A Case Study; People's Palace

A case Study; People’s Palace

A case study of 20th century designs of buildings for assembly, practicing politics, exchanging knowledge and recreation. This work is not intended to fully reconstruct the history and architectural typology of the people’s palace.

By first constructing a framework of the changing society in the 20th century, and it’s relation to the shifts in economic and political structures, it presents case-studies of 8 buildings that in their own way illustrate the conflict between ideology, form, representation and function. Specifics of the building’s political itscontext physical and appearance,its architecture related are usedto the to intended construct client. an argument that helps the formation of an idea of what the architect’s intentions means for a structure and

All texts are questioning the possibility of architecture to help the formation or representation of a community, in search of a contemporary way to apply this. INDEX

05-06 Introduction The necessity of a truly public space

The cooperative’s houses as a place of resistance Architecture’s relation to politics and economy

Buildings intended to form community 05 - 39 CASE STUDIES of the history of the quarry in Heerlen / Heksenberg

09-12 BE Brussels - Victor Horta 13-16 RU Moscow - Konstantin Melnikov 17-20 21-24 FR Clichy - Jean Prouvé 25-28 IT Como - Terragni 29-32 NL Dronten - Frank van Klingeren 33-36 GBSE LondonEslöv - Hans - Cedric Asplund Price 37-40

BR Sao Paolo - Lina Bo Bardi introduction

The emergence of capitalism During the industrial revolution society went

- through a gradual transformation, in which our accordingnew urban to fabric the new came processes into existence. at hand, The and govern to ment had to reorganize the country and its cities -

create more hygienic circumstances for the hous ing of its citizens. At the same time large factory owners were gaining wealth, and became able to construct facilities to improve the life of their workers. The main argument to do this was that a andhappy recreational workforce facilities.was a more Although productive this workforce,helped, The necessity of a truly public space and they provided them with housing, schooling workers, requesting better working conditions and it also released emancipative forces within the The people’s palace might not be considered a - itprimary has taken architectural are nonetheless typology, a story though worth it’s telling. role in organizing as unions. The conflicts between the the history of architecture and the different forms unions and the factory management led to a separa tion between the more radical intellectuals within From the early societies public buildings have the group of workers, against the management that cities.played Whereas a significant in the role early in the days organization the Greek agora, and attempted to keep control over them. This tendency representation of the communities of villages and has kept over time, and still there remains the civil society to trade, discuss politics or relax, the conflict between the capitalist forces that are in Roman forum, Chinese temple were the places for control of the flows of money and therefore power,- against the majority, or workforce. modern conditions of our society have changed For architecture this meant that most develop this completely. The mere fact that space is now ments were aimed at improving the organization completely divided into strict zones of public and - of society, so that it became more efficient equaling licprivate, space. traffic The lack and of dwelling, a space to green express and ourgrey opinion, can more profit. Whether the client was a private party whethermake us doubtpolitical whether or not, we has still shifted have our any expres truly pub- or the government as an institution, the goal of the architect remained to provide the proper space for read for everyone who wants, whether that was the the specific situation. intentionsions from or the not. street to the web, where it is out to The communist manifesto

inequality grew along with it and the search for The Greek polis alternative’sWith capitalism began. entering This isthe best majority expressed of the in world, the of public life that we know, is also one that helped One of the earliest, and still most known, forms providedmanifesto theorists written byand Karl politicians Marx, which with remainsthe argu - relevant today. His monumental work Das capital aconstruct reference our for contemporary everyone who way talks of about thinking. a truly The as a “theoretical strike at the bourgeoisie”, he Greek polis, with all its different elements, remains ments to construct a new organization. Aimed public life. Apart from providing the space for many constructed a framework which would result in a great thinkers to construct their arguments, the - new political form that we know as communism. societal organization of the polis is also something aThe state main owned intention enterprise. of communism This resulted was toin spreada gigantic all that becomes more relevant today. Being an inde wealth equally, through making the whole economy fallspendent in line settlement, with the fadingwith its of own the welfarecurrency, state laws as generally a totalitarian leader that served as the weand experienced government, it it till provides late. us an alternative that untouchablebureaucratic authority.organization, with party leaders and 05 06 case study map

07 08

the institutions. The rise fallThe and of a monumental a monumental of representation of a workers movement against the power of of against the power 1896 Partij Werklieden Belgische Brussel’s workers 10.000 +/- 09

completion: completion: by who: for who: how many:

VOLKSPALEIS BRUSSELS Victor Horta Victor Horta Konstantin Melnikov Jean Prouvé Frank van Klingeren Cedric Price Gunnar Asplund Giacomo Terragni Lina Bo Bardi 1899 Brussels 1927 Moscow 1939 Clichy 1968 Dronten 1974 London 1947 Eslöv 1938 Como 1984 Sao Paolo Victor Horta Konstantin Melnikov Jean Prouvé Frank van Klingeren Cedric Price Gunnar Asplund Giacomo Terragni Lina Bo Bardi 1899 Brussels 1927 Moscow 1939 Clichy 1968 Dronten 1974 London 1947 Eslöv 1938 Como 1984 Sao Paolo

Victor Horta Konstantin Melnikov Jean Prouvé Frank van Klingeren Cedric Price Gunnar Asplund Giacomo Terragni Lina Bo Bardi 1899 Brussels 1927 Moscow 1939 Clichy 1968 Dronten 1974 London 1947 Eslöv 1938 Como 1984 Sao Paolo Victor Horta Konstantin Melnikov Jean Prouvé Frank van Klingeren Cedric Price Gunnar Asplund Giacomo Terragni Lina Bo Bardi 1899 Brussels 1927 Moscow 1939 Clichy 1968 Dronten 1974 London 1947 Eslöv 1938 Como 1984 Sao Paolo

Victor Horta Konstantin Melnikov Jean Prouvé Frank van Klingeren Cedric Price Gunnar Asplund Giacomo Terragni Lina Bo Bardi 1899 Brussels 1927 Moscow 1939 Clichy 1968 Dronten 1974 London 1947 Eslöv 1938 Como 1984 Sao Paolo VOLKSPALEIS VOLKSPALEIS BRUSSELS completion: 1896 by who: Belgische Werklieden Partij for who: Brussel’s workers how many: +/- 10.000

main entrance leading to the central hall with café divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances large open structure, accesible from all sides two main entrances, various sidedoors main entrance with small doors on square main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances

multiple theatre/concert halls, accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances

