Pre-Installation Assessment Checklist Had Been Prepared Covering the Minimum Requirements Provided in the EARF

Home , Deka Deka Island, Dobu Island, Fergusson Island, Kaileuna, Kiriwina, Kitava

Initial Environmental Examination

September 2017

Maritime and Waterways and Safety Project

Pre-Installation Assessment Report for Navaids package 1

Prepared by National Maritime Safety Authority for the Asian Development Bank (ADB).

This Initial Environmental Examination (or Pre-Installation Assessment) is a document of the Borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’ Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgements as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Project Number: 44375-13 Loan Number: 2978-PNG

September, 2017

Papua New Guinea: Maritime and Waterways Safety Project

Pre-Installation Assessment Report for Contract Package No.1 (Milne Bay and Central Provinces)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. The Government of Papua New Guinea (the Government) has requested the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to provide further assistance in the maritime sector through replacement of existing or previously evident coastal navigational aids (navaids) as well as installation of new navaids. The project was initially scoped to include 132 navaids including replacement (99) and new navaids (33), and for which site surveys and assessments are being undertaken to refine requirements and suitability. The Maritime and Waterways Safety Project, was prepared in 2012 with the project executing agency and implementing agency being the PNG National Maritime Safety Authority (NMSA).

2. It is anticipated by the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) of the NMSA that the navaid project will be undertaken through three (3) separate contract packages. Contract Package 1 will involve a total number of 48 navaid installations in Milne Bay and Central Provinces distributed over seven (7) sites. Contract Package 2 navaids will involve a total of 20 navaid installations in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville (ARB), New Ireland, East New Britain and West New Britain Provinces distributed over twelve (12) sites.

3. Contract Package 3 navaids locations will be validated based on future assessments. Separate PIAs for navaid locations under each of these contract packages are required to be prepared and submitted after the conduct of pre-installation site assessments. The preparation of this PIA is for Contract Package1.

4. The Pre-installation Assessment (PIA) addressed navaid locational requirements for engineering and marine safety, and environmental protection perspectives; habitat and bottom type identification for navaid installation and for setting of anchors to determine specific locations to minimize environmental damage; and pre-installation community awareness. This activity for Contract Package 1 navaids locations took place intermittently from July 31 to September 10, 2015.

5. A Pre-Installation Assessment Checklist had been prepared covering the minimum requirements provided in the EARF. The habitat and bottom type identification involved diving and underwater photography, subject to safe sea and environmental conditions. The pre- installation community awareness preparations have been based from the NMSA’s Community Engagement Program but followed the PIUs process ultimately, including particularly the FPIC process that also involved representatives from the Provincial Government, Districts, and the Department of Lands staff. Community awareness meetings resulted in signed FPIC forms that are considered significant outcomes under this PIA because it confirms community agreement and acceptance of the project and permission by the community for the installation of the navaids in advance of the finalization of an appropriate mode of land acquisition (purchase or lease agreement).

6. Majority of the proposed navaids under Contract 1 will be monopiles type installations ranging in size of from 355mm to 610mm in diameter and driven into the substrate extending a focal plane height of 6-7m above mean sea level (msl). The exception shall be in the Cannac Islet which will likely be a fiberglass or other modular type fabricated lighthouse. Signal light, solar power panels, radar reflectors as necessary and day or top marks and related devices will be installed atop the pile which may be wrapped or otherwise protected in order to extend their useful life in the harsh seawater environment. A program of inspections and maintenance will be developed.

7. Throughout the Milne Bay Province, and the Central Province, environmentally sensitive areas that may be jeopardized by installation operations include corals and seagrass beds which abound in some identified sites. However, there are always available sandy patches within the radius from the identified GPS coordinates that present opportunities from which to place the navaids. Nevertheless, it is important to adhere to 2 precautionary principles and judiciously prepare and implement a work method statement and environmental management plan during installation. No mangroves will be affected by the navaid installations.

8. The PIA indicates that the installation of the replacement and new navaids in the Milne Bay and Central Provinces will result in unavoidable and permanent loss of very small areas of habitat during their lifetime. This physical loss however will be offset by the monopiles becoming habitats themselves for various marine organisms. In addition, this physical loss will be offset by the avoidance of vessels running aground on reefs with the potential of extensive environmental damage, as well as loss of human lives. Where sea conditions allow for safe underwater inspections, the PIU managed in all sites to actually inspect and identify sand or rubble areas so that particularly sensitive habitats, especially vigorous coral reefs, are not impacted.

9. The NIC will be required to prepare a work method statement, and an installation environmental management plan to properly manage the required pre-installation and installation processes and ensuring the avoidance or minimization of negative environmental impacts to the navaid locations. The NIC is expected to provide a Marine Ecologist in its installation team.

10. The PIA concludes that potential adverse environmental impacts arising from replacement of existing or previously evident coastal navigational aids, and installation of new navaids in these provinces can be minimized to insignificant levels by selecting a NIC that will fully comply with the environmental requirements of the project.

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 2 ACRONYMS ...... 6 List of Tables and Figures ...... 7 List of Plates ...... 8 I. INTRODUCTION ...... 9 A. Project Overview ...... 9 A.1 Scope of the Pre-installation Assessment ...... 9 A.2 Structure of the Report ...... 11 A.3 Schedule ...... 12 A.4 Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA) Team ...... 12 B. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework ...... 13 B.1 ADB Environmental Safeguards ...... 13 B.2 PNG Requirements ...... 13 B.3 The National Maritime Safety Authority ...... 15 B.4 Other PNG Legislation ...... 15 B.5 International Agreements ...... 16 II. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ...... 16 A. Physical Environment ...... 17 A.1 Climatic Conditions ...... 17 A.2 Seismic Activity ...... 20 B. Biological Environment...... 20 B.1 Biological environmental condition of the navaid locations observed during the pre-installation assessments ...... 21 B.2. Marine Protected Areas and Important Species ...... 43 C. Socio-economic Environment ...... 43 C.1 Central Province ...... 44 C.2 Milne Bay Province ...... 45 III. ANTICIPATED IMPACTS OF THE INSTALLATION ACTIVITIES AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 48 A. Anticipated Impacts on the Physical Environment ...... 48 A.1 Meteorology and Climate ...... 48 A.2 Rainfall ...... 48 A.3 Temperature ...... 48 A.4 Climate Change ...... 48 A.5 Seismic Activity ...... 48 A.6 Noise ...... 49 A.7 Flashing Lights ...... 49 A.8 Aesthetics ...... 49 B. Anticipated Impacts on the Biological Environment ...... 49

B.1 Anticipated Impacts on Rare and Endangered Species ...... 51 B.2 Barging Positioning and Stabilization ...... 51 C. Anticipated Impacts on the Socio-Economic Environment ...... 52 IV. CONSULTATIONS WITH THE PROVINCIAL LEVEL-AND LOCAL LEVEL GOVERNMENTS AND COMMUNITIES ...... 52 A. Stakeholder Consultation ...... 53 B. Preparation of Awareness Material ...... 54 C. Community Awareness ...... 54 D. Field Trip Programme ...... 54 E. Decision Making Processes in Melanesian Communities ...... 55 F. Gender ...... 55 G. Land Acquisition and Resettlement (LAR) ...... 56 H. Free Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) ...... 56 I. Findings in Different Communities ...... 56 V. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 63 A. During construction ...... 63 B. During Operation ...... 65 XIV. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 65 A. Institutional arrangements and responsibilities for EMP implementation ...... 66 B. Pre-Installation Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 67 C. Community Consultation and Land Acquisition...... 68 C.1 Community Consultation and Interaction ...... 68 D. Pre-Installation Assessment and Reporting ...... 68 E. Installation Phase Activities and Mitigation Measures ...... 69 E.1 Manoeuvring and Stabilizing the Work Barge ...... 70 E.2 Pile Installation ...... 70 E.3 Debris Removal and Clean up ...... 71 E.4 Management of Waste and Hazardous Substances ...... 71 E.5. Post installation inspection and audits ...... 72 F. Operations Phase Activities ...... 72 VII. MONITORING AND REPORTING...... 72 VIII. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ...... 90 IX. LIST OF ANNEXES ...... 92 ANNEX 1: PIA CHECKLISTS ...... 92 ANNEX 2: UNDERWATER AND ABOVE WATER PHOTOGRAPHS ...... 92 ANNEX 3: SCHEDULE OF PENALTIES AS PER THE PNG ENVIRONMENT ACT OF 2000 ...... 93

ACRONYMS

ADB Asian Development Bank ARB Autonomous Region of Bougainville CAM Community Awareness Meeting CAMM Community Awareness Meeting Minutes CDD Community Development Department (within NMSA) CLC Community Lighthouse Committee CLCO Community and Lands Coordinator CP2 Contract Package 2 CSMA Community Security and Monitoring Agreement CEPA Conservation and Environment Protection Authority EA Executing Agency EARF Environmental Assessment and Review Framework EMP Environmental Management Plan EO Environmental Officer (of NMSA’s PIU) EP Environmental Permit ES Environmental Specialist (International) of NMSA’s PIU FPIC Free, Prior and Informed Consent GCLS Gender, Community and Lands Specialist GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism IEMP Installation environmental management plan IERM Installation Environmental Management Report LIR Land Investigation report MPA Marine Protected Area NMSA National Marine Safety Authority NPW Notification of Preparatory Work NIC Navaid Installation Contractor NGI New Guinea Islands PIA Pre-Installation Assessment PIAR Pre-Installation Assessment Report PIU Project Implementation Unit PLC Provincial Lighthouse Committee PM PIU Project Manager PNG Papua New Guinea QPR Quarterly Progress Report SPS ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) TL Team Leader of NMSA’s PIU WMA Wildlife Management Area

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (As of 18 September 2017) Currency unit – kina (K) K1.00 = $0.31 $1.00 = K3.20

NOTE

In this report, "$" refers to US dollars unless otherwise stated.

List of Tables and Figures

Tables:

Table 1 Distribution of Sites and Navaid Locations for Contract Package 1 ...... 9 Table 2 Pre-installation Assessment (PIA) Schedule Contract Package 1 ...... 12 Table 3 Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA) Team for Contract Package 2 ...... 12 Table 4 Rainfall and Temperature Summary for Gurney Weather Office ...... 18 Table 5 Rainfall and Temperature Summary for Misima Weather Office ...... 18 Table 6 Rainfall and Temperature Summary for Kupiano Weather Office ...... 19 Table 7 Rainfall and Temperature Summary for Port Moresby Weather Office ...... 19 Table 8 List of Navigational Aids for Installation in Dawson Strait ...... 22 Table 9 List of Navigational Aids for Installation in Kiriwina and Kitava Islands ...... 27 Table 10 List of Navigational Aids for Installation in Budibudi Islands ...... 30 Table 11 List of Navigational Aids for Installation in Deboyne Lagoons ...... 32 Table 12 List of Navigational Aids for Installation in the Jomard Passage ...... 36 Table 13 List of Navigational Aids for Installation in China Strait ...... 38 Table 14 List of Navigational Aids for Installation in the McFarlane Harbour ...... 41 Table 15 Economic Breakdown for Central Province ...... 44 Table 16 Economic Breakdown for Milne Bay ...... 45 Table 17 Estimated Annual Market income/person ...... 47 Table 18 General Findings on Demography/Descriptions for sites in Milne Bay ...... 58 Table 19 General Findings on Demography/Descriptions for sites in Central Province...... 62 Table 20 EMP (Near-shore/off-shore Navaids Installations) ...... 74 Table 21 EMP (Land-based Navaids Installations) ...... 81

Figures:

Figure 1 Location of Navaids in Dawson Strait ...... 22 Figure 2 Location of Navaid at Losuia, Kiriwina Island ...... 29 Figure 3 Location of Navaid in Kitava Island ...... 30 Figure 4 Location of Cannac Islet and Tamaris Reef (Budibudi Islands) ...... 32 Figure 5 Location of Navaids in Deboyne Lagoon ...... 33 Figure 6 Location of Navaid in Jomard Passage ...... 36 Figure 7 Location of Navaid in China Strait ...... 38 Figure 8 Location of Navaids in McFarlane Harbour/Marshall Lagoon ...... 41 Figure 9 District Profile for Abau...... 44 Figure 10 District Profile for Esa’ala...... 46 Figure 11 District Profile for Kiriwina Goodenough...... 46 Figure 12 District Profile for Samarai Murua...... 47 Figure 13 Flow Chart Outlining Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 64

List of Plates:

Plate 1. Above water and under water photos of Gigipwala Point ...... 23 Plate 2. Above water and under water photos of Sebulugomwa Point ...... 24 Plate 3. Above water and under water photos of Dobu Island N-End ...... 24 Plate 4. Above water and under water photos of Waiope Island (Oayabe) ...... 25 Plate 5. Above water and under water photos of Cape Doubtful S-end (Sarubwaina) ...... 25 Plate 6. Above water and under water photos of Yadayadala ...... 26 Plate 7. Above water and under water photos of Cape Doubtful N-end ...... 26 Plate 8. Above water and under water photos of Sanaroa Island W-end ...... 27 Plate 9. Above water photos of Losuia Piles ...... 28 Plate 10. Above water and under water photos of Kitava Island Location ...... 29 Plate 11. Above water photo of Cannac Islet ...... 31 Plate 12. Above water and under water photos of Tamaris Reef ...... 31 Plate 13. Above water photo of Hobwaiwala 2 ...... 33 Plate 14. Above water photo of West Passage North (Lenana Reef) ...... 34 Plate 15. Above water photo of West Passage South (Manaloin Reef or Mahawan) ...... 34 Plate 16. Above water photo of Redlick Passage/Rara Island...... 35 Plate 17. Above water photo of Redlick Passage/Holuga ...... 35 Plate 18. Above water photo of Jomard Entrance - North Cardinal Mark ...... 36 Plate 19. Above water photo of Jomard Entrance – South Cardinal Mark ...... 37 Plate 20. Above water photo of Jomard Entrance ...... 37 Plate 21. Above water photo of Jomard Entrance ...... 37 Plate 22. Above water photo of Suina Point, Gadogadowa Island ...... 39 Plate 23. Above water and underwater photos of Kwato Island 1 ...... 39 Plate 24. Above water and underwater photos of Kwato Island 2 ...... 39 Plate 25. Above water and underwater photos of the site at Gesila ...... 40 Plate 26. Above water and underwater photos of Iguali Island Location ...... 40 Plate 27. Above water and underwater photos of McFarlane Harbour No. 1 ...... 42 Plate 28. Above water photo of McFarlane Harbour No. 3 ...... 42 Plate 29. Above water photo of McFarlane Harbour No. 2 ...... 42 Plate 30. Above water photo of McFarlane Harbour No. 5 ...... 43

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Project Overview

2. It is anticipated by the PIU that the navaid project will be undertaken through three (3) separate contract packages. Contract Package 1 will involve a total number of 48 navaids installations in Milne Bay Province and Central Province distributed over the following sites1 as shown in Table 1:

Table 1 Distribution of Sites and Navaid Locations for Contract Package 1 No. of No. of Replacement New Province and Sites Navaid Sites Installations Installations Locations Milne Bay Province: 6 44 18 26 Dawson Strait 8 0 8 Kiwirina and Kitava Islands 19 17 2 Deboyne Islands 6 0 6 Jomard Passage 4 0 4

China Strait 5 1 4

Cannac Islet & Budibudi Island 2 0 2

Central Province: 1 4 3 1

Marshall Lagoon 4 3 1 Total 7 48 21 27 Source: PIU NMSA. Kiriwina and Kitava Islands have been considered as one site.

3. Of these total number, 21 are replacement installations while 27 are new installations. Under the 21 replacement installations 7 are actual replacement of pre-existing piles whist the others will involve rehabilitation works (painting and re-numbering) done to 14 existing beacons at Kiriwina. Most of the replacement installations will be placed within the same 10-15m radius from the identified GPS coordinates to minimize negative environmental impacts.

4. Contract Packages 2 and 3 navaids locations will be validated based on future assessments. Separate PIAs for navaid locations under each of these contract packages are required to be prepared and submitted after the conduct of pre-installation site assessments. Hence the preparation of this PIA is for Contract Package 1.

A.1 Scope of the Pre-installation Assessment

5. The Pre-installation Assessment (PIA) addressed navaid locational requirements for engineering and maritime safety, and environmental protection perspectives. This included pre-installation community awareness and identification of the type of sea bed material for both navaid installation and anchor points to determine specific locations that will minimize environmental damage.

1 Under the Project, ‘sites’ refer to the general area in which navaids will be located/installed, several navaids can be clustered or located within one site. For sector project purposes a site is a subproject and can include up to 30 navaid locations (EARF). 9

6. During the inspections, a handheld GPS was used to accurately determine the site location coordinates for plotting on the relevant maritime chart. Post inspection, plotting of the identified positions was undertaken and minor corrections, were made in consultation with the NMSA Senior Geographical Information Officer. In the Navigation Aids Review and Site Investigation Report and Recommendations, the type and light characteristics of the navaid are determined in accordance with the IALA (A) Buoyage system (please refer to separate report).

7. A Pre-Installation Assessment Checklist was prepared to identify the minimum requirements provided in the Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF). Duly accomplished and signed PIA Checklists for each of the navaid locations form part of this report (Please refer to Annex 1). Community awareness activities comprised land acquisition and resettlement screening which incorporated documentation for Free Prior Informed Consent (FPIC) was also conducted during the PIA activities (please refer to separate CD team report). The signed FPIC forms are considered significant outcomes under this PIA because they confirm community agreement and acceptance of the project together with community permission for installation of the navaids prior to the finalization of an appropriate mode of land acquisition (purchase or lease agreement).

8. The habitat and sea bed type identification involved diving and underwater photography, subject to safe sea and environmental conditions. Various sea conditions were encountered during the voyages to the proposed navigational aid locations and these conditions ranged from relative calm to the presence of large swells and currents. Safety of the team was of utmost consideration during the assessment. This was given emphasis and importance where each member of the PIA Team were given briefing on Cardno’s Project HSEQ Plan and associated Safe Work Method Statements for the field trip and diving activity.

9. The proposed navaid locations assessed are the most suitable locations based on the following considerations:

 The locations and proposed aids to navigation provide the safest outcome for passing marine traffic, both large vessels and those of the workboat and dinghy fleets.  The locations and proposed aids to navigation direct marine traffic away from areas of danger such as outlying reefs and shoal areas.  The locations and proposed aids to navigation provide the best arc of visibility for marine traffic passing the aid in either direction.  Particular attention was paid to aids to navigation to be sited on corners in open water channels whereby the corner would be well marked for marine traffic travelling in each direction passing the aids to navigation.  Ease of access to ongoing maintenance.  Distance from the low water mark on the shore was also considered with a view to the prevention of vandalism.  Material types for pitching and driving of piled navaids.  Engineering purposes (i.e. lower wave energy where possible, shallower areas to reduce need for larger beacons.  Avoidance and/or minimization of impacts to terrestrial vegetation/habitats. 10. More justifications are provided in the report on Navigation Aids Review and Site Investigation Report & Recommendations (see separate report).

11. The pre-installation community awareness preparations followed NMSA’s Community Engagement Program but followed the PIU’s process ultimately, including particularly the FPIC process that also involved representatives from the Provincial Government, Districts, and the Department of Lands staff. This is fully described in a separate report.

A.2 Structure of the Report

12. The preparation of this PIA Report is guided by the requirements contained in the Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF) agreed between the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and the National Maritime Safety Authority (NMSA) in May 2015. To the extent possible, information provided complies with the EARF if these are readily available from site assessments and secondary sources. Otherwise, these are indicated as gaps requiring further work before actual installation activities by the NIC.

13. The PIA Report includes the following:

I. Introduction. This provides brief information about the project, scope of the pre- installation assessment and schedule, identification of the Team, and the description of the structure of this report.

II. Baseline Environmental Condition. This provides the general description of the sites and detailed description of the proposed navaid locations which incorporate engineering and marine safety locational assessment; and secondary information from various sources and attributed as appropriate.

III. Anticipated Impacts of the Installation Activities at each location. This identifies the anticipated impacts to the physical and biological environment of the sites based on information gathered during the assessment as well as secondary information.

IV. Consultations with the Community. This incorporates results of community engagement and consultations during the community awareness meetings conducted for each of the communities that were visited.

V. Grievance Redress Mechanism.

VI. Environmental Management Plan. This discusses the mitigation and management measures to be taken during project implementation prepared as the IEMP based on the template provided in the EARF and updated accordingly by being less prescriptive to allow NIC the flexibility to use appropriate equipment and work methodology that will achieve the desired positive environmental outcomes.

VII. Monitoring, Reporting and Disclosure Requirements.

VIII. Conclusion and Recommendations.

IX. Annexes. These pertain to the PIA Checklists, Site Photographs (Underwater and above water) and the Schedule of Penalties as per the PNG Environment Act of 2000.

14. The report structure generally responds to the EARF requirements, and builds on secondary information readily obtainable from the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) which was prepared for two sites under the PPTA. This secondary information includes physical and biological environments, environmental management plan, and many more relevant information required for the pre-installation assessment. These are used generously with editing where appropriate, and updated with location-specific baseline environmental conditions.

A.3 Schedule

15. The assessment of the proposed navaid locations in Milne Bay and Central Provinces were conducted on the following actual dates:

Table 2 Pre-installation Assessment (PIA) Schedule Contract Package 1 Sites Dates 1. Milne Bay Province Dawson Strait Kitava Island Deboyne Islands 31 July – 08 August 2015 Jomard Passage China Strait Kiwirina (Losuia) 24 September 2015 Cannac Islet & Budibudi Island 21 September 2015 2. Central Province Marshall Lagoon 10 September 2015 Source: PIU NMSA.

