DOCSLIB.ORG

1 Defining Swearing 2 a Typology of Swearing

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1 Defining Swearing 2 a Typology of Swearing Notes 1 Defining Swearing 1. According to Vincent (1982: 36) a distinction was made between the sacre and blasphemy (le blasphème); while the second of these denotes conscious profa- nation of the name of God and the saints (la profanation du nom de Dieu et des Saints), the first term is reserved for thoughtless interjectional use of such names and of the names of sacred objects (l’utilisation du vocabulaire religieux à des fins interjectives). The sacres were originally part of the swearing repertory of European French but have developed new meanings and pronunciations in Canadian French, in particular in Montreal. 2. This study took place in 2005 at a school in Tensta, a Stockholm suburb with many immigrants. The participants who were aged between 14 and 17 were asked to give ten examples of typical swearing. Even if this approach encour- aged exaggeration and produced certain unlikely answers, it indicates that the swearing of young people in Tensta differs strongly from mainstream Swedish swearing. 3. In a 1978 study 38 students at the University of Texas at Austin were asked to rank 80 constructions in accordance with how typical they were as instances of American English swearing. The results indicated that taboo strength was one of the most important factors affecting their choice but not the only one. See Appendix 3 for the rank list resulting from this experiment. (The list can also be found in Ljung 1984: 117–20.) 4. The information about the use of offensive language reported on here has been taken from www.bbc.co.uk/guidelines/editorial guidelines/a. ./offensive language/. See also the article ‘Broadcast Rules Should Have Saved BBC’ by John Plunkett in the Guardian on 29 October 2008. 2 A Typology of Swearing 1. McEnery’s sources are not confined to the BNC. Cf. McEnery (2005: 30): ‘In deciding what words I wanted to include within the corpus, I was partly guided by claims within the literature, partly by my own intuition, partly by serendipitous discovery and partly by words I encountered within the corpus which fitted the classification system developed.’ 2. The literature on grammaticalization is very comprehensive. Here I will mention just a few relevant works: Traugott and Heine (1991), Hopper and Traugott (1993), Bybee (2003) and Fischer (2004). Gehweiler (2008) discusses the role of grammaticalization in the development of English swearing. 3. kuk(k) is the term used in the Nynorsk variety of Norwegian while fitte is from the Bokmål variety. 168 Notes 169 3 History of Swearing 1. The Corpus of English Dialogues (COED) is a 1.2 million-word corpus com- piled at the English Department of Uppsala University. It contains dialogues from trials, dramas, witness depositions, prose fiction and handbooks from five historical periods, viz. 1560–99, 1600–39, 1640–79, 1680–1719, 1720–60. 2. Actually, the first recorded use of damn ‘doom to eternal punishment’ is found, not in connection with God, but with the Devil in the phrase ‘The devil damn thee black, thou cream-faced loon’ (Macbeth, V.iii.11), a play first put on the stage in 1605. 3. According to Montagu, Prynne, a Puritan, launched an attack on the stage in his book Histriomastix in 1633 but was cruelly punished for alleged criticisms of the king and queen. 4. There were several interrogations, the best known of which appears to be the one conducted by two Englishmen, viz. the earls of Warwick and Stafford. The language in which the interrogation was conducted was French. Cf. MS. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, Collection Complète des Mémoires, Vol. 8. 5. The question of the true nature of goddem has attracted the attention of many scholars in addition to Wartburg, for instance Steven de Ullman (1947) ‘Anglicisms in French. Notes on their Chronology, Range and Reception’, PMLA Vol. 62, No. 4, Dec. 1947, 1153–77. de Ullman regards goddem as an English loan that entered French during the Hundred Years War and refers to it as part of ‘the thin and intermittent trickle of Anglicisms prior to the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes … The words that had got through survived and one of them, at least, Goddam, retained much of its old flavour and pun- gency’ (1947: 1160). However, de Ullman also relates goddem to genuinely French words, calling it ‘a variant of Godon’ (1947: 1156) and relates it to phonetic distortions of Godot such as godo, jodo, which are semantically related to fifteenth-century gode ‘effeminate’, godinette ‘prostitute’ and sixteenth-century godant ‘deceit’ (1947: 1169). Wartburg (1928) also refers to the similarity between goddem and godon. He describes godon as ‘a nickname given to the English’ and connected with Norman godonner ‘swear’, ‘murmur’ and also with godeau ‘lout’, goudeau ‘imbecile’, and godot ‘little pig’. Wartburg rejects the suggestion that godon is a French loan from English goddamn. 