Pine Valley Ridge Source: a Superior Selected Germplsm of Black Sagebrush

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1994

Pine Valley Ridge Source: A Superior Selected Germplsm of Black Sagebrush

U.S. Forest Service

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Recommended Citation U.S. Forest Service, "Pine Valley Ridge Source: A Superior Selected Germplsm of Black Sagebrush" (1994). All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository). Paper 358. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/govdocs/358

This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository) at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository) by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 4 I J;N 1 rJ-T-R P-'-I 1<-( Pine Valley Ridge Source a The Authors to drier sites than previously released germplasms: Gordon Creek (Wyoming big sagebtush, A. fnidenfala F__ Bruce L Welch is Plant Physiologisl wilh Ihe Inlermoun ssp. wyomingensis) and 'Hobble Creek' (mountain big tain Research Slation in Provo, UT. He earned a B.S. Superior Selected Germplasm sagebrush, A. I. ssp. vaseyana). Wintering mule deer degree in agricutturat education from Utah State Univer prelerred Pine Valley Ridge source over other black sity in 1965. an M.S. degree in animal science from the sagebtush germplasms tested. On Its native site, Pine of Black Sagebrush University of Idaho in 1966. and a Ph.D. degree in plant -- Valley Ridge is sought OUI by pronghorn year-round and science from the University of Idaho In 1974. He has --INT-RP-474 by domestic sheep during winter. Cattle have been ob -p- Bruce L Welch been a Forest Service scientist since 1977. served eating it during winter (Wagstaff 1994). MoyII1114 Steven F. Briggs Steven F. Briggs is Biological Science Technician wilh Pine Valley Ridge can be established and maintained Stanford A. Young lhe Inlermountain Research Station in Provo, UT. He over a wide geographic range on sites with the follow earned a B.S. degree in fores t management from Utah Ing characteristics : mean annual precipitation of 7 to State University in 1978. He has been a Forest Service 16 inches; deep to shallow, well·drained soils; soli clay technician since 1979. content under 22 percent; soil pH Irom 6.6 to 8.8; and Stanford A. Young is a Research Professor and Seed a frost-free period of at least 75 days. Certification Spedalist at Utah State University in Logan, Pine Valley Ridge can be established by direct seed. UT. He is secretary·manager of the Utah Crop Improve ing on properly prepared seedbeds, by transplanting ment Associalion. He earned a B.S. degree in botany bareroot or containerized stock, or by a technique termed and chemistry from Utah Siale Universily in 1972, an "mother plant" In which shrubs transplanted on a 50- by M.S. degree in plant palhology from Ulah Slate Univer 5O·Ioot grid produce seeds to fill In the openings. sity In 1973. and a Ph.D. degree in plant pathology and plant breeding Irom Oregon State University in t977. Acknowledgments He has wor1Artemisia nova). Th is &CO type of black sagebrush. a tetraploid (2n • 36), was col David L. Nelson, E. Owaln Nelson, Gary L. Noller, Dick lected near the northeast corner of the Intermountain Page, Mike Pellant, Roger Rosentreter, Alan R. Sands, Research Station's Desert Experimental Range, Millard Nancy L. Shaw, Richard Stevens, James Weston, Fred County, UT. Its energy, crude protein, phosphorus, and J. Wagstaff, Alma H. Winward, and Dan E. WOodruff. carotene levels exceed those 01 most winter forages and The Central Regional Office of the Utah Division of will Increase nutrients in the winter diets of pronghorn Wildlffe Resources and the Utah Stat. Office of the (Anli/ocapra americana), domestic sheep (Ovis aries), Bureau 01 Land Management helped fund this research. mule deer (Odocoileus hemianus hemianus), alld cattle The cover illustration was drawn by Suzy Stephens, (Bos bovine) . This black sagebrush is better adapted Operations Office Assistant at the Intermountain Re search Station's headquarters In Ogden, UT.

