Giuseppe Terragni I Jego Dzieła – Między Przeszłością

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Giuseppe Terragni I Jego Dzieła – Między Przeszłością GIUSEPPE TERRAGNI I JEGO DZIEŁA – MI ĘDZY PRZESZŁO ŚCI Ą, TERA ŹNIEJSZO ŚCI Ą A PRZYSZŁO ŚCI Ą GIUSEPPE TERRAGNI AND HIS WORKS – BETWEEN PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE Anna Mielnik dr in ż. arch. Politechnika Krakowska Wydział Architektury Katedra Architektury Mieszkaniowej i Kompozycji Architektonicznej STRESZCZENIE W faszystowskich Włoszech mi ędzy 1920 a 1940 rokiem istniały dwa współzawodnicz ące kierunki architektoniczne, obydwa czerpi ące z dziedzictwa klasycznego. Obok twórczo ści przedstawiciela akademickiego monumentalizmu, neoklasycysty Marcello Piacentiniego, rozwijała si ę włoska odnoga ruchu modernistycznego – Architettura Razionale, której twórcy z Giuseppe Terragnim, jego głównym protagonist ą, nie widzieli sprzeczno ści mie- dzy rozwijaniem architektury nowoczesnej a podtrzymywaniem jej charakteru narodowe- go i historycznego. Słowa kluczowe: Architettura Razionale , Gruppo 7 , Giuseppe Terragni, faszyzm. ABSTRACT In fascist Italy, between 1920 and 1940, there were two competing architectural movements, both stemming from Italian classical heritage. Alongside the work of academic monumentalist and neoclassicist Marcello Piacentini, the Italian branch of the modernist movement - Architettura Razionale developed. Its creators, with Giuseppe Terragni as the main protagonist, did not see contradictions in the development of modern architecture while preserving Italy’s national and historical character. Key words: Architettura Razionale , Gruppo 7, Giuseppe Terragni, fascism. 152 s p a c e & FORM | p r z e s t r z e ń i FORM a 20/2013 1. TRADYCJA A AWANGARDA Benito Mussolini buduj ąc faszystowskie Włochy pragn ął przywrócenia pa ństwu pot ęgi Cesarstwa Rzymskiego. Włoska dyktatura jak na re żim autorytarny obrała szczególn ą drog ę pluralistycznej gi ętko ści 1. Z jednej strony narz ędziem miała by ć architektura wyra- żona formami klasycznymi (tak ą reprezentowała twórczo ść przedstawiciela akademickie- go monumentalizmu, neoklasycysty Marcello Piacentiniego), z drugiej za ś szukano spo- sobu utrzymania i uwierzytelnienia nowoczesnego i rewolucyjnego jej wizerunku (ten zaproponowany został przez racjonalistów z Giuseppe Terragnim na czele). We Wło- szech, które były mniej rozwini ęte ni ż np. Niemcy, faszystom szczególnie zale żało na działaniach unowocze śniaj ących, dlatego racjonalizm w pewnym okresie i zakresie mógł zosta ć usankcjonowany jako oficjalna architektura pa ństwowa. Re żim faszystowski w tym kraju patronował ruchowi modernistycznemu w du żo wi ększym stopniu ni ż było to w nazi- stowskich Niemczech czy sowieckiej Rosji. Włoski racjonalizm narodził si ę, oficjalnie w 1926 roku, gdy siedmiu młodych architektów z Politechniki Mediola ńskiej, w śród nich Giuseppe Terragni, tworzyło Gruppo 7 i w serii artykułów (uznanych za manifest) nawoływało do radykalnej rewolucji w architekturze, jako prawdziwe cechy „nowego ducha” wymieniaj ąc szczero ść , porz ądek i jasno ść . Prawdziwa architektura miała wynika ć ze sztywnego oparcia si ę na logice, racjonalno ści. Racjonali ści nie widzieli jednak sprzeczno ści 2 w rozwijaniu architektury współczesnej, modernistycznej, a jednocze śnie podtrzymywaniu jej charakteru narodowego. Wierzyli, że Włochy, przez sw ą szczególn ą natur ę, tradycj ę i przede wszystkim teraz, w „zwyci ę- skim okresie” w jakim si ę znajduj ą, s ą szczególnie predystynowane do misji stworzenia, a nawet dyktowania stylu innym narodom, jak bywało we wspaniałych okresach przeszło- ści. Nacjonalizm był jedn ą z podstaw tradycjonalizmu, do którego architekci si ę odnosili. Podkre ślali, i ż „we Włoszech istnieje tak wyra źne klasyczne podło że, a duch tradycji jest tak gł ęboki, że w oczywisty sposób i prawie mechanicznie nowa architektura musi za- chowa ć typowy charakter narodowy. Stanowi to wielk ą sił ę, gdy ż tradycja nie zanika, lecz zmienia wygl ąd”. 3 Architekci oscylowali mi ędzy zaj ęciem ortodoksyjnej modernistycznej pozycji a podtrzymaniem stałych podstaw i warto ści. Ci nietypowi twórcy awangardowi utrzymywali, że przeszło ść i tera źniejszo ść nie musi si ę wyklucza ć. Problemem racjonali- zmu stało si ę natomiast utrzymanie modernistycznej gramatyki form architektonicznych, bez przyswajania estetyki maszyny. Racjonali ści