6. Hellquist (1918: 52) speaks of ‘the incredibly increased importance of the belief in the devil in people’s minds’ and refers to Troels Lund’s Danmarks og Norges Historie i Slutningen av de 16:de Aarhundrade, according to whom the Devil dominated human life (presumably in all of Scandinavia) in all its forms in the second half of the sixteenth century. 7. It is an interesting fact that despite his resistance to all forms of swearing, Cromwell himself did not hesitate to use the expression ‘I beseech you, in the bowels of Christ, think it possible that you may be mistaken’ in a letter written in 1650 (cf. Hughes 2006: 389). The reason for this may be that unlike for example for God’s sake, by God’s nails, etc. the phrase in the bowels of Christ had not become formulaic and hence did not count as swearing. 170 Notes 8. An account of the (fictitious) interchange between the Sultan and the Cossacks may be found on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reply_of_the_ Zaporozhian_Cossacks where further reference is made to Dmytro I. Yavornytsky (1895: Vol. 2, pp. 517–18 and Kuropas (1961). 9. The Wikipedia.org article makes it clear that these texts cannot lay claim to historical truth and offers the following comment: The fact that this letter is not a true document of diplomacy of those times but a literary work has been demonstrated in numerous ways. The Cossacks never sent such documents to foreign countries in such a style. This can be seen in comparing archival materials of Cossack letters from various dates and content. Secondly, had this document been true, various variants would not exist. Thirdly, the variants have different dates (1600, 1619, 1620, 1667, 1696, 1713 and others). Moreover, there are different signatures under the letter: ataman Zakharchenko, Ivan Sirko, the Nyz Cossacks etc. Finally, each of the variants are addressed to different people: Osman, Ahmet II, Ahmet IV, Mahmud IV etc. All this points to the docu- ment having a literary origin which was taken up in folk culture or rooted in nationalistic sentiment. 10. Sheidlower (1999: 117) mentions a pre-1500 instance of fuck ‘have sexual intercourse’ found in a poem written sometime between 1450 and 1475 in which the Carmelite friars of Ely are accused of having sex with the women in that city. The relevant part of the poem is in (partly coded) Latin and goes like this: Non sunt in celi/ Quia fuccant uuiuys of heli ‘They are not in heaven/ Who fuck the wives (‘women’) of Ely’. 11. Sheidlower (1999: 111) also offers an example from 1788 in which the word used is French foutre, viz. ‘Do you call me a foutre?’ 4 Interjections 1. While the first example of Japanese interjections – Kuso! – uses the traditional scatological taboo theme, the other two – Baka! and Chiku shoo! – differ significantly from all the others and may strike the reader as surpris- ingly innocent. Baka means ‘fool’, ‘idiot’, both usually harmless enough in today’s European languages. But idiot may also have the more clinical sense ‘retarded’ and that is apparently how it is interpreted in Japanese. The term Chiku shoo may be translated as ‘cattle life’ and apparently derives its taboo load from the low esteem in which meat and meat-eating have traditionally been held in Japan. This attitude also extended to those who made a living from cattle-keeping, slaughter, etc., occupations at the bottom of the social hierarchy (cf. Constantine 1992, 1994). 2. Note that as early as 1926, the Belgian grammarian Poutsma describes inter- jections as ‘speech-elements which do not enter into the structure of the sentence and do not, accordingly, fall into any of the categories into which words have been divided’ (Poutsma, A Grammar of Late Modern English. Part II, Section II, p. 829). 3. Interestingly enough, we sometimes do find a form like gosh actually used as a noun, for instance in the BNC examples And I got up and I was gonna tie her Notes 171 up like and by gosh I thought I’d better make for the door again (BNC HV6 85) and By gosh! (BNC KBK 7111). 4. The full statistics for the interjections in Table 4.3 are as follows: COR: Cor! 74, Cor bloody hell! 2, Cor blimey! 