Intermountain Research Sialion 324 25th Street Ogden. UT 8440 1 Pine Valley Ridge Source-a Table 1-Winter nutriIiYe v.... 01 _ected range~ ; daIa exptet.Md ... ~ of :%=~~';_ond"""'l11M1l . _no ___ Plum_ Superior Selected Germplasm PIont_ of Black Sagebrush (-.... "'vitro en. ac_, d1gaallblllly ,..- ...... Bruce L Welch ~Bolftlodblu __IIr'" - Steven F. Briggs AQtowm"'""'""" '5.5 3.2 0.05 Stenford A. Young 1IIu_1omA_ whoatgraa 90_._ h_ _ 50.2 3.8 0.07 <2.0 4.3 0.07 Crest.d whNtgr... nutritional advantage over deciduous shrubs and A-.., The Need 013.1 3.5 0.07 herbaceous species. Ctoo1od ~. rogrow1Il ContTadictory observations have been reported on G_.01.-.., 50.1 15.0 0.3i Winter grU1le8. forba. and deciduou8 shrubs are generally low in energy. protein, phosphorus. and the preference of wintering mule deer (Odocoileru -JarrwN <8.2 4.1 0.08 carotene (Welch 1989. in preas a.b). M08t of the for· MmionuB hemionus) for black sagebrush. Blaisdell Jdftleso.te _listed in table 1 provide leaa than the ungulate and Holmgren (1984) reported that black BagebruBh F.-_ 50.5 3.8 0.08 Inclanricegr... maintenance requirement for these nutrients (Na· waB "highly palatable to (domeBtic) Bheep, (prong. 0ryzep0Is~ 50.5 3.1 tiona! Academy of Sciencee 1975). The maintenance hornl antelope, and sa"", grou.. .• Clary (1986) reo Roodeanooygr_ 0.08 requirement is the level of a given nutrient needed ported similar observations for black ssgebrulh 7.8 0.14 growing in the eaewentralarea of the Great Suin. to maintain body weight. For gestating females, the _ond·"".",514>0_.. Nagy and Regelin (1977) reported that mule deer <8.6 3.7 0.07 Deed il higher. s..-g-- 1*Iogr_ preferred black oagebruah over big oagebrulh (Am. Only 7 of the 29 forages had in vitro digestibility of ...... 4.2 50 percent., the maintenance requirement (or energy mioio Iridenlala). However, Smith (1950), Sheehy Sond~ (Ammann and othe .. 1973). Two of the .....n are ever· and Winward (1981), and Penoniua and , ' hen (987) Spot-.s"""",,,*,," 53.2 4.1 0.07 green Ibruhl: big aagebruah (Arlemioio 'ride.'a'a) reported that wintering mule deer preferred some 47.0 4.1 0.12 and black oagebruah (Arlemioio nctJQ). Three .bruhl, sagebrush taxa over othen, with black eagebrullh the 1.81t preferred. StevelUl and McArthur (1974) including black oagebrulh, meet or exceed the mainte ....--Anlolopo-..., Dance requirement for phosphoru9 10.18 to 0.28 per· divided black oagebruBh into two rorm cla ....., a and b. -- 23.5 7.6 0.t4 cent of dry matter, National Academy of Scienc .. CIa.. a tended to be more palatable and produced a BIg ugobfuoh bluer estract than cia.. b. Water extracla onoar mao -.- 57.1 11 .7 1975). Five forapI.steed the crude protein (7.0 to 0.22 B1odIugobfuoh 8.9 pe"",nt of dry matter) and carotene (2.0 mg/kg terial appear blue when expoaed to 10Dg·wave ultra· .. 53.7 U 0.18 or dry matter) maintenance requirements. Theee in· violet light. Behan and Welch (1985) lpecuJated thet ~-- clude one graoa and rour Ihruhl. Black oagebruah tbe.. differenceB may be due. in part, to pnetic dif· eo ...."",.,..,. 37.8 U exceeda the maintenance requirements (or energy. ferences among the black aagebrufth gennpluml Commonwirltlrlll-- 013.5 10.0 0.11 crude protein. and carotene and can provide the uaed in the various studies. c...-~-"""""'*'""'-'Y hitJher 1evelo or theae nutrienta needed by ..,.tatmg 49.1 10.0 1'emaIeIo. In lhart, black oagebruah can help nUae the Faorwing-~- The Nutritive Profile 38.3 e.g Dutrient 1evet. in winter dieta. GomboI~---GWn:w .... __ Since 1986 two bill oagebrulh prmplumo have Behan and Welch (1S85). otudying the prererence. or LD._ 28.8 5.3 beeD releued ror the commercial production of oeeda wintering mule deer for different prmplaam eelectiona and planta. 'Hobble Creek' (Welcb and othen 1986), :11.0 5.8 0.15 orblack oagebrush, reported that deer liked aome aelec· ProIWaIIilUmmer qpt'MI a mountain big aagebruah (A. tridenltJI,a aap. uaae)OIIG), ~- tiona better than othen. Acqullition liteo ror prm· KOdN_ 32.3 the lint to be releaaed, roUowed by the Gordon 7.2 wee pl8lml ueed in their otudy are lilted in table 2. All Crook (Welch and othen 1992) prmplum aou..... or prmplaama were eotablilhed on a common garden at 4'" 7.8 0.14 Wyomilll big oagebruah (A. I. aap. wyomi,.,.,..io). Truo~- mountoIn ""'-'Y the Gordon Creek Wildlire Manapment Area near 'Hobble Creek' waa releued ror uee on liteo with at -- 211.5 7.8 0.13 Helper, tIT. The .brub prden iI cooperatively main UWI)unipot~- Ieut 14 iDchea annual precipitation. Gordon Creek or tained by the Utah Divilion orWildlire ReooU""'" ..