Although this observation is to be put away as socialist propaganda, it strongly expresses the relevance to at least

would be used for palaces, city halls or other institutions a part of the beholders. Where normally monumentality - multiple theatre/concert halls, accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances Built by Victor Horta in 1899, this is one of the earliest and pleted countered the idea of the worker to be a servant or petitioner,representing and power instead structures, of looking Horta’s to heaven Volkshuis for salvation, com multiple theatre/concert halls, accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances

buildingmost striking suits examplesitself in the of curveda “true” shapes palace and built creates on behalf an experienceof a community worthy of people. of an institution Dealing with like a Versailles, difficult plot while the init remained the building, an earthen strengthens structure. the belief [footnote that a Margaretbuilding could multiple theatre/concert halls, accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances providing space for ordinary people to appropriate and use. kohn] The mere fact that the café was the central element

represent the power of a people organized and working It is one of the prime architectural works of the art nouveau prevailingtogether in institutions. a comfortable manner, and that this too could that made Victor Horta famous in Belgium and beyond. be expressed in the same powerful monumentality as the notesWhat theof his building observations meant toupon the entering Belgische the Werklieden building for Partij the back then, is best described by Jacques Greux, who made But even such a strong and well executed gesture, in all its main entrance leading to the central hall with café divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading to the central hall with café divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances

“first It is time: an impression of surprise and marvel that invades main entrance leading to the central hall with café divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading to the central hall with café divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances everyone who enters, passing by the great monumental architecturally.detail and historical In the meaning, beginning is notof the assured 1960’s of an a futureuprising door, that supports its roof at a great height, you pen- againstto become the a building, monument and of its a period, present both state, politically starts, evoking and a main entrance leading to the central hall with café divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading to the central hall with café divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances etrate in the construction where one accesses it by eight discussion whether the building is still, and will be, relevant

doors and there the vast proportions reveal themselves and suitable for the future. While a group of architects and game hall

immediately. There are corridors that open up every- of  ces game hall café where, corridors that wind, passages that intercrops and grocery store of  ces buffet recede, ten halls, stores, large meeting rooms, offices urbanists, united by the Flemish architect Alfred Ledent, is- of  ces café grocery store 300 m² of  ces fighting for the building to be formally giving the status of a game hall buffet

... what more can I say? And all these places that at first auditoria 80 m² square national monument, another group represented by G. Bon 300 m² 800 m²

glance seem confused in an inextricable labyrinth are of  ces main entrance leading to the central hallshops with café divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? accesible from all sides,500 m²no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading to the central hall with café divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances auditoria square café tinck, a modernist architect and member of the Belgische grocery store so logically, so appropriately combined that all it takes butcher 80 m²

of  ces 800 m² buffet is to stop and think for a bit to immediately comprehend Werkliedenpartij, is making a case for its demolition. The- shops 500 m² theater main entrance leading to300 the m² central hall with café divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? accesiblemarket from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading to the central hall with café divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances the practicality and ingenuity of the combinations. It is argument that the building is no longer valid and suitable butcher 400 m² auditoria square 80 m² of  ces theater really imposing and one feels small, really small and for contemporary society after its long history of adapta market 800 m² shops 400 m² 500 m² . 1

tions, with a façade that is just a shell containing an aged, of  ces almost crushed in front of the impressive majesty of taking apart of the Maison du Peuple main entrancebutcher leading to the central hall with café divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading to the central hall with café divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances

auditorium 800 m² the monument. It is rightly this, the “house” grand and irrelevant program is won by the modernist, resulting in the game hall theater 400 m² market auditorium powerful, that the people deserved, that [shows that] this 800 m² of  ces of  ces café grocery store people are themselves totally powerful and grand … And game hall of  ces Since its demolition the building has made a remarkable buffet

everywhere, right down to the smallest corner, the clar- 300 m² of  ces

auditorium 800 m² café journey and, after rusting in a park for many years, ended grocery store auditoria ity of day penetrates, emerges, and diffuses through the relevance and appearance, we should pay tribute by having square

80 m² of  ces buffet up being part of a renovation project. Just for its historical game hall 800 m²

shops 500 m² large windows and openings and brings to it its joy and 300 m² of  ces butcher

its life, turning the new house of the people a veritable auditoria square café grocery store 80 m² a coffee in the modern Grand Café Horta in Brussels, which, 800 m² of  ces theater market palace of light. “ shops 500 m² although it only contains some of the trusses used in the buffet 400 m² - MARGARET KOHN butcher 300 m² of  ces auditoria meeting room, at least keeps some of the beauty alive that square

80 m² theater 400 m² market 800 m²

we now only know through imagery and words. shops 500 m² of  ces auditorium 800 m² butcher

11 1 12 scriptie architectuurgeschiedenis theater 400 m² market auditorium 800 m² of  ces

auditorium 800 m² RUSAKOV WORKERS CLUB WORKERS RUSAKOV completion: 1927 by who: Russian State for who: Workers in Rusakov Area how many: +/- 10.000 Konstantin Melnikov Konstantin

and the people’s need forSuprematism appropriability.

13 Lina Bo Bardi Bo Lina Lina Bo Bardi Lina Bo Bardi Lina Lina Bo Bardi Bardi Bo Lina Lina Bo Bardi 1984 Sao Paolo Sao 1984 1984 Sao Paolo 1984 Sao Paolo 1984 1984 Sao Paolo Paolo Sao 1984 1984 Sao Paolo main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances 1938 Como 1938 1938 Como 1938 Como 1938 1938 Como Como 1938 1938 Como Giacomo Terragni Terragni Giacomo Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Terragni Terragni Giacomo Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Terragni Terragni Giacomo Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Terragni accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance with small doors on square accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance with small doors on square main entrance with accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance with small doors on square accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance with small doors on square main entrance with main entrance with small doors on square accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance with small doors on square main entrance with accesible from all sides, no hierarchy 1947 Eslöv 1947 1947 Eslöv 1947 Eslöv 1947 1947 Eslöv Eslöv 1947 1947 Eslöv Gunnar Asplund Gunnar Gunnar Asplund Gunnar Asplund Gunnar Gunnar Asplund Asplund Gunnar Gunnar Asplund multiple theatre/concert halls, two main entrances, various sidedoors divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? multiple theatre/concert halls, two main entrances, various sidedoors two main entrances, divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? multiple theatre/concert halls, two main entrances, various sidedoors divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? multiple theatre/concert halls, multiple theatre/concert halls, two main entrances, various sidedoors two main entrances, two main entrances, various sidedoors divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? multiple theatre/concert halls, two main entrances, various sidedoors two main entrances, divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? Cedric Price Cedric Cedric Price Cedric Price Cedric 1974 London 1974 Cedric Price Price Cedric 1974 London 1974 London 1974 Cedric Price 1974 London London 1974 1974 London large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, accesible from main entrance leading to the central hall with café large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, main entrance leading to the central hall with café large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, accesible from main entrance leading to the central hall with café

large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, main entrance leading to the central hall with café

auditoria

auditoria auditoria auditoria auditoria 1968 Dronten 1968 1968 Dronten 1968 Dronten 1968 1968 Dronten Dronten 1968 1968 Dronten Frank van Klingeren van Frank Frank van Klingeren Frank van Klingeren Frank Frank van Klingeren Klingeren van Frank Frank van Klingeren 800 m² 800 m² 800 m² 800 m² 800 m² 800 m²

