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Edinburgh Research Explorer Edinburgh Research Explorer ‘All that is curious on continent and isle’ Citation for published version: Fielding, P 2017, '‘All that is curious on continent and isle’: Time, place and modernity in Scott’s ‘Vacation 1814’ and The Pirate', Yearbook of English Studies, vol. 47, pp. 243-262. https://doi.org/10.5699/yearenglstud.47.2017.0243 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.5699/yearenglstud.47.2017.0243 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Peer reviewed version Published In: Yearbook of English Studies General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 02. Oct. 2021 1 ‘All that is curious on continent and isle’: Time, Place and Modernity in Scott’s ‘Vacation 1814’ and The Pirate The islands of Britain and Ireland form a scattered archipelago in which it is tempting to trace forms, shapes, borders and continuities. We have tended to think of the geography of early- nineteenth century Britain as part of a historical process of assimilation. In Linda Colley’s influential model Britons came to identify themselves as people of an island nation, increasingly homogenised under a banner of ‘liberty’.1 In a more sophisticated formulation, Franco Moretti’s analyses of the geographies of the historical novel show how the genre turned its attentions to the internal borders of nations, a point where history and geography can be seen to produce each other, but with the final design ‘to represent internal unevenness, no doubt; and then, to abolish it.’2 In this essay I pursue Moretti’s general point about the way the time and space of the historical novel meet on imagined internal borders, but I focus on how this cultural process generates a surplus of space that prolongs both the indeterminacy of specific places and the difficulty of absorbing them into larger cultural wholes. The formation of a national geography around a political centre (England or Edinburgh) or by a dominant cultural figure (in my case, Walter Scott) will always leave unresolved spaces that cannot quite be accommodated by the taxonomic geographic decisions that borders require (urban/ rural, centre/periphery, Anglophone/Gàidhealtachd and so on). Some spaces fit awkwardly into national structures, or remain incompletely assimilated—not fully subject to the processes of national acculturation. These may be different from more familiar spaces that lay claim to be resistant to historical incorporation or to be threatened by what Saree Makdisi describes as a process of modernisation. Such heterotopias (which for Makdisi include Scott’s Highlands as well as Wordsworth’s spots of 2 time) are examples of a ‘hitherto untransformed enclave that, when discovered and colonized by the outside world, is seen to experience a fall which erases or, rather, rewrites it, by weaving it tightly into the history of the outside world.’3 Rather, I want to look at a location which in the early nineteenth century had been neither idealized as a natural space nor constructed as a bearer of national history, and to see what happens to it when it is visited by visited by that great instrument of historicisation, Walter Scott. My subject is Scott’s two visits, first in person and then in fiction, to Orkney and Shetland, the Northern Isles of Great Britain, and their place in his literary-historical geography. The first time, in the summer of 1814, Scott accepted an invitation from the lighthouse engineer Robert Stevenson to accompany the Commissioners of the Northern Lights on their annual inspection of the lighthouses around the coast of Scotland. In 1821 Scott revisited the unpublished diary he had kept on this voyage to compose his novel The Pirate, set on Shetland and Orkney. These encounters allow us to think about the meeting points of place, time and narrative more generally--the relation between the accumulated cultural forms that give places their historical contours and the contingencies and demands of the present. Both of Scott’s narratives, seemingly excursions into history, turn out to be permeable in unexpected ways by their immediate contexts in which history becomes mediated by disruptive forms of present temporality. 1814: Europe 1n 1814 the Northern Islands were not firmly etched on the literary landscape. Four years after Scott’s visit, Orkney would feature briefly in Frankenstein as the embodiment of that most negative and formless aspect of the Burkean sublime—privation. Deflected from his aesthetic tour with Henry Clerval, Victor Frankenstein decides upon one of the most remote of the Orkney islands to work on his female creature: 3 It was a place fitted for such a work, being hardly more than a rock whose high sides were continually beaten upon by the waves. The soil was barren, scarcely affording pasture for a few miserable cows, and oatmeal for its inhabitants, which consisted of five persons, whose gaunt and scraggy limbs gave tokens of their miserable fare. […] In this retreat I devoted the morning to labour; but in the evening, when the weather permitted, I walked on the stony beach of the sea to listen to the waves as they roared and dashed at my feet. It was a monotonous yet ever-changing scene.4 Geographically, Britain’s Northern Islands were not, in 1814, on what James Buzard has called ‘the beaten track’—the institutionalisation of travel that awards to places authentic cultural identity and to individual travellers a concomitantly authentic experience of travel.5 In practical terms, the islands were hard to reach—the mail service from Leith (Edinburgh’s port) was intermittent and an attempt to reach Orkney from the north coast of Scotland meant a crossing of the dangerous Pentland Firth. Despite their long interactions with Scandinavia, the Northern Islands seemed to have slipped away from literature and history. Arthur Edmonston, a Shetlander and author of the most widely read early nineteenth-century account of the islands, regrets the loss of historical record: There were few to describe [Shetland’s early history]; and in an illiterate age, many important events take place, of which posterity receives no intelligence. As the pronunciation of the names, both of individuals and of places, is subjected to the ignorance of the inhabitants and the caprice of foreigners, it is liable to frequent changes, and but a few places retain long their first appellations. These causes operate, no doubt, more or less in every country, but their effects will be the most conspicuous in rude societies, where language having been reduced to no fixed standard, is liable to perpetual variation.6 4 It was to these unfamiliar islands that Scott set off in 1814. That summer was a time of waiting. For Scott, the waiting was for the reception of Waverley, published on July 7. By the time he left with Robert Stevenson on July 29, the novel had already gone into a second edition, and notices were appearing in the Edinburgh press, but he was yet to see the reviews in the London journals. Europe was also in a state of political anticipation. Napoleon had arrived on Elba on May 30, and European politicians were anticipating the Congress of Vienna, which opened on September 18, ten days after Scott’s return to Edinburgh. The map of Europe remained in suspension as the victors in the Napoleonic wars were yet to meet to redraw its territorial divisions. The temporality of politics can be imbricated with that of narrative. Mary Favret has shown how times of war introduce their own experience of duration: ‘wartime is an affective zone, a sense of time that, caught up in the most unsettled sort of present, without knowledge of its outcome, cannot know its own borders. It indicates a dislocation of the bounded terrain usually associated with war and the extension of war into a realm without clear limits.’7 In 1814 the Napoleonic Wars were, it was assumed, over, yet the ‘unsettled sort of present’ that Favret describes was far from becoming settled. She demonstrates how, in the case of Persuasion (published in 1816 and set in 1814), that disrupted wartime temporality of painful waiting and anxiety is translated into the plot of a domestic novel. And we can trace another kind of unexpected connection in the relation of the apparently distant Northern Islands— seemingly on the edge of Europe—with European post-war dislocations at the time of Scott’s visit. Peter Fritzsche’s account of the period following the French Revolution describes an affective temporality that he calls the feeling of being ‘stranded in the present.’ He starts from the familiar position that the Revolution inaugurated a form of modernity that radically cut the present away from a past history that could be narrated on a grand scale by a public class 5 of individuals or institutions called ‘historians’. Displaced physically by war, and socially by political upheaval, all sorts of people now come into conversation with each other and, faced with the anxiety of a radically cut-away past and an unknown future, they create new, multiple, imaginative and spontaneous forms of history: Insofar as the present moment was characterized by the new, the past appeared increasingly different, mysterious, and inaccessible.
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