-...... 00I000p0rma 44.1 8.8 0.18 wu releaaed ror eiteo rec:eivilll from 10 to 14 inchel (Wildlil'e Retrtoration fundi W·82.R,job 1) and the In at annual precipitation. Manoprl need a Ibrub that termountain Reaearch Station. Preference waa me.. _.oog/I* can raiae the nutrient \net. of winter dieta on Ibrub ured aa the percental" or the lenith or the current - 3.1 0.08 than 10 incbea ohnnual precipi· landa..-ivinl .. year'1 V8ptative growth that ..... eaten (table 3). --~- 2.8 0.17 tation. Black aacebruah meeta thll need. The ever· Wintering mule deer prererred 80me prmplaamo or ....n nature or black oagebrulh gi_ it a winter s.vo-_ ---- u TeIM 2-Ac:quisition sites (locality by county and Stale) for germplasms of black sag'9brush T_ 5-,\,4oan wlnler crudo protein (perconl 01 dry maher) (Altemisja nova) (after Behan and We"h t986) level (0.184 percent) io eaceeded by only two wiIlter lor sevon germplasms 01 black sagebrush (An.mi. forages lieted in table l. SUt. &is nova) grown in a common garden. Data are oxprell8d as a percentage 01 dry maher. No ,Ig. Behan and Welch (1985) otudied the DlOIIOterpeDoici niflcant diff.... nces were detected among genn. content of the lOVen black aapbruab prmp1uma. Pin~ Valley Ridge Millard Utah (northeast of Oesert Experimenlal Range) plasm, (alter Behan and Welch 1986) Germplul11l1 ranged from 0.63 to 1.33 pen:eJIt ZDClDIIIer Black Mountain Sevier Utah (near Salina) penoida (table 8). Pm. Valley Ridge prmplum COD. Dow Creek Oolores Colorado (near Dove Creek) Fremont Junction Sevier Utah (near Fremont Junction) tained the lo ....t amount 0( monoterpeDOida. DiII'e" Manti Sanpete Utah (near Manli) en""" amoog germplul11l1 were not teeted otatilticall,y. Spring Vaney White Pine Nevada Uunction of U.S. 93 . 6. and SO) Percenl In aummary, the Pme VaJley Ridge prmplum nu. Wingate Mesa San Juan Utah (near Fry Canyon) Pine Valley Ridge 7.3 tritive profile ia; m08t preferred fi>nae, 4.5 centimeter Wingate Mesa 7.2 annual growth rate, 7.3 percent winter crude protein, Dove Creek 7.1 53.5 percent dlpatibl. winter dry matter, 0.184 per Fremont Juncwn 6.9 oont winter pboapborua shrub, how ~ Areas Where Pine Valley Ridge centage of current year's annual growth that was ever, ita crude protein level is average. Can Be Grown eaten (aher Behan and Welch 1985) Winter in vitro digest ibilitics of the Beven black sagebrush gcrmplasm selections ar~ gi~en in ta~l e 6. T____ winter in yj~o digestibility (percent of dry mal. The native site of Pine Valley Ridge indudea 80 ...... Ier digested) 01 seven germplaams 01 black sage about 1.25 milea northeeat of the nortbeaat comer o( percent ..ten' Although the dirrerences were not slgmficant. digest· ibility ranged from 51.9 to 57.2 percent of dry matter. brush (AItomI.!/a nova) grown on a common garden. the Deaert Experimental Range in MIIJanI County, UT. - No significant di"erancea were detected among The Manti germplasm was the most readily digested The legal deocription ii, the eouth halr, of the eouth. Pine Va..., Ridge 82.7' germplaam, (aher Behan and Watch 1986) Spring Valley 59.7' (57.2 percent). Pine Valley Ridge was 53.5 percent woot quarter of aection 32, townahip 23 aouth, range Wongate Mesa 40.6' digested The digeotibility of Pine Valley Rid .. ranked 16 weat, of the Salt Lalre Mericllan. Elevatioa io about Fremont Junction 11 .7" second ~ big sagebruah among the winter forages liat. 5,900 feet. The average aDOuai precipitation Ia about 7.1· 8 inchoo. The average froat.he period io from 100 to Manti ed in table 1. Ammann and othero (1973) estimated Pt/f06n, Dove Creek 150 days. The .oils are o( Amtoft and LocI .. famllleo. 3 .• • that dry·matter digestibility of 50 percent would p ..... Manti _Mountain o.!)' vide sufficient energy for maintenance. 