800 m² 800 m² 800 m² 800 m²

800 m² 800 m²

ces  of

ces  of ces  of

ces  of

square

square square square square main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances

main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors,

main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading

ces  of

ces  of ces  of

ces  of 1939 Clichy 1939 1939 Clichy Jean Prouvé Jean 1939 Clichy 1939 Jean Prouvé 1939 Clichy Clichy 1939 Jean Prouvé Jean Jean Prouvé Prouvé Jean 1939 Clichy Jean Prouvé 500 m² 500 m²

500 m² 500 m² 500 m²

500 m²

market

market market market market accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all 1927 Moscow 1927 1927 Moscow 1927 Moscow 1927 1927 Moscow Moscow 1927 1927 Moscow 400 m² 400 m² Konstantin Melnikov Konstantin 400 m² Konstantin Melnikov

400 m² 400 m²

Konstantin Melnikov Konstantin

Konstantin Melnikov Melnikov Konstantin

400 m²

ces  of

ces  Konstantin Melnikov of

ces  of

ces  of ces  of

ces  of

theater

theater theater theater theater divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways 80 m²80 m² 80 m²80 m² 80 m²80 m² 80 m²80 m² 80 m²80 m² 80 m²80 m² Victor Horta Horta Victor Victor Horta Victor Horta Victor Victor Horta Horta Victor Victor Horta 1899 Brussels 1899 1899 Brussels 1899 Brussels 1899 1899 Brussels Brussels 1899

1899 Brussels

buffet

shops

buffet

shops

buffet

shops buffet buffet shops shops

buffet

shops

game hall game

game hall game game hall game hall game game hall game 300 m² 300 m² 300 m² 300 m² 300 m² 300 m²

800 m²

800 m² café 800 m² café

café 800 m² café café

café

butcher

butcher butcher butcher

butcher

grocery store grocery

grocery store grocery store grocery

auditorium

grocery store grocery auditorium auditorium auditorium auditorium main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading hall with café main entrance leading to the central main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading - - - - There are those who think that the whole avant-garde style was a statement against the totalitarian powerregime, of the almost depicting them as “westerners” that hadtheir own ideas which did not suit the ideas of the state. Emerging from the revolution, 1917 an event organized by the Bolsheviks and worker’s councils, the redistributionthe land of and formation of the newly found USSR demanded new buildings to promote the ideology of communism. This is one of main reasons to doubt the construction of such a heroic role to these artists, (almost) all their work had been state-funded, and while the leaders were sometimes criticalabout it, they saw something in the avant-garde role as a representation of the new empire. By “liberating art from the ballast of representationalworld”, as Kazimir Malevich put it, the Suprematism movement invented a whole new language for artist and architects to apply from which the Constructivistemerged. architects Combining engineering and advanced technologywith a dominant Communist social purpose, then translating it in to strong minimal geometry. This is where the ability to appropriate becomes vulnerable, and can get lostin the process of designing something distinct from whatwe know. Stating that art should not relate to our represen tational world and then transforming it into a vessel for an ideology, reaches a point of conflict that puts the creative in tentions face to face with the ability to use –, and relate to it. The strong geometrical forms provide an identity that isalmost impregnable, raising the question if the representation of the ideology and constructivist style has madehard it to see the building as something that is appropriable. Though the influence on the architectural field has provenenormous over the years, the relation to human beings dwelling in a structure is pushed aside by emphasizing over form rather than use. - 1927 Russian State Workers in Rusakov Area 10.000 +/- 15

Still one of the most striking examples of constructivist ar chitecture, the Rusakov Worker’s Club combines the strong architectural geometry of the Russian avant-gardemarginalized with the idea of the monolithic communist state.Situated on the corner of a large crossing, the Club was intended for the workers of a printing factory just outside of the city center of Moscow. The plan is composed of a semi- circular base with three cantilevering blocks reachingtowards out the street, giving it a striking form when viewedupon from the side, and a formal appearance from the front. The building’s shape gives it a strong hierarchy, which is not only apparent in the representation but also in the use. Entering the building can be done through one of the main doors on street level, or through the smaller doors on the large balcony, referring to a historic Moscovian buildingtype. The program of the building is straightforward; allattention the is brought to the stage which is situated at the point within the building where all lines cross. The threecantilevering volumes are rows of seating looking out towards it, and the central area below it can be used as an open space or for additional seating in case it fulfills itsas role a theater. Walking from outside to the main stage takes you through narrow hallways and staircases, which passthrough larger spaces that offer a moment to experience the opening up of the geometrically structured space. completion: completion: by who: for who: how many:

RUSAKOV WORKERS CLUB Konstantin Melnikov Movement, and the and Movement, Italian Cooperative 1936 Fascist party of Como Administration Como of 10.000 +/- 17 The destruction of the architectural ideology. complex constructions of complex

completion: completion: by who: for who: how many:

CASA DEL FASCIO / POPOLO Giacomo Terragni Lina Bo Bardi Lina Bo Bardi Lina Bardi Bo Lina 1984 Sao Paolo Lina Bo Bardi Bardi Bo Lina Lina Bo Bardi 1984 Sao Paolo Sao 1984 Paolo Sao 1984 1984 Sao Paolo Paolo Sao 1984 1984 Sao Paolo entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances 1938 Como 1938 Como 1938 Como 1938 1938 Como Como 1938 1938 Como Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Terragni Terragni Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Terragni Terragni Giacomo Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Terragni 20 main entrance with small doors on square main entrance with accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance with small doors on square main entrance with small doors on square accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance with small doors on square main entrance with main entrance with small doors on square accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance with small doors on square main entrance with accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy 1947 Eslöv 1947 Eslöv 1947 Eslöv 1947 1947 Eslöv Eslöv 1947 1947 Eslöv Gunnar Asplund Gunnar Asplund Gunnar Asplund Gunnar Gunnar Asplund Asplund Gunnar Gunnar Asplund two main entrances, various sidedoors two main entrances, multiple theatre/concert halls, divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? two main entrances, various sidedoors two main entrances, various sidedoors multiple theatre/concert halls, multiple theatre/concert halls, divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? two main entrances, various sidedoors two main entrances, two main entrances, various sidedoors multiple theatre/concert halls, multiple theatre/concert halls, divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? two main entrances, various sidedoors two main entrances, multiple theatre/concert halls, divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? Cedric Price 1974 London Cedric Price Cedric Price Cedric Cedric Price Price Cedric 1974 London 1974 London 1974 Cedric Price 1974 London London 1974 1974 London large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, accesible from large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, all sides large open structure, accesible from main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, - -