A.4 Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA) Team

16. The PIA Team is composed of both International and National Specialists of the PIU- NMSA as shown in the table below:

Table 3 Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA) Team for Contract Package 2 Sites Dates Members of the PIU-NMSA Assessment Team Milne Bay Sites 31 July – 02 August Eric Petrus – PIU Project Manager 2015 Scott Keane – Team Leader John Ellyett – Maritime Safety Specialist Claudia Strier – Gender and Community Lands Specialist Marion Kila – Community and Lands Coordinator Alex Warren – Community and Lands Coordinator Priscilla Piandi – Environment Officer Cannac Islet and 21 September, 2015 Eric Petrus – PIU Project Manager Budibudi Island Marion Kila – Community and Lands Coordinator Priscilla Piandi – Environment Officer Central Province; Padana Nahua 8 September 2015 John Ellyett – Marine Safety Specialist; Passage Joselito Losaria – Environment Specialist Priscilla Piandi – Environment Officer 18 September 2015 Claudia Strier – Gender and Community Lands Specialist Marion Kila – Community and Lands Coordinator Marshall Lagoon 10 September 2015 Daniel Ngala – PIU Project Accountant John Ellyett – Marine Safety Specialist Claudia Strier – Gender and Community Lands Specialist Joselito P. Losaria – Environment Specialist Marion Kila – Community and Lands Coordinator Priscilla Piandi – Environment Officer Source: PIU-NMSA.

B. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework

B.1 ADB Environmental Safeguards

17. This Pre-installation assessment builds on information from the IEE that has been previously carried out to ensure that potential adverse environmental impacts are addressed according to the SPS. The objectives of the SPS are to ensure the environmental soundness and sustainability of projects and to support the integration of environmental considerations into the project decision-making process. Environmental safeguards are triggered if a project is likely to have potential environmental risks and impacts.

18. ADB uses a classification system to reflect the significance of a project’s potential environmental impacts. A project’s category is determined by the category of its most sensitive component, including direct, indirect, cumulative, and induced impacts in the project’s area of influence. Each proposed project is scrutinized as to its type, location scale, and sensitivity and the magnitude of its potential environmental impacts. Projects are assigned to one of the following four categories:

o Category A. A proposed project is classified as Category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area larger that the sites ort facilities subject to physical works. An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is required.

o Category B. A proposed project is classified as Category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for category A projects. An initial environmental examination (IEE) is required.

o Category C. A proposed project is classified as category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. No environmental assessment is required although environmental implications need to be reviewed.

o Category FI. A proposed project is classified as category FI if it involves investment of ADB funds or through a FI.

19. The purpose and objectives of the SPS have been applied to classify the subproject as a category B project, which requires development of an IEE for identified subprojects, and the EARF to guide subprojects prepared during project implementation.

B.2 PNG Requirements

20. Environmental impact assessment and management in PNG is addressed by the Environment Act of 2000, the Environment (Amendment) Act of 2002, their accompanying regulatory instruments including the Environment (Prescribed Activities) Regulation of 2002, and the Guideline for Conduct of Environmental Impact Assessment and Preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement, 2004. These Acts and regulations are administered by the Conservation and Environment Protection Authority (CEPA), previously the Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC). CEPA was established under the Conservation and Environment Protection Act 2014 (CEPA Act) and takes over the role formerly undertaken by the DEC as PNG’s environmental regulator. The objective of the Environment Act and amendments is to enhance the sustainable management of biological and physical components of the land, air, and water resources of the country.

21. The CEPA is responsible for administration and enforcement of the Environment Act and its regulatory structure. As the government’s environmental management agency, the 13 mission statement of CEPA is: “To ensure PNG’s natural resources are managed to sustain environmental quality, human well-being and support improved standards of living.” The department consists of three divisions:

 Environment Protection, responsible for environmental approvals;  Sustainable Environment Management; and  Policy Coordination and Evaluation

22. The Environment Protection Division is the government entity to which NMSA must submit Notifications of Preparatory Work (NPW) concerning the 48 new navaid locations to determine whether EPs will be required.

23. PNG’s Environmental (Prescribed Activities) Regulation of 2002 (Section 48) requires parties intending to carry out preparatory work in relation to Level-2 or Level-3 activities to register that intention with the Director of Environment. “Preparatory Work” is defined as work associated with:

 Undertaking a feasibility study, or  Carrying out other studies relevant to environmental issues, or  Applying for approval under the Investment Promotion Act 1992 to carry out an activity, or  Applying for an approval or a permit or license under another Act in relation to a proposed activity.

The NPW consists of 15 required components:

 Name of the proponent  Name of proponents authorized contact and spokesperson  Address of principal address in PNG DEC Corporate Plan 2009-2012.  Company registration details  Site address: address where the proposed activity will be conducted  Details of site ownership  Statement concerning whether the proponents has negotiated and signed an agreement with GoPNG in relation to the proposal  Other government departments or statutory bodies approached  Other formal government approvals that are required  Status of negotiations with relevant landowner/resource owner groups  Estimated cost of works (in Kina)  Scope and description of the proposed activity or works  Description of project site  Applicant’s assessment of whether proposed activity is a Level 2 or Level 3 activity  Timeline or schedule for the proposed activity

24. While NPWs are generally required for only larger or more intrusive projects (defined as Level-2 and Level-3 Projects), as described by PNG Statutory Instrument No. 30 of 2002 (See References) which excludes the navaid program from inclusion in the more intrusive categories, the PIU previously sought a confirmation advise from Mr. Pawa Limu, Environmental Expert, NMSA, as was previously recommended during the Technical Assistance for this project. The NMSA then submitted NPW for new construction locations under Contract Package 1 for which Contract Package 2 is similarly conditioned. The CEPA had responded to this submission in its letter of acknowledgement indicating that the works contemplated under this project is not a prescribed activity.

25. Despite the above procedures, the NMSA or the Contractor may require, depending upon the specific nature of their equipment, facilities and operational procedures, waste

14 disposal permit(s) from the CEPA, which may include offshore disposal of collected sewage as well as land disposal of waste and scrap. The CEPA (then DEC) has issued several guidelines, including the Guideline for submission of an application for an environmental permit to discharge waste, GL Env/03/2004. The Contractor selected for this work will be required to obtain permits relevant to solid wastes, sewage and gray water discharges, and other wastes the operation will be reasonably anticipated to generate.

26. CEPA operates at the national level from its office in Port Moresby. It does not have offices or personnel in the provinces. All environmental approval is currently centralized. As part of the GoPNG’s decentralization policy, it is incumbent on CEPA to work in close consultation with provincial governments through the respective provincial administrations to ensure implementation of environmental legislation at the provincial level. Some environmental management and monitoring functions are delegated to provincial administrations if and when they have adequate resources and capacity to conduct these activities.

27. The Environment (Prescribed Activities) Regulation of 2002 provides a protocol for determining whether a project must be classified as a Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3 category. Levels 2 and 3 require an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). Any activity not explicitly defined as Level 2 or Level 3 is by default categorized as Level 1, which requires no EIS. The Project is defined as a Level 1 activity, and therefore does not require an EIS under PNG statutes and regulations. As per the requirements of the EARF any IEEs or in this case the Pre-installation assessment report prepared for sites will be submitted to CEPA, along with ADB, for review.

B.3 The National Maritime Safety Authority

28. The NMSA was established by an Act of the PNG Parliament in 2003, and it began operations in January 2006 as a not-for-profit public body on a self-sustaining basis, reporting to the NMSA Board and the Minister for Transport. The General Manager runs day-to-day operations through a corporate structure of divisions headed by Executive Managers, who report directly to him.

29. NMSA’s mandate is to ensure:

(i) Compliance with Maritime Safety Standards (ii) Marine Pollution Prevention and Coordination of Cleanups (iii) Maritime Search and Rescue Coordination

30. As a result of NMSA’s mandate to ensure that maritime safety risks are effectively monitored and controlled, NMSA will be the lead PNG agency for this project. NMSA will be responsible for Contractor monitoring and assuring compliance with the EMP.

B.4 Other PNG Legislation

31. The following legislation will also apply to the project:

(i) The Employment Act, 1978. An act relating to employment of nationals and non- citizens. The act covers recruitment and conditions of employment, as well as health and safety issues. It is administered by the Department of Labor and Employment (DLE). Conditions of the Act are relevant to the health and safety of workers employed during construction.

(ii) The Public Health Act (1978) Chapter 368 protects the general public by regulating and controlling the unplanned disposal of any environmental contaminants such as

domestic or industrial waste and/or refuse that has the potential to impact the lives of people.

(iii) Drinking water quality standards for both freshwater and marine aquatic life protection are provided in the Environment (Water Quality Criteria) Regulation 2002, and are listed in Table 1 of Act, Sec. 133(2); Reg., Sec. 2. Ranges of criteria are provided for some parameters including turbidity.

B.5 International Agreements

32. Papua New Guinea is a signatory to the following international agreements with environmental and conservation implications:

 International Convention on Biological Diversity, Rio de Janeiro, 1992  UN Framework Convention on Climate Change  UN Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa  Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)  Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques  Basel Convention on the Control of Trans boundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal  Convention to Ban the Importation into Forum Islands Countries of Hazardous Wastes and Radioactive Wastes and Control the Trans-Boundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within the South Pacific Region (Waigani Convention)  Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Waste and Other Matter (London Convention)  UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS)  Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer  Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (MARPOL)  International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, Brussels, 1969  RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially Waterfowl Habitat, 1971  Convention on the World Cultural Heritage and Natural Heritage, 1972  Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Fauna and Flora  International Convention on the Conservation of Nature in the South Pacific, Apia, 1972  Convention for the Protection of the Natural Resources and Environment of the South Pacific Region and related Protocols (SPREP, 1986)  Protocol on Biosafety (Cartagena Protocol)  Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs Convention)  Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (Rotterdam Convention)  Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985) II. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

33. The following discussion describes general baseline information of Milne Bay and Central Provinces; as well as the baseline information of the sites and navaid locations based on pre-installation assessments conducted for the candidate locations. In addition, site

16 descriptions are supplemented with secondary information as applicable including the general description of the marine environment where the navaids may be located during its entire operational life.

A. Physical Environment

34. Milne Bay Province is one of the provinces of Papua New Guinea comprised of four (4) districts, namely: Alotau, Esa’ala, Kiriwina-Goodenough, and Samarai-Murua. Its major island groups are the following: a) The D'Entrecasteaux Islands including Goodenough (Nidula), Fergusson (Moratau), Sanaroa, Dobu and Normanby (Duau); b) The Trobriand Islands, including Kiriwina, Kaileuna, Vakuta and Kitava; c) The Amphlett Islands; d) Woodlark Island (Muyuw, Murua); e) The Louisiade Archipelago, including Rossell (Yela), Tagula (Sudest, Vanatinai), Misima; f) Samarai; g) Kwato, Deka Deka Islands, Logea, Saliba, Basilaki, and Sideia; and h) The Engineer Islands, including Tubetube and Kwaraiwa. The proposed navaids are distributed within these island groups with the exception of the Amphlett Islands.

35. Milne Bay has been described in the Project entitled “Community-based Coastal and Marine Conservation in Milne Bay Province” previously implemented by the United Nations Development Program, as Papua New Guinea’s (PNG’s) largest maritime Province, with a sea area of approximately 110,000 km2 that contains some 32% of the country’s total reef area (Munro, 1989; Dazell & Wright, 1986). The Province embraces the mountainous south- eastern-most tip of mainland New Guinea, 10 relatively large islands and over 150 smaller islands of less than 10 km2 (Mooney, 1997), and includes examples of all six types of Pacific islands - continental, volcanic, atoll, raised reef, coral cay and makatea2.

36. Central Province is one of the provinces of Papua New Guinea and is located in its southern coast. It occupies the southern side of the Owen Stanley Ranges and the area of coast from Bereina in the north to Gaire Village in the south. It is comprised of five (5) districts, namely: Abau, Goilala, Kairuku, Hiri, and Rigo. The proposed navaids are located within the Abau (Marshall Lagoon); and Kairuku-Hiri Districts (Padana Nahua Passage).

37. “The province geographically extends along the south coast of the country sharing common provincial boundaries with, Gulf to the west, Milne Bay to the east, Morobe to the north, and Oro to the northeast. The major land features of the province includes rugged mountainous escarpments and rolling peaks in the hinterlands, while the coastal lowlands are flat and intercepted by the lowland ridges.” (Central Provincial Educational Plan 2007 – 2016). The major marine features includes the Papuan coastal lagoon which covers a surface area of some 200 sq. km. and borders the open ocean (Coral Sea) by a discontinuous coralline barrier reef, referred to as the “Papuan Barrier Reef” on the narrow continental shelf (Genolagani. undated)3. The Papuan Barrier reef allows for formation of several lagoons including the Marshall Lagoon in Kupiano.

A.1 Climatic Conditions

38. This presents information about the physical environment of the provinces where the sites and navaid locations of Contract 1 Package are located.

A.1.1 Rainfall

39. Summary rainfall information were acquired from two Weather Offices in Milne Bay Province (Gurney and Misima), and two Weather Offices in Central Province (Port Moresby

2 Raised coral limestone reef. 3 John Mark G. Genolagani, National Parks Service, Office of Environment and Conservation, Papua New Guinea, An Assessment on the Development of Marine Parks and Reserves in Papua New Guinea (undated). 17 and Kupiano) of the National Weather Service of Papua New Guinea. The recording period for these stations vary from 1990 – 2015 for the Milne Bay Province, and from 1965 – 1983 for both Kupiano (Marshall Lagoon) and 1990 – 2015 for Port Moresby. The information indicated variabilities in rainfall amount and periodic distribution between and within provinces.

40. The mean annual rainfall recorded in the Gurney Weather Office from 1990 to 2015 was 2,320.50 mm with a highest mean of 260.2 mm recorded for the month of June while the lowest mean of 131.1 mm was recorded for December. The highest annual rainfall recorded was 5,502.90 mm while the lowest annual rainfall was 489.2 mm. Historical highest rainfall were recorded for the months of October and November (690.6 mm and 628.4 mm, respectively) while the lowest is December (12.2 mm). The rainfall summary for this station is presented in Table 4 below.

Table 4 Rainfall and Temperature Summary for the Period 1990 – 2015 (Gurney Weather Office) Stat Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Mean 155.1 163.8 210 222.9 220.2 260.2 184 164.1 193.4 191.5 224.2 131.1 2,320.50 Rainfall MaxT 32.5 32.5 31.8 30.8 29.8 28.6 28 28.3 29.1 30.3 31.3 32.3 30.4 MinT 23 23.1 22.9 22.8 22.4 22.1 21.3 20.6 21.2 21.7 22.3 22.8 22.2 Lowest 49.2 44.2 93.6 22 67.6 72.8 26 22.8 2.6 23.2 53 12.2 489.2 Rainfall MaxT 31.1 30.5 30.4 29.2 28.5 27.6 27.2 27.2 28.1 29.2 30.2 31.5 29.2 MinT 20.9 22.2 21.2 21.8 20.5 19.8 19.9 18 18.5 19.3 20.5 21.9 20.4 Highest 330.7 274.8 465.4 346.4 510.6 526.4 427.2 512.2 479.8 690.6 628.4 310.4 5,502.90 Rainfall MaxT 34.1 33.7 32.9 32.9 30.9 29.5 29.1 29.3 30.4 31.6 33.2 33.1 31.7 MinT 24 23.6 23.9 23.5 23.7 23.3 22.5 22.8 22.7 23.1 23.5 23.6 23.4 Source: National Weather Service, Papua New Guinea.

41. On the other hand, the mean annual rainfall recorded in the Misima Weather Office for the same period was 2,697.0 mm with a highest mean of 309.1 mm recorded for the month of April while the lowest mean of 107.2 mm was recorded for August. The highest annual rainfall recorded was 6,535.0 mm while the lowest annual rainfall was 526.6 mm. Historical highest rainfall were recorded for the month of November (736.0 mm) while the lowest is July (17.0 mm). The rainfall summary for this station is presented in Table 5 below.

Table 5 Rainfall and Temperature Summary for the Period 1990 – 2015 (Misima Weather Office) Stat Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Mean 238 292.1 295.3 309.1 261.6 219.9 122.6 107.2 177.9 214.1 240 219.2 2,697.00 Rainfall MaxT 31.2 31.1 30.7 30.2 29.4 28.7 28.1 28.2 28.9 29.6 30.4 31 29.8 MinT 24.7 24.4 24.3 24.7 24.6 24.3 23.8 23.6 24.2 24.5 24.6 24.7 24.4 Lowest 50.2 85.6 111.6 38 73.6 16.8 17 6.4 28.8 20.6 44.4 33.6 526.6 Rainfall MaxT 29.9 30.2 29.8 29 28 27.7 27.1 27.2 27.8 28.6 29.4 29.8 28.7 MinT 24.2 23.5 23.6 24.1 23.8 23.7 21.8 20.9 22.7 23.6 23.9 23.5 23.3 Highest 499 466.2 756.2 724.6 497 517.6 434.2 329 557.4 596.8 736 421 6,535.00 Rainfall MaxT 32.1 32 31.3 31.3 30.4 30 29.2 29.3 30.4 30.7 31.6 32.1 30.9 MinT 25.4 25.3 24.6 25.7 25.5 25.1 24.7 24.6 25.1 25.2 25.5 25.6 25.2 Source: National Weather Service, Papua New Guinea

42. The mean annual rainfall recorded in the Kupiano (Marshall Lagoon) Weather Office from 1965 to 1983 was 1,631.90 mm with a highest mean of 228.7 mm recorded for the month of May while the lowest mean of 70.9 mm was recorded for November. The highest annual rainfall recorded was 4,757.10 mm while the lowest annual rainfall was 252.6 mm. Historical 18

highest rainfall were recorded for the month of June (799.4 mm) while the lowest is September (0.0 mm). The rainfall summary is presented in Table 6 below.

Table 6 Rainfall and Temperature Summary for the Period 1965 – 1983 (Kupiano Weather Office) Stat Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Mean 1,631.9 133 85.6 153.6 162.8 228.7 217.7 177.3 123.5 81.1 112.4 70.9 85.3 Rainfall 0 MaxT 34 32.3 31.8 28.8 28.4 31.1 MinT 23.9 23.6 24.1 22.1 23.4 Lowest 59.1 43.5 2.4 37.3 46.2 10 25 7.6 0 13.6 2.6 5.3 252.6 Rainfall MaxT 33.3 32 31.8 28.4 28.4 30.8 MinT 23.8 23.5 24.1 22 23.4 Highest 4,757.1 288.2 190.2 327.4 569.1 666.9 799.4 544.8 381 190.5 280.2 271.2 248.2 Rainfall 0 MaxT 34.8 32.6 31.8 29.1 28.4 31.3 MinT 24.2 23.7 24.1 22.1 23.5 Source: National Weather Service, Papua New Guinea.

43. On the other hand, the mean annual rainfall recorded in the Port Moresby Weather Office for the same period was 1,194.70 mm with a highest mean of 235.7 mm recorded for the month of March while the lowest mean of 22.6 mm was recorded for August. The highest annual rainfall recorded was 3,587.4 mm while the lowest annual rainfall was 258.6 mm. Historical highest rainfall were recorded for the month of June (456.2 mm) while the lowest are for the months of May, July, August, October and November (0.0 mm). The rainfall summary is presented in Table 7 below.

Table 7 Rainfall and Temperature Summary for the Period 1990 – 2015 (Port Moresby Weather Office) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Stat Mean Rainfall 205.3 172.8 235.7 146.7 82.7 62.9 23.2 22.6 25.6 30.9 76.2 110.1 1,194.70 MaxT 32.2 31.9 31.5 31.3 31 30.4 29.9 30.1 30.9 31.7 32.3 32.6 31.3 MinT 23.6 23.6 23.5 23.5 23.4 23.1 22.6 22.5 22.9 23.4 23.8 24 23.3 Lowest Rainfall 78.8 69 49.8 48 0 0.6 0 0 0.2 0 0 12.2 258.6 MaxT 31 30.8 30.5 30.3 30 29.1 28.8 29 29.4 30.6 30.7 31.6 30.2 MinT 21.1 22.1 22.2 21.6 20.9 21.2 21 19.8 20 20.7 22.9 23.2 21.4 Highest Rainfall 420.4 303 414 325.6 403.6 456.2 111.8 99.2 92.4 169 433.2 359 3,587.40 MaxT 33.4 33.1 32.3 32.2 31.9 31.6 31.9 32.1 32.4 32.7 33.5 33.6 32.6 MinT 24.5 24.8 24.5 24.9 25.1 24.4 23.7 24.2 24.4 24.6 24.8 24.7 24.6 Source: National Weather Service, Papua New Guinea.

A.1.2 Temperature

44. Based from the summaries provided in Tables 4, 5 and 6 above, mean annual temperatures also varies but not significantly with mean maximum ranging from 30.40C (Gurney Station), 29.80C (Misima Weather Office), 31.10C (Kupiano Weather Office), and 31.30C (Port Moresby Weather Office; and mean minimum ranging from 22.20C (Gurney Weather Office), 24.40C (Misima Weather Office), 23.40C (Kupiano Weather Office), and 23.30C (Port Moresby Weather Office. Comparatively however, temperatures are relatively higher in Central Province than in Milne Bay Province.

