem- bers. Governor Blair’s purpose was to establish Class of 1963 an organization to honor Missourians for their Edwin M. Clark, St. Louis* accomplishments at all levels—community, state Howard Cook, Jefferson City* or nation. James A. Finch Jr., Jefferson City* Robert M. Good, Point Lookout* Governor Blair appointed the first class of 10 James M. Kemper, Kansas City* Squires, after consulting leaders in every section Dillard A. Mallory, Buffalo of the state. Each succeeding class has been John I. Rollings, St. Louis* elected by the membership of the Academy, after Ruth Seevers, Osceola* receiving nominations from the public as well as Leif J. Sverdrup, St. Louis* from the membership of the Academy. The gov- Roy D. Williams, Boonville* ernor and former governors of Missouri are auto- matically members. Class of 1964 Squires are listed by class. Present addresses Mrs. G. Baird Fisher, Osgood* are noted in parentheses when different from James P. Hickok, St. Louis* address at time of election. Laurance M. Hyde, Jefferson City* Edward V.