57.2 They are JII1lveUy, aandy I.,.,.. eoila (Soil CooMrvation Black Mountain 55.9 Behan and Welch (1986) did not include phoephorus Fremonl Junction Service n.d.). Effective rooting depth Ia between 6 aDd as one of the nutrients in their study. Therefore, we 55.6 18 inches. Clay content io 22.2 _t (author'1 data Dove Creek 55.6 conducted a study. ao outlined by Behan and Welch on file). Soil reaction (pH) io 8.2. Permeability io ...... SpringVaJey 54.6 (1986), determine phosphorus content erato with aD available water Cllpacity o( to inchaa to the winter Pino Valey Ridge 53.5 1 3 of the seven black oagebrush gcrmplaamo. o..rm· Winga,. Mesa 51.9 (B\aiodeU and Hol1ngren 1984; Utah State Engioeer'I black eaaebruoh over othere with use v8J)'ing from 0 to plalms ranged from 0.167 to 0.193 percent (table 7). Office 1931·1960). 82.7 pen:ent of the c:urrentyear's growth. Pine Valley No significant differences were detected among the Ridge prmplum, a tetraploid (211 = 36, McArthur and germplaamo. Pine VaDey Ridge'. winter phoophorul Sandereon 1994) "aa the moot preferred. On Ito na· T_ 7-Moln winter phospho"" conlanl (percenl 01 dry T__ an monoterpanold contenl (percenl of dry tive lite, domeatic .heep, cattle. and pronghorn aeek maher) oloa.... germpIaarn, 01 black aagebluah maher) 01 ...., gennplaam, of bI.",:I< ugabruoIt it out III a winter forage (B\aiodeD and Holmgren 1984; (ArI8mIsia nova) _ on a common garden. ~an productivity (length ol leador growth) lor (_siB now) _ on a common gonfon. T_ No significant dillelasms 01 black oagebrulh (~;si. Slgnillcanl diIIerwncn among gennpluml __ Behan and W. Jch (l9l!6) studied the WInter nutritive gennplaamo nova) grown on a common garden. No Significant not lo,'ed (ahor Behan and WoIcI11885) n1ue of the .",en germplaam selections of black sage. differences were delecled among germplasms (al· ~ Il00_... _ brwIb. Variables included »roductivity, aude protein, lor Behan and Welch 1986) ...... GormpIeem aDd in vitro digestibility. Tabl. 4 showl the mean productivity of the seven Germ,..,," Percenl ,..",.", germplumo. Productivity "aa e"PreMed aa le.ngth Dove Creek 0.193 th~ em DoveCrHk 1.33 o(the current year's vegetative growth. No slgnlfi. PIno V..., Ridge 0.184 Fromanl Junction 1.07 Fremont Junction 5.1 Manti 0.181 cant difJeftnoetl were detected among the IleVen (p!nn· Spring Va..., 1.07 Dove Creek 4.6 Spring V..., 0.181 plumo. Pine Valley Ridge'l current year'1 growth WongatelAeoa 1.02 Pine VaRey Ridge 4.5 F_JunctIon O.ln rate .".. 4.5 centimeten. BladtM....,taln 0.75 Manti 4.1 Bleck MountaIn 0.175 Crude prot.ein determinationo (on a dry matter baail) Manti 0.70 Wingate Mesa 3.9 W!ngatelAeoa 0.187 ore ohown in table 5. Germplumo ranged from 5.8 to Pine Valley Ridgo 0.83 Spring Valley 3.7 7.3 pen:ent crude protein. Although the differencea ~ack Mountain 3.7 "ere not lignlfiCllnt, Pine Valley Ridge plants produced on seeded plots (10 by 10 teel) available water i. held to a deplh of 5 feel. Soil reac at lour different sitas on the Desert Experimental Range. The number of native btlck sage Pine Valley Ridge can he e,tabliahed on .uitahle lion (pH) rangeo Iiom 6.6 to 7.5. MOIl rooto extend brush plants on plots of the same size adjacent to t". seeded and control plots are given. .ite. hy direct oeeding, by Iran.planting barerool or Data were collected during lall of 1993 to a deplh of Ie .. Ihan 20 to 30 inche.. The average tile containerized .tock, or by a technique we term ' mother Iioet.-&ee period i. aboull60 days. Permeabilily plant.' Deacriptions ofth... technique. follow. Dat. _berol range.liom 2.0 to 6.3 inche. per hour (Utah State Nu_oI SIt. Plot _plant. Engineer'. om .. 1931-1960; Woodward and olhen nat'" pIanta 1974). Dlreet Seedin. Experiment. Northeasl Seeded 1 South -111187 7 0 Because the annual precipitation of the native lite Seeded 2 South 111188 3 2 Gordon Creek Wildlife M.-.ement Area and the Round Valley teat lite were helow the 9-inch Control South 0 0 minimum recommended for artificial seeding (Bw.dell Seeded I North 111187 3 0 Elevation ill abouI6,900 feet. The average annual and Holmgren 1984; Plummer and olhera 1968) we Seeded 2 North 10188 2 0 precipitation i. about 12 in"",". The soil i. a Travea Control North eaperimented allhe Desert Experimental Range to 0 0 .ilIa &andy loam. Thill ill a .ballow, .ell-drained lOiI determine the fe ..ibility of seeding thia germplaam. Old Highway Seeded 1 South 10187 derived predominantly Iiom """datone wilh 10 to 18 37 0 Teot plota were e.tabli.hed at four .ite•. The... ite. Seeded 2 South 10188 45 peroenl clay content. Effeclive rooting deplh ill be 23 were We.t Walt Jam.. (north hal( of the northweat Control Soulh 0 4 t....., 7 and 20 inchee. Soil reaction (~Hl rangeo from quarter of section 22, townahip 25 lOuth, range 18 Seeded 1 North 10187 4 0 7.4 to 8.8. Permeability ia moderate with an available Seeded 2 North 10188 weet Salt Lake Meridian ~ Warm Cove P ... (north 2 water capacily of 3 to 4 inches (Je"""n and Borchert Cootrol North half ~fthe lOulhwe.t quarter of section 25, town.hip 0 1988; Utah SII>te Engineer'. om .. 