A.1.3 Climate Change

45. Climate change information specific for Milne Bay and Central Provinces have not been accessed. The Pacific Climate Futures project however has projected minimum temperature increases of 1.1°C by mid-century for PNG. Globally, emissions are tracking at the upper emissions scenarios. The location of PNG near the Equator and its landforms contribute to high levels of variation in climate among various regions of the country. This climate variation means that accurate assessments of potential climate change impacts in PNG require regional context. However, at the national level, recent studies indicate that PNG’s climate is indeed changing. For example:

(i) Annual and seasonal ocean and land surface temperatures have increased by 0.6°C to 1.0°C since 1910; (ii) Since the 1970s, decadal average temperature has increased by 0.3°C to 0.5°C; (iii) Significant increases have been observed in the annual number of hot days and warm nights, with significant decreases in the annual number of cool days and cold nights.

A.2 Seismic Activity

46. The Milne Bay Province is one of the areas in PNG that have islands containing volcanic fields. According to the PNG National Disaster Centre, it is one of the provinces prone to earthquakes together with East and West New Britain, ABG, Morobe, Madang, East and West Sepik, Southern Highlands, and Oro Provinces.

B. Biological Environment

47. The information about the biological environment in the country presented in this section has been adopted from the PNG State of the Coral Triangle Report (PNG SCTR 2013). Baseline biological environment conditions of the project sites are discussed separately based on pre-installation assessments conducted by the PIU.

48. Papua New Guinea is located in the Coral Triangle region that is known to be the world’s hot spot for marine biodiversity. The country is vested with complex marine habitats such as coral reefs, seagrass beds, mangroves, sand and mud shore and intertidal flats, barrier dunes and their associated lagoons like the rocky shorelines, reef walls and drop-off areas. Marine organisms are associated with this array of habitats and therefore are important components of the rich marine biodiversity of Papua New Guinea (PNG Marine Program on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security, 2010-2013).

49. PNG’s principal marine and coastal ecosystems include 13,840 km2 of coral reefs, 4,200 km2 of mangrove swamp forests, and extensive seagrass beds. The country is home to at least 500 species of stony coral, 1,635 reef-associated fish species, 43 mangrove species, and 7 seagrass species.

50. Most of PNG’s coral reefs are of the fringing or patch type, with extensive barrier reefs occurring only along the country’s southern coast (e.g., the Motuan coastline), the Louisiade Archipelago, and around the East Cape on the eastern coast. Fringing and patch reefs predominate along the northern coast (e.g., Madang) and the New Guinea islands. (PNG SCTR 2014).

51. Milne Bay. Milne Bay’s coastal and marine environments are amongst the world’s most ecologically diverse and pristine. The chief habitats include an extensive and complex system of submerged and emergent coral reefs, including fringing reefs, platform/patch reefs, barrier reefs and atolls, as well as mangrove forests, seagrass beds, lagoons and mud, sand, rubble and rocky sea bottoms (Conservation International, 1998). 20

52. With over 429 coral species, 945 molluscan species, approximately 199 reef fish species and seabird rookeries, Milne Bay’s coastal and marine environments are amongst the world’s most ecologically diverse and pristine. The chief habitats include an extensive and complex system of submerged and emergent coral reefs, including fringing reefs, platform/patch reefs, barrier reefs and atolls, as well as mangrove forests, seagrass beds, lagoons and mud, sand, rubble and rocky sea bottoms (Conservation International, 1998).

53. Central Province. Most of the Central Province coastline is surrounded by the Papuan Barrier Reef and Lagoon proposing great diversity of habitat and microhabitats. Barrier reef, fringing reefs, coastal lagoon, and mangrove habitat provide habitats for hawksbill turtles, reef fishes, corals, and marine invertebrates.

54. Previous studies done on the marine biodiversity of the nearby and adjacent sea waters of Central Province reported many diverse lifeforms dwelling in these waters. Some of these were reported in a report titled ‘The Marine Biodiversity and Ecology of the Kupiano Region’ by Mungkaje. The following were taken from that report.

. Marine mammals. Whales, dolphins and dugongs. Sightings of whales are very few and not properly recorded. In 2012, there was a carcass of a dead whale that was washed ashore Barakau beach. Dolphins are more common around PNG sea waters including waters of the Marshall Lagoon. Dugongs are known to be harvested as food proteins by local communities of the central coast and as such the population is now almost close to depletion.

. Marine Reptiles. Turtles and salt water crocodile. The hawksbill and green turtle are the main species of turtles common to this area. Saltwater crocodiles though not common still can be sighted in the coastal mangrove areas.

. Palagic fish. Tunas, rainbow runners, mackerels and barracudas. Caught by both subsistence and artisanal fishermen along the Central Province coast and various species of these groups are very common at the city fish markets at Koki and Rainbow. With the pelagic fish there are numerous residential reef fishes such as Damselfishes/ Wrasses; Parrotfishes; Surgeon fishes; Butterfly fishes and Angelfishes that dwell in the habitats provided by the extensive reef systems of the area.

. Marine Invertebrates. Echinoderms and crustaceans. Echinoderms including sea urchins, starfishes and sea cucumbers with crustaceans such as crabs, shrimps, prawns and crayfish occur on coral reefs and coastal waters all throughout the seawaters of Central Province.

B.1 Biological environmental condition of the navaid locations observed during the pre-installation assessments

B.1.1 Dawson Strait Navaid Locations

55. The Dawson Strait is located between eastern Fergusson and western Normanby Islands in the D'Entrecasteaux island group of Milne Bay Province. It contains a volcanic field with several volcanic centers that define a possible partly submerged caldera. There have been no historical eruptions from this center, but morphology suggests an extremely young age for some lava flows, and the area displays vigorous thermal activity. The most prominent volcanic centers are Mounts Lamonai and Oiau, located about 10km apart on the SW tip of Fergusson Island (http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/dobu.html).

56. A total of eight (8) navaids will be installed within this strait. Their individual locations are presented in Table 8 and indicated in Figure 1. Underwater and above water photographs are provided for reference as shown following each location description and in Annex 2.

Table 8 List of Navigational Aids for Installation in Dawson Strait S.N. Site Location Water Substrate AtoN Description Name Name Depth type 1 Gigipwala 2.0 m Sand Monopile in water, white, north Point cardinal 6 nm 2 Sebulugomwa 2.0m Sand and Monopile in water, white, south Point rubble cardinal 4 nm 3 Dobu Island N- 4.0m Sand Monopile in water, white, north Dawson end cardinal 4nm Strait 4 Waiope Island 3.0m Rubble Monopile in water, white north

cardinal 4 nm 5 Cape Doubtful 4.0+m Rubble Large Buoy with a three point S-end and mooring system sparse coral 6 Yadayadala 4.0+m Rubble/ sand Monopiles in water, white, east and sparse cardinal 4 nm coral 7 Cape Doubtful 3.0m Sand/ Coral Monopile in water, white, east N-end cardinal 6 nm 8 Sanaroa Island 4.0m Sand Monopile in water, white, west W-end cardinal 6 nm Source: PIU Pre-installation Assessment, 31 July to September 2015.

Figure 1 Location of Navaids in Dawson Strait Source: Chartlet – NMSA GIS; AtoN locations and arc of light representation: PIU Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA), July to September 2015.

57. These locations are described as follows:

58. Gigipwala Point. Gigipwala Point lies to the north of Normanby Island. The location marks the inner corner within Dawson Strait and will be clearly visible to marine traffic travelling in either direction. It is situated approximately 20 to 30m from the shore at low tide and will be approximately 50m offshore at high water. The bottom substrate is mostly sand with some debris scattered over the sandy seafloor.

59. The sandy substrate extends to the point where there is a steady drop. There is not much marine life or activity found on this sandy substrate except for the presence of a few sea worms. Seagrass species of the genera Halophila appear in small patches across the shallow waters towards the shore but are not found around the site towards the drop. The species Enhalus acoroides also occupy the calmer shallow waters close to the community some 100m away from the beach end where the point lies. The water depth at the location is about 2.0m. The above water and underwater photographs for the location are shown below.

Plate 1. Above water and under water photos of Gigipwala Point

60. It was noted during the assessment that nearby to this location in the deeper part of the reef, giant clam shells can be found. These giant clam attract tourists who come to dive the reef to see the clams. However, the area known to have these clam shells is not in close proximity to the navaid location but is further away in deeper waters. As the community is located close to the point, the light from the beacon may present a nuisance. Light screens may be put in place to reflect light going to the community, or the light sector towards the community may be blanked.

61. Sebulugomwa Point. Sebulugomwa Point is located at the outermost part of the point that is protruding into the Dawson Passage. It is approximately 500m offshore with a water depth of about 2m at low tide. The bottom substrate was observed to be a mixture of sand and coral with coral rubble. There were live corals seen all throughout the reef with schools of small fish occupying the edge of the reef towards the drop. A patch of area that was sandy and rubble combined was chosen as the site.

62. This sandy rubble site is about 3m2 in area and has corals in close proximity of between 3-4m all around. A good young colony of Acropora corals are present at about 15m from the site. The stretch of corals also extends all the way back to the shallow waterfront areas towards the shore. Above water and underwater photographs for the location are shown below.

Plate 2. Above water and under water photos of Sebulugomwa Point

63. This coral re-growth site will have to be avoided when selecting barge anchorage site and when manoeuvring the barge for stabilization. Sea stars known as feather stars were also observed on the reef flat. However, these are not known to be endangered or in the IUCN red list but nonetheless the area around Sebulugomwa Point is also known for conservation activities. The local community is cautious about the bêche-de-mer in their waters becoming endangered and are closely monitoring tourists that come into the area.

64. Dobu Island N-end. The point where the navaid is proposed to be located marks the extremity of the reef about the northern end of Dobu Island for small craft operating in the vicinity. It is adjacent to a high rock face and positioned approximately 100m from the rock face in approximately 4.0m of water at low tide. The selected location is directly opposite the unmarked reef extending to the south east from Sebulugomwa Point.

65. The chosen location comprises a sandy substrate with a few patches of corals and rubbles all around it. Corals with schools of small fish were observed surrounding the proposed navaid location. About 6m from the preferred location there is a mass of brain coral approximately 3m wide. During installation, care must be taken to ensure that physical impacts during barge manoeuvering and stabilization to this coral is avoided. Above water and underwater photographs for the location are shown below.

Plate 3. Above water and under water photos of Dobu Island N-End

66. The mountain on the island is known to be a dormant volcano. There is a hot spring at the shore about 200m from the location and sulphur can be smelled all over the area. Dobu Island is one of 3 volcanic centres of the Dawson Strait Group.

67. Waiope Island (Oayabe). The proposed navaid in the island marks the north eastern extremity of a reef extending seaward from Oawabe Island where heavy surf breaks upon the reef. The selected location is protected by a further reef upon which the waves break heavily. The substrate chosen for the navaid installation is mainly made up of rubbles and consolidated rubbles. The proposed light will be approximately 700m from the shore in a water depth of 3 m at low tide. The reef poses a high risk to ships passing through this area. There have been several incidents of ships and small boats running aground onto this reef over the past years. Above water and underwater photographs for the location are shown below.

Plate 4. Above water and under water photos of Waiope Island (Oayabe)

68. Cape Doubtful S-end (Sarubwaina). The location and aid to navigation marks the south eastern end of a large reef extending from Cape Doubtful Southern End. It is exposed to heavy weather with a reportedly high swell occurrence for many months of the year. Distance from the closest shoreline is approximately 2km. Water depth at the location is greater than 4m at low water. An area identified to be of coral rubbles was chosen as the location for the navaid installation. Above water and underwater photographs for the location are shown below.

Plate 5. Above water and under water photos of Cape Doubtful S-end (Sarubwaina)

69. Yadayadala. Yadayadala Island is located adjacent to Cape Doubtful S-end. The navaid was initially proposed to be placed at the opposite Taulu Islet but was moved to this location instead due to the lack of traffic rounding the south western corner of Sanaroa Island and that the area is in uncharted/unsurveyed. The chosen navaid location has sand and rubbles where the depth is approximately 4.0m near low water and distance to the shore is about 1 km. The above water and underwater photographs for the location are shown below. 25

Plate 6. Above water and under water photos of Yadayadala

70. Cape Doubtful N-end. The proposed location is positioned on the northern tip of the mainland reef surrounding Cape Doubtful. A small sandy substrate among corals was chosen as the site for installation where the water depth at the site is approximately 3.0m at mid-tide height and the distance to the shore is approximately 1.5 km. There is an extensive coral cover over the reef surrounding the site. Therefore, precautionary measures need to be taken when anchoring and manoeuvring the barge. Above water and underwater photographs for the location are shown below.

Plate 7. Above water and under water photos of Cape Doubtful N-end

71. Sanaroa Island W-end. This proposed location marks the port side of the northern entrance to Dawson Strait and forms the opposite side to the ‘gate’ from the Cape Doubtful N-end aid to navigation. It is situated on the south western tip of the reef surrounding Sanaroa Island W-end. This is the most western part of the reef and forms the natural eastern side of the entrance ‘gate’. It is approximately 1.5 – 2.0 km from the nearest point of land and in about 4.0m of water at mid-tide.

72. The substrate on the reef constitute mainly of sand, rubbles and corals. A sandy substrate with few rubbles was selected as the installation location. Live corals were observed to be present all over the reef zone. There is a good extent of mangrove forest around Sanaroa Islands with mud flat areas all along the shore. These will not be directly affected by the installation activities. Above water and underwater photographs for the location are shown below.

Plate 8. Above water and under water photos of Sanaroa Island W-end

B.1.2 Kiriwina and Kitava Islands Navaid Locations

Kiriwina and Kitava Islands are two of the four main islands of the Trobriand Islands. Kiriwina is 40 kilometers long but only 3.2 to 12.8 kilometers wide, and the other islands are much smaller. Except for Kitava, where cliffs rise sheer for 90 meters, the islands are relatively flat, crosscut by swampy areas, tidal creeks, and rich garden lands that abut rough coral outcroppings. Reefs may extend up to 10 kilometers offshore; anchorage is often dependent upon high tides and careful navigation. Its main station is Losuia. Kitava is one of the Trobriand Islands, an archipelago of coral atolls off the eastern coast of New Guinea. It is located about 25 km from Kiriwina.

73. A total of five (5) new navaids will be installed within the waters off Kiriwina and Kitava Islands. Their individual locations are presented in Table 9 and indicated in Figures 2 and 3. Apart from the new installations that have been surveyed there will also be rehabilitation work done on 14 existing beacons at the main passage into Kiriwina wharf. Underwater and above water photographs of the new locations are provided for reference as shown following each location description and in Annex 2.

Table 9 List of Navigational Aids for Installation in Kiriwina and Kitava Islands S.N. Site Location Water Substrate AtoN Description Name Name Depth type 1 Lousia Pile 3+ m Sand Monopile in water, red, port lateral 3 nm No. 2 2 Lousia Pile 3+ m Sand Monopile in water, green, stbd lateral 3 Kiriwina No. 3 nm 3 Island Lousia Pile 3+ m Sand Monopile in water, red, port lateral 3 nm No. 4 4 Lousia Pile 3+ m Sand Monopile in water, red, port lateral, 3 nm No. 14 5 Kitava Nuratu Island 3.0m Sand Monopile in water, white, north cardinal Island 10 nm Source: PIU Pre-installation Assessment, 31 July to September 2015.

74. These are described as follows:

75. The Losuia Pile 2 (Port hand beacon) marks the effective entrance to the Losuia Channel which provides a deep water approach to the town jetty and boat landing area. It forms the pair of entrance beacons and is essential to guide maritime traffic into the critical part of the channel to ensure the ship is lined up correctly for the remainder of the inward passage. This navaid will be installed in sandy substrates in approximately 3m depth of water.

76. Losuia Pile 3 (starboard lateral) as it is shown on the NMSA GIS chartlet, this marks the northern end of a shoal area which has, apparently, been a grounding spot for many of the local small vessels with loss of cargo and boats. This navaid will be installed in sandy substrates in approximately 3m depth of water.

77. Losuia Pile 4 (port hand) marks the narrow access waterway. This navaid will be installed in sandy substrates in approximately 3m depth of water.

78. Losuia Pile 14 (port hand) marks the northern side of the channel at its narrowest part and is considered essential to keep the passing marine traffic off the shallows immediately adjacent to the north of the navaid. This navaid will be installed in sandy substrates in approximately 3m depth of water.

Plate 9. Above water photos of Losuia Piles

Source: PIU Pre-installation Assessment, 31 July to September 2015.

Figure 2 Location of Navaid at Losuia, Kiriwina Island Source: Chartlet – NMSA GIS; AtoN locations: PIU Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA), July to September 2015.

79. Kitava Island. The proposed navaid is located about 400m from the beach at the northern end of Nurato Island. This marks the northern extremity of the reef where the depth is approximately 3.0m. The substrate of the surrounding reef area consists of sand, rubbles, live corals and algae. A sandy patch was identified and chosen as the preferred location for the navaid. Sparse live corals were observed within the 400m2 area of the navaid location. Strong current ran in between the two islands of Nuratu and Kitava. The navaid location is about 400 m away from the beach. There also extends a good seagrass bed along the beach. Three species of seagrass were identified, Syringodium, Thalassia hemprichii and the lesser Enhalus acoroides. This seagrass bed is about 400m from the proposed navaid location. Above water and underwater photographs for the location are shown below.

Plate 10. Above water and under water photos of Kitava Island Location

Figure 3 Location of Navaid in Kitava Island Source: Chartlet – NMSA GIS; AtoN locations and arc of light representation: PIU Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA), July to September 2015.

B.1.3 Cannac Islet and Budibudi Island Navaid Locations

80. Budibudi (Laughlan) Islands are located on the far north-eastern sea of Milne Bay towards the Solomon Sea next to Woodlark Island. Several small low lying islands group together to form an arc. A very big open passage lies between Woodlark and Budibudi where the only marker guiding the community travelling from Woodlark to Budibudi is a rock in the middle of the sea. The rock identified as Cannac Islet is approximately 10 nautical miles from Budibudi islands and approximately 30 nautical miles from Woodlark Island. This marks the big open passage lying between these two groups of islands and which serves as their main navigation guide. The proposed location shall be atop the bare rock of about 5m above sea level.

81. Two (2) navaids are proposed to be installed in this site. The first shall be located approximately 10 nautical miles from Budibudi and at a key local navigational feature, Cannac Islet while the other shall be located in Tamaris Reef as shown in Table 10 below and indicated in Figure 4.

Table 10 List of Navigational Aids for Installation in Budibudi Islands S.N. Site Location Name Water Depth Substrate AtoN Description Name type 1 Cannac Islet On-land pile Rock Modular (GRP or similar) construction Budibudi of a small tower, on a concrete footing 2 Islands Tamaris 3 – 4 meters Hard reef Monopile in water, white light, isolated Reef* and sand danger mark, 10 nm Source: PIU Pre-installation Assessment, 31 July to September 2015. *Included based on request from the local community.

82. The Cannac Islet navaid will provide greater safety for people transiting between Woodlark and Budibudi whereby Cannac Islet can provide certainty of direction and without such could result in people being lost at sea. The light location on the relatively flat top of Cannac Islet will provide good vision for approximately 10nm in all directions. Above water photographs are provided for reference as shown following the location description and in Annex 2.

Plate 11. Above water photo of Cannac Islet

83. The surrounding marine environment of the islet for anchoring the barge delivering materials for the construction of the lighthouse was not assessed due to unavailability of boats but a fly-by via helicopter indicates presence of a reef of undetermined depth. Sand areas on the lee from weather should be readily available.

84. A navaid installed at Tamaris Reef in Budibudi Islands would assist seafarers in navigating the small low-lying islands in the group. This which would also mark the passage from the local reefs to the shore where the community settlement can be found. The location on the reef where the navaid will be established is made up mostly of sand and hard reef substrate with an estimated water depth of 3-4 metres. Above water and underwater photographs are provided for reference as shown following the location description and in Annex 2.

Plate 12. Above water and under water photos of Tamaris Reef

Figure 4 Location of Cannac Islet and Tamaris Reef (Budibudi Islands) Source: Chartlet – NMSA GIS; AtoN location: PIU Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA), July to September 2015.

B.1.4 Deboyne Lagoon Navaid Locations

85. The Deboyne Lagoon is on a group of large reefs and islands situated on the northern side of the Louisiade Archipelago. The group's main islands include: Panaeati, Panapompom, Brooker and Ware. A total of six (6) navaids will be installed within the Deboyne Lagoon. Their individual locations are presented in Table 11 and indicated in Figure 5. Underwater and above water photographs are provided for reference as shown following each location description and in Annex 2.

Table 11 List of Navigational Aids for Installation in Deboyne Lagoons S.N. Site Location Name Water Substrate type AtoN Description Name Depth 1 Hobwaiwala Monopile in water, red, port (2) Unable to Reef Patch lateral 6 nm 2 Hobwaiwala confirm with sand* Monopile in water, green, stbd lateral 6 nm 3 West Passage 0.2m Coral Reef Monopile in water, red, port Deboyne North (Lenana) lateral 6 nm 4 Lagoon West Passage 0.2m Coral reef Monopile in water, green, stbd South lateral, 6nm 5 Redlick 3.0m Coral rubble Monopile in water, red, port Passage and sand lateral 6 nm 6 Redlick 3.0m Coral rubble Monopile in water, green, stbd Passage and sand* lateral, 6nm Source: PIU Pre-installation Assessment, 31 July to September 2015.

Figure 5 Location of Navaids in Deboyne Lagoon Source: Chartlet – NMSA GIS; AtoN location and arc of light representation: PIU Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA), July to September 2015.

86. These are described as follows:

87. Hobwaiwala 2 and Hobwaiwala 1. The aids to navigation are proposed to be constructed on the southern tip of the reef south of Hobwaiwala Island (for Hobwaiwala 2) which forms the northern side of the channel while the aid to navigation at Hobwaiwala 1 completes the marking of the channel to guide smaller marine traffic between the outlying reefs which form the sides of this channel.