- -

auditoria

auditoria auditoria

auditoria auditoria auditoria 1968 Dronten 1968 Dronten 1968 Dronten 1968 1968 Dronten Dronten 1968 1968 Dronten Frank van Klingeren Frank van Klingeren Frank Klingeren van Frank Frank van Klingeren Klingeren van Frank 800 m² 800 m² Frank van Klingeren 800 m² 800 m² 800 m² 800 m² 800 m² 800 m²

800 m² 800 m²

ces  of

ces  of ces  of

ces  of

square

square square square square square main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading ed to express the power of the state over its citizens. An interesting architectural and political aspectthe distinction that makes between a state entity and a civil movementvisible, is the entrance. The Belgische Werkliedenpartijwas always at the edge of legality, soldiers and other civil servants were not allowed in the Maison du Peuple by the state and would be arrested if they would enter. They were constantly under surveillance by the police, and this repression meant that the door was not open to everyone all the time. In the Casa del Fascio the entrance within the façade facing Como’s large Piazza del Popolo, is made up out of a wide,small stair leading up to a 18 glass doors that could all simultaneously be opened towards the square. This displayof transparency towards the working of the Fascist stateits for citizens can be used to argue that this building is moreinclusive to everyone active in civil society and the execu perimeter. The amount of windows and entrance of daylight through the atrium gave a transparent and open effect,while the facades both had a monumental appearance, one being very rational and the other more organic. The main difference remains that while Horta’s Maison du Peuple was intended for a socialist movement, and funded by its member(s), the Casa del Fascio was a monument construct tion of politics, for it does not exclude. With the knowledge that the fascist state only wanted peopleto live accordingto the states rules and repression, this argument is lostyou if want to create a building that helps emancipate your citizens and help them become self-aware citizens, activethe in construction of a public realm that enables self-actualization and so on. Whether it’s a people’s movement, or a fascist regime, the same architectural ideas and strategies can be appliedthe totally for opposite purposes. Although your intentions as an architect can lead you to make certain decisions, some one with the totally opposite ideals might draw the same conclusions based on different facts. Architecture innocent. always is never/ - -

ces  of

ces  of ces  of

ces  of 1939 Clichy Jean Prouvé 1939 Clichy 1939 Clichy 1939 1939 Clichy Clichy 1939 Jean Prouvé Jean Prouvé Jean Jean Prouvé Prouvé Jean 1939 Clichy Jean Prouvé 500 m²

500 m² 500 m² 500 m² 500 m²

500 m²

market

market market market market market accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy 1936 Fascist party of Como Administration Como of 10.000 +/- accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all 19

port the same design arguments for the opposite purpose. If it hadnot been built as a commission by the fascist state, it could have been included as a prime example of a public building designed by an architect of the Italian Rationalistmovement. While the Italian Cooperative movement a strong civil forceall over Italy, Benito Mussolini and his fascist party werewinning power in the political institutions. His sloganto encapsulate tried the social aspects that were so prominentlyvisible in the cooperative movements, and frame them within his inclusive vision of the fascist state: “Everythingin the State, nothing outside the State, nothing againstState”. the This repressive idea is hard to reflect in architecture, and while Terragni was one of the key architects in the Italian Rationalist movement who did strongly advocatethe same ideals represented by Mussolini, architecturalform can be used for the same purpose with different ideals.Because the state declared all social cooperative activitiesillegal, the casa del popolo became an illegal entity in thedaily life of the workers who used it for their social and political activities, and Mussolini attempted to replaceinstitutional its value with his monumental Casa’s del Fascio,representing his (states) power. Giuseppe Terragni trans lated the ideals of the Fascist state into architecture,the following with description as support: “Fascism, a house of glass into which everyone can see, giving rise to this whollyfaithful interpretation: no encumbrance, no barrier,obstacle no between the political leaders and their people.” Comparing the Casa del Fascio to Victor Horta’s Maison du Peuple leads to finding many similarities, while they represented a completely opposite entity. Both were constructedaround a central atrium which was intended for assembly, with different functions (offices, social services) in the The only building in this book that is certainly not a people’s palace is the Casa del Fascio by Giuseppe Terragni, but it is included for its relevance in the historical context and to construct an argument that architectural ideology can sup completion: completion: by who: for who: how many: 1927 Moscow 1927 Moscow 1927 Moscow 1927 1927 Moscow Moscow 1927

1927 Moscow CASA DEL FASCIO / POPOLO Giacomo Terragni

400 m² Konstantin Melnikov

400 m² 400 m² ces  of 400 m² 400 m²

Konstantin Melnikov Konstantin Melnikov Konstantin

Konstantin Melnikov Melnikov Konstantin

400 m²

Konstantin Melnikov

ces  of ces  of

ces  of

theater

theater theater theater theater theater divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways 80 m²80 m² 80 m²80 m² 80 m²80 m² 80 m²80 m² 80 m²80 m² 80 m²80 m² Victor Horta Victor Horta Victor Horta Victor 1899 Brussels Victor Horta Horta Victor Victor Horta

1899 Brussels 1899 Brussels 1899

1899 Brussels Brussels 1899 buffet shops

1899 Brussels

buffet buffet

shops shops

game hall game buffet buffet shops shops

buffet shops

game hall game hall game

game hall game hall game game hall game 300 m² 300 m² 300 m²

300 m² 300 m² 800 m²

300 m² café

800 m² 800 m²

café 800 m² café café café

café

butcher

butcher butcher

grocery store grocery butcher butcher

butcher

auditorium

grocery store grocery store grocery

grocery store grocery grocery store grocery

grocery store grocery auditorium auditorium

auditorium auditorium main entrance leading to the central hall with café auditorium main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading hall with café main entrance leading to the central main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading M

aiso completion: 1938 by who: xxxx for who: xxxx P n du how many: xxxx C de euple lic hy Jean Prouve Jean