1931-1960). 25 lOUth, range 18 weot, Salt Lake Meridian); Old Wa"" Cova Pass Seeded 1 South 10187 12 9 nighway (north half of tbe lOulheaat quarter of aec Seeded 2 South 10188 8 7 IIouadValIey tion 25, townarip :u lOuth, range 18 welt, Salt Lake Control South 0 3 Seeded 1 North 10187 Eln.tion i. about 5,200 red. The average annual Meridian); and Northe.. 1 Comer (soulh half of the 1 0 Seeded 2 North 10188 3 pncipitation ill aboul 7 incbe•. ThelOil i. a Snow IOUthwe.t half of section 13, town,hip 24 lOuth, 0 Cootrol North 0 0 .lide ftry gravelly loam, • deep, well-drained lOil. range 17 weot, Salt Lake Meridian). West Wall James Seeded 1 Wesl Etradive rooting depth ia 5 feet. About 5 inches of At each .ite rour 10- by 100foot plota were hand 10188 4 7 Seeded 2 West ....ilahle ....ter ill held by tbe ooil a depth of 5 feel. cleared ofall vegetation. Two plota were used .. t0l89 5 0 to CootrolW•• t Soil reaction (pH) rangeo from 7.4 to 8 .•. Clay content control.. Control plota were ..tablillhed only for the 0 2 Seeded 1 East 10188 4 rangn Iiom 5 to 18 percent. The average Iioat-free firet year. Two ploto were seeded with Pine Valley 4 Seeded 2 Ea.t 10189 4 2 Control Ea.1 0 2 dinct-oeedi"ll program .tarta with high-quality. cer TranllPlantln, Ban!root and ConUoinemed winteriJIII animala. Pine VaUey Ridge bl.ck aage National Academy of Sciences. 1975. Nutrient require tified oeed (.,..en l1li. Selected C\oao). Commercial Stock bruah germplum can be eatobli.hed by direct eeeding. menta of .beep. Reeearch Council Publ. 5. 5th ed...... ",.. of cet1.ilied PIne VaUey Ridge germpl.. m oeed tnuuoplanting. and the uae of the "mother plant" tech Expense limits the ueefulneas of tranaplanting bare W.. hington . DC: National Academy ofScion .... 72 p. will be available by May 1994. Techniques have been nique. It appears 10 be widely adapted and can grow NOAA. 1988. Climalolotlieal data. Annual.ummary root or containerized stock to small critical aftU, eeed clneloped to economically clean the oeed to a pure live 00 litH with the foUowing physical characteristics: increue gardena, or demonstration plou. Planting Utah (We.tern Diviaion). AaheviUe. NC: National oeed CODteDt of 40 to 50 percent (Shaw and Monsen Oceanic and Atmoapheric Adminiotration. 90(13~ 2. stock ohould be at leaot 5 to 8 inche. tall and over • Mean annual precipitation of at least 7 inches. 1990; Welch. in preparation; Welch and othera 1986). NOAA. 1989. Climalolotlieal ~ata. AnnUallummary wintered in an unheated nursery bed or lathhoule. • Deep to .haUow. weU-dr.ined eoilo. SIo..... life of black oagebruoh oeed in an open. un We recommend transplanting atock in early spring. • Clay content up 10 22 percent. Utah (We.tern Divi.ion). AaheviUe, NC: National heated. uncnoled warehouse i. about 3 yearo (Shaw Oceanic and Atmoapheric Adminiatration. 91(13~ 2. However. containerized stock can be 8ucceufulJy • Soil pH between 6.6 and 8.8. and Monaen 1990; 5teven. and othe.. 1981). ICthe NOAA. 1990. Climalolotlieal data. Annual.ummary transplanted in the summer if the tran.planta re • Growing aeason of at leut 75 dayo. oeed anaIyoio io older than I year. aeedlota should be Utah (We.tern Divilion). Aaheville. NC: National ceive adequate irrigation during the fint growing terIted for gennination before being used in a direct Oceanic and Atmoapheric Adminiotration. 92(13 ~ 2. aeason. oeedi"ll program. A 0.5- to l-oquare-foot ..... muot be cleared of aU References Pereoniua. Timothy L.; Wambolt, Carl L.; Stephen., After a lUitable .ite h .. been chosen. the site Jeffery R.; Kelaey, Rick G. 1987. Crude terpenoid competing plante for each trampleDt. A ahove! can obouId be prepared by redUO"ll competition. Vegeta Ammann, A P.; Cowan. R. L.; Motherahead. C. L.; influence OD mule deer preference (or ugebruah. be uaed to mi.s the aoil and kill the Iopo. roote. otolone. tion can be cleared by fire. herbicides. or machinery. Baumgart. B. R. 1973. Dry matter and enefl)' in Journal of Range Management. 