88. The bottom type of the navaid location in Hobwaiwala 2, and Hobwaiwala 1 was further assessed to be reef patch with sand during the closer site inspections undertaken during the second visit. Above water photograph for the location is shown below.

Plate 13. Above water photo of Hobwaiwala 2

89. West Passage North (Lenana Reef). The Lenana Reef is on the north side of the Western Entrance in the Deboyne Group and will be the entrance utilized by cruise ships should they come to the island group. The substrate is made up of encrusting coral reef with a good coral cover seen all around the navaid location. There were no sandy substrate identified for this site. Therefore, the navaid will have to be installed on the reef pavement next to the reef edge, after which there is a deep drop into the sea.

90. The reef crest forms a shallow surface about 0.2m in depth. It is therefore incumbent to adopt precautionary measures to ensure that physical harm will be avoided or minimized during the maneuovering and installation activities of the NIC. The reef can be seen from boats during day time but poses a great risk during night time. Above water photograph for the location is shown below.

Plate 14. Above water photo of West Passage North (Lenana Reef)

91. West Passage South (Manaloin Reef or Mahawan). Manaloin Reef is on the south side of the Western Entrance in the Deboyne Group and will be the entrance utilized by cruise ships should they come to the island group. The substrate is made up of encrusting coral reef with a good coral cover seen all around the navaid location. Just like the Lenana Reef, there were no sandy substrate identified for this site. Therefore, the navaid will have to be installed on the reef pavement next to the reef edge, after which there is a deep drop into the sea.

92. The reef crest forms a shallow surface about 0.2m in depth. It is therefore incumbent to adopt appropriate precautions to ensure that physical harm will be avoided or minimized during the maneuovering and installation activities of the NIC. The reef can be seen from boats during day time but poses a great risk during night time. Above water and underwater photographs for the location are shown below.

Plate 15. Above water photo of West Passage South (Manaloin Reef or Mahawan)

93. Redlick Passage/Rara Island. Rara Island is on the south side of Redlick Passage and is surrounded by a reef which extends well into Redlick Passage at a depth of 34 approximately 3.0m. The light will be in approximately 3.0–4.0m of water and positioned approximately 800m from the shore of Rara Island. The site chosen has good sandy/rubble substrate. Above water and underwater photographs for the location are shown below.

Plate 16. Above water photo of Redlick Passage/Rara Island

94. Redlick Passage/Holuga. Holuga Island is on the north side of Redlick Channel and is surrounded by a reef, the southern tip of which extends well into Redlick Passage and forms the northern boundary of the channel. The southern end of Holuga Island reef is strewn with large rocks to where the reef drops away into water of approximately 3m depth. The proposed aid to navigation will be placed close to where the reef drops off into deeper water. The substrate in this location is generally coral rubble and sand. Above water and underwater photographs for the location are shown below.

Plate 17. Above water photo of Redlick Passage/Holuga

B.1.5 Jomard Passage Navaid Locations

95. The Jomard Channel, also known as the Jomard Entrance or Jomard Passage, is a navigable strait in the Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea lying between the Jomard Islands and Duperré Islets/Bramble Haven and connects the Solomon Sea with the Coral Sea.

96. A total of four (4) navaids are proposed to be installed in the Jomard Passage. Their individual locations are presented in Table 12 and indicated in Figure 6. Underwater and above water and photographs are provided for reference as shown following each location description and in Annex 2.

Table 12 List of Navigational Aids for Installation in the Jomard Passage S.N. Site Location Name Water Substrate type AtoN Description Name Depth 1 Jomard Entrance 3.0m Sand* Monopile in water, white, (Uruba) North Cardinal 10nm 2 Jomard Entrance 3.0m Coral patches and Monopile in water, white, Jomard (Uruba) sand* South Cardinal, 10nm 3 Passage Jomard Entrance 3.0m Sandy patch next Monopile in water, white, (Bramble) to hard reef* East Cardinal 10 nm 4 Jomard Entrance 3.0m Sandy patch next Monopile in water, white, (Bramble) to hard reef* East Cardinal, 10 nm Source: PIU Pre-installation Assessment, 31 July to September 2015. *Confirmed during closer site inspection in the second visit.

Figure 6 Location of Navaid in Jomard Passage Source: Chartlet – NMSA GIS; AtoN location: PIU Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA), July to September 2015.

97. The PIA team was unable to assess the bottom types of the navaid location in this passage as a result of dangerous swells and wind conditions during the assessment activities. This will need to be assessed concurrently instead during the pre-installation activities of the Navaid Installation Contractor (NIC).

98. Jomard Entrance (Uruba) – North Cardinal Mark 10nm. The aid to navigation would be positioned in approximately 3m of water at mid-tide. The substrate is sand as observed upon closer site inspection during the second visit. Above water photograph for the location is shown below.

Plate 18. Above water photo of Jomard Entrance - North Cardinal Mark

99. Jomard Entrance (Uruba) – South Cardinal Mark, 10nm. The aid to navigation would be positioned in approximately 3m of water at mid-tide. The substrate is coral patches and sand as observed upon closer site inspection during the second visit. Above water photograph for the location is shown below.

Plate 19. Above water photo of Jomard Entrance – South Cardinal Mark

100. Jomard Entrance (Bramble Haven - Aimekumekuna) – East Cardinal Mark 10nm. The aid to navigation would be positioned in approximately 3m of water at mid-tide. The substrate is sandy patch next to hard reef as observed upon closer site inspection during the second visit. Above water photograph for the location is shown below.

Plate 20. Above water photo of Jomard Entrance (Bramble Haven - Aimekumekuna) – East Cardinal Mark

101. Jomard Entrance (Bramble Haven - Nevenak) – East Cardinal Mark 10nm. The aid to navigation would be positioned in approximately 3m of water at mid-tide. The substrate is sandy patch next to hard reef as observed upon closer site inspection during the second visit. Above water photograph for the location is shown below.

Plate 21. Above water photo of Jomard Entrance (Bramble Haven - Nevenak) – East Cardinal Mark

Figure 7 Location of Navaid in China Strait Source: Chartlet – NMSA GIS; AtoN location and arc of light representation: PIU Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA), July to September 2015.

B.1.6 China Strait Navaid Locations

102. The China Strait is a navigable strait in the Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea between Samarai Island and Sariba Island. The strait, 4 nautical miles in length and less than one nautical mile wide connects the Solomon Sea with the Coral Sea.

103. A total of five (5) navaids are proposed to be installed in China Strait. Their individual locations are presented in Table 13 and indicated in Figure 7. Underwater and above water and photographs are provided for reference as shown following each location description and in Annex 2.

Table 13 List of Navigational Aids for Installation in China Strait S.N. Site Location Water Substrate AtoN Description Name Name Depth type 1 China Gadogadoa 0.3m Rock Monopile in water, white, Strait Island south cardinal 10 nm 2 Kwato (2) 1.0m Sand and Monopile in water, white, Island rubble isolated danger 4 nm 3 Kwato (1) 2.5m Sand Monopile in water, white, Island north cardinal 4 nm 4 Gesila Island 3.0m Coral rubble Monopile in water, white, and sand south cardinal 4 nm 5 Iguali Island 2.5m Coral rubble Monopile in water, white, and sand west cardinal 10 nm Source: PIU Pre-installation Assessment, 31 July to September 2015.

104. These locations are described as follows:

105. Suina Point, Gadogadoa Island. The proposed navaid location will be installed on the western side of the approach to China Strait and is on a prominent point of land which will provide a reference point for marine traffic travelling in both directions. There is a high rock cliff immediately shoreward of the rock ledge on which the light will be positioned where the water depth is less than 1 meter (0.3m). This area is also the breaker point for swells observed 38 always crashing onto these rocks. This rocky formation is generally flat before rising steeply out of the outcrop. Above water photograph for the location is shown in Plate 22 below.

Plate 22. Above water photo of Suina Point, Gadogadowa Island

106. Kwato Island (1). This new aid to navigation is off the northern tip of Kwato Island and marks the northern extremity of the reef which lies to the north of Kwato Island. It is well positioned close to an inner corner in China Strait and will be of great benefit to both East and west bound marine traffic as well as marine traffic heading south passed Samurai Island or entering north passed Samurai Island. The substrate in this location is sand and the navaid shall be installed in approximately 2.5m of water. Above water and underwater photographs for the location are shown in Plate 23 below.

Plate 23. Above water and underwater photos of Kwato Island 1

107. Kwato Island (2) Doolan Patch. This is a new position using the navaid initially proposed for Heath patch which is not being used due to the depth of water over this patch. The substrate at the chosen site is mostly sand and rubble with not much presence of life forms although there was one sighting of sea cucumber within the 400m2 vicinity. This navaid shall be installed in 1.0m of water. Above water and underwater photographs for the location are shown in Plate 24 below.

Plate 24. Above water and underwater photos of Kwato Island 2

108. Gesila Island. This is a new aid to navigation site and marks a corner in the China Strait channel around which marine traffic travelling east and west must alter course. The substrate where the pile will be built is comprised of a mixture of coral rubble and sand where the water depth is about 3.0m more or less.

Plate 25. Above water and underwater photos of the site at Gesila

109. Iguali Island. This is a new aid to navigation and will be placed on the north western corner of Iguali Island where it will mark the eastern side of the northern entrance to China Strait. The proposed navaid in this island is located about 50m from shore approximately 2.5m depth of water. The bottom substrate identified is a mixture of sand, rubble and coral. The installation will be placed on the sandy and rubble patches away from the corals. Nevertheless, it is incumbent to adopt precautionary measures during barge manoeuvring and installation to avoid physical impacts to the surrounding coral habitat. Above water and underwater photographs for the location are shown below.

Plate 26. Above water and underwater photos of Iguali Island Location

B.1.7 Marshall Lagoon Navaid Locations

110. The McFarlane/Marshall Lagoon site is in the Abau Sub-District of the Central District of Papua New Guinea about 80 miles south-east of Port Moresby. Much of the country around Marshall Lagoon is low lying and swampy, but, in places, there are patches of higher ground. The lagoon which forms the dominant physiographic feature of the lowland country, occupies a shallow depression 3.5 miles long, and 1 mile wide, and is situated 3 miles upstream from the mouth of the Imila River, the estuary of which is known as McFarlane Harbour. Most of the coastline is comprised of mud and sandflats/beaches extending sub-tidally into the lagoon. The lagoon and the harbour are separated by a narrow constriction, over 300m wide with mangrove vegetation covering most of the coast. The waters in the lagoon are tidal and generally brackish.

111. A total of four (4) navaids are proposed to be installed along the McFarlane Harbour. Their individual locations are presented in Table 14 and indicated in Figure 8. Underwater and above water and photographs are provided for reference as shown following each location description and in Annex 2.

Table 14 List of Navigational Aids for Installation in the McFarlane Harbour/Marshall Lagoon S.N. Site Location Position Water Substrate type AtoN Description Name Name Depth 1 Mc Farlene 10° 06.565’ S 2.0m Sand/Seaweed/ Monopile in water, green, Harbour No.1 148° 10.716’ E corals stbd lateral, 10nm 2 Marshall Mc Farlene 10° 05.558’ S 1.2m Rocky Monopile in water, green, Lagoon/ Harbour No.3 148° 10.252’ E stbd lateral, 4nm 3 McFarlane Mc Farlene 10° 05.080’ S 3.0m Sand/Silt/Mud Monopile in water, red, Harbour Harbour No.2 148° 10.457’ E port lateral, 4nm 4 Mc Farlene 10° 04.772’ S 2.5m Sand/Silt/Mud Monopile in water, green, Harbour No.5 148° 10.772’E stbd lateral, 4nm Source: PIU Pre-installation Assessment, 31 July to September 2015.

Figure 8 Location of Navaids in McFarlane Harbour/Marshall Lagoon Source: Chartlet – NMSA GIS. AtoN Locations and arc of light representation: PIU Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA), July to September 2015.

112. These are described as follows:

113. McFarlane Harbour No. 1. The navaid will be positioned on a sandy seabed in a water depth of approximately 2.0m albeit the general location also had seaweed cover. Above water photograph for the location is shown below. There is active community-based monitoring of bêche-de-mer in the Mc Farlane Harbour area but the installation will not directly affect these marine animals. The monitoring is done in cooperation with the National Fisheries Authority of PNG which according to the representative of the nearby community, Gavoune, allows only its seasonal harvesting.

Plate 27. Above water and underwater photos of McFarlane Harbour No. 1

114. McFarlane Harbour No. 3. This aid to navigation will be a monopile built on a rock ledge close to the cliff face behind the proposed site in a water depth of approximately 2.0m. Above water photograph for the location is shown below. This is also in the general area where there is an active community-based monitoring of bêche-de-mer albeit the installation will not directly affect these marine animals. The monitoring is done in cooperation with the National Fisheries Authority of PNG which according to the representative of the nearby community, Gavoune, allows only its seasonal harvesting.

Plate 28. Above water photo of McFarlane Harbour No. 3

115. McFarlane Harbour No. 2. This aid to navigation is a monopile marking the seaward end at a depth of approximately 3.0m off a large mud bank which dries at low water at the general vicinity of the confluence of the Kelekrawa and Oman Rivers. The substrate at the site is mostly sand, silt and mud. There are no other distinguishing features of interest for the location except that the water is highly turbid in a busy navigation lane. Above water photograph for the location is shown below.

Plate 29. Above water photo of McFarlane Harbour No. 2

116. McFarlane Harbour No. 5. This aid to navigation marks a headland immediately prior to arrival at the town’ jetty of Kupiano positioned in about 2.5m depth of water. As in Mc 42

Farlane No. 2, the substrate at this site is mostly of sand, silt and mud. It is about 100m to the coast which is lined with mangroves and associated nipa palms. Above water photograph for the location is shown below.

Plate 20. Above water photo of McFarlane Harbour No. 5

B.2. Marine Protected Areas and Important Species

1. Whilst a network of marine protected areas had been identified and proposed for development around the waters of these provinces, no light installations have been confirmed to be located directly into these areas. But even if such will be confirmed at a later time during NIC pre-installation activities, these will benefit from the light installations and complement conservation activities of the communities and organizations by marking these sensitive locations from the dangers of vessel groundings and resulting negative impacts of oil spills.

117. None of the sites in CP1 will be located within nationally designated Marine Protected Areas. However, some of the sites are located in areas known to be locally protected and managed by the local communities. These include the sites at the Jomard Passage. The reefs surveyed show viable healthy corals that are intact. The reefs were seen to have turtles and reef fishes. The Jomard area is also known for its turtle conservation activities, an initiative proposed and carried out by the local people themselves. The people there do turtle tagging and monitoring to observe turtle population of their area as well as carrying out awareness activities and programs.

118. PNG is known to support a large variety of rare and endangered marine species that exists all throughout PNG waters, including:

 14 species of mammals, primarily whales and dolphins but also including the Dugong (Dugong dugon)  309 species of corals, jellyfish and sea anemones  54 species of fish  2 species of clams, including the Giant Clams (Tridacna gigas)

119. For this project only the sessile and semi-sessile species are likely to be affected. These includes the corals, sea anemones and invertebrates. The migratory species like the reef fishes, turtles and dolphins sighted en-route to Kiriwina and Jomard sites won’t be harmed by installation activities as they will just move away from where there will be disturbances on site. Coral habitats within the direct vicinity may be affected but re-growth and repopulation, albeit may take time, will occur afterwards and the habitat will eventually recover to its natural state.

C. Socio-economic Environment

120. This section is derived from two in-house reports prepared by the project consultants. These reports are: 43

1. Analysis of the Socio-Economic Survey for Package 2 Communities (New Guinea Islands) -- Community and Lands Specialist; 2. PNG 2017 Field Note; Financial - Economic 2 -- Economist Consultant

123. Detailed Socio Economic baseline information of the communities can be derived from the full Survey Report by the Community and Lands Specialist. Similarly the Financial Economic analysis report by the project Economist Consultant will also be made available for reference once it is finalized. However, for the purpose of this section as per ABD’s requirements, some baseline information made available through these reports are presented. Also presented are District Profiles of CP2 communities taken from the report on “PNG District and Provincial Profiles”.

C.1 Central Province

124. With respect to the Central Province, the population living in the more remote areas (including the coastal region), are considered to generally have a low potential to earn income, although some commute in and around Port Moresby in an effort to earn non- agricultural wages. The Districts of Abau and Rigo are those where the new navaids will be installed. Much of the population living in Abau live in the coastal swamps and in isolated mountain areas, earning low incomes from the sale of surplus food, fish, betel nut, coconut and coffee. The land in these areas is considered to have poor agricultural potential. The population living in the District of Rigo is much better off, where, although they have low income potential from agriculture, many people commute to Port Moresby to earn an income. The following table presents some basic statistics on this Province and the Districts of interest.

Table 15 Economic Breakdown for Central Province Category Central Province Districts Abau Rigo Population (est) 184,000 36,000 39,500 Population/sq. km 6.1 5.4 7.8 Literacy rate 72.1 78.4 80.4 Life Expectancy 56.4 - - Main Economic Activity Food crops Food crops Food crops Betel Nut Coconut Coconut. Source: PIU-NMSA

Figure 9 District Profile for Abau. Source: Report on PNG District and Provincial Profiles. 44

125. Of particular interest with respect to the population directly affected by the navaid installations in Central Province is the level of income earned and expenditure of this population. In summary, the main income earning items consist of the sale of surplus fish, garden produce, betel nut and some cash crops. Altogether this accounts for about 80% of earned income. The main expense categories include: store food, school fees and transportation altogether also accounting for about 80% of expenses.

126. Cash income from local market sales is estimated to be K133/market day, and K500/market day in the town and regional markets.

C.2 Milne Bay Province

127. In so far as the Province of Milne Bay is concerned, there are four Districts in which new navaids are planned. These include the Districts of Alotau (proper), Esa’ala, Kiriwina Goodenough and Samarai Murua. While people near Alotau and in the Tobriand Islands can earn a moderate income from the surplus sale of fish and betel nut, the income earning potential for people living in the rest of the Province is low. In terms of transport, the islands rely predominately on banana boats, although there is also some commercial cargo and passenger shipping.

128. Businesses in Alotau and the oil palm enterprises provide some income-earning opportunities, as do the markets, for the sale of surplus fresh food, betel nut and coconut. People living in the Esa’ala District on the other hand, a District which covers the two largest islands, have very limited sources of income. Agriculture is predominately low intensity, with a mixed staple cultivation of root crops and coconut, and some production of betel nut for sale in the markets of Alotau. The District of Kiriwina Goodenough, on the other hand, have some good opportunities for low incomes to be earned from the surplus sale of betel nut, fish and food (mixed staples). And finally, in the District of Samarai Murua, the surplus sale of mixed staples and coconut as well as fish are the main sources of income. Misima Island once provided income earning opportunities and royalties from gold mining, however this has ceased since the mine’s closure. Basic economic data concerning the Province and Districts is presented below:

Table 16 Economic Breakdown for Milne Bay Category Milne Bay Ditricts Province Alotau Esa’ala Kiriwana Samarai

Population (est) 210,400 74,600 42,600 50,000 43,200 Population/sq. km 14.7 9.5 18.4 45.1 14.0 Literacy rate 78.1 81.1 76.5 71.3 81.8 Life Expectancy 54.1 - - - - Main Economic Activity Food crops Food crops Food crops Betel Nut Food Crops Betel Nut Betel Nut Betel Nut Coconut Betel Nut Source: PIU-NMSA

Figure 10 District Profile for Esa’ala. Source: Report on PNG District and Provincial Profiles.

Figure 11 District Profile for Kiriwina Goodenough. Source: Report on PNG District and Provincial Profiles.

Figure 12 District Profile for Samarai Murua. Source: Report on PNG District and Provincial Profiles.

129. To summarize, the main income earning items for those living in Milne Bay consist of the sale of surplus fish, garden produce, betel nut and some cash crops. Altogether this accounts for about 83% of earned income. As may be expected, the main expense categories include transportation and the purchase of store foods, accounting for some 76% of expenses.

130. Cash Income from local market sales is estimated to be K354/market day, and Kina 699/market day in the town and regional markets. The following table presents a summary of estimated annual earnings/person in both Central and Milne Bay Provinces.

Table 17 Estimated Annual Market income/person Category Central Province Milne Bay Kina Province kina A. Local Market income - Sale income/market day 133 354 - annual total, assuming 52 days/year year/1 6,916 18,408 - Travel expenses to market/2 780 780

- Annual profit/family 6,136 17,628 - Annual profit/family member 1,023 2,938 B. Regional/Town Market income - sale income/market day 500 699 - annual total, assuming 12 days/year 6000 8388 - Travel Expenses to market/3 160 160

- Annual profit/family/2 4080 6468 - Annual profit/family member 680 1078 TOTAL profit/family member 1703 4016 AVERAGE TOTAL for Package 1 2859 1/ per family of 6 2/ assumed 10 kina/round trip plus incidental expenses of 5 kina/round trip 3/ assumed 150 kina/round trip plus 22 kina incidental expenses/round trip

III. ANTICIPATED IMPACTS OF THE INSTALLATION ACTIVITIES AND MITIGATION MEASURES

131. This identifies the anticipated impacts to the physical, biological and socio-economic environment of the navaid locations based on information gathered during the assessment as well as secondary information.

A. Anticipated Impacts on the Physical Environment

A.1 Meteorology and Climate

132. The Project (and all the proposed aids to navigation) that will be installed will have no impact on meteorology or climate. The navaids will however, be subjected to meteorological and climatological variations from which the monopile and associated equipment to be installed will have sizes and focal heights among others considered in NICs design and installation requirements.

