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Yunnan Province, China Situation of Trafficking in Children and Women: a Rapid Assessment

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Yunnan Province, China Situation of Trafficking in Children and Women: a Rapid Assessment International Labour Organization (ILO) International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) YUNNAN PROVINCE, CHINA SITUATION OF TRAFFICKING IN CHILDREN AND WOMEN: A RAPID ASSESSMENT By Yunnan Province Women’s Federation In collaboration with Yunnan Provincial Bureau of Statistics, Bureau of Statistics, Education Commission, and Justice Bureau of Jiangcheng and Menghai Counties August, 2002 For ILO Mekong sub-regional project to combat trafficking in children and women Copyright © International Labour Organization 2002 First published 2002 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to the Publications Bureau (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. For translations from English: Libraries, institutions and other users registered in the United Kingdom with the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP [Fax: (+44) (0)20 7631 5500; email: [email protected]], in the United States with the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 [Fax: (+1) (978) 750 4470; email: [email protected]] or in other countries with associated Reproduction Rights Organizations, may make photocopies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. ILO/IPEC Yunnan Province, China – Situation of Trafficking in Children and Women: A Rapid Assessment Bangkok, International Labour Office, 2002 ISBN 92-2-113306-2 The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. ILO publications can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO local offices in many countries, or direct from ILO Publications, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. Catalogues or lists of new publications are available free of charge from the above address, or by email: [email protected]. Copies of this publication can be obtained at: ILO Mekong subregional project to combat trafficking in children and women 2nd Floor, UN Service building Rajdamnern Nok Avenue, PO Box 2-349 Bangkok 10200 Thailand Visit our project website at: www.ilo.org/asia/child/trafficking Printed in Thailand FOREWORD The worst forms of child labour, including trafficking, are issues of grave concern. Throughout its history, the ILO has been working hard to ensure recognition of the fundamental human right to freedom from forced labour and child labour. Indeed, the ILO's Constitution and Declaration of Philadelphia upholds this principle unequivocally. The ILO Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29) and the ILO Minimum Age for Labour Convention, 1973 (No. 138) serve as important landmarks, while most recently the ILO's Declaration of Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, and the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182) have added a greater impetus to the struggle to halt these terrible practices. And yet we face enormous challenges. The magnitude of the problems is huge, while the nature of the problems means they are largely invisible to the public eye. On a more encouraging note, we have seen an unprecedented interest in the fight against the worst forms of child labour and trafficking in recent years. The ILO has been at the forefront of international efforts to combat trafficking within the framework of the ILO Convention No. 182. In Southeast Asia, the ILO's work includes a project to combat trafficking in women and children in the Greater Mekong Sub-region, funded by the United Kingdom's Department for International Development (DFID). The project focuses on prevention of internal and cross-border trafficking in children and women for labour exploitation, including sexual exploitation. In preparation for the project interventions, a series of rapid assessment investigations on trafficking were carried out, including this study. This study was jointly designed by the Population and Social Science and Technology Division of the Yunnan Bureau of Statistics and the Statistics Scientific Research Institute of Yunnan Province. It was implemented by the Women's Federation, the Bureau of Statistics, the Education Commission, and the Justice Bureau of Jiangcheng and Menghai Counties, as well as by their counterparts in the townships studied. Technical editing was carried out by Eriko Kiuchi and