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Do Livro Ao Filme the Trilogy of the Lord of The Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Línguas e Cultura 2009 Esmeralda da A TRIOLOGIA DO SENHOR DOS ANÉIS: DO Conceição Cunha LIVRO AO FILME Catalim THE TRILOGY OF THE LORD OF THE RINGS: FROM BOOK TO FILM Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Línguas e Cultura 2009 Esmeralda da A TRIOLOGIA DO SENHOR DOS ANÉIS: DO Conceição Cunha LIVRO AO FILME Catalim THE TRILOGY OF THE LORD OF THE RINGS: FROM BOOK TO FILM Dissertação apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Línguas Literaturas e Culturas, variante de Estudos Ingleses, realizada sob a orientação científica do Prof. Dr. Anthony David Barker, Professor Associado do Departamento de Línguas e Culturas da Universidade de Aveiro o júri presidente Prof. Dr. Kenneth David Callahan Professor Associado da Universidade de Aveiro Prof. Dr. Joaquim João Cunha Braamcamp de Mancelos Professor Auxiliar da Universidade Católica Portuguesa Prof. Dr. Anthony David Barker Professor Associado da Universidade de Aveiro ii Acknowledgments I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Professor Anthony Barker for his continuous support, patience, and understanding. Without his valuable advises, encouragement and insightful discussions, this work would never have been possible. I would also like to thank Professors David Callahan and Gillian Moreira for their earlier contribution in my English Literature and Language studies, as well as, to my family and friends for being always there for me. iii Palavras-chave Triologia, Tolkien, mitologia, Peter Jackson, O Senhor dos Aneis, os Aneis, linguistica, literatura fantástica, fantasia, ficção, cinamatografia, Nova Zelândia, terra-média, hobbits, elfos, lendas, tradição oral, Weta Digital, fãs, grupos de fãs na Internet, audiências, publicidade e franchisado cinamatográfico, estreia global. Resumo Este trabalho é estudo comparativo e analítico da trilogia literária do J.R.Tolkien O Senhor dos Anéis, assim como da produção cinematográfica do director Peter Jackson quarenta anos depois da publicação dos livros. O objectivo é demonstrar que apesar de uma adaptação cinematográfica não conseguir substituir a obra literária, pode contudo, com a tecnologia de hoje, ser o seu complemento visual. Igualmente importante neste trabalho é o estudo sobre os grupos de fãs organizados, o franchisado publicitário cinematográfico e marketing criado à volta de uma publicidade virtual e de estreia global na nova era de filmes para uma audiência em massa. iv Keywords trilogy, Tolkien, mitology, Peter Jackson, The Lord of the Rings, the Rings, linguistic, literature, fantasy, fiction, cinamatography, New Zealand, middle-earth, hobbits, elves, ledgends, oral tradition, Weta Digital, fans, Online fandom, audiences,publicity and film franchise, global release. Abstract This is a comparative and analytical work of J.R.R. Tolkien literary trilogy The Lord of the Rings as well as the cinematographic production of Peter Jackson forty years after the publication of the books. The goal is to demonstrate that though a film adaptation will never replace the original literary work, it can be, however, its visual compliment or extension. Equally important, is the study of the organised fans and fandom, the publicity, marketing and film franchise that involves an online publicity and global release in a new cinematographic era for mass audiences. v Contents Acknowledgments ................................................................................................... iii Palavras-Chave/Resumo ........................................................................................ iv Keywords/Abstract ...................................................................................................v Contents .................................................................................................................. vi List of Illustrations ................................................................................................... vii Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter I - J.R. R. Tolkien: The Writer and the Book ................................................ 6 1.The Writer: His Life ............................................................................................... 7 2.The Book: Creating an English Myth: Philogy and Historical Resourses ........... 15 - The Words ........................................................................................................... 15 - Tolkien's Christianity ........................................................................................... 16 - Sources of Inspiration ......................................................................................... 18 3.The Book: The Story of its Publication ............................................................... 19 Chapter II - From Novel to Film ................................................................................. 26 1. Adaptation to Cinema ........................................................................................ 27 2. Lost in Translation – The Screenwriting ............................................................ 31 3.Visual Imagery .................................................................................................... 35 Chapter III - The Film Trilogy ...................................................................................... 39 1.The Mechanics: Structuring the Three Films ...................................................... 40 2. The Making of: Casting, Settings and Specal Digital Effects ............................. 44 3. The Post Production: Editing, Music and Sound Effects ................................... 49 Chapter IV - The Cultural Phenomeon ........................................................................ 51 1. Marketing, Publicity, Global Release and Audience Response......................... 52 2. Afterlife in Popular Culture ................................................................................ 56 3. The Rise of Popular Cults: From Fans to Secret Societies ............................... 60 Conclusion – Final Considerations ............................................................................. 64 Appendixes ................................................................................................................... 68 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 73 Filmiography ................................................................................................................. 76 vi List of Illustrations 1. Edith Bratt ............................................................................................................... 12 2. J. R. R. Tolkien ....................................................................................................... 14 3. Original Lord of the Rings Book Covers ................................................................. 25 4. Orcs by Bakshi (1978 The Lord of the Rings Cartoon) ........................................... 36 5. Freytag’s Triangle ................................................................................................... 41 6. Novel’s Structure .................................................................................................... 41 7. Film’s Stricture ........................................................................................................ 42 8. Breaking up Tolkien’s Story .................................................................................... 42 9. Structure of The Lord of the Rings Films ................................................................. 43 10. Liv Tyler ................................................................................................................... 47 11. Christopher Lee ....................................................................................................... 47 12. Orlando Bloom ......................................................................................................... 47 13. Ent Wine Glass ........................................................................................................ 54 14. LotR Checkers Game .............................................................................................. 54 15. Talking Sméagol Doll .............................................................................................. 54 16. Aragorn Keychain .................................................................................................... 54 17. New Zealand Tourism Growth Table ....................................................................... 59 18. LotR John Cook’s Comic ......................................................................................... 61 19. The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) Movie Poster ..................................................... 63 20. The Two Towers (2002) Movie Poster ..................................................................... 63 21. The Return of the King (2003) Movie Poster ........................................................... 63 22. Film Genealogy of The Lord of the Rings ................................................................ 69 23. John Howe’s Middle-earth Map ............................................................................... 70 24. Peter Jackson’s Middle-earth Map .........................................................................
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