2, Cor strewth! 3, Cor Jesus Christ! 1 = 82 GOSH: Gosh! 20, Oh gosh! 10, By gosh! 1, Oh my gosh! 1 = 32 DAMN: Damn it 2, Damn 2 = 4 CHRIST: Christ! 14, Oh Christ! 8, For Christ’s sake 4, By Christ! 3, Oh Jesus Christ! 1 = 30 SHIT: Ah shit! 1, Oh shit! 9, Shit! 8 = 18 JESUS: Jesus! 7, Ah Jesus! 2, Cor Jesus Christ! 1, Cor Jesus! 1, Oh Jesus 2, Oh Jesus Christ! 1, Ah Jesus Christ! 1, Jesus bloody Christ! 1, Ooh Jesus 1, Jesus wept 1, Jesus Christ! 1 = 19 FUCK: Fuck! 4, Fuck me! 2, Fuck it! 4, Oh fuck! 2 = 12 GOD: God! 109, Oh God! 173, By God! 26, My God! 120, Oh my God! 99, Good God 22, Dear God 1, Oh dear God! 1, Oh God Almighty 1, For God’s sake 9, Ah God! 2 = 563 BUGGER: Bugger! 1, Bugger it! 1, Oh bugger it! 3, Bugger + object 7, Bugger me! 2, Oh bugger! 1 = 15 HELL: Hell! 1, Bloody hell! 112, Fucking hell! 20, Oh hell! 3, Bleeding hell! 1, Flipping hell! 3, By hell! 2, Cor bloody hell! 2, For bloody hell sake 1 = 145 5.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Configuring a Scatological Gaze in Trash Filmmaking Zoe Gross
    Excremental Ecstasy, Divine Defecation and Revolting Reception: Configuring a Scatological Gaze in Trash Filmmaking Zoe Gross Scatology, for all the sordid formidability the term evokes, is not an es- pecially novel or unusual theme, stylistic technique or descriptor in film or filmic reception. Shit happens – to emphasise both the banality and perva- siveness of the cliché itself – on multiple levels of textuality, manifesting it- self in both the content and aesthetic of cinematic texts, and the ways we respond to them. We often refer to “shit films,” using an excremental vo- cabulary redolent of detritus, malaise and uncleanliness to denote their otherness and “badness”. That is, films of questionable taste, aesthetics, or value, are frequently delineated and defined by the defecatory: we describe them as “trash”, “crap”, “filth”, “sewerage”, “shithouse”. When considering cinematic purviews such as the b-film, exploitation, and shock or trash filmmaking, whose narratives are so often played out on the site of the gro- tesque body, a screenscape spectacularly splattered with bodily excess and waste is de rigeur. Here, the scatological is both often on blatant dis- play – shit is ejected, consumed, smeared, slung – and underpining or tinc- turing form and style, imbuing the text with a “shitty” aesthetic. In these kinds of films – which, as their various appellations tend to suggest, are de- fined themselves by their association with marginality, excess and trash, the underground, and the illicit – the abject body and its excretia not only act as a dominant visual landscape, but provide a kind of somatic, faecal COLLOQUY text theory critique 18 (2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Immersion Teaching on English Sociopragmatic Awareness of Chinese Kindergarten Children: a Polite Study
    International Education Volume 41 Issue 2 Spring 2012 Impact of Immersion Teaching on English Sociopragmatic Awareness of Chinese Kindergarten Children: A Polite Study Lei Zhang China Women's University Rong Yan Beijing International Studies University Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/internationaleducation Part of the International and Comparative Education Commons Copyright © 2013 by the University of Tennessee. Reproduced with publisher's permission. Further reproduction of this article in violation of the copyright is prohibited. https://trace.tennessee.edu/internationaleducation/vol41/iss2/3 Recommended Citation Zhang, Lei and Yan, Rong (2012). Impact of Immersion Teaching on English Sociopragmatic Awareness of Chinese Kindergarten Children: A Polite Study. International Education, Vol. 41 Issue (2). Retrieved from: https://trace.tennessee.edu/internationaleducation/vol41/iss2/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Education by an authorized editor of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. IMPACT OF IMMERSION TEACHING ON ENGLISH SOCIOPRAGMATIC AWARENESS OF CHINESE KINDERGARTEN CHILDREN: A POLITE STUDY Lei Zhang China Women’s University Rong Yan Beijing International Studies University ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to examine the impacts of an early partial im- mersion program as compared to a non-immersion program on English socioprag- matic awareness among Chinese kindergarten children six years of age. Of the 128 children who participated in the experiment involving the use of politeness perception tasks, half received three years of English immersion instruction and the other half were non-immersion children.