Industrial and technological revolution intended for the people

by the state. and commissioned 21 Lina Bo Bardi Lina Bo Bardi Bo Bardi Lina Bardi Bo Lina Bardi Bo Lina Lina Bo Bardi 1984 Sao Paolo 1984 Sao Paolo Sao Paolo 1984 Paolo Sao 1984 Paolo Sao 1984 1984 Sao Paolo main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances 1938 Como 1938 Como Como 1938 Como 1938 Como 1938 1938 Como Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Terragni Terragni Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Terragni accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance with small doors on square main entrance with small doors on square main entrance with main entrance with small doors on square main entrance with small doors on square main entrance with small doors on square accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance with small doors on square main entrance with accesible from all sides, no hierarchy 1947 Eslöv 1947 Eslöv Eslöv 1947 Eslöv 1947 Eslöv 1947 1947 Eslöv Gunnar Asplund Gunnar Asplund Asplund Gunnar Asplund Gunnar Asplund Gunnar Gunnar Asplund multiple theatre/concert halls, multiple theatre/concert halls, multiple theatre/concert halls, multiple theatre/concert halls, multiple theatre/concert halls, two main entrances, various sidedoors two main entrances, various sidedoors two main entrances, two main entrances, various sidedoors two main entrances, various sidedoors two main entrances, various sidedoors divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? multiple theatre/concert halls, two main entrances, various sidedoors two main entrances, divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? Cedric Price Cedric Price Price Cedric Price Cedric Price Cedric 1974 London 1974 London London 1974 London 1974 London 1974 Cedric Price 1974 London large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, all sides large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, accesible from main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café

large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, main entrance leading to the central hall with café

auditoria auditoria auditoria auditoria auditoria auditoria 1968 Dronten 1968 Dronten 1968 1968 Dronten 1968 Dronten Dronten 1968 1968 Dronten Frank van Klingeren van Frank Klingeren van Frank Frank van Klingeren Frank van Klingeren van Klingeren Frank Frank van Klingeren 800 m² 800 m² 800 m² 800 m² 800 m² 800 m² 800 m² 800 m² 800 m² 800 m²

800 m² 800 m²

ces  of ces  of ces  of ces  of ces  of

ces  of

square square square square square square main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances

main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading

ces  of ces  of ces  of ces  of ces  of

ces  of 1939 Clichy 1939 Clichy 1939 1939 Clichy 1939 Clichy Clichy 1939 Jean Prouvé Jean Prouvé Jean Jean Prouvé Jean Prouvé Prouvé Jean 1939 Clichy Jean Prouvé 500 m² 500 m² 500 m² 500 m² 500 m² 500 m²

market market market market market market accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all 1927 Moscow 1927 Moscow 1927 1927 Moscow 1927 Moscow Moscow 1927 1927 Moscow 400 m² 400 m² 400 m² 400 m² 400 m² Konstantin Melnikov Konstantin Melnikov Konstantin Konstantin Melnikov Konstantin Melnikov Melnikov Konstantin

400 m²

Konstantin Melnikov

ces  of ces  of ces  of ces  of ces  of

ces  of

theater theater theater theater theater theater divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways 80 m²80 m² 80 m²80 m² 80 m²80 m² 80 m²80 m² 80 m²80 m² 80 m²80 m² Victor Horta Horta Victor Horta Victor Victor Horta Victor Horta Horta Victor Victor Horta 1899 Brussels 1899 Brussels 1899 1899 Brussels 1899 Brussels Brussels 1899

1899 Brussels

buffet buffet buffet buffet buffet shops shops shops shops shops

buffet shops

game hall game hall game game hall game hall game game hall game game hall game 300 m² 300 m² 300 m² 300 m² 300 m² 300 m²

800 m² 800 m² 800 m² 800 m² 800 m²

café café café café 800 m² café

café

butcher butcher butcher butcher butcher

butcher

grocery store store grocery grocery store grocery store store grocery grocery

grocery store grocery auditorium auditorium auditorium auditorium auditorium auditorium main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading hall with café main entrance leading to the central main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading - tectural project. Together they were responsible for the first curtain-wall façade in France, and they inventedtricks many to make the central space in the building flexibledifferent for uses. The ability of the building to open and let light in through the facades, move the floor and fold out the seats so that the central space would be totally open, and even the possibility to open the roof, were all totally new and revolutionary. The intention and execution of the use of the most modern, technical innovations in a building intended only for a public purpose is unique, and worthy of pursuing. For this specific building they worked together with thewell-known furniture and industrial designer Jeanand Prouvé, the aeronautic engineer Vladimir Bodiansky. The combination of the man who is still seen as a founding father of building pre-fab structures, and someone able tocalculate and design the limits of the then rather novel steelstructures, were the grounds for a very high-tech, archi - - 1938 xxxx xxxx xxxx 23

Uniting many aspects of the progress made before the war in one building, the Maison du Peuple in Clichy is a protago nist of modern architecture made for general use by the people. Not only containing many technological novelties,the program and architecture is progressive in everyaspect. It was designed for the people of a new development in a banlieue of Paris, built around the old town of Clichy. Trying to grasp every aspect of social life within a town,conveying and it within one building, the program existeda covered out of market, shops, offices and a large central hall fortheater, cinema and meetings. Constructed by four engineers, it is full of technologicalimprovements that correspond with the line of work of the different designers, and a sum of the qualities that they brought to the table. The main architects for the build ing were Marcel Lods en Eugène Beaudoin, who worked together in a firm that helped develop the French branch of modernist architecture. They were known for a strongsocial agenda and tried to build architecture that wouldserve everyone’s well-being, and bring some of the richness of the new technology to the common people. They were mainly involved in projects commissioned by the state in which they could express their progressive agenda, like their famous open air school in Suresenes, another town on Ile-de-France. the completion: completion: by who: for who: how many:

Maison du Peuple de Clichy Jean Prouve MEDBORGAR completion: xxxx by who: xxxx for who: xxxx how many: xxxx H US Hans Asplund

welfare state and The emerging

25small town modesty. Lina Bo Bardi Bo Lina Lina Bo Bardi Lina Bo Bardi 1984 Sao Paolo Sao 1984 Lina Bo Bardi Lina 1984 Sao Paolo Lina Bo Bardi 1984 Sao Paolo Lina Bo Bardi Bo Lina 1984 Sao Paolo Sao 1984 1984 Sao Paolo 1984 Sao Paolo Sao 1984 entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances 1938 Como 1938 1938 Como 1938 Como 1938 Como 1938 1938 Como 1938 Como 1938 Giacomo Terragni Terragni Giacomo Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Terragni Terragni Giacomo Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Terragni Terragni Giacomo accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance with small doors on square accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance with small doors on square main entrance with accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance with small doors on square main entrance with accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance with small doors on square accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance with small doors on square main entrance with accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance with small doors on square accesible from all sides, no hierarchy 1947 Eslöv 1947 1947 Eslöv 1947 Eslöv 1947 Eslöv 1947 1947 Eslöv Gunnar Asplund Gunnar Gunnar Asplund 1947 Eslöv 1947 Gunnar Asplund Gunnar Asplund Gunnar Gunnar Asplund Gunnar Asplund Gunnar 28 multiple theatre/concert halls, two main entrances, various sidedoors divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? multiple theatre/concert halls, two main entrances, various sidedoors two main entrances, divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? multiple theatre/concert halls, two main entrances, various sidedoors two main entrances, divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? multiple theatre/concert halls, two main entrances, various sidedoors divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? multiple theatre/concert halls, divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? two main entrances, various sidedoors two main entrances, multiple theatre/concert halls, two main entrances, various sidedoors divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? Cedric Price Cedric Cedric Price 1974 London 1974 1974 London Cedric Price Cedric Price Cedric Cedric Price 1974 London 1974 London 1974 1974 London Cedric Price Cedric 1974 London 1974 large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, accesible from main entrance leading to the central hall with café large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, main entrance leading to the central hall with café large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, main entrance leading to the central hall with café large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, accesible from main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure,