A.2 Rainfall

133. The Project (and all the proposed aids to navigation) will have no impact on rainfall patterns. The navaids will however, be subjected to variations in rainfall for which the equipment will have to be designed to adopt to these variations.

A.3 Temperature

134. The Project (and all the proposed aids to navigation identified during the assessment) will not affect area or regional temperatures. The navaids will however, be subjected to variations in rainfall for which the equipment will have to be designed to adopt to these variations.

A.4 Climate Change

135. Impacts on this project caused by climate change are considered negligible. The navaids are designed for a 20-30 year lifetime. Sea level is forecasted to increase by 9-30 cm between now and year 2055. The monopiles will be installed to a focal plane height of 6- 7m above mean sea level (msl), greatly exceeding the anticipated sea level rise. For land- based installation, no impact will be anticipated as these are all well above the sea level elevations atop the headlands.

136. Climate change is expected to decrease the number of cyclones in the country but will increase their intensities over this period. Monopiles proposed for this program are designed to withstand 100-year storms, incorporating safety factors exceeding conditions anticipated due to climate change (ADB. Feb 2012. Papua New Guinea: Community Water Transport Sector Project – Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment ADB TA Consultant Report, TA- 6420).

A.5 Seismic Activity

137. The Project will have no effect on local or regional seismic or volcanic activity. However, seismic movement or volcanic eruptions could have a seriously destructive effect on installed navaids most especially for aids to navigation located in Bougainville, East New Britain and West New Britain where active volcanism occurs.

A.6 Noise

138. The only potential noise that will occur during construction is if the NIC uses a Vibratory hammer or a drop hammer/hydraulic hammer/diesel hammer while setting the monopile into the hard reefs or seabed; and the use of drills (only when appropriate as construction methods to adopt) in hard rock bottoms particularly in the headlands of the Gadogadoa Island. The resulting pounding, or drilling may be loud, but should last less than one hour for each installation in most bottom types.

139. Hard or intractable bottom materials may cause extended noise duration such as that of the site on Gadogadoa Island. But while noise levels are not expected to be a nuisance to communities’ farther inland, NIC workers shall be provided with ear protection (personal protective equipment) to reduce the impact of elevated noise levels to their health. There will be also elevated noise levels on works in the Cannac Islet location but only work crews will be affected and shall be provided with PPEs. This location is very remote from the nearby landmass to affect any communities.

140. If the Contractor uses a vibratory hammer, the noise generated will be far less. None of the proposed navaids will include bells, whistles, horns, or any other noise generator although top marks could cause some wind noise with probably no more than communities already experience from palm fronds and the like.

A.7 Flashing Lights

141. Given the close proximity of the lights to some of the nearshore communities, flashing navaid lights may become a nuisance to these communities. The Contractor will need to put in place practical mitigation measures such as light shields to limit/address flashing light disturbances unto the surrounding communities. For CP1 only one community is expected to be disturbed by the light from the selected site - the Community around the Gigipwala site in the Milne Bay Province.

A.8 Aesthetics

142. As previously reported during the PPTA, the Project is not expected to generate public disfavor regarding navaid appearance or other aesthetics. Public response to previous navaid installation programs in PNG has indicated overwhelming approval by the public and local communities. This is further confirmed during this pre-installation assessment where all communities given project awareness readily signed free and prior informed consent (FPIC) forms.

B. Anticipated Impacts on the Biological Environment

143. All navaid installations except one land-based installations in the Gadogadoa Island identified above will be in near-shore and off-shore waters. No new shipping channels will be established and all installations will be placed to provide safer navigation of existing channels and shipping lanes.

144. The proposed monopile type of navaid will result in the loss of seabed habitat production when the hollow monopile is driven into the bottom substrate; and loss of terrestrial vegetation in land-based installations albeit varying in severity. This will be unavoidable and permanent for the life of the navaid structure, albeit the pile itself will provide a new substrate for reef and/or other marine habitat to attach; and may be perching and nesting habitats for birds in the case of land-based installations (Suina Point, Gadogadoa Island).

145. For purposes of this assessment the larger diameter is assumed as per the precautionary principle. The area of a 1.0m diameter circle is 0.8m2; therefore the 49 unavoidable impact imposed by each pile will be as much as 0.8m2 loss of bottom habitat in leased areas of 400 square meters (20m x 20 m on water; and 100 square meters (10m x 10m) on land.

146. The other primary potential for loss of bottom habitat is crushing by the anchors which are not yet known at this time but which will depend on the NIC vessel type. Most barge operators would probably use four (4) anchors for stability purposes, or perhaps with an additional two (2) spud anchors. In actual practice, the stern anchor should be set well into the deeper channel where extensive vigorous coral growth is unlikely to occur, so actual damage from this anchor should be minimal. The NIC shall be required to provide information about its anchoring procedures through its work method statement, and in the installation environmental management report.

147. The bow anchor also has potential to inflict bottom habitat damage, and this anchor must be set following NIC’s work method statement and installation environmental management plan, and in the appropriate water depth that can provide stable anchoring, closer to the actual navaid installation point. This may or may not cause serious damage albeit should be duly given the appropriate attention. There are sand and coral rubble areas that can be identified in the areas assessed to set this anchor. Negative environmental impact may therefore be minimal. Whilst there are also coral areas (for example the sites in the Deboyne Lagoon that had not been inspected due to swell conditions); and a few locations with seagrass beds identified, NIC shall apply precautionary principles to ensure minimization of the impacts to these habitats.

148. Migratory or mobile species like fishes, dolphins and turtles are less likely to be affected by installation activities. Noise disturbances proposed by the hammering of piles will be limited only to the installation period which should last no longer than one hour for each installation. Reef associated mobile species can easily repopulated the habitat again after the pile has been installed.

149. Throughout the Contract Package 1 Provinces, environmentally sensitive areas that maybe jeopardized by installation operations either directly or indirectly include corals and seagrass beds which abound in some identified sites. However, within these habitats are available sandy patches or dead corals or a combination of non-vigorous coral substrates or non-seagrass beds within the radius of identified locations that present opportunities from which to place the navaids. Nevertheless, the NIC is expected to adhere to precautionary principles, conduct more thorough pre-installation investigations and judiciously implement its environmental management plan.

150. In a few locations, mangroves exist but no mangrove vegetation will be directly affected by the installation operations because all are located off-shore away from these habitats. Land-based installations in several locations will not also affect mangroves because these installations will be limited to terrestrial vegetation in the headlands.

151. Sea cucumber (bêche-de-mer), edible seaweeds, turtle nesting sites, and pods of dolphins were observed in the waters of the provinces under this contract package. The habitats will not be directly affected during navaid installations but seasonal occurrences and community concerns will be strictly observed, and installation works planned accordingly in consultation with the local communities.

150. It is recognized that indeed potential for serious impact exists. These can be mitigated by NIC’s work method statement, and installation environmental management plan addressing concerns about the approach, placement, and anchoring of the work barge at each location. This stage is influenced by numerous factors, including water currents, wind, waves, and water depth, visibility, and operator competence. However, positive impacts of the program leading to improved shipping safety, fewer shipping accidents and spills and

50 potential habitat destruction caused by groundings, and loss of human life greatly outweigh the potential impacts of navaid facility installation.

151. Potential for environmental impact is created by materials utilized and waste produced by the work barge and crew. These potential impacts are manageable, and shall be addressed in the NIC’s work method statement and installation environmental management plan. These are addressed in this EMP for NIC to address during the tendering and actual installation processes.

B.1 Anticipated Impacts on Rare and Endangered Species

152. Although no rare or endangered species were encountered within the immediate pile locations that were assessed and identified by community residents, the PPTA advised that it is incumbent to assume that rare and endangered species are present and to operate with appropriate care. If these are encountered at the project sites they will be logged by the NIC’s onboard Marine Ecologist and reported. These endangered species when identified shall not be harmed or captured for food by NIC crews and workers. The NIC shall conduct awareness raising of this concern as part of the pre-employment requirements. The list of these endangered species may be referred to the PPTA Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) from time to time where necessary. Better yet, the NIC shall have access to reference material to identify these species once they are sighted in the vicinity of the installation areas. These sightings shall be recorded in the installation environmental management reports to be submitted to the PIU.

B.2 Barging Positioning and Stabilization

153. Barge positioning and stabilization presents significant risk during the installation process when not properly done and managed due to its impact to the marine environment. Improper barge positioning and stabilization may disturb the surrounding substrates that may result in disturbance creating high water turbidity (albeit maybe only for a short while during maneuvering), and migration of the suspended materials into surrounding coral habitats due to sustained propeller movement.

154. There are no location-specific barging positioning and stabilization recommended for any of the navaid locations at this time of the assessment. Barging positioning and stabilization will be left to the NIC to manage as it sees appropriate based on actual weather conditions such as wind, tidal height and streams, and swell conditions during each installations. In addition, these weather conditions will be taken into consideration together with the barge type and size, and its pile equipment configuration.

155. It is however, strongly recommended that the NIC implements its installation environmental management plan keeping in mind avoidance or minimization of environmental impacts to the reef or their nearby surrounding areas, most especially in locations where there are known conservation concerns to be considered.

156. Once the work barge is positioned and stabilized, pile installation in near-shore and offshore areas will be straightforward and negative impact is minimal but will be managed by the NIC. However, in land-based installations there will be additional attention in shore landing requirements for deliveries of construction materials and equipment including the work personnel. Repeated shore landings shall be minimized and managed accordingly in accordance with safe work method/occupational safety and health requirements.

157. This is also important in addressing shore landing requirements for construction equipment, materials and personnel for land-based installations involving repeated landings, distance to shore, and availability of facilities.

158. The NIC is expected to provide a qualified Marine Ecologist on board to assist selection of anchor points, and pre and post-installation assessment regarding any and all impacts. These requirements will be provided in the tender documents for NIC compliance.

C. Anticipated Impacts on the Socio-Economic Environment

159. The Project imposes very little to no direct negative social and economic impacts. All the navaids are located either underwater, on reefs or on dry exposed areas on cliffs and as such no resettlement issues will arise from the project. The Project will not have direct impact on the people, their land, properties and homes. Social issues regarding site ownership and boundaries may arise during the initial community awareness and consultation stage of the project but are always dealt with by the Project CD team during community consultations. If a consensual agreement is not reached by concerned parties, the site is excluded from the Project.

160. During the construction period, there may be minor temporary disturbances to the fishing and hunting grounds of the communities but these disturbances to the waterbed column are limited only to the actual installation location which should only last for about 3-4 hours. Soon after installation, the site will recover and so too will its marine life and the local fishermen will regain their fishing grounds. All these are clearly explained to the communities during community consultations.

161. It was noted from previous installations that light emitted from navaids attracts fish at night and also the area of the pile below water provides additional surface area for algal growth. Thus, attracting more fish to the area and allowing for more catch by the fishermen for their consumption and for sale at the market.

162. The Project may have indirect negative social and economic impacts on the community. According to a Poverty and Social Assessment Report done for some selected project sites, the risks most commonly identified are from outside influences, through the visits by the navaid construction crews and higher volumes of people travelling through ports of call, could expose young people particularly, to alcohol, teenage pregnancies and STIs. Transport systems and infrastructure development are recognized internationally as contributing to increased HIV transmission.

163. This risk will be mitigated by the Project through training and awareness raising for both the contractor’s installation crews, and the recipient communities. HIV/Aids awareness will be carried out in the communities by the Project CD team as part of their Community Engagement Program. The project as part of its EMP guidelines will require the NIC to outline in their IEMPs ways in which the contractors will mitigate these issues.

164. Other issues that may also arise are due to land rent payments and community payments which typically occur if community awareness and consultations are not properly undertaken. For each of the communities in the project sites, ample time is always given to the PIU’s CD team to carry out full community awareness activities/programs intended for the landowners and the community as a whole. Any community or landownership issues/disagreements that cannot be resolved at the time triggers the exclusion of the proposed site from the project.

IV. CONSULTATIONS WITH THE PROVINCIAL LEVEL-AND LOCAL LEVEL GOVERNMENTS AND COMMUNITIES

165. This section reports on some of the findings as presented by the PIU CD team in their reports on the consultations done for the Provinces in Contract Package 1 since it’s commencement in July, 2015. The full report (see separate report; Consultation) also covers 52 awareness activities and programs implemented for each community by the PIU CD team through its Community Engagement Programs.

A. Stakeholder Consultation

166. A vital element of project visibility is stakeholder consultation. There have been three visits to Milne Bay Provincial Administration by the Project Management, GCLS and one visit was accompanied by NMSA CD Manager. Several correspondences followed with different offices in the province.

167. The main aim of these visits was to introduce the project to the Provincial Administrator (PA), Governor and respective officers, Land, Law and Justice, Planning and Local Level Government. Both, Governor Titus Philemon and the PA Michael Kape assured the project their full assistance and support. The Project Management emphasized the importance of maritime safety for international and national shipping and the positive impacts on community life and its physical environment. They also explained ADB´s safeguard policy driven approach on land and resettlement and environment protection.

168. Another objective was to get support from the provincial administration identifying communities, which are located near the proposed sites and are possible landowners of those areas.

169. Unfortunately due to communication restraints it took the provincial administration and the Provincial Land Advisor several weeks until responding and suggesting visiting several communities grouped around one site. Although Area Managers were involved and informed it was not possible to get a clear number of communities and their respective names. This made the field visit more complicated from the perspective of community engagement as time planning for each site had to be more generous and the team was not sure if one, two or three communities have to be visited for one site.

170. Before starting from Alotau to the first island group around Dawson Strait, the provincial administration organised the secondment of two District Land Officers (DLOs), who joined the group in their respective geographic area, one District Planner for Dawson Strait and the Provincial Advisor for Law and Justice for the whole visit. The advisor knew most areas and communities and thus was able to assist the team. Additionally the District Planner for Normanby/Fergusson arranged the gathering of communities in advance so that the team did not have to wait long to conduct the awareness. In other places like Trobriand Islands, Jomard Islands or Misima, communities would have preferred better arrangements by their Area Managers in sending prior notices to inform them of the team’s arrival as well as organizing the communities to meet the team.

171. The second consultation with the Administrator and Governor was purely to discuss the option of land acquisition. NMSA in its former project of lighthouse installations (finished 2008) was advised by the former Governor Tim Neville to acquire land for the sites by outright purchase. Thus the landowners had to sell their land (reef as most navaids are underwater). This approach was different than to other provinces, where NMSA leased land from customary landowners by an agreement over 20 years. Not one single land title has been issued since 2008 for purchasing the land in Milne Bay. The now Governor and the Administrator are supportive of lease agreements with customary landowners and support the projects recommendation initiated by NMSA. The team also held discussions with the Director of Projects from the Customary Land Division at Department for Lands and Physical Planning in Port Moresby. He also recommended acquisition by lease agreements for the purpose of the project. He also suggests that landowners should not form Incorporate Landowner Groups (ILGs). This only serves the purpose for big development projects, where landowners register their land under a corporate group and have better chances of being recognized as landowners. The ILG process is extremely lengthy and expensive. 53

172. At the end of the field trip and before travelling back to Port Moresby the team met with the Deputy Administrator and briefed her about the outcome of the site visits and meeting with communities.

B. Preparation of Awareness Material

173. The PIU CD team prepared three brochures for distribution during stakeholder consultation and community awareness. These are: (i) general project brochure in English and Melanesian Pidgin, (ii) Community Lighthouse Committees and (iii) Project Phases for Community Engagement. Additionally photos of installed lighthouses/beacons were prepared to illustrate examples. The communities received these materials very well as most people are visual learners.

174. ADB grievance mechanisms were explained and distributed to the councilor of each community. The Free, Prior and Informed Consent Form was filled and signed for each site in two originals, one for the office and one for the community/councilor. The form was pre - signed by NMSA CEO/GM. A checklist retrieved from the Land Acquisition and Resettlement (LAR) Framework was filled during each community visit and a due diligence report prepared for each site.

C. Community Awareness

175. The community engagement programme has two phases. In phase one all activities are grouped around community awareness.

176. The main outcome of community awareness is that people in the villages understand the benefit of installing a lighthouse on their land. This is not only for international shipping, but also for national maritime safety and safety for small crafts such as banana boats when travelling in bad weather conditions or during the night. It not only will minimize accidents with casualties but also will help to protect their physical environment, reefs and fishing grounds from being contaminated by oil spill of ships caused by ship accidents.

177. It is crucial that people in villages accept the installation of a navaid and that elders, councilors and landowners give their permission to the project team to inspect the sites and that Contractors come back for installation; by accepting and understanding the purpose of the project, community representatives have to sign a Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC), which is a precondition of continuing project activities.

178. In phase two the team goes back in a second visit with provincial and national officers from Department of Land and Physical Planning, the Surveyor General’s Office, the Valuer General’s Office and Provincial Lands Officers. They will identify respective landowners for the navaid sites and start with the land acquisition process. The PIU CD Team is only a facilitator in this process.

179. At the same time the team will monitor the forming of a Community Lighthouse Committee, train the members about their roles and responsibilities, do HIV/AIDS awareness and collect baseline data for socio-economic analyses. A special focus will lie on equal gender participation.

D. Field Trip Programme

180. A programme was prepared before the field visits started. This programme was short and focused on introduction of all team members and their different work components.

181. Whilst the engineering and environment team left for inspection of the site, the community team started with the awareness process. As literacy levels vary in the communities, the team had to be careful to explain all aspects of the project and its benefits in a clear and understandable manner. The advisor for law and justice and the respective land officer helped to translate where necessary. The communities were informed about the benefits of the project, safety and environment protection. Posters and photos were shown to illustrate the types of Navaids which will be installed. It was also made clear that for appropriate land acquisition, identification of landowners and training of CLC members, the team will come back in a second visit. The FPIC form was read out and translated whenever necessary. Time was allocated for people to ask questions and/or express their concern. After satisfactorily resolving any concerns the FPIC form was signed.

182. In some locations (e.g. Deboyne Lagoon) community members from different villages met at one central point and consent forms were signed in one place. Minutes of meetings reflect only discussions deriving from that meeting. At Jomard Passage, where one meeting was held for four different sites, all landowners came from the same village.

E. Decision Making Processes in Melanesian Communities

183. In a Melanesian context a decision concerning the whole community is based on mutual agreement. Although the councilor is the last person to finalise the decision it is a democratic process in general. Village elders and landowners will agree if there is no major land issue pending. In matrilineal societies like Milne Bay, women are more involved in decision making processes especially as landowners.

184. A community meeting or gathering is a lively event in Melanesian villages. Children are running around, people coming and going. In general all meetings are outside, in a particular preferred location such as at the beach, under a tree, on a village market area. People like to listen and talk during awareness and like to see pictures or illustrations. There are certain rules, which have to be followed such as greeting of councilor and village elders, but also formally introducing the guests, here, the project team.

185. In this context it is very unusual to prepare an attendance sheet; writing names on a paper is very formal and serious as generally people do not write anything and some are illiterate. It might create wrong expectations that the project will hand out benefits in return or that they are expected to be formally committed to the project. Therefore only people with a certain status would sign the FPIC form, councilor, pastor, women´s representative, village elders and landowners. The CD team also consulted the provincial advisor for law and justice, and received the advice not to introduce the practice of passing on a paper for the villagers to sign. It will need a lot of explanations and people would also be disturbed in their attention for the project awareness and open discussion.

186. Each community meeting was recorded and additional contacts from councilors and/or landowners taken. Jomard Passage and Budibudi were not contactable by phone or radio.

F. Gender

187. In compliance with the Project´s Gender Action Plan women were involved throughout the consultation in the communities as mentioned in 3.1 matrilineal societies like Milne Bay allow women to be landowners and inherit land to their daughters; however for land negotiations uncles and brothers are officially leading the discussions. The CD PIU team made sure to have at least one female landowner or representative signing the Free Prior and Informed Consent; this was all accepted by community members. In public meetings women were present but did not ask questions in general. For the second visit women will be

55 encouraged to become members in the Community Lighthouse Committees and take over more responsible tasks.

G. Land Acquisition and Resettlement (LAR)

188. In collaboration with the environment and engineering team the LAR could be prepared after the awareness. Out of 31 sites 30 are under water and therefore do not need any resettlement planning. The area under water, which is relevant for land acquisition, is 20x20 m. One site (on Cannac Islet) is located on a flat rocky surface; the area for land acquisition on land is 10x10 m and no nearby settlement area is located. There is also no vegetation trees or mangroves, which otherwise would ask for compensation.

H. Free Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC)

189. NMSA did not use a FPIC in their previous community engagement programme but used a ´Agency Agreement´, which was signed by adjacent landowners to the proposed location of the site. NMSA CD team conducted one field visit only, which took several days per community. During their visits lighthouse committees were already formed as locations for the lighthouses were finalised and the land acquisition process was initiated by the lands officers, surveyors and valuers. Communities formally signed an agreement with NMSA for the committees and their function. It was clear that MWSP could not follow this procedure as locations of Navaids still had to be confirmed by the engineers and the environmental specialists. To minimize the time per location in the first trip it was decided to do two separate visits per site/community.

190. Acceptance by the broader community for the installation of the Navaid prior any land acquisition is the most important part of the community engagement programme. Following ADB social safeguard policy on Indigenous Peoples (2009) it was considered to use a FPIC form instead of an Agency Agreement. One FPIC form was designed by CGLS and presented to the legal department of NMSA and the CEO for approval. The form was accepted and the FPIC could be used within community awareness. It is pre-signed by NMSA. The Agency Agreement, used by NMSA before is now part of the Land Investigation Report (LIR), where it was used originally.