40: 84-88. and rhizome. of competing , pecie •. Soil mutt be The amount of vegetation removed will depend on take in relation to digeotibility in white-tailed deer. A p.ckod firmly around the tranoplant·. entire root eye Plummer. P.; Cbri.tenaen. D. R. ; Monaen. S. B. the amount and kind. of other forage opetie. seeded Journal of Wildlife Management. 37: 195-201. tem. To enhance survival and growth, a basin 1 to 1968. ResloriJIII bia game range in Utah. Publ. 68-3. with Pine VaUey Ridge. We recommend planting Behan. D.; Welch. B. L. 1985. BI.ck oagebruah: mule Salt Lake City, UT: Utah Divi.ion of Wildlife 3 inches deep could be con.tructed around the .tem Re Pine Valley Ridge with other forage opeeie. beeause deer winter preference and monoterpenoid content. aource •. 183 p. to catch water. In extremely dry are.. or durina dry mixture. are more productive than monocu1turelJ. Journal of Range Management. 38: 271>-277. Plummer. A Perry; Monsen. Stephen B.; Stevena. period •• the b ••in can be filled with water. For con Mizturel eJ:tend the season of use and are more re· Behan, B.; Welch, B. L. 1986. Winter nutritive content tainerized .tock. the growi"ll medium Ihould be cov Richard. 1977. Intermountain range plant name. .iatant to diseases and ineect.a (Plummer and others ofb1ack oagebruoh ~misia IIOUO) grown in • uni and 8ymbolo. Gen. Tech. Rep. 1NT-38. Ogden, UT: ered with 0.5 inch of eoil. Thio preventa the growing 1968). Pine VaUey Ridge .hould be eown at the rate formprdeD. Great Basin Naturaliot. 46: 161-165. U.S. Department of A,ric:u\ture, Forest Service, m~ium from acting sa 8 wick and drying out the of o ...... ighth 10 one-fourth pound of pure live seed BlaiacleU, James P.; Holmgren. Ralph C. 1984. Man tr.nsplant. First-year . urvival ratea .hould be 80 Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Sta per acre (Plummer and othere 1968; Richardeon and aging Intermountain rengelanda-aa1t.-<1esert .hrub tion. 82 p. percent. or higher. othen 1986; Shaw and Mon ..n 1990; Welch and oth range•. Gen. Tech. Rep. 1NT-163. Ogden. lIT: U.S. Richardaon. B. Z. ; Monsen. S. B.; Bowen, D. M. 1988. ere 1986). The timing and depth of eeeding are criti Department of A,ric:u\ture. Fore.t Service, Inter Intereeeding aelected .hrub. and herba on mine eaI. On the native .ite. Pine VaUey Ridge di.peree. "Mother Plant" mountain Foreat and Range Experiment Station. di.turbance. in eouth... tern Idaho. In: McArthur. it. teed in November. Therefore. we believe the best Thio technique oomblDes tranaplanti"l! and natural 52p. E. D.; Welch, B. L .• compo. I'roceedingo-Iympoaium time 10 BOW the oeed i. juat before .now ac:c:umulation eeed di.penal. Shrubo establi.hed by tranaplantinfl Clary, Warren P. 1986. Black sagebruah re.ponee on the biology of Artemioia and ChryaotluJmnua; (YOUJIII and Evana 1986). For a mixture. the optimum can eerve .. mother planta 10 produce eeeda for dioper to grui"ll in the eaat-central Great B.. in . In: 1984 July 9-13; Provo. UT. Gen. Tech. Rep.INT-200. planting depth wiU depend on the different .peeie. aa1. Thi. technique can be uaed after a dioturbance McArthur, E. Durant; Welch, Bruce L .• comp• . Ogden. UT: U.S. Department of A,ric:u\Iure. Foreat iDcluded. Pine vaUey Ridge seed ohould be oown on h.. destroyed a native .land of black oagebruah. The l'rooeedinp-eympoaium on the biology ofArte· Service, lntermountain Research Station: 134-139. a 6rm seedbed at or near the lUfface. Big oagebru.h mother planta are planted on a 50- by 50-foot grid misia and ChryaotluJmnua; 1984 July 9-13; Provo. Shaw. Nancy L.; Moneen. Stephen B. 1990. U.. of oeeds are about the aame oize .. black aagebrush throughout the .ite. The planta may have 10 be indi lIT. Gen. Tech. Rep. 1NT-200. Ogden. lIT: U.S. oagebru.h for improvement of wildlife habitat. In: seeds. In fI""Onhouae .tudie•• a1moat no seedlingo viduaUy fertilized. irrigated, fenced. or ot.herwiae eared Department of A,ric:u\ture. Forest Service. Inter Fioaer. Herbert G. • ed. Proceedinge-17th Wyomi"l! emerged when big oagebruoh seeds were planted for if they are to be come ••tabli.hed and grow. mountain Research Station: 181-185. shrub ecology workshop; 1988 June 21-22; Jackaon, deeper than three-.ixteenths of an inch (Jacobeon After 3 to 5 yean. the mother planla obouId produce JKObaon, Tracy I. C.; Welch. Bruce I. 1987. Planti"l! WY. Laramie. WY: Univereity