large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, accesible from main entrance leading to the central hall with café

auditoria auditoria

auditoria auditoria auditoria

1968 Dronten 1968 1968 Dronten auditoria 1968 Dronten 1968 Dronten 1968 1968 Dronten 1968 Dronten 1968 Frank van Klingeren van Frank Frank van Klingeren Frank van Klingeren Frank van Klingeren Frank 800 m² 800 m² Frank van Klingeren 800 m² 800 m² Frank van Klingeren van Frank 800 m² 800 m² 800 m² 800 m² 800 m² 800 m²

800 m² 800 m²

ces  of ces  of

ces  of

ces  of ces  of

ces  of

square square

square square square square main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors,

ces  of ces  of

ces  of

ces  of ces  of

1939 Clichy 1939

1939 Clichy

Jean Prouvé Jean ces  Jean Prouvé of 1939 Clichy 1939 Clichy 1939 Jean Prouvé 1939 Clichy Jean Prouvé Jean Jean Prouvé 1939 Clichy 1939 Jean Prouvé Jean 500 m² 500 m² 500 m² 500 m² 500 m²

500 m²

market market

market market market market accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy 1927 Moscow 1927 1927 Moscow 1927 Moscow 1927 Moscow 1927 1927 Moscow 400 m²

400 m² 1927 Moscow 1927

Konstantin Melnikov Konstantin Konstantin Melnikov

ces  400 m² of

ces  of 400 m² Konstantin Melnikov 400 m²

Konstantin Melnikov Konstantin Konstantin Melnikov

ces  of

ces  of 400 m²

ces  Konstantin Melnikov Konstantin of

ces  of

theater theater

theater theater theater theater divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of civilof society the and divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy?

divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? 27

provided the opportunity for

architects to make structures out for its modesty for detail. and out Known as one of Sweden’s most most Sweden’s of Known as one

The Scandinavian welfare model government within building. one government

boring towns, this stands project that are intended for the merging for that are intended 80 m²80 m² 80 m²80 m² 80 m²80 m² 80 m²80 m² 80 m²80 m² 80 m²80 m² completion: completion: by who: for who: how many: Victor Horta Horta Victor Victor Horta 1899 Brussels 1899 Victor Horta 1899 Brussels Victor Horta Victor

Victor Horta MEDBORGARHUS Hans Asplung 1899 Brussels

buffet

1899 Brussels 1899 shops Victor Horta Horta Victor buffet 1899 Brussels shops

buffet

game hall game

1899 Brussels 1899 shops buffet

game hall game shops buffet shops

game hall game

buffet game hall game shops game hall game game hall game 300 m² 300 m²

300 m²

300 m² 800 m² 300 m²

800 m²

café

café 300 m² 800 m²

800 m²

café

café café

800 m²

café

butcher

grocery store grocery

butcher

grocery store grocery butcher butcher

auditorium

grocery store grocery

grocery store grocery butcher

grocery store grocery

auditorium

main entrance leading to the central hall with café store grocery

main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading auditorium main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central FU completion: xxxx PALACE N PALACE by who: xxxx for who: xxxx how many: xxxx Cedric Price Cedric

Total openness in a revolutionary period.

29 Lina Bo Bardi Bo Lina 1984 Sao Paolo Sao 1984 Lina Bo Bardi 1984 Sao Paolo Lina Bo Bardi Bo Bardi Lina Lina Bo Bardi Bo Lina Lina Bo Bardi 1984 Sao Paolo Paolo Sao 1984 1984 Sao Paolo Sao 1984 1984 Sao Paolo main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances 1938 Como 1938 Giacomo Terragni Terragni Giacomo 1938 Como Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Terragni 1938 Como Como 1938 1938 Como 1938 1938 Como Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Terragni Terragni Giacomo Giacomo Terragni Terragni Giacomo Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Terragni accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance with small doors on square accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance with small doors on square main entrance with accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance with small doors on square main entrance with main entrance with small doors on square accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance with small doors on square accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance with small doors on square main entrance with accesible from all sides, no hierarchy 1947 Eslöv 1947 Gunnar Asplund Gunnar 1947 Eslöv Gunnar Asplund 1947 Eslöv Eslöv 1947 1947 Eslöv 1947 1947 Eslöv Gunnar Asplund Asplund Gunnar Gunnar Asplund Gunnar Gunnar Asplund multiple theatre/concert halls, two main entrances, various sidedoors divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? multiple theatre/concert halls, two main entrances, various sidedoors two main entrances, divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? multiple theatre/concert halls, multiple theatre/concert halls, two main entrances, various sidedoors two main entrances, two main entrances, various sidedoors divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? multiple theatre/concert halls, two main entrances, various sidedoors divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? multiple theatre/concert halls, two main entrances, various sidedoors two main entrances, divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? Cedric Price Cedric 1974 London 1974 Cedric Price 1974 London Cedric Price Price Cedric Cedric Price Cedric Cedric Price 1974 London London 1974 1974 London 1974 1974 London 32 large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, accesible from main entrance leading to the central hall with café large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, main entrance leading to the central hall with café

large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, all sides large open structure, accesible from main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, accesible from main entrance leading to the central hall with café large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, main entrance leading to the central hall with café auditoria

1968 Dronten 1968 auditoria Frank van Klingeren van Frank

1968 Dronten

auditoria auditoria auditoria auditoria 800 m² 800 m²

Frank van Klingeren

1968 Dronten Dronten 1968 1968 Dronten 1968 1968 Dronten

ces  of 800 m² 800 m²

Frank van Klingeren van Klingeren Frank Frank van Klingeren van Frank Frank van Klingeren

ces  800 m² of 800 m² 800 m² 800 m² 800 m² 800 m² 800 m² 800 m²

square

ces  of ces  of ces  of ces  of

main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances square

main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors,

square square square main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances square main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances

main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading

ces  of

1939 Clichy 1939

Jean Prouvé Jean

ces  of

500 m² 1939 Clichy

Jean Prouvé

ces  of ces  of ces  of ces  of

1939 Clichy Clichy 1939 1939 Clichy 1939

1939 Clichy Jean Prouvé Prouvé Jean Jean Prouvé Jean 500 m² Jean Prouvé 500 m² 500 m² market 500 m² 500 m²

accesible from all sides, no hierarchy

accesible from all sides, no hierarchy market

market market market accesible from all sides, no hierarchy market accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all 1927 Moscow 1927 400 m² Konstantin Melnikov Konstantin