191. Without a signed FPIC for each site the project cannot continue with the installation of the Navaid. This means that the CD Team could not go for the second visit and facilitate land acquisition or form lighthouse committees, engineers and environment teams could not do assessments of the sites. If a community decides not to sign a FPIC it is unlikely that the team can go back for further negotiations due to the sites ‘remoteness and logistical and economical challenges. The FPIC is a clear and general permission/commitment from the community for the lighthouse. Altogether, a total of 37 FPICs were signed by all of the 37 consulted communities.

I. Findings in Different Communities

192. This section provides a short description of each community. Most meetings were held away from the villages on special points, in general at the beach. A detailed description of communities and socio economic data will be collected in the second visit. Demographic data could only be retrieved from the GPS data system based on census 2000. This data is quite outdated keeping in mind of PNG´s yearly birth rate of 2.13 % (figures from 20134) and some movement of people to towns or bigger centers. All minutes of meetings can be found in a report separately submitted.

4 http://www.tradingeconomics.com/papua-new-guinea/population-growth-annual-percent-wb-data.html 56

193. Following two tables, covers general findings on demographic data and descriptions for the sites; the numbers of communities visited is consistent with number of sites, which were inspected.

Table 18 General Findings on Demographic Data and Descriptions for sites in Milne Bay Area Site Names No Traditional Community Description of Communities Comments Names Names Normanby/ Gigipwala Point 1 Gigipwala Taulu The community is spread along the shoreline. Fergusson Point Houses are scattered. The central location of the village is where the elementary school, aid post and church are located. Saramo Point 2 Salamo Gomwa This community is located within a bay at the Point protected side of the mainland. There is an elementary school and houses are built close together and there is an old jetty and fuel depot.

Sebulugomwa 4 Sebulugom Epepeoa There are two Wards that share the same Point wa Point boundary where the proposed site is. The LLG Headquarter is located towards the point and the Catholic mission is to the other side of the Ward. There is no clear demarcation of the boundaries thus a specific landowner was not identified. There was former Conservation International officer who raised an issue about the environment which were of minor concerns as the proposed site is underwater and on sand. Dobu Island N- 5 Bwabwawa Dewasia Most people live on the protected side of Dobu end Island and the villagers live along the shore. The community met at the main village. There was a trade store and a water tank with its catchment where they get fresh water from.

Waiope Island 6 Kwadidi Neumara A small island community where the houses are Point scattered along the beach. Cape Doubtful 7 Sarubwaina Busuwae S-end 8 Yadayadala Sapilai Only three houses are along the shore. The rest Taulu Islet was removed. The new site of the village is further inland. The team met with name is Yadayadala. the landowner of the proposed site where the lighthouse will be installed.

Cape Doubtful 9 Lalai O’oiyana N-end

Sanaroa Island 10 Yauyana Boeya These people left their home at the main island W-end of Fergusson and moved to Sanaroa Island where they now live. They live inland because there are mangroves and it is swampy (mud) at the shore. Kiriwina Losuia Pile 11 Losuia Pile Kavataria At the government station. Tourist destination. All three piles are replacements; were Island No.2 No.2 District office, Police station, four trade stores, installed under NMSA and Nawae as Losuia Pile 12 Losuia Pile informal market, almost all the houses at the community service; project will not do any No.4 No.4 station are made from permanent building land acquisition. materials. The navaids that will be replaced Changed from Pile 2, 6, 10 in October 2015 Losuia Pile 13 Losuia Pile were installed by Nawae Construction as during a second visit done by the project No.14 No.14 community service. Three old navaids that have manager. fallen will be replaced under the Project. The pile 3(A) is a new instalment; this Losuia Pile 3(A) 14 Losuia Pile decision was made after the second visit 3(A) from Project Manager; no FPIC is signed for this site; this has to be done when PIU CD Team will go for second field visit to communities. Kitava Nuratu Island 14 Nuratu Kumwageya The village is located inland. Houses are well Island Island organised. There is a Health Centre and School. There is a jetty that was built by the Milne Bay Tourism Board as tourists also visit this small island because of its beautiful beach. They have some tourists who come to the island at certain times of the year. Budibudi Cannac Islet 15 Tamwaries Budi Budi Budi Budi is a small community with a main The navaid will be of big benefit for banana community place, where the primary school is boat owners; at the moment there is no Before Budi located; there is an aid post, but the team could operating of dinghies, because the island Budi island not identify any stores; people are hardly living does not have access to fuel supply; most from cash economy; the island itself is very fishermen use canoes and sail. remote, east of Woodlark Islands and approx. 1 The community does not have any ½ hours by helicopter from Alotau; Banana communication means (radio or telephone boats go to Woodlark Islands ~ 5 hours without coverage) and is nearly cut off from the navigational aids; a lot of young children live at outside; it is questionable if the project can the island, no regular cargo ships providing food establish CLCs as members will not be able supplies or medicine; staple food for people is to open a bank account and money cannot fish and coconuts. be transferred. Other options could be

discussed to compensate the committee (e.g. water tank; solar panel for lights). It was decided to move the navaid to Cannac Islet instead of having it directly on the island; Cannac Islet is half way between Woodlark island and Budi Budi island and is of big support to dinghy and canoe operators/sailor. Misima Bwagoia 16 Oiamotimoti Bwagoia Station with District office, Westpac bank, Only installation on land. Removed by Island Harbour No.1 2 police, guesthouse, school, jetty, market, project due to landowner disagreements. Bwagoia 17 Oiamotimoti stores, district court, permanent houses. Replacement installed by NMSA Harbour No.2 1 Deboyne Hobwaiwala 1 18 Hobwaiwala Deboyne Panaete Island is in the Deboyne group of Islands 1 islands. It has three wards and several Hobwaiwala 2 19 Hobwaiwala communities which are on the protected side of 2 the island. There are extensive reefs and West Passage 21 Mahawan smaller islands that protect it from the wind. West Passage 20 Lenana There is a trade store that sells basic essentials. Redlick 22 Rara Island They have started farming seaweeds basically Passage for own consumption. There is a primary school Redlick 23 Holuga and jetty in the middle of the island. Passage Jomard Jomard 24 Ungi Brooker The community is located within a bay and is All the other islands in the area are empty. Entrance Island protected by reefs which surround the island. Have a lighthouse that was built by NMSA (Uruba Reef N- Pawakawalo Men from this island go miles away to another and are still awaiting payments to be made. end) lu island where they go to catch mainly fish for Jomard 25 Ulubwal their families. They also collect sea shells at the Entrance nearby reefs. They also make gardens on the (Uruba Reef S- one side of the island. It has a population over end) 700. There is a school on the island and a Jomard 26 Aimekumek church as well. The houses are neatly Entrance una organized along the shore of the island. (Bramble Haven Entrance S- end)

Jomard 27 Nevenak Entrance (Bramble Haven Entrance N- end)

Samarai Gadogadowa 28 Suina Gadogadow The last five sites to visit were within the China (China Island Point a Strait, Samarai. The first community that the Strait) team visited was Gadogadowa. The community is spread along the beach. Houses are far apart. The team conducted the awareness at the church ground. There was an Elementary classroom, the Church building, a meeting area and the Pastor’s house. The villagers were preparing for gardening or fishing, to go sell at the market or getting ready to go for their sporting games on Samarai Island. Kwato Island 29 Isuhina The communities have been informed in (1) advance of the team´s visit. As it was difficult to Kwato Island 30 Kabawasa meet with all communities separately they have (2) agreed to meet on Samarai Island, which is the Gesila Island 31 Bisali central location and most villagers go for market Gadogadow and sporting activities. They sell garden a produce or their catch and even cooked food Iguali Island 32 Baewa Iguali Island and other goods/ items. There is a primary Ionaguda school and most houses are built from permanent materials. The awareness were conducted separately for the different sites and the consent forms were signed after one or two points raised by the communities in the presence of the Area Manager and respective Ward Councilors.

Source: PIU CD Team Assessment Report, July to September.

Table 19 General Findings on Demographic Data and Descriptions for sites in Central Province. Names on Chart/ Traditional Area Community Name Community Description Comments English name name Marshall McFarlane Galu’uvale Gavuone is about 10minutes drive from Lagoon Harbour Marshall Kupiano station. The houses are mostly Lagoon No. 1-W built of permanent materials. People here Gavuone McFarlane Managavaro heavily rely on fishing for own Harbour Marshall consumption. Lagoon No.2-G McFarlane Wanepai Kupiano is the District Station for Abau. The Councillor and his Harbour Marshall The District Office is located there. There village representatives Lagoon No.3-R Kupiano is a bank, a Primary School, a market and went over to Kupiano McFarlane Kupiano a fuel depot and an Asian-run store that where the community Harbour Marshall Kupiano sells basic essentials. There is also a awareness was Lagoon No.5-G jetty at the water front. Most houses are conducted. built of permanent materials. Source: PIU CD Team Assessment Report, July to September.

V. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

194. The grievance redress mechanism (GRM) provided here updates the version presented in the IEE during the PPTA which reportedly had been established, based on existing conflict resolution practices and traditions in PNG, for the project. The GRM will address any issues or complaints raised during project implementation. From an environment safeguards perspective it is possible that people may have concerns with the project’s environmental performance including the implementation of the EMP. Issues may occur during installation and again during operation. Any concerns will need to be addressed quickly and transparently, and without retribution to the affected persons (APs) or persons who raised the issue.

195. The following process is to be used and commences with an attempt to sort out the problem directly at sub-project level. If this cannot be resolved then the grievance moves to the resolution process outlined in Section 87 of the Environment Act 2000. The process is also shown as a flow chart in Figure 19.

A. During construction

196. Most complaints arising during installation works are expected to be minor complaints that should be resolved quite easily and acted upon immediately at the work-site level by the PIU Staff who will consult with the NIC’s assigned focal person on board the work barge. This focal person shall be identified by the NIC in its IEMP. Where the complaint is of a more serious nature the PIU Staff has up to two weeks to resolve the compliant.

I. All complaints arriving at the NIC’s Office (whether at the work barge or in its regular offices on land) are to be entered in a Register that is kept at site by: date, name, contact address and reason for the complaint. A duplicate copy of the entry is given to the complainant AP for their record at the time of registering the complaint. The Register will show who has been directed to deal with the complaint and the date when this was made together with the date when the AP was informed of the decision and how the decision was conveyed to the AP.

II. The Register is then signed off by the person responsible for the decision and dated. The Register is to be kept at the work barge until its return to the port where the PIU and NIC maintain their regular offices. The Register shall be treated as a public document. The duplicate copy given to the AP will also show the procedure that will be followed in assessing the complaint, together with a statement affirming the rights of the AP to make a complaint. For anybody making a complaint no costs will be charged to the AP.

III. The PIU Staff will consider the complaint and within a maximum of two weeks will convey a decision to the AP. The AP or the Ward Councilor may if so desired discuss the complaint directly with the PIU Staff or his representative. Prior to the dismissal of a complaint, the PIU Staff will present the case to the PM at the PIU for review. Should the PIU concur that the complaint be dismissed, the AP will be informed of their rights in taking it to the next step. A copy of this decision is to recorded in the database held at the PIU

IV. Should the AP not be satisfied the AP may take the complaint to the CEPA and continue the grievance in accordance with Section 87 of the Environment Act 2000. Procedure for dealing with compensation claims for environmental impacts. The procedure is shown in Figure 13.

Figure 13 Flow Chart Outlining Grievance Redress Mechanism

Complaints to be actioned in Person Making Complaint

2 Weeks On-Site Project Engineer or PIU Staff

Complaint Yes Approved

90 days CEPA PIU Staff arranges to rectify complaint

Complaint Yes Approved

As Required Judicial System

Directs NMSA to Complaint Yes Approved instruct PIU Staff to Rectify Complaint

V. Affected party (AP) meets with the PIU Staff or NIC focal person to formally register concern over impact and seek redress. A copy of the alleged impact is submitted to the CEPA.

VI. The PIU Staff and NIC focal person has to determine whether the impact has occurred due to the installation activities.

VII. If the NIC through its focal person accepts responsibility for the impact, it can negotiate a mutually acceptable settlement with AP within 90 days.

VIII. If NIC rejects responsibility for the impact, AP can request CEPA to carry out a verification investigation.

IX. If CEPA confirms that the impact has occurred, he/she will advise the NIC and AP to negotiate a settlement within 90 days.

X. If a negotiated settlement is not reached under either Step 3 or 5, the NIC or AP can request the CEPA to formulate a determination. Once this request is made, CEPA will have 90 days to reach a determination.

XI. If either party is dissatisfied with the determination, it can appeal to the National Court.

XII. The CEPA will have four weeks to consider the complaint. The CEPA will arrange for any complaint to be dealt with under the same procedure i.e. there will be no charge made to the AP for making a complaint.

XIII. Should the AP not be satisfied with the ruling of the CEPA, the AP may at their discretion take the grievance to the PNG judicial system. This will be at the APs cost but if the court shows that the CEPA, or the administration have been negligent in making their determination, the AP will be able to seek costs.

B. During Operation

197. The same procedure is followed except that the complaint is now directed to the NMSA Manager/PIU to rectify. During operation the same conditions apply; i.e. there are no fees attached to the AP for making a complaint, the complainant is free to make the complaint which will be treated in a transparent manner and the AP will not be subject to retribution for making the complaint.

XIV. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

198. This section discusses the mitigation and management measures to avoid, reduce, mitigate or compensate for adverse environmental impacts during project implementation. It is prepared as the IEMP based on the template provided in the EARF and updated accordingly by being less prescriptive to allow NIC the flexibility to use appropriate equipment and work methodology that will achieve the desired positive environmental outcomes.

199. This Environmental Management Plan (EMP) identifies the potential project environmental impacts and defines mitigation measures and monitoring requirements for the pre-installation, installation, and operational stages of the project. It also defines the institutional arrangements and mechanisms, the roles and responsibilities of the different organizations identified for the project, and budget for implementation of the EMP. The EMP seeks to ensure environmental protection activities throughout the project stages and continuously improve in order to prevent, reduce, or mitigate adverse environmental impacts and risks. The EMP draws on the findings of

the Pre-installation Assessment (PIA); builds from the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) during the Project Preparation Technical Assistance (PPTA) previously prepared for the project; and on the Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF) discussed and agreed with the Asian Development Bank (ADB).

200. This EMP is based on the pre-installation assessment activities of the PIU and will also be included as a separate annex in all bidding and contract documents. The NIC will be informed of its obligations to implement the EMP, and to include EMP implementation costs in their bids for installation works. The EMP includes an environmental monitoring program. The monitoring results will be used to evaluate (i) the extent and severity of actual environmental impacts against the predicted impacts, (ii) the performance of the environmental protection measures and compliance with relevant laws and regulations.

A. Institutional arrangements and responsibilities for EMP implementation

201. National Maritime Safety Authority. The National Maritime Safety Authority is the Executing Agency (EA) of the Maritime and Waterways Safety Project (MWSP). NMSA will be responsible for the overall implementation and compliance with loan assurances, the PIA and the EMP (including Environmental Monitoring Plan).

202. Project Implementation Unit (PIU). The NMSA has established a Project Implementation Unit (PIU) led by a Project Manager (and assisted by a team of specialists from a consultancy firm) who will be responsible, on behalf of the NMSA, for the day-to-day management of the project. The PIU will have the overall responsibility to supervise the implementation of environment mitigation and monitoring measures, ensure the contractors' compliance with environmental management requirements, and coordinate the Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) and report to ADB. The PIU has one full-time Environmental Officer on its staff to coordinate and manage EMP implementation. Furthermore, the PIU will be responsible for installation supervision and quality control.

203. PIU Environmental Staff. The PIU Environmental Staff (Environmental Officer assisted by an International Environment Specialist) prepares and submits on behalf of the PIU, the Notice of Preparatory Works (NPW) for new navaid locations; prepare a pre-installation checklist to guide the collection of data and preparation of pre-installation assessment (PIA) reports; coordinate with GLCS and CLCO as required to undertake public consultations during PIA and during implementation as per the IEMP and agreed method statement; prepare site specific PIAs and IEMPs for each site; submit PIA and IEMP to ADB for clearance; submit PIAs for sites with new navaid locations to CEPA and confirm with CEPA whether EPs (with or without conditions will be required for any identified sites; ensure all relevant IEMP measures are included in tender documents for each contract package; submit copies of IEMRs to CEPA for their information; assist the NIC, as required, to prepare the method statements to comply with the IEMP; monitor grievances and performance of the GRM and reporting serious problems to the Project Manager; monitor NIC implementation of the IEMPs; support actions to address non-compliance with IEMPs; supervise preparation of IEMRs (including CAMMs) for each navaid site and provide to PIU and ADB for clearance; report on IEMP progress and prepare quarterly summary for PIU to assist preparation of PIUs QPR for submission to ADB; conduct training of PIU and NIC Staff as required; and arrange for an independent post-installation audit to be undertaken by an international organization with specific marine ecology experience.

204. Navaid Installation Contractors (NICs) will be responsible for responding to IEMP information in bid documents for this contract package, prepare method statements for implementation at each site; implement the site IEMP for all navaid installation activities; prepare monthly IEMP reports for submission to the PIU as part of the progress reports including monthly accident report and measures undertaken to address any non-compliance issues identified by

the PIU or CEPA; and prepare and submit installation environmental management reports to PIU and ADB after completion of navaid installation at the sites. NIC(s) will have on-board a Marine Ecologist or similarly qualified specialist to conduct pre-installation surveys and submit reports to PIU for review and approval.

205. Independent Post-installation Environmental Auditor. As provided for in the EARF, an independent post-installation environment audit will be conducted to independently confirm NIC compliance to environmental requirements and enforcement criteria within the NIC contract terms. This will be based on a sample of not less than 15% of all navaid installation sites. The responsibilities of the Independent Post-installation Environmental Auditor include the following: a) assist PIU in the confirmation of NIC compliance to environmental requirements and enforcement criteria within the NIC contract terms especially on the assessment of environmental damage around navaid installations; b) prepare audit report of NIC compliance based on not less than 15% of all navaid installation sites; and c) provide recommendations for future guidance in the improvement of installation activities, and penalties as maybe applicable consistent with the PNG Environment Act of 2000 and strict enforcement of conditions in the NIC contract terms.

206. Conservation and Environment Protection Authority (CEPA). The CEPA is PNGs environment regulator, and administers and enforces the Environment Act 2000 and regulations. Based on submissions of Notice of Preparatory Works (NPW) and other required documentations by the NMSA, it will review and determine whether Environment Permits (EPs) with or without conditions will be required for any identified sites of the project; undertake monitoring of compliance with the Installation Environmental Management Plan (IEMP) as required; and administers NIC waste disposal permit applications and performance.

207. Asian Development Bank. The ADB will have the following responsibilities over the project: review and clear PIA and IEMPs; review QPRs which include IEMR and identifies any issues to be addressed; assist with corrective actions as required; and review post-installation audits and recommendations.

B. Pre-Installation Impacts and Mitigation Measures

208. The several pre-installation tasks required under the project include the following:

I. Community awareness/consultation and interaction which were conducted during the PIU Pre-installation assessment but which shall continue through with the NIC activities; II. Conduct of PIU-NMSA pre-installation assessments (PIA); III. Preparation of PIU-NMSA PIA Report, and NIC PIS as part of the installation environmental management reports; IV. Identification of land owners or custodians to be facilitated by the PIU in coordination with the Department of Lands and Physical Planning on an on-going basis; V. Initiate the land acquisition process (either lease agreements or outright purchase) which will be an on-going activity to be facilitated only by the PIU (actual negotiation will have to be done and concluded by the CDD of the NMSA; VI. Clarification of the Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) which was explained to each of the communities during the PIU pre-installation assessment activities but which will be reiterated when a NIC is selected and mobilizes to the locations; VII. Inclusion of EMP conditions in bid documents; VIII. Selection of navaid installation Contractor NIC); IX. Pre-installation orientation meetings between PIU and NIC; and X. Preparation of Work Method Statement, and Installation Environmental Management Plan by the NIC.

209. With the exception of the PIAs of the PIU, and the PISs of the NIC as part of its installation activities, all of these activities are exclusively administrative tasks that will have no direct negative impact on the physical and biological environment around the navaid locations. The PIU PIA and NIC PISs as part of its pre-installation work consist of swimming/diving surveys to characterize environments at several individual installation locations. No environmental damage has occurred (during the PIA), or is anticipated to occur (PISs) during these surveys.

C. Community Consultation and Land Acquisition

210. The PIA and community awareness activities of the PIU confirm that there are no previously negotiated and executed lease agreements for all the navaid locations identified in Bougainville, New Ireland, Manus, East New Britain and West New Britain Provinces. Any landowner claims will go through the NMSA office.

211. Prior to any construction or installation, the communities have to give their consent (signing of FPIC) for the installation of the navaid, which establishes an easement providing access to the site for NMSA and its agents ( e.g. contractor); further the PIU GCLS and CLCOs will support Land Officers of the Department of Lands and Physical Planning, in the initiation of land acquisition for each navaid installation The CDD-NMSA will formally finalize a Lease Agreement to be signed by the NMSA Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and the appropriate customary landowners), as per the PNG Land Act (1982) provisions for “customary right of use” specifications with the assistance and cooperation of the PIU GCLS and CLCOs. This Agreement will:

 Establish a 20-30 year agreement between the customary landowners of the navaid location and the NMSA;  Specify the area to be leased as 400m2 per light at sea, or 100m2 on land; and  Specify the annual rental fee.