    [Show full text]
  • LINGUISTICS' Selected Category Scheme: Wos
    Journal Data Filtered By: Selected JCR Year: 2020 Selected Editions: SSCI Selected Categories: 'LINGUISTICS' Selected Category Scheme: WoS Rank Full Journal Title ISSN Journal Impact Factor 1 APPLIED LINGUISTICS 0142-6001 5.741 2 Language Teaching 0261-4448 5.327 3 Computer Assisted Language Learning 0958-8221 4.789 4 MODERN LANGUAGE JOURNAL 0026-7902 4.759 5 LANGUAGE LEARNING 0023-8333 4.667 6 LANGUAGE LEARNING & TECHNOLOGY 1094-3501 4.313 7 International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 1367-0050 4.159 8 STUDIES IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 0272-2631 3.988 9 Language Teaching Research 1362-1688 3.899 10 TESOL QUARTERLY 0039-8322 3.692 11 Language Testing 0265-5322 3.551 12 JOURNAL OF SECOND LANGUAGE WRITING 1060-3743 3.538 13 Bilingualism-Language and Cognition 1366-7289 3.532 14 Annual Review of Linguistics 2333-9691 3.512 15 SYSTEM 0346-251X 3.167 16 RESEARCH ON LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL INTERACTION 0835-1813 3.077 17 JOURNAL OF MEMORY AND LANGUAGE 0749-596X 3.059 18 Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching 2083-5205 3.036 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE & 19 COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 1368-2822 3.020 20 LANGUAGE SPEECH AND HEARING SERVICES IN SCHOOLS 0161-1461 2.983 21 ReCALL 0958-3440 2.917 JOURNAL OF MULTILINGUAL AND MULTICULTURAL 22 DEVELOPMENT 0143-4632 2.814 23 ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES 0889-4906 2.804 24 APHASIOLOGY 0268-7038 2.773 25 International Journal of Multilingualism 1479-0718 2.714 26 JOURNAL OF PHONETICS 0095-4470 2.670 27 Applied Linguistics Review 1868-6303 2.655 28 JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS
    [Show full text]
  • False Dilemma Wikipedia Contents
    False dilemma Wikipedia Contents 1 False dilemma 1 1.1 Examples ............................................... 1 1.1.1 Morton's fork ......................................... 1 1.1.2 False choice .......................................... 2 1.1.3 Black-and-white thinking ................................... 2 1.2 See also ................................................ 2 1.3 References ............................................... 3 1.4 External links ............................................. 3 2 Affirmative action 4 2.1 Origins ................................................. 4 2.2 Women ................................................ 4 2.3 Quotas ................................................. 5 2.4 National approaches .......................................... 5 2.4.1 Africa ............................................ 5 2.4.2 Asia .............................................. 7 2.4.3 Europe ............................................ 8 2.4.4 North America ........................................ 10 2.4.5 Oceania ............................................ 11 2.4.6 South America ........................................ 11 2.5 International organizations ...................................... 11 2.5.1 United Nations ........................................ 12 2.6 Support ................................................ 12 2.6.1 Polls .............................................. 12 2.7 Criticism ............................................... 12 2.7.1 Mismatching ......................................... 13 2.8 See also
    [Show full text]
  • Pirate and Hacking Speak Because Your Communicating with the World, Tell Them What You Think