ofWyomi"ll. Depart. and Welch 1987). Froat heavinR and the espanaion aeed. Competing vegetation can be cleared in .tripo depth of 'Hobble Creek' mountain big lagebru.h ment of Range Management: 19-35. and contraction of the ooil .urrace by wetting and or in spots around the mother plante ulina machin· -.l. Great Basin Naturali.t. 47: 497-499. Sheehy. D. P.; Winward. A H. 1981. Relative palat dryin, will cover the oagebru.h ...d •• ufficiently ery or herbici1... T'nio technique can help maintain Je_n. Earl H.; Borchert, Jame. W. 1988. Soil .ur ability of ..ven Artemioia taxa 10 mule deer and to aUo" them 10 germinate and become e.tabli.hed. black oagebru.h oland. that receive heavy uae ye.. vey of Carbon County Area. Utah. Price. UT: U.S. oheep. Journal of Range Managemenl 34: 397-399. Pine Valley Ridge oeed can be eown by aerial oeedere. after year (Wagotolf am Wekh 1990). Heavy cruinc Department of A,ric:u\ture. Soil Conservation Ser Smith. A. D. 1950. Sagebrulh as winter feed for mule cyclooe eeeden. dr.bblera. or driUa that have been ad may reduce seed ltalk (and henee eeed) production 10 nee. 294 p. deer. Journal of Wildlife Management. 14: 285-289. juated to 1eave the eeeda on the lUfface. When u.ing one-thirtieth or one-6ft.ieth of normal (wagotaIF 1994; Lemhi Soil Conaervation OUotricl. 1993. Unpubli.hed Soil Coneervation Service. [n.d.l. Unpubli.hed data a driU. Richardoon and othere (1986) recommended Wagetolf and Welch 1991). aoil data on file at: Lemhi Soil Conaervation District, on 61e at: U.S. Department of A,ricuJture. Soil Con that oagebru.h and other .hrubo be planted in differ ChaIlia, m. aervation Service. Salt Lake City. UT. ent rowa than gr"'l and fom. Bec.aU8e grueee McArthur, E. Durant; Sandenon. Stewart C. 1994. Stevena. Richard; McArJ\ur, E. Duranl1974. A limp)e and forbo clnelop more quickly. they may keep .hrubo ConcluaioD8 Unpubliohed data on rue at: U.S. Department of field technique for identification of eome ....bruah !'rom becoming eatobli.hed. Thi. planti"ll technique Acriculture, Foreot Service, Intermountain Reaearch tua. Journal of Range Managemenl 27: 325-326. aIeo require. I.... hrub oeed. Competition within Pine vaUey Ridge eource io a .uperior aelected ,..,.. Station. Shrub Science. Laboratory, Provo. UT. Slovena. R.; JOI'I"neen. It R ; Davia. J . N. 1981. Viabil the oeed mixture i. reduced when eeed ia eown aeriaUy plum of black .agebrulh for reveptatin, a varlaty NOD. J . C.; Recelln. W. L. 1977. lnOuenceofplant ity of seed from thirty· two .hrub and forb .peele. or brooelt'ut on a prepared, firm oeedbed. Competi of dry habitata. It was preferred by wintering deer; wlatile oIIa on feed ..Iection by anlmala. X1lth In through fifteen yean of warehou .. 8torage. Great tion can bo reduced by increaaing mierohabitat diver a numhor of other dome.tic and wild &Dimala eat it _tiona! Con ..... of Game DiolotliatB (Atlanta). Baoin Naturali.t. 41 : 274-277. oity ttuouch rouchening the ";1 lUfface. for inatance. aa weU. It can raiee the leYel of enefl)'. crude protein. 13: 226-230. by di.1r.i"ll or harrowing (Young and Evan. 1986). phoaphoru•• and carotene in the diet ofa number of Swell8On. John L .• Jr.; An:her. WarTen M.; Donaldson. Welch. Bruce L. [In preparation). Beyond 12 pen:ent Karl M.; Shiozaki. Jungi J.; Broderick. J . Howard; purity. In: Roundy. B. A.; McArthur. E. D.; Haley. J . S.; Mann. D. K . comps. Proceedings- arid land Woodward. Lowell. 1972. Soil survey of Utah County. Welch. Bruce L ; Briggs. Slavsn F.; Young. Slanl",d A. 19904. Pine Valley Ridge Source-- Utah: central part. Provo. UT: U.S . Department of reotoration; 1993 October 19-21; Loa Vegas. NY. a supen", seleded gennpJasm 01 black sagebrush. Res. Pap. INT-RP":74. Ogden. UT: Agriculture. Soil Conservation Service. 161 p. Gen. Tech. Rep. Ogden. UT: U.S. Department of U.S. Department 01 Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 9 p. Utah State Engineer's Ollice. 1931-1960. Normal an Agriculture. Forest Service. Intennountain Reoearch A ~rrior .germplasm of ~ack sagebrush (At1emisia nova) has been evaluated tor r. nual precipitation map. Salt Lake City. UT: Utah Station. Welch. Bruce L.; McArthur. E. Durant; Nelson. David L.; vega ng arid rangeland wi1h annual precipilation 017 10 16 1ne1les. This gennpJasm Pine State Engineer's Office. e Pederson. Jordan C.; Davis. James N. 1986. 