1927 Moscow

ces  of 400 m²

Konstantin Melnikov

1927 Moscow Moscow 1927 1927 Moscow 1927 1927 Moscow

ces  of theater

400 m² 400 m² 400 m² 400 m²

Konstantin Melnikov Melnikov Konstantin Konstantin Melnikov Konstantin Konstantin Melnikov

ces  of ces  of ces  of ces  of theater

divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy?

theater theater theater theater divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways 80 m²80 m² 80 m²80 m² Victor Horta Horta Victor 1899 Brussels 1899

80 m²80 m² 80 m²80 m² 80 m²80 m² 80 m²80 m²

buffet shops

Victor Horta game hall game

1899 Brussels

buffet shops

Victor Horta Horta Victor Victor Horta Horta Victor Victor Horta game hall game

1899 Brussels Brussels 1899 1899 Brussels 1899 1899 Brussels

buffet buffet buffet

shops shops shops buffet shops 300 m²

game hall game hall game game hall game

game hall game 800 m² café 300 m²

800 m² café

300 m² 300 m² 300 m² 300 m²

butcher

800 m² 800 m² 800 m²

800 m²

café café café café grocery store grocery

xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx auditorium

butcher

main entrance leading to the central hall with café

main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central store grocery

auditorium

butcher butcher butcher butcher

main entrance leading to the central hall with café grocery store grocery grocery store grocery grocery store grocery

grocery store grocery

main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading

auditorium auditorium auditorium was never realized, possibly realized,was possibly never auditorium

and who would pay for that… for pay would who and

because the thought of letting of thebecause thought main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading only lead to chaos and disorder, disorder, and to chaos lead only for theater, cinema and pure fun pure and cinema theater, for Cedric Price’s attempt to create a Cedric Price’s

vast, open space for people to use people vast, for space open something loose completely could could completely loose something completion: completion: by who: for who: how many:

FUN PALACE Cedric Price DE MEERPAAL MEERPAAL DE completion: 1968 by who: Dronten municipality for who: Inhabitants of Dronten how many: +/- 10.000 Frank van Klingeren van Frank

of a radical concept. The materialization 33 Lina Bo Bardi Lina Bo Bardi Lina Lina Bo Bardi Lina Bo Bardi 1984 Sao Paolo 1984 Sao Paolo Sao 1984 1984 Sao Paolo 1984 1984 Sao Paolo Lina Bo Bardi Lina Bo Bardi Bo Lina 1984 Sao Paolo 1984 Sao Paolo Sao 1984 main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances 1938 Como 1938 Como 1938 1938 Como 1938 1938 Como 1938 Como 1938 Como 1938 Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Terragni Terragni Giacomo Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Terragni Giacomo Terragni Terragni Giacomo accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance with small doors on square main entrance with accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance with small doors on square accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance with small doors on square accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance with small doors on square main entrance with accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance with small doors on square main entrance with accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance with small doors on square accesible from all sides, no hierarchy 1947 Eslöv 1947 Eslöv 1947 1947 Eslöv 1947 1947 Eslöv 1947 Eslöv 1947 Eslöv 1947 Gunnar Asplund Gunnar Asplund Gunnar Gunnar Asplund Gunnar Asplund Gunnar Asplund Gunnar Asplund Gunnar multiple theatre/concert halls, two main entrances, various sidedoors two main entrances, divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? multiple theatre/concert halls, two main entrances, various sidedoors divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? multiple theatre/concert halls, two main entrances, various sidedoors divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? multiple theatre/concert halls, two main entrances, various sidedoors two main entrances, divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? multiple theatre/concert halls, two main entrances, various sidedoors two main entrances, divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? multiple theatre/concert halls, two main entrances, various sidedoors divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? Cedric Price Cedric Price Cedric Cedric Price Cedric Price 1974 London 1974 London 1974 1974 London 1974 1974 London Cedric Price Cedric Price Cedric 1974 London 1974 London 1974 large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, main entrance leading to the central hall with café large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, accesible from main entrance leading to the central hall with café large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, accesible from main entrance leading to the central hall with café large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, main entrance leading to the central hall with café

large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, main entrance leading to the central hall with café large open structure, accesible from all sides large open structure, accesible from main entrance leading to the central hall with café

auditoria auditoria

auditoria 1968 Dronten auditoria 1968 Dronten 1968 1968 Dronten 1968 1968 Dronten 1968 Dronten 1968 Dronten 1968 Frank van Klingeren Frank van Klingeren Frank Frank van Klingeren Frank van Frank van Klingeren 800 m² 800 m² 800 m² 800 m² 800 m² 800 m² 800 m² 800 m² Frank van Klingeren Frank van Klingeren van Frank

800 m² 800 m² 800 m² 800 m²

ces  of ces  of

square square square square

square square main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances

main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading through corridors,

ces  of ces  of

ces  of ces  1939 Clichy of 1939 Clichy 1939 1939 Clichy 1939 Jean Prouvé Jean Prouvé Jean 1939 Clichy Jean Prouvé Jean Prouvé 1939 Clichy 1939 Clichy 1939 Jean Prouvé Jean Prouvé Jean 500 m² 500 m² 500 m² 500 m²

500 m² 500 m²

market market market market

market market accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all sides, no hierarchy accesible from all accesible from all sides, no hierarchy 1927 Moscow 1927 Moscow 1927 1927 Moscow 1927 1927 Moscow 1927 Moscow 1927 Moscow 1927 400 m² 400 m² 400 m²

Konstantin Melnikov Konstantin Melnikov Konstantin 400 m²

Konstantin Melnikov Konstantin Konstantin Melnikov

ces  of ces  of

ces  of

ces  of 400 m²

400 m²

Konstantin Melnikov Konstantin Melnikov Konstantin

ces  of ces  of

theater theater theater theater

theater theater divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? divised in two ways divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? 80 m²80 m² 80 m²80 m² 80 m²80 m² 80 m²80 m² 80 m²80 m² 80 m²80 m² - Victor Horta Victor Horta Victor Victor Horta Victor Horta Victor Horta 1899 Brussels 1899 Brussels 1899 1899 Brussels 1899 1899 Brussels