    Pirate and Hacking Speak Because your communicating with the world, tell them what you think.... ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Afrikaans Poes / Doos - Pussy Fok jou - Fuck you Jy pis my af - You're pissing me off Hoer - Whore Slet - Slut Kak - Shit Poephol - Asshole Dom Doos - Dump Pussy Gaan fok jouself - Go fuck yourself ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Arabic Koos - cunt. nikomak - fuck your mother sharmuta - whore zarba - shit kis - vagina zib - penis Elif air ab tizak! - a thousand "dicks" in your ass! kisich - pussy Elif air ab dinich - A thousand dicks in your religion Mos zibby! - Suck my dick! Waj ab zibik! - An infection to your dick! kelbeh - bitch (lit a female dog) Muti - jackass Kanith - Fucker Kwanii - Faggot Bouse Tizi - Kiss my ass Armenian Aboosh - Stupid Dmbo, Khmbo - Idiot Myruht kooneh - Fuck your mother Peranuht shoonuh kukneh - The dog should shit in your mouth Esh - Donkey Buhlo (BUL-lo) - Dick Kuk oudelic shoon - Shit eating dog Juge / jugik - penis Vorig / vor - ass Eem juges bacheek doer - Kiss my penis Eem voriga bacheek doer - Kiss my ass Toon vor es - You are an ass Toon esh es - You are a jackass Metz Dzi-zik - Big Breasts Metz Jugik - Big penis ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Bengali baing chood - sister fucker chood - fuck/fucker choodmarani - mother fucker haramjada - bastard dhon - dick gud - pussy khanki/maggi - whore laewra aga - dickhead tor bapre choodi - fuck your dad ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    [Show full text]
  • The Therapeutic Implications of Swearing and Its Impact on Nurses
    Swearing: Impact on Nurses and Implications for Therapeutic Practice Teresa Elizabeth Stone RN, RPN, BA, MHM A thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Newcastle January 2009 Teresa Elizabeth Stone 1 Declaration I hereby certify that the work embodied in this thesis is the result of original research and has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other University or Institution. Signed: ……………………………………………………. Date: ………………………………………………… Teresa Elizabeth Stone Teresa Elizabeth Stone 2 Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my Mother and Pa who have given me a lifetime of love and support. Teresa Elizabeth Stone 3 Acknowledgments My list of dramatis personae for this study is long. My principal supervisor, Mike Hazelton, remained unfailingly encouraging and optimistic and his wealth of experience in research was invaluable. He told me he had been caught laughing to himself while reading through the questionnaire, a cameo of him that I treasure. Ed Clayton and Kim Colyas worked wonders with my statistics, and I painfully and slowly learned much and forgot more. Margaret McMillan came in slightly later in the piece, was completely inspirational, and really got me over the line. Jill Valdar is the editor and friend every girl needs, despite language that made her hair curl. Associate Professor Brian Taylor was a wonderful resource for all things linguistic and he gave freely of his own time. Heartfelt thanks to my wonderful husband Scott, who is forever supportive, and to Claudia, my dog, who has patiently accompanied me, snoring, as I wrote. Thanks, too, to the many nurses who participated in the study.
    [Show full text]
  • ROMA (To Williamson) You Stupid Fucking Cunt. You, Williamson...I'm Talking to You, Shithead...You Just Cost Me Six Thousand Dollars
    ROMA (to Williamson) You stupid fucking cunt. You, Williamson...I'm talking to you, shithead...You just cost me six thousand dollars. (pause) Six thousand dollars. And one Cadillac. That's right. What are you going to do about it? What are you goin to do about it, asshole. You fucking shit. Where did you learn your trade. You stupid fucking cunt. You idiot. Whoever told you you could work with men? BAYLEN Could I... ROMA I'm going to have your job, shithead. I'm going downtown and talk to Mitch and Murrray, and I'm going to Lemkin. I don't care whose nephew you are, who you know, whose dick you're sucking on. You're going out, I swear to you, you're going... BAYLEN Hey, fella, let's get this done... ROMA Anyone in this office lives on their wits... (to Baylen) I'm going to be with you in a second. (to Williamson) What you're hired for is to help us--does that seem clear to you? To help us. Not to fuck us up...to help men who are going out there to try to earn a living. You fairy. You company man...I'll tell you something else. I hope you knocked the joint off, I can tell our friend here something might help him catch you. (starts into the room) You want to learn the first rule you'd know if you ever spent a day in your life...you never open your mouth till you know what the shot is.