'Hobble ~::: ~~r.rincan fnC1~as& thdo lev&! of anergy, protein. phosphorus , and carotene in the Wagstaff. Fred J . 1994. Unpublished data on file at: g prong om. mesllC sheep. catlle. and mule deer Pine Valle Ridge I. U.S_ Department of Agriculture. Forest Service. Creek'- a superior selection oflow..elevatjon moun· bener adapled 10 drier siles lllan two previously released germpla~ms 01 big ':9ebruoh Intermountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences tain big sagebrush. Res. Pap. INT-370. Ogden. UT: 'Hobble Creek' and Gordon Creek. The need It,,!he gam>pJasm. lis nulrienl con'enl ~r Laboratory, Provo, UT. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, In actensflcs of araas where it can be grown. and procedures lor establishing it are ~ibed . WagstafT. Fred J.; Welch. Bruce L. 1990. Reju-/ena termountain Research Station. 10 p. tion of mountain big sagebrush on mule deer win Welch. Bruce L.; Nelson. E. Dwain; Young. Stanford A. ; ter ranges using onaite plants 88 a seed source. Sands. Alan R.; Wagstaff. Fred J.; Nelson David L. Keywords: forage pr~terence tesls, winter range, nutritive value establi shment In: McArthur. E. D.; Romney. E. M.; Smith. S. D.; 1992. 'Gordon Creek' -a superior tested gennplasm revegelattOn. Artemisia nova, pronghom. sage grous:e. cattle , dome~tic sheep. browse plants . (ehabilitatlon Tueller, P. T .. comps. Proceedings-symposium on of Wyoming big sagebrush. Res. Pap. INT-461. cheatgrass inv8Bion, shrub die--off. and other aspecta Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Forest ofehrub biology and management; 1989 April 5-7; Service. Intermountain Research Station. 8 p. Loa Vegas. NY. Gen. T..-h. Rep. INT-276. Ogden. Woodward. Lowell; Harvey. John L.; Donaldson. UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Forest Service. Karl M.; Shiozaki. Jungi J. ; Lei.hman. Garth W.; Intermountain Resean:h Station: 171 -174. Broderick. J . Howard. 1974. Soil survey of Salt Lake Wagstaff. Fred J.; Welch. Bruce L. 199\. Seed.talk Area. UT. Salt Lake City. UT: U.S. Department of production on mountain big sagebrush enhanced Agriculture. Soil Conservation Service. 132 p. through short-term protection from heavy brows Young. James A.; Evans. Raymond A. 1986. SeedJing INTERMOUNTAIN ing. Journal of Range Management. 44: 72-74. establishment of five sources of big sagebrush in RESEARCH STATION Welch. Bruce L. 1989. Nutritive value of shrubo. In: reciprocal gardens. In: McArthur. E. Durant; Welch. Mc1U!lI . Cyrus M .• ed. The biology and utilization Bruce L., comps. Proceedings-symposium on the of shrubs. San Diego. CA: Academic Pre ..: 405-424. biology of Artemioia and Chryoollw.mnlUl; 1984 Welch. Bruce L. [In pre.. a). Gr... is not always king. July 9-13; Provo. UT. Gen Tech. Rep. INT-200. In: Baker. Michael. ed. Proceedings-XVII interna Ogden. UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Forest tional grasslands congress: 1993 February 8-21; Service. Intermountain Reoearch Station: 370-374. Palmenton North. New Zealand. Welch. Bruce L. [In pre.. b). Rangeland shrubs. In: The Intermounlain Research Sialion provides sclenllfiC knowledge and technol Arntzen. Charles J .• ed. Encyclopedia of agricul ogy to Improve management. prolactlon. and use 0' the 'orests and rangelands tural Kience. San Diego, CA: Academic PreSH. 0' the Intermounlaln West. Research Is designed to meal the needs 0' National Forest managers. Federal and Stale 'agencies. industry. academic inslitutlOns publiC and prlvale org~nilallOns . and individuals. Resul1s 0' research are made av8llable through pubhcatlOns. symposia. workshops. Irainlng sessions and per- sonal contacts. • The Intermounlain Research Station terri10ry includes Montana Idaho Utah Nevada. and weSI~,!, Wyoming. Eighty-fIVe percent 0' lhe lands in the StatIOn' area. about 23' millIOn acres. are class~ied as lorest or rangelar. They Include grasslands. ~eS8rts. shrublands. alpine areas. and 'orests. They provide 'lber 'or 'orest Industnes. minerals and lossillueis 'or energy and industrial development water 'or domesllc and InduSlrial consumption. 'orage 'or livestock and wildlll • and recreation opportunUies 'or millions 0' visUors. e • .Several Station unUs conduc1 research in addUional western States. or have miSsions thai are national or IntematlOnal in scope.

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