Victor Horta

Victor Horta Horta Victor

buffet buffet

shops shops

buffet

shops buffet

1899 Brussels shops 1899 Brussels 1899

game hall game game hall game

game hall game

buffet

shops buffet shops

game hall game game hall game 300 m² 300 m² 300 m² 300 m²

800 m² 800 m²

800 m²

300 m² café café 300 m² café café

800 m² 800 m²

café café

butcher butcher

butcher

grocery store grocery grocery store grocery

grocery store grocery

auditorium auditorium butcher

butcher auditorium

auditorium

grocery store grocery

auditorium main entrance leading to the central hall with café auditorium main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading main entrance leading to the central hall with café main entrance leading to the central social confrontation? 1968 Dronten municipality Inhabitants of Dronten 10.000 +/-

Something that encompasses thatSomething encompasses

success: playing volleyball next playing volleyball success: to a theater play whilstto play a theater hearing which was received with waswhich received mixed a lively discussion, leads to con leads discussion, a lively many aspectsmany the Fun Palace, of

flicts remain hard which to solve between people. Are afraid we between people. of completion: completion: by who: for who: how many:

DE MEERPAAL Frank van Klingeren Social engineering xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx 37 in an industrial complex.

completion: completion: by who: for who: how many:

Cesc Pompeia Lina Bo Bardi Victor Horta Konstantin Melnikov Jean Prouvé Frank van Klingeren Cedric Price Gunnar Asplund Giacomo Terragni Lina Bo Bardi 1899 Brussels 1927 Moscow 1939 Clichy 1968 Dronten 1974 London 1947 Eslöv 1938 Como 1984 Sao Paolo Victor Horta Konstantin Melnikov Jean Prouvé Frank van Klingeren Cedric Price Gunnar Asplund Giacomo Terragni Lina Bo Bardi Victor1899 HortaBrussels Konstantin1927 Melnikov Moscow Jean1939 Prouvé Clichy Frank van1968 Klingeren Dronten Cedric1974 PriceLondon Gunnar Asplund1947 Eslöv Giacomo1938 Terragni Como Lina1984 Bo Sao Bardi Paolo 1899 Brussels 1927 Moscow 1939 Clichy 1968 Dronten 1974 London 1947 Eslöv 1938 Como 1984 Sao Paolo

VictorVictor Horta Horta KonstantinKonstantin Melnikov Melnikov JeanJean Prouvé Prouvé FrankFrank van van Klingeren Klingeren CedricCedric Price Price GunnarGunnar Asplund Asplund GiacomoGiacomo Terragni Terragni LinaLina Bo Bo Bardi Bardi 18991899 Brussels Brussels 19271927 Moscow Moscow 19391939 Clichy Clichy 19681968 Dronten Dronten 19741974 London London 19471947 Eslöv Eslöv 19381938 Como Como 19841984 Sao Sao Paolo Paolo Victor Horta Konstantin Melnikov Jean Prouvé Frank van Klingeren Cedric Price Gunnar Asplund Giacomo Terragni Lina Bo Bardi 1899 Brussels 1927 Moscow 1939 Clichy 1968 Dronten 1974 London 1947 Eslöv 1938 Como 1984 Sao Paolo Cesc Pompeia Pompeia Cesc completion: xxxx by who: xxxx for who: xxxx how many: xxxx Lina Bo Bardi Bo Lina main entrance leading to the central hall with café divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances large open structure, accesible from all sides two main entrances, various sidedoors main entrance with small doors on square main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading to the central hall with café divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances large open structure, accesible from all sides two main entrances, various sidedoors main entrance with small doors on square main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading to the central hall with café divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances large open structure, accesible from all sides two main entrances, various sidedoors main entrance with small doors on square main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances

mainmain entrance entrance leading leading to to the the central central hall hall with with café café diviseddivised in in two two ways ways of of entering. entering. hierarchy? hierarchy? accesibleaccesible from from all all sides, sides, no no hier hierarchyarchy mainmain entrance entrance leading leading through through corridors, corridors, two two side side entrances entrances largelarge open open structure, structure, accesible accesible from from all all sides sides twotwo main main entrances, entrances, various various sidedoors sidedoors mainmain entrance entrance with with small small doors doors on on square square mainmain entrance entrance leading leading through through corridors, corridors, two two side side entrances entrances main entrance leading to the central hall with café divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances large open structure, accesible from all sides two main entrances, various sidedoors main entrance with small doors on square main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances

multiple theatre/concert halls, accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances

multiple theatre/concert halls, accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances multiple theatre/concert halls, accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances

multiplemultiple theatre/concert theatre/concert halls, halls, accesibleaccesible from from all all sides, sides, no no hierarchy hierarchy mainmain entrance entrance leading leading through through corridors, corridors, two two side side entrance entrancess multiple theatre/concert halls, accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances industrial site into a place for The transformation of a vast main entrance leading to the central hall with café divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy?provedaccesible very from all sides, no hier archysuccessful,main entrance thanks leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading to the central hall with café divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading to the central hall with café divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading to the central hall with café divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading to the central hall with café divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading to the central hall with café divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances peopleto strong to meet, architecture play, eat that and wasrelax game hall of  ces game hall café grocery store game hall of  ces buffet of  ces of  ces café grocery store 300 m² based on the actual behavior of main entrance leading to the central hall with café divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading to the central hall with café divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances café grocery store main entrance leading to the central hall with café divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? accesible from all sides, no hierarchyof  ces main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading to the central hall with café divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances buffet auditoria square

80 m² of  ces 300 m² buffet 800 m² main entrance leading to300 the m² central shops hall with café divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? accesible from all sides,500 m² no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances main entrance leading to the central hall with café divised in two ways of entering. hierarchy? accesible from all sides, no hierarchy main entrance leading through corridors, two side entrances auditoria square

butcher 80 m² auditoria 80 m² square 800 m²

shops 500 m² 800 m² theater shops the people500 m² that were already market butcher 400 m² butcher of  ces theater market game hall 400 m² theater market game hall 400 m² of  ces of  ces of  ces auditorium 800 m² of  ces game hall café grocery store appropraiating the factory. café grocery store of  ces buffet of  ces auditorium

800 m² buffet 300 m² of  ces auditorium 800 m² café grocery store 300 m² auditoria square of  ces buffet auditoria

80 m² square 80 m² 800 m² 300 m² shops 500 m² 800 m²

shops 500 m² auditoria butcher square

butcher 80 m² 800 m²

shops 500 m² theater market theater 400 m² market butcher 400 m² of  ces of  ces theater 400 m² market of  ces

auditorium 800 m² auditorium 800 m² 39 40

auditorium 800 m²