C.1 Community Consultation and Interaction

212. Community awareness were conducted during the PIU PIA which resulted in the signing of FPIC forms as discussed above. Although this had been done, the NIC must still meet with the community officials and landowners to confirm respective responsibilities concerning navaid construction and maintenance, and present details of construction as well as construction schedules and access to near shore waters in locations where local communities have Customary Use rights.

213. This shall be done prior to initiation of any work on the identified navaid locations. The meetings will also provide opportunity to negotiate with local communities concerning on-site fishing for personal crew consumption; no such fishing will occur without community permissions. Minutes of this or these meetings will be taken and included as an annex to the installation environmental management report (IEMR) since this will be done on arrival to each location as part of the NIC pre-installation activities.

214. If practicable, the ES/EO or GCLS/CLCs should participate in these meetings.

D. Pre-Installation Assessment and Reporting

215. PIA and community awareness meetings were conducted by the PIU at each navaid location as required. The PIU Team consisted variously of the following PIU Staff: Project Manager (PM), PIU Project Accountant, Team Leader (TL), Maritime Safety Specialist (MSS), Environment Specialist (ES), Environment Officer (EO), Gender and Community Lands Specialist (GCLS), and Community and Lands Coordinators (CLS). The PIU Team was supported by

National Government, and Provincial Government Staff during the field activities most especially during the community awareness meetings.

216. The PIU PIA characterized the bottom types of each navaid location following the hierarchy of preferred bottom types. The NIC will be required to conduct pre-installation surveys, prepare work method statements to properly manage the installation process and ensure the avoidance or minimization of environmental impacts to the navaid locations.

E. Installation Phase Activities and Mitigation Measures

217. There will be two types of installation environments involved under this contract package. These are (i) land-based installations and (ii) near-shore and off-shore installations. Generally the same pre-installation activities will be required for both. However, there are additional activities for land-based installations that need special attention as follows:

218. Site preparation for the foundation works. The NIC shall prepare an appropriate work method statement for this work following a detailed inspection of the site conditions. Under this environment, clearing of trees and other vegetation will typically be required albeit not similar in severity for all sites (some sites may require several trees and undergrowth to be removed, while others will require little vegetation removal). There will be also handling and management of construction materials and equipment from ship to shore and the NIC shall be required to exercise due diligence based on its work method statement and installation environmental management plan.

219. In addition, the NIC shall be required to engage a Terrestrial Ecologist or Biologist (whichever specialists are available in the country) to identify and count the number of trees that will be affected (it is anticipated that trees along the headlands are smaller in diameter) for all land-based navaids installations.

220. The NIC shall be required to (i) limit the cutting of trees and removal of undergrowth to the minimum and preferably confined within the 100 sq. m. area that will be acquired; (ii) limit excavation works according to technical/design considerations that maybe required to be proposed during the tender process; and (iii) minimize land disturbance outside of the 100 sq. m. leased areas.

221. Should additional areas be required during the installation to accommodate materials and equipment, rental compensation for the areas utilized as construction yard (although it is anticipated that most of the materials will be prepared/pre-fabricated on-board the barge and delivered to each land-based sites) shall be paid to the landowners.

222. Compensation for trees cut may be required or replanting of the required number may be effected based on community consultations or agreement with the community or affected landowners.

223. All NIC workers hired off-site shall be provided board and lodging accommodation on the work barge rather than in the community. This will avoid providing housing and sanitation facilities at the work site. Labor requirements may be also sourced from the community during the site preparation activities as a gesture of goodwill and to facilitate cooperation of the community over the long term.

224. Construction materials and equipment deliveries. It is anticipated that there will be transfer of materials and equipment to the work site through the safest and nearest shore landing locations. The NIC shall provide work method statement to address these shore landing requirements.

225. The NIC shall be required to select the best route to shore that will avoid or minimize reef damage where these are likely to be encountered such as at the sites at Dawson and China Strait. In addition, NIC shall properly plan construction and equipment deliveries to minimize unnecessary repeated landings, and occupational safety issues associated with vessel to shore movements. It is also expected to properly adhere with occupational health and safety requirements.

E.1 Manoeuvring and Stabilizing the Work Barge

226. The NIC will be required to engage a Marine Ecologist as part of its team. In addition, due to the necessity of locating navaids on land, a Terrestrial Ecologist or Biologist will be required on short and intermittent basis to be provided by the NIC to further characterize the affected habitats, and prepare and monitor compliance with the NIC’s installation environmental management plan. Additional activities that may have potential impacts to the general land and anchoring areas are provided in this report for further guidance and validation during pre- installation and installation works.

227. Manoeuvring and stabilizing the work barge entails the greatest potential for environmental impact and risk and must be conducted carefully with sufficient attention to detail. Potential causes of problematic approach include water currents, wind, waves, water depth and visibility. Accordingly, no barge positioning should be undertaken when weather and sea state conditions impose inappropriate risk. These factors must be evaluated prior to approaching any installation site, and the NIC will make their own determination of the best way to undertake the required activity based on site conditions including meteorological, as well as equipment type and size.

228. Water depth limitations for each of the navaid locations have been described in the PIA. Further evaluation of local bathymetry should result in NIC planning the best approach of the barge to the installation site. Anchors have great potential for damaging coral reefs. Therefore, the NIC should determine the most appropriate types of anchors based on navaid location conditions and in order to avoid or minimize damage.

229. Before and after underwater photographs will be taken of all anchoring and pile locations.

230. All of these shall be addressed in the NICs work method statement and installation environmental management plan.

E.2 Pile Installation

231. Once the work barge is in position and stabilized, the pile driving process for near-shore and off-shore installation will be relatively straightforward. The NIC shall prepare a work method statement for carrying out this activity.

232. However for land-based installations (Gadogadoa Island), temporary unnecessary community disturbance may be felt (only in locations near populated communities) in the form of elevated noise levels; localized dust generation (anticipated to be nil to minimal notwithstanding during dry weather days); and localized erosion and turbidity of surrounding waters during inclement weather. The NIC will be required to a prepare work method statement and installation environmental management plan.

233. As part of the pre-installation activities, the NIC shall engage with the community to follow up on consent earlier taken during the PIU PIA activities. Noise disturbance shall be minimized with use of appropriate construction technology and equipment. In land-based installation locations, the NIC will manage excavations and bare ground surfaces to the minimum as

necessary and shall take note of weather conditions in the area during construction planning and implementation, and adopt measures consistent with the work method statement to minimize negative impacts and unnecessary exposure.

E.3 Debris Removal and Clean up

234. Debris Removal and site cleanup will include the marine environment of the navaid installation site and surroundings used during the barging and shore landing operations; and the entire 100m2 land area to be acquired or leased for the land-based installations. For land-based installation, attention is required to ensure that all construction equipment, excess materials and waste materials are removed from the construction site and loaded back to the work barge for proper disposal at an NIC approved/designated waste disposal site.

235. When navaid installation results in replacement of a pre-existing navaid, the old navaid structure will be removed for appropriate disposal or recycling when it is evaluated as a potential boating or environmental hazard. When old structures are removed, all due care must be taken to minimize environmental damage. If possible, old structures still embedded in the seabed will be removed using appropriate equipment to loosen and pull them from the substrate. If the structures break off underwater, the Contractor must consider appropriate techniques and document the removal process and any disturbance as part of the installation completion report. Appropriate debris removal techniques shall be also described in the NIC’s method statement.

236. Upon completion of all other activities, all materials/wastes associated with construction shall be removed. These materials will be stored on the construction barge until they can be disposed of at the NICs facility or recycled.

E.4 Management of Waste and Hazardous Substances

237. The NIC shall use appropriate methods to minimize loss of any hazardous substances into the water or substrate (i.e. oil containment booms and skirts, absorbent pads, and other spill control equipment, etc.) which will be stored in easily accessible locations for rapid deployment. All crew shall be trained in their use prior to departing the barge’s home docking facility.

238. Fuels and lubricants will be contained in spill-proof containers or tanks. All fuel storage and refueling areas aboard the work barge will be adequately bunded to contain accidental spillage.

239. Sewage and Grey Waters shall be stored in on-board sullage tanks until they can be discharged either into port reception facilities as best practice, and/or managed to conform or in accordance with MARPOL Annex IV – Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from ships. PNG is a signatory to the MARPOL (The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocols of 1978 and 1997 Relating Hereto).

240. Inorganic and Solid Waste that will not degrade will be stored aboard the work barge or other work vessel for later appropriate disposal at approved municipal facilities. Specifically, the NIC shall conform with “The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocols of 1978 and 1997 Relating Hereto”, MARPOL and its Annexes as follows:

E.5. Post installation inspection and audits

241. Inspection shall be made of each entire installation area by the NIC to determine presence of debris, even if unrelated to navaid installation. Corrective actions shall be immediately set in place prior to departure from the installation site.

242. Separate post installation audits shall be conducted by the PIU following completion of installation works through an independent organization, educational institution or Non- Government Organizations (NGOs) involved in conservation work under the Melanesian context. The post installation audits will determine requirements for compensation or penalties for non- compliant works and/or environmental damages beyond area of concern (i.e. 100 m2.. land to be acquired; 400 m2.. for marine areas; barging positions; shore landing areas) following applicable provisions of the PNG Environment Act of 2000 for each level of non-compliance. The schedule of penalties extracted from the PNG Environment Act of 2000 is appended to this document as Annex C.

F. Operations Phase Activities

243. Operational activities related to navaids consist of periodic inspection, maintenance and repair; and replacement of stolen or vandalized equipment. These tasks will form part of the NIC contract for a set period of time, likely several years (i.e. until alignment with a future external maintenance contract through NMSA) likely be contracted by NMSA to either the installation contractor or to another qualified private firm.

244. Potential for minor environmental impacts exists when infrastructure are being painted, hydrocarbons are used for any reason, or the boat accidentally spills fuel. Monitoring of these activities should nevertheless be conducted to be sure procedures are not abused and serious errors made. This shall be managed by the NIC following its IEMP.

245. The NIC will prepare a maintenance activity checklist (MAC) to comply with EMP requirements that are relevant to the planned maintenance activity. The Contractor shall be required to complete this checklist at each navaid location and to sign each with his legal signature.

246. The NMSA and/or PIU may accompany or otherwise audit maintenance activities of the Contractor to enable inspection of actual maintenance operation conducted.

VII. MONITORING AND REPORTING

247. Monitoring of Contractor activities will largely be the responsibility of the PIU Staff that will be present during some of the typical installation activities that will be undertaken by the NIC. While the Contractor shall prepare and submit all required reports following contractual requirements, the PIU shall be responsible for either rejecting or signing off on the reports. If a report is rejected, noncompliance issues shall be identified and corrected.

248. The following reports shall be required to be prepared by the NIC:

(i) Pre-installation Community Awareness Meeting (CAM) minutes will be provided for each meeting;

(ii) PISRs shall be prepared for each location surveyed and included as part of the installation environmental management plan (IEMP);

(iii) Vessel Operation Reports shall be prepared weekly and included as part of the Installation Environmental Management Report (IEMR) to assure that waste is being stored appropriately, waste is being disposed of at only approved municipal facilities, all fuel containers are in good condition and refueling is being conducted properly, accidental discharges if any, are to be reported and corrective actions undertaken, and discharge of sullage tanks is made to port reception facilities as best practice. NIC shall conform with “The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocols of 1978 and 1997 Relating Hereto”, MARPOL and its Annexes as follows:

 Annex I: Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil (October 1983).  Annex II: Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk (April 1987).  Annex III: Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried at Sea in Packaged Form  Annex IV: Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships (September 2003).  Annex V: Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Garbage from Ships (December 1998).  Annex VI: Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships (May 2005).

(iv) Installation Environmental Management Reports (IEMRs) will be prepared for each site noting that piles are installed in positions selected during the PIU PIA and recording accurate GPS coordinates, that the construction barge and other vessels were manoeuvered and stabilized properly, shore landing locations identified, oil containment gears are easily accessible for rapid deployment, the installation sites inspected by NIC divers and certified as clean, before and after pile photographs are provided; and detailed reporting of habitat loss assessment, reef or other damage are documented;

(v) Incident reports shall be prepared as incidents occur, indicating details of environmental issues, accidents, or other significant events either non-compliance or otherwise determined significant by the Contractor and/or PIU monitoring representative. Corrective actions shall be emphasized.

Table 20 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (Near-shore/off-shore Navaids Installations) IMPACT MITIGATION MONITORING Potential Applies Monitoring Project Environmenta Implementation Timing & How to Proposed Mitigation Measure Responsibility Activity l Impact &/or Responsibility Reported

Consequence PRE-INSTALLATION ACTIVITIES Community Local Project Meeting with local communities; confirm PIU GCLS, and PIU Concurrent with PIAs awareness communities awareness, lease conditions; review GRM CLCO and the PIAR submitted meetings, and and community procedures; identify local cultural issues to ADB for clearance; consultation landowners/c acceptance; to be respected; identify mutual Documented by NIC in and Interaction aretakers Confirms good performance expectations. the IEMR during its pre- faith installation activities agreements, and submitted to PIU solidifying partnership between landowners and NMSA Pre- PIU Locate actual Visit each navaid sites and locations PIU PM/TL PIU/ADB PIAR provided to ADB Installation navaid concurrently with the community EO/ES for Clearance; copy Assessment locations and awareness meetings; dive on site to provided to CEPA for (PIA) identify bottom evaluate bottom habitat characteristics information types to and identify bottom types following the minimize hierarchy of preferred location (sand is environmental highly preferred while vigorous coral impacts growth the least preferred) & record with accurate GPS coordinates. Preparation of PIU Assures that Provide formal report of PIA results and PIU ES/EO PIU/ADB PIA Report provided to Pre- advance recommendations. Includes surface ADB for Clearance; Installation planning will be photography characterizing the area and copy together with Assessment preserved as underwater photography indicating NPW provided to CEPA Reports reference for benthic habitat types and other relevant for review to see if EPs (PIAR) future actions features, as well as the specific are required and Project recommended navaid installation site. evaluation, Report must also include minutes from preserving local community meetings.

IMPACT MITIGATION MONITORING Potential Applies Monitoring Project Environmenta Implementation Timing & How to Proposed Mitigation Measure Responsibility Activity l Impact &/or Responsibility Reported

Consequence environmental integrity of Project Identify Each navaid Determine Identify stakeholders with whom to PIU CLCO and PIU during the Progress report to PIU landowners or location proper properly negotiate lease GCLS initiating project life; and during the project life; custodians stewardship the process with NMSA post- and NMSA-CDD follow roles the Department project up work post-project of Lands and Physical Planning (DLPP), and the Provincial Government Levels Initiate Each navaid Provides - Establishes long term lease agreement NMSA, PIU during the Monitoring report to PIU facilitation of location navaid security of specific area; Provincial and project life; and during the project life; land and local - Creates easement for construction and National NMSA post- and NMSA-CDD follow acquisition compensation maintenance as provided for in the Departments for project up work post-project process (either opportunity, signed FPIC; Lands and lease avoiding social - Establishes rental fees and local Physical agreements or disaffection revenue stream; Planning outright - Provides for local protection of navaid purchase) facility through the signed CLCs Clarify All Provides clarity Explain GRM and introduce key PIU GCLS and PIU EO Verbally during CAMs Grievance landowners & and local participants. CLCO during the Redress stakeholders confidence community Mechanism awareness meetings; Navaids Installation Contractor (NIC) concurrently with

IMPACT MITIGATION MONITORING Potential Applies Monitoring Project Environmenta Implementation Timing & How to Proposed Mitigation Measure Responsibility Activity l Impact &/or Responsibility Reported

Consequence installation works. EMP Bid and Loss of Assure that EMP provisions are PIU ES/EO in PIU/ADB Pre-bid release; PIU Conditions Contract environmental adequately covered in bid documents, coordination with draft to ADB included in bid documents values and Contractor proposals and contract PIU documents project documents. Procurement sustainability Specialist (PS)/Procureme nt Officer (PO) Selection of PIU Selection of Evaluate each bid for environmental PIU PM, TL, and PIU/ADB After bid evaluation; Contractor(s) competent competence of Contractor. Rank bids and ES/EO in decision submitted to Contractor advise bid evaluation panel. coordination with ADB for review assures PIU environmental Procurement integrity of Specialist Project is (PS)/Procureme maintained nt Officer (PO) Preconstructio NIC, and PIU Communicates Conduct post-contract award meetings to PIU PM/TL, PIU After Contract n Orientation expectations review environmental, social and cultural ES/EO and Execution; minutes to Meeting(s) concerning issues to assure Contractor GCLS/CLCO file and to ADB, signed environmental understanding and commitment to by PIU and Contractor compliance compliance. Representative and care Preparation of NIC Maintains Contractor prepares method statement NIC PIU ES/EO During the tender Work Method environmental based on IEMP and reviewed as part of process after PIU PIAs Statement integrity of tender assessment and award process, Project establishing Contractor’s management and compliance requirements. Must be reviewed and approved by ES/EO and PM/TL prior to work proceeding.

INSTALLATION ACTIVITIES

IMPACT MITIGATION MONITORING Potential Applies Monitoring Project Environmenta Implementation Timing & How to Proposed Mitigation Measure Responsibility Activity l Impact &/or Responsibility Reported

Consequence Establishment NICs Work Avoids site Assure appropriate anchoring capability, NIC, Reviewed PIU EO Site presence, of Contractor’s barge and damage/ sewage and grey water containment, and approved by Verification/ Compliance to Method facilities associated pollution by hazardous materials and waste handling, PIU PM/TL and Inspection Statement; vessels assuring well availability of spill control equipment, ES/EO prior to Verification/Monitoring planned and adequate bunding to contain spills onset of works Report; Review of adequate aboard, appropriate personnel safety IEMRs facilities and provision, etc. equipment Storage and NICs Work Accidental Fuel to be stored in properly sealed NIC PIU EO Site presence, handling of fuel barge and spills resulting containers in adequately bunded area of Verification/ Compliance to Method and lubricants associated in water minimum 110% capacity. Inspection Statement; vessels pollution or Contractor to carry sufficient spill and Verification/Monitoring habitat emergency response equipment on Report; Review of damage board the barge. IEMRs Contractor required to develop emergency response plan (as part of CEMP), and train all personnel in use of spill control equipment. Use of NICs Work Health dangers Contractor to provide list of all HAZCHEM NIC PIU EO Site presence, hazardous barge and to workers and products carried or planned for use on Verification/ Compliance to Method materials associated the work vessels, if any. Inspection Statement; vessels environment Contractor to display MSDS sheets in Verification/Monitoring work areas. Report; Review of IEMRs Workplace NICs Work Workplace No drugs or alcohol allowed on-site. NIC PIU EO Site presence, health and barge and accidents and All workers to be provided with safety Verification/ Compliance to Method safety associated health of equipment appropriate for tasks in which Inspection Statement; vessels workers; loss they are employed, including personal Verification/Monitoring of productivity floatation devices. Report; Review of IEMRs Sufficient potable water and sanitary toilet facilities to be provided on the barge.

IMPACT MITIGATION MONITORING Potential Applies Monitoring Project Environmenta Implementation Timing & How to Proposed Mitigation Measure Responsibility Activity l Impact &/or Responsibility Reported

Consequence Medical and first aid facilities to be provided together with a person qualified in first aid. Sewage NICs Work Spillage Sewage and grey waters shall be stored NIC PIU EO Site presence, Management barge and resulting in in on-board sullage tanks until they can Verification/ Compliance to Method associated water pollution be discharged into port reception facilities Inspection Statement; vessels as best practice, or in accordance with Verification/Monitoring MARPOL Annex IV – Regulations for the Report; Review of Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from IEMRs ships. PNG is a signatory to the MARPOL (The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocols of 1978 and 1997 Relating Hereto) Inorganic and NICs Work Prohibition of Inorganic and solid waste that will not NIC PIU EO Site presence, solid waste barge and dumping to degrade will be stored aboard work barge Verification/ Compliance to Method disposal associated maintain or other work vessel for later appropriate Inspection Statement; vessels environmental disposal at approved municipal facilities. Verification/Monitoring values Report; Review of IEMRs Manoeuvring NICs Work Significant - Contractor will be required to engage a NIC PIU EO Site presence, and stabilizing barge at physical Marine Ecologist as part of the team. Verification/ Compliance to Method work barge navaid habitat - Contractor must use great care in Inspection Statement; installation damage approaching each navaid installation Verification/Monitoring site possible if site. Report; Review of improperly - NIC required to exercise due diligence IEMRs conducted based on its work method statement and installation environmental management plan. Pile Installation Navaid Unnecessary Noise and bottom disturbance should be NIC, observed PIU EO Site presence, installation bottom minimized. The NICs Marine Ecologist by ES/EO and/or Verification/ Compliance to Method site community will guide accurate placement to areas of PM Inspection Statement; least environmental impact, as decided Verification/Monitoring

IMPACT MITIGATION MONITORING Potential Applies Monitoring Project Environmenta Implementation Timing & How to Proposed Mitigation Measure Responsibility Activity l Impact &/or Responsibility Reported

Consequence disturbance or beforehand based on the PIA, as well as Report; Review of destruction the NICs work method statement and IEMRs installation environmental management plan.

Disrespect of Applies specifically to the four sites at community Jomard under this contract package. NIC sacred sites to re-engage with the community to ensure that the installation activities conform with community-observed customs and traditions.

Nuisance of Part of the lights that directly impacts the flashing lights line of sight towards the communities of installed shall be provided with shield to minimize navaids to the nuisance of flashing lights. nearshore communities

HIV/AIDS NIC to require pre-employment medical transmission examinations to its crew and workers; from workers provide HIV/AIDS awareness raising. and boat crew members

Conflict with NIC to avoid conflict by asking community permission when fishing on community members fishing ground; and paying correct amount for the goods and services requested; also by respecting community customs and tradition.