Caspar James Trimmer with the assistance of Zhu Huie, Jinghong Zhang, Hans van de Glind and Herve Berger. To partners who contributed, through individual or collective efforts, to the realisation of this report, I would like to express our sincere gratitude. I hope that this publication will result in a better understanding of the issue of trafficking in China's Yunnan Province, and allow us to focus more clearly on the challenges that lie ahead. Yasuyuki Nodera ILO Regional Director Asia Pacific Region The responsibility for opinions expressed in this publication rests solely with the authors and does not imply endorsement by the ILO. i ILO Mekong sub-regional project to combat trafficking in children and women ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD i TABLE OF CONTENTS iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v TRAFFICKING DEFINED v MAP OF YUNNAN PROVINCE vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Overview of Woman and Child Trafficking in China 1 1.2 Trafficking in Yunnan Province 1 1.3 The ILO-IPEC-TICW Project and Focus Areas in Yunnan Province 2 CHAPTER 2: PURPOSES AND METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY 5 2.1 Purposes of the Study 5 2.2 Study Methods 5 2.3 Structure of the Report 6 CHAPTER 3: TRAFFICKING IN JIANGCHENG COUNTY 7 3.1 Profile of the County 7 3.1.1 Economic Development 7 3.1.2 Population and Employment 8 3.1.3 Educational Levels 8 3.2 Trafficking of Women and Children in Jiangcheng County 9 3.3 Trafficking Case Studies 9 CHAPTER 4: TRAFFICKING IN MENGHAI COUNTY 13 4.1 Profile of the County 13 4.1.1 Economic Development 13 4.1.2 Population and Employment 14 4.1.3 Educational Levels 14 4.2 Trafficking of Women and Children in Menghai County 15 4.3 Trafficking Case Studies 16 CHAPTER 5: KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS 19 5.1 Trafficking in Yunnan: Current Situation 19 5.2 Push and Pull Factors in Trafficking of Women and Children 20 5.2.1 Pull Factors 20 5.2.2 Push Factors 21 CHAPTER 6: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACTION 23 ANNEXES ANNEX 1: SAMPLING METHOD 29 ANNEX 2: COUNTY-LEVEL DATA-GATHERING FORM 30 ANNEX 3: VILLAGE-LEVEL DATA-GATHERING FORM 34 ANNEX 4: HOUSEHOLD SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE 36 ANNEX 5: SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS FOR RESPONDENTS WITH 38 EXPERIENCE OF LABOUR MIGRATION iii ILO Mekong sub-regional project to combat trafficking in children and women ANNEX 6: LAWS, REGULATIONS AND DOCUMENTS RELEVANT TO THE 39 SUPPRESSION OF TRAFFICKING IN CHILDREN AND WOMEN ANNEX 7: FINDINGS OF THE VILLAGE AND HOUSEHOLD-LEVEL SURVEYS, 40 JIANGCHENG COUNTY A7.1 Basic Data on the Villages and Households Surveyed 40 A7.1.1 Village Level 40 A7.1.2 Household Level 41 A7.1.3 Migrant Workers in Surveyed Households 42 ANNEX 8: FINDINGS OF THE VILLAGE AND HOUSEHOLD-LEVEL SURVEYS, 43 MENGHAI COUNTY A8.1 Basic Data on the Villages and Households Surveyed 43 A8.1.1 Village Level 43 A8.1.2 Household Level 44 A8.1.3 Migrant Workers in Surveyed Households 45 ANNEX 9: SELECTION OF TARGET TOWNSHIPS FOR PROJECT WORK 47 A9.1 Jiangcheng County 47 A9.1.1 Jiangcheng: Profiles of the Shortlisted Townships 47 A9.2 Menghai County 49 A9.2.1 Menghai: Profiles of the Shortlisted Townships 49 TABLES AND FIGURES Table 3.1: Key Economic Development Indicators in Jiangcheng County, compared with 7 Provincial Levels, 2000 Table 3.2: Key Economic Indicators in Jiangcheng County, compared with Provincial 7 Levels, 2000 Table 3.3: Population and Employment in Jiangcheng County, 1995 and 2000 8 Table 3.4: Key Educational Indicators in Jiangcheng County, 2000 8 Table 3.5 Migrant Workers and Trafficked Women in Jiangcheng County 9 Table 4.1: Key Economic Development Indicators in Menghai County, 1999, compared 13 with Provincial Levels, 2000 Table 4.2: Key Economic Indicators in Menghai County, 1999, compared with Provincial 13 Levels, 2000 Table 4.3: Population and Employment in Menghai County, 1995 and 1999 14 Table 4.4: Key Educational Indicators in Menghai County, 1999 14 Table A7.1: Jiangcheng Village-level Survey: Survey Population 40 Table A7.2: Jiangcheng Village-level Survey: Economic Indicators 40 Table A7.3: Jiangcheng Village-level Survey: Developmental Indicators 41 Table A8.1: Menghai Village-level Survey: Survey Population 43 Table A8.2: Menghai Village-level Survey: Economic Indicators 43 Table A8.3: Menghai
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