    [Show full text]
  • Alternative Spelling and Censorship: the Treatment of Profanities in Virtual Communities Laura-Gabrielle Goudet
    Alternative spelling and censorship: the treatment of profanities in virtual communities Laura-Gabrielle Goudet To cite this version: Laura-Gabrielle Goudet. Alternative spelling and censorship: the treatment of profanities in virtual communities. Aspects of Linguistic Impoliteness, 2013. hal-02119772 HAL Id: hal-02119772 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02119772 Submitted on 4 May 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Alternative spelling and censorship: the treatment of profanities in virtual communities Laura-Gabrielle Goudet Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité [email protected] [Author’s version of a paper published in Aspects of Linguistic Impoliteness (2013), Cambridge Scholars Publishing] Introduction Discourse on the internet is characterized by the paradoxical ability of users to write and communicate in alternative ways, with minimal supervision or external regularization—in most, not all communities—while new norms arise and are replaced according to users of virtual communities. On most websites, there is no regulating organ, except the Terms of Service that every registered user has to abide by. The standard version (used on websites like Facebook) includes a clause stipulating that the user should not: “use the Services […] to : upload, post, transmit, share, […] any User content [deemed] harmful, threatening, unlawful, defamatory, infringing, abusive, inflammatory, harassing, vulgar, obscene, […] hateful, or racially, ethnically or otherwise objectionable”.
    [Show full text]
  • Euphemism in Animated Films a Multimodal And
    Seeing the unseen: Euphemism in Animated Films A Multimodal and Critical Discourse Study by Dalia Abyd Asseel M.A. (Linguistics) A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in THE DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS AND ENGLISH LANGUAGE LANCASTER UNIVERSITY, UK JULY 2020 Abstract Animated films are contemporary popular cultural products recreating the ‘real’ world and engaging massive worldwide audiences of adults and children. Children as the ostensible viewers of animated films may acquire their cultural and ideological knowledge and beliefs about the world from the representations in animated films. Although during the past decade animated films have increasingly been the focus of attention of researchers across different disciplines, including education, gender, sexuality and literacy, studies tackling the discourse and language of animated films are still in their early stages. More specifically, very few studies have investigated the use of euphemism as a major micro-level linguistic device reflecting macro-level discourse and extending to sociocultural structures. To this end, this thesis examines euphemism constructed through the discourse of animated films by employing the strategies of Critical Discourse Studies (CDS). Moreover, Multimodal Discourse Analysis (MDA) is employed to examine discursive strategies involving visual representations accompanying euphemism and what underpins those strategies, and to shed light on the multimodal relations between the representation of both. Euphemism is frequently associated with the notion of taboo. Consequently, new words or phrases are designated to refer to linguistic taboos as alternatives used by speakers to minimise the threat to the audience’s face as well as to their own.