IMPACT MITIGATION MONITORING Potential Applies Monitoring Project Environmenta Implementation Timing & How to Proposed Mitigation Measure Responsibility Activity l Impact &/or Responsibility Reported

Consequence Debris Navaid Maintains or Old navaid structures will be removed and NIC with EO and PIU EO Site presence, Removal installation even improves transported to an agreed location for PM consultation Verification/ Compliance to Method site and environmental appropriate disposal or recycling. Inspection Statement; environs, integrity of All construction equipment and waste Verification/Monitoring including local habitats materials shall be removed from the site. Report; Review of 2 entire 400m and IEMRs lease area on ecosystems A diver survey shall be made of each water; or 2 entire lease area to determine presence 100m on of debris, even if unrelated to navaid land installation. Post- At least 15% Ensure Recommendations on compensation Independent PIU Audit Reports installation of navaid compliance and/or penalties for non-compliant works organization CEPA audit locations with and/or environmental damages (Specialist in Environment Marine Ecology) Act OPERATIONS PHASE Develop MAC NIC Prevent Assure compliance with safety measures EO PM As Needed; Environmental Communication Impairment between EO and PM On-site audits EO Prevent Assure compliance with safety measures EO PM As needed; Environmental Checklist review, Impairment personal observation, Memos to file; action on non-compliance issues Replacement NMSA Loss of Follow up strengthening of community NMSA-CDD NMSA As needed and as of navaids involvement in the protection of the Engineers reported by the CLCs stolen/vandaliz lighting due to installed facilities; sustain engagement ed equipment vandalism and with the Community Lighthouse theft Committees (CLCs) and regularly pay agreed annual rent and its adjustments.

Table 21 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (Land-based Navaids Installations) IMPACT MITIGATION MONITORING Potential Applies Monitoring Project Environmenta Implementation to Proposed Mitigation Measure Responsibility Timing & How Reported Activity l Impact &/or Responsibility

Consequence PRE-INSTALLATION ACTIVITIES Community Local Project Meeting with local communities; confirm PIU GCLS, and PIU Concurrent with PIAs and awareness communities awareness, lease conditions; review GRM CLCO the PIAR submitted to ADB meetings, and and community procedures; identify local cultural issues for clearance; consultation landowners/c acceptance; to be respected; identify mutual Documented by NIC in the and Interaction aretakers Confirms good performance expectations IEMR during its pre- faith installation activities and agreements, submitted to PIU solidifying partnership between landowners and NMSA Pre- PIU Locate actual Visit each navaid sites and locations PIU PM/TL PIU/ADB PIA Report provided to Installation navaid concurrently with the community EO/ES ADB for Clearance; copy Assessment locations and awareness meetings; inspect on-land site provided to CEPA for (PIA) identify bottom to identify substrate type and evaluate information types to habitat characteristics & record with minimize accurate GPS coordinates. environmental impacts Preparation of PIU Assures that Provide formal report of PIA results and PIU ES/EO PIU/ADB PIA Report provided to Pre- advance recommendations. Includes surface ADB for Clearance; copy Installation planning will be photography characterizing the area and together with NPW Assessment preserved as other relevant features, as well as the provided to CEPA for Reports reference for specific recommended navaid installation review to see if EPs are (PIAR) future actions site. Report must also include minutes required and Project from local community meetings. evaluation, preserving environmental

IMPACT MITIGATION MONITORING Potential Applies Monitoring Project Environmenta Implementation to Proposed Mitigation Measure Responsibility Timing & How Reported Activity l Impact &/or Responsibility

Consequence integrity of Project Identify Each navaid Determine Identify stakeholders with whom to PIU CLCO and PIU during the Progress report to PIU landowners or location proper properly negotiate lease. GCLS initiating project life; and during the project life; and custodians stewardship the process with NMSA post- NMSA-CDD follow up work roles the Department project post-project of Lands and Physical Planning (DLPP), and the Provincial Government Levels Initiate Each navaid Provides - Establishes long term lease agreement NMSA, PIU during the Monitoring report to PIU facilitation of location navaid security of specific area; Provincial and project life; and during the project life; and land and local - Creates easement for construction and National NMSA post- NMSA-CDD follow up work acquisition compensation maintenance as provided for in the Departments for project post-project process (either opportunity, signed FPIC; Lands and lease avoiding social - Establishes rental fees and local Physical agreements or disaffection revenue stream; Planning outright - Provides for local protection of navaid purchase) facility through the signed CLCs Clarify All Provides clarity Explain GRM and introduce key PIU GCLS and PIU EO Verbally during CAMs Grievance landowners & and local participants. CLCO during the Redress stakeholders confidence community Mechanism awareness meetings; Navaids Installation Contractor (NIC) concurrently with installation works.

IMPACT MITIGATION MONITORING Potential Applies Monitoring Project Environmenta Implementation to Proposed Mitigation Measure Responsibility Timing & How Reported Activity l Impact &/or Responsibility

Consequence EMP Bid and Loss of Assure that EMP provisions are PIU ES/EO in PIU/ADB Pre-bid release; PIU draft Conditions Contract environmental adequately covered in bid documents, coordination with to ADB included in bid documents values and Contractor proposals and contract PIU documents project documents. Procurement sustainability Specialist (PS)/Procureme nt Officer (PO) Selection of PIU Selection of Evaluate each bid for environmental PIU PM, TL, and PIU/ADB After bid evaluation; Contractor(s) competent competence of Contractor. Rank bids and ES/EO in decision submitted to ADB Contractor advise bid evaluation panel. coordination with for review assures PIU environmental Procurement integrity of Specialist Project is (PS)/Procureme maintained nt Officer (PO) Preconstructio NIC, and PIU Communicates Conduct post-contract award meetings to PIU PM/TL, PIU After Contract Execution; n Orientation expectations review environmental, social and cultural ES/EO and minutes to file and to ADB, Meeting(s) concerning issues to assure Contractor GCLS/CLCO signed by PIU and environmental understanding and commitment to Contractor Representative compliance compliance. and care Preparation of NIC Maintains Contractor prepares method statement NIC PIU ES/EO During the tender process Work Method environmental based on IEMP and reviewed as part of after PIU PIAs Statement integrity of tender assessment and award process, Project establishing Contractor’s management and compliance requirements. Must be reviewed and approved by ES/EO and PM/TL prior to work proceeding.

INSTALLATION ACTIVITIES

IMPACT MITIGATION MONITORING Potential Applies Monitoring Project Environmenta Implementation to Proposed Mitigation Measure Responsibility Timing & How Reported Activity l Impact &/or Responsibility

Consequence Establishment NICs Work Avoids site Assure appropriate anchoring capability, NIC, Reviewed PIU EO Site presence, Compliance of Contractor’s barge and damage/ sewage and grey water containment, and approved by Verification/ to Method Statement; facilities associated pollution by hazardous materials and waste handling, PIU PM/TL and Inspection Verification/Monitoring vessels assuring well availability of spill control equipment, ES/EO prior to Report; Review of IEMRs planned and adequate bunding to contain spills onset of works adequate aboard, appropriate personnel safety facilities and provision, etc. equipment Storage and NICs Work Accidental Fuel to be stored in properly sealed NIC PIU EO Site presence, Compliance handling of fuel barge and spills resulting containers in adequately bunded area of Verification/ to Method Statement; and lubricants associated in water minimum 110% capacity. Inspection Verification/Monitoring vessels pollution or Contractor to carry sufficient spill and Report; Review of IEMRs habitat emergency response equipment on damage board the barge. Contractor required to develop emergency response plan (as part of CEMP), and train all personnel in use of spill control equipment. Use of NICs Work Health dangers Contractor to provide list of all HAZCHEM NIC PIU EO Site presence, Compliance hazardous barge and to workers and products carried or planned for use on Verification/ to Method Statement; materials associated the work vessels, if any. Inspection Verification/Monitoring vessels environment Contractor to display MSDS sheets in Report; Review of IEMRs work areas. Workplace NICs Work Workplace No drugs or alcohol allowed on-site. NIC PIU EO Site presence, Compliance health and barge and accidents and All workers to be provided with safety Verification/ to Method Statement; safety associated health of equipment appropriate for tasks in which Inspection Verification/Monitoring vessels workers; loss they are employed, including personal Report; Review of IEMRs of productivity floatation devices.

Sufficient potable water and sanitary toilet facilities to be provided.

IMPACT MITIGATION MONITORING Potential Applies Monitoring Project Environmenta Implementation to Proposed Mitigation Measure Responsibility Timing & How Reported Activity l Impact &/or Responsibility

Consequence Medical and first aid facilities to be provided together with a person qualified in first aid. Sewage NICs Work Spillage Sewage and grey waters shall be stored NIC PIU EO Site presence, Compliance Management barge and resulting in in on-board sullage tanks until they can Verification/ to Method Statement; associated water pollution be discharged into port reception facilities Inspection Verification/Monitoring vessels as best practice, or in accordance with Report; Review of IEMRs MARPOL Annex IV – Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from ships. PNG is a signatory to the MARPOL (The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocols of 1978 and 1997 Relating Hereto) Inorganic and NICs Work Prohibition of Inorganic and solid waste that will not NIC PIU EO Site presence, Compliance solid waste barge and dumping to degrade will be stored aboard work barge Verification/ to Method Statement; disposal associated maintain or other work vessel for later appropriate Inspection Verification/Monitoring vessels environmental disposal at approved municipal facilities. Report; Review of IEMRs values Manoeuvering NICs Work Significant - NIC required to exercise due diligence NIC PIU EO Site presence, Compliance and stabilizing barge with physical in identifying suitable barge locations Verification/ to Method Statement; work barge respect to habitat based on its work method statement Inspection Verification/Monitoring shore landing damage and installation environmental Report; Review of IEMRs requirements possible if management plan. as discussed improperly - NIC will be required to engage a below. conducted Marine/Terrestrial Ecologist or Biologist, and certified divers as part of the team to properly position the work barge away from sensitive marine habitats (strictly no anchoring in live coral areas).

IMPACT MITIGATION MONITORING Potential Applies Monitoring Project Environmenta Implementation to Proposed Mitigation Measure Responsibility Timing & How Reported Activity l Impact &/or Responsibility

Consequence - NIC must use great care in identifying safe approach routes to shore landing locations. - NIC must properly plan for a construction schedule that will avoid extended period of work barge anchoring in open waters. - NIC to use appropriate anchoring methods Site NICs Work Clearing of - NIC required to exercise due diligence NIC PIU EO Site presence, Compliance preparation Method trees and other based on its work method statement Verification/ to Method Statement; Statement; vegetation; and installation environmental Inspection Verification/Monitoring and work site handling and management plan. Report; Review of IEMRs management - NIC to engage a Terrestrial Ecologist of construction or Biologist to identify and count the materials and number of trees that will be affected (it equipment; is anticipated that trees along the headlands are smaller in diameter). - Limit cutting of trees to the minimum and confined within the 100 m2 area; limit excavation works according to technical/design considerations that maybe required to be proposed during the tender process. - Minimize land disturbance outside of the 100 m2; rental compensation for areas that may be utilized as construction yard if over this area (although it is anticipated that most of the materials will be prepared/pre- fabricated on-board the barge and delivered to each land-based sites).

IMPACT MITIGATION MONITORING Potential Applies Monitoring Project Environmenta Implementation to Proposed Mitigation Measure Responsibility Timing & How Reported Activity l Impact &/or Responsibility

Consequence - Provide compensation for or replace cut trees to the number that will be agreed with the community. - All NIC workers hired off-site shall be provided board and lodging in the work barge rather than in the community to avoid providing housing and sanitation in the community itself. Construction Shore - NIC to provide method statement to NIC PIU EO Site presence, Compliance materials and landing address shore landing requirements. Verification/ to Method Statement; equipment locations - NIC to select best route to shore that Inspection Verification/Monitoring deliveries will avoid or minimize reef damage Report; Review of IEMRs where these maybe encountered in some locations. - NIC to properly plan construction and equipment deliveries to minimize unnecessary repeated landings, and occupational safety issues associated with vessel to shore movements. - NIC to properly adhere with occupational health and safety requirements. Pile Installation Navaid Unnecessary - NICs to prepare work method NIC PIU EO Site presence, Compliance installation community statement and installation Verification/ to Method Statement; locations disturbance; environmental management plan. Inspection Verification/Monitoring elevated noise - Engage with community to follow up on Report; Review of IEMRs levels; consent earlier taken during the PIU localized dust PIA activities. generation - Noise disturbance shall be minimized (anticipated to with use of appropriate construction be nil to technology and equipment; minimal notwithstandin

IMPACT MITIGATION MONITORING Potential Applies Monitoring Project Environmenta Implementation to Proposed Mitigation Measure Responsibility Timing & How Reported Activity l Impact &/or Responsibility

Consequence g) during dry - Manage excavations and bare ground weather days; surfaces to the minimum as necessary. localized - Take note of weather changes erosion and occurring in the area in construction turbidity of implementation planning and adopt surrounding measures consistent with the work waters during method statement to minimize negative inclement impacts. weather. Debris Navaid Maintains or - All construction equipment, excess NIC PIU EO Site presence, Compliance Removal and installation improves materials and waste materials shall be Verification/ to Method Statement; site cleanup site and environmental removed from the site and loaded back Inspection Verification/Monitoring environs, integrity of the to the work barge for proper disposal in Report; Review of IEMRs including local habitats NIC approved/designated waste entire 100m2 and disposal site. land area to ecosystems - Inspection shall be made of each entire be acquired lease area to determine presence of or leased. debris, even if unrelated to navaid installation. Post- At least 15% Ensure - Recommendations on compensation Independent PIU Audit Reports installation of navaid compliance and/or penalties for non-compliant organization, CEPA audit locations on with works and/or environmental damages educational land Environment beyond area of concern (100 sq. m. institution or Act land to be acquired). Non- - Apply applicable provisions of the PNG Government Environment Act of 2000 for each level Organizations of non-compliance. (NGOs) involved in conservation work under the Melanesian context. OPERATIONS PHASE

IMPACT MITIGATION MONITORING Potential Applies Monitoring Project Environmenta Implementation to Proposed Mitigation Measure Responsibility Timing & How Reported Activity l Impact &/or Responsibility

Consequence Develop MAC NIC Prevent Assure compliance with safety measures EO PM As Needed; Environmental Communication between Impairment EO and PM On-site audits EO Prevent Assure compliance with environment and EO PM As needed; environmental safety measures. Checklist review, personal impairment observation, Memos to file; action on non-compliance issues Replacement of NMSA Loss of navaids Follow up strengthening of community NMSA-CDD NMSA Engineers As needed and as reported by stolen lighting due to involvement in the protection of the installed the CLCs equipment vandalism and facilities; sustain engagement with the theft Community Lighthouse Committees (CLCs) and regularly pay agreed annual rent and its adjustments.

VIII. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

249. Throughout the Milne Bay Province, and the Central Province, environmentally sensitive areas that maybe jeopardized by in-water installation operations include corals and seagrass beds which abound in some identified sites. However, there are always available sandy patches and hard pavements within the radius from the identified GPS coordinates that present opportunities from which to place the navaids. Nevertheless, it is important to adhere to precautionary principles and judiciously implement an environmental management plan during installation.

250. Of the total number of assessed sites and navaid locations, no navaids will be located directly in any of the Marine Protected Areas identified in these provinces.

251. The PIA indicates that the installation of the replacement and new navaids in the Milne Bay and Central Provinces will result in unavoidable and permanent loss of small areas of habitats during their lifetime. However, this physical loss will be offset by the monopiles becoming habitats themselves for various marine organisms. In addition, this loss will be offset by the avoidance of ships and boats running aground on unmarked reefs with the potential of extensive environmental damage, as well as loss of human lives.

252. Community awareness meetings resulted in signed FPIC forms that are considered significant outcomes under this PIA because it implied community acceptance of the project and permission by the community for the installation of the navaids. However, there will be further initiating and facilitating activities to be done by the PIU throughout this project in support of NMSA actually negotiating and concluding lease agreements with customary landowners in locations where navaids will be installed.

253. The PIA concludes that adverse environmental impacts arising from replacement of existing or installation of new navaids in these provinces can be minimized to insignificant levels by selecting an NIC that will fully comply with the environmental requirements of the project.

REFERENCES

Analysis of the Socio-Economic Survey for Package 2 Communities (New Guinea Islands) – Project Community and Lands Specialist, Maritime and Waterway Safety Project, 2017.

Conservation International, (1998). A Rapid Biodiversity Assessment of the Coral Reefs of Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. Washington: Conservation International.

Mooney, J., (1997). Milne Bay Development Study: A Suggested Direction for Milne Bay. Report prepared for the Milne Bay Administration, the Provincial Government.

Mungkaje, A., (2012). The local Marine Biodiversity and Ecology at the site of a seismic survey at Kupiano, Central Province. Report prepared for Larus Energy Limited as part of the EIA of the Kupiano Seismic Survey Project.

National Marine Risk Pollution, Volume 1. Port Moresby (Draft Report). PNG Ports Corporation, National Maritime Safety Authority (NMSA), and Ecostrategic Consultants, September 2011.

Pacific Climate Future Technical Report. Climate Futures Exploration Tool. Pacific Climate Futures Program, February 2012.

Papua New Guinea District and Provincial Profiles. The National Research Institute, March 2010.

PNG 2017 Field Note, Financial - Economic 2 (Draft Report) -- Project Economist Consultant, Maritime and Waterway Safely Project. 2017

Practical Guide, International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78). International Maritime Organization (IMO). 2015.

Safeguard Policy Statement, Asian Development Bank, Manila. 2009.

State of Coral Triangle Initiative: Papua New Guinea, ADB-GEF-Coral Triangle Initiative. Philippines, 2014.

Technical Assistance Consultant’ Report: Papua New Guinea: Preparing the Maritime and Waterways Safety Project. ADB. 2012.

Ten Year Central Provincial Education Plan 2007 – 2016: Striving On For A Better Future. Division of Education Central Province, Papua New Guinea. 2007.

UNDP (2002). Community-based Coastal and Marine Conservation in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. Project document prepared for GEF Secretariat and Council.

Vulnerability, Risk Reduction, and Adaptation to Climate Change – Papua New Guinea, World Bank- GFDRR-Climate Investment Funds-Climate Change Team/Env., April 2011.

Weiner, Annette B. (1996). Trobriand Islands. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Retrieved from http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Trobriand_Islands.aspx

IX. LIST OF ANNEXES

ANNEX 1: PIA CHECKLISTS (To be provided separately) ANNEX 2: UNDERWATER AND ABOVE WATER PHOTOGRAPHS (To be provided separately)

ANNEX 3: SCHEDULE OF PENALTIES AS PER THE PNG ENVIRONMENT ACT OF 2000

SL Clause Description Reference for Penalties No. Validations 1 11. Causing Serious Environmental Harm PNG Penalty: Where the person (1) A person who unlawfully causes a serious Environment convicted of an offence is – environmental harm is guilty of an offence. Act, 2000 (a) a Corporation - a fine not (2) In proceedings for an offence against (Excerpts) exceeding K250,000.00; and Subsection (1), there is no requirement to (b) Other than a Corporation - a prove that the person intended to cause the fine not exceeding K125, 000.00 serious environmental harm. or imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years, or both.

Default penalty: A fine not exceeding K15, 000.00. 2 12. Causing Material Environmental Harm PNG Penalty: Where the person (1) A person who unlawfully causes a Environment convicted of an offence is – material environmental harm is guilty of an Act, 2000 (a) a Corporation – a fine not offence. (Excerpts) exceeding K100,000.00; and (2) In proceedings for an offence against (b) other than a Corporation – a Subsection (1), there is no requirement to fine not exceeding K50,000.00 prove that the person intended to cause the or imprisonment for a term not material environmental harm. exceeding two years, or both

Default penalty: A fine not exceeding K5, 000.00. 3 13. Causing Environmental Harm PNG Penalty: A fine not exceeding (1) A person who unlawfully causes an Environment K20,000.00 environmental harm by – Act, 2000 Default penalty: A fine not (a) noise, dust, odour or electro-magnetism (Excerpts) exceeding K2, 000.00. or litter; or (b) an unhealthy, offensive or unsightly condition because of a contaminant; or (c) Any other way prescribed by regulation, is guilty of an offence. (2) In proceedings for an offence against Subsection (1), there is no requirement to prove that the person intended to cause the unlawful environmental harm.” 4 8.Duty to Notify Unlawful Environmental PNG Penalty: Where the person Harm Environment convicted of an offence is – (1) A person who becomes aware that Act, 2000 (a) a Corporation - a fine not unlawful serious environmental harm or (Excerpts) exceeding K100,000.00; and unlawful material environmental harm is (b) Other than a Corporation - a caused or threatened in the course of an fine not exceeding K50, 000.00 activity carried out by that person, or over or imprisonment for a term not which that person has effective control, shall exceeding two years, or both. as soon as practicable give written notice to the Director of the circumstances in which the harm or risk of harm arose. (2) A person who fails to comply with Subsection (1) is guilty of an offence. (3) It is not reasonable excuse for a person to fail to give notice to the Director of the circumstances involving the harm on the ground that the notice, or the giving of the notice, might tend to incriminate the person.

(4) A notice given by a person under Subsection (1) is not admissible in evidence against that person, or any other person carrying out the relevant activity, in any legal proceedings. (5) Subsection (4) does not prevent other evidence obtained because of the notice, or the giving of the notice, being admitted in any legal proceeding against the person. Source: PNG Environment Act, 2000