    [Show full text]
  • No. 18-302 on Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals For
    No. 18-302 IN THE ___________ ANDREI IANCU, UNDER SECRETARY OF COMMERCE FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND DIRECTOR, UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE, PETITIONER, V. ERIK BRUNETTI RESPONDENT. On Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit __________ BRIEF FOR THE CATO INSTITUTE, DKT LIBERTY PROJECT, AMERICANS FOR PROSPERITY, P.J. O’ROURKE, AND NADINE STROSSEN AS AMICI CURIAE SUPPORTING RESPONDENT __________ Thomas Berry Ilya Shapiro 768 N. Wakefield St. Counsel of Record Arlington, VA 22203 Trevor Burrus CATO INSTITUTE 1000 Mass. Ave. N.W. Washington, D.C. 20001 (202) 842-0200 [email protected] i QUESTION PRESENTED Does the government get to decide what language is “scandalous”? ii TABLE OF CONTENTS QUESTION PRESENTED ........................................... i TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ....................................... iii INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE ................................. 1 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT ........................................................... 3 ARGUMENT ................................................................ 7 I. “VULGAR” LANGUAGE PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN SOCIETY ........................ 7 A. Vulgar Language Is Necessary for Full and Authentic Expression ...................................... 7 B. Distaste for “Vulgar” Language Often Arises from Prejudice ................................................ 14 C. Profane Language Is Beneficial for Science and Health ..................................................... 17 II. THE GOVERNMENT CANNOT
    [Show full text]
  • Swearing a Cross-Cultural Study in Asian and European Languages
    Swearing A cross-cultural study in Asian and European Languages Thesis Submitted to Radboud University Nijmegen For the degree of Master of Arts (M.A) Name: Syahrul Rahman / s4703944 Email: [email protected] Supervisor 1: Dr. Ad Foolen Supervisor 2: Professor Helen de Hoop Master Linguistics Radboud University Nijmegen 2016/2017 0 Acknowledgment In the name of Allah, the beneficent and merciful. All praises be to Allah for His mercy and blessing. He has given me health and strength to complete this master thesis as particular instance of this research. Then, may His peace and blessing be upon to His final prophet and messenger, Muhammad SAW, His family and His best friends. In writing and finishing this thesis, there are many people who have provided their suggestion, motivation, advice and remark that all have helped me to finish this paper. Therefore, I would like to express my big appreciation to all of them. For the first, the greatest thanks to my beloved parents Abd. Rahman and Nuriati and my family who have patiently given their love, moral values, motivation, and even pray for me, in every single prayer just to wish me to be happy, safe and successful, I cannot thank you enough for that. Secondly, I would like to dedicate my special gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Ad Foolen, thanking him for his guidance, assistance, support, friendly talks, and brilliant ideas that all aided in finishing my master thesis. I also wish to dedicate my big thanks to Helen de Hoop, for her kind willingness to be the second reviewer of my thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Abdul-Hakim, I
    African American English Bibliography A Abdul-Hakim, I. (2002). Florida preservice teachers' attitudes toward African-American Vernacular English. (Doctoral dissertation, The Florida State University, 2002), Dissertation Abstracts International 64(10). (AAT 3109259) Abrahams, R. D. (1962). Playing the dozens. Journal of American Folklore, 75, 209-218. Abrahams, R. D. (1964). Deep down in the jungle...: Negro narrative folklore from the streets of Philadelphia. Hatboro, PA: Folklore Associates. Abrahams, R. D. (1970). Rapping and capping: Black talk as art. In J. F. Szwed (Ed.), Black American (pp. 132-142). New York: Basic Books, Inc. Abrahams, R. D. (1972). Joking: The training of the man of words in talking broad. In T. Kochman (Ed.), Rappin' and stylin' out: Communication in black America (pp. 215-240). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. Abrahams, R. D. (1974). Black talking on the streets. In R. Bauman & J. Sherzer (Eds.), Explorations in the ethnography of speaking (pp. 240-262). London: Cambridge University Press. Abrahams, R. D. (1975). Negotiating respect: Patterns of presentation among black women. In C. R. Farrer (Ed.), Women and folklore (pp. 58-80). Austin: University of Texas Press. Abrahams, R. D. (1976). Talking black. Rowley, MA: Newbury House. Abrahams, R. D. (1993). Black talking on the streets. In L. M. Cleary & M. D. Linn (Eds.), Linguistics for teachers (pp. 173-198). New York: McGraw-Hill. Adams, T. M., & Fuller, D. B. (2006). The words have changed but the ideology remains the same: Misogynistic lyrics in rap music. Journal of Black Studies, 36(6), 938- 957. Adger, C. T. (1994). Enhancing the delivery of services to black special education students from non-standard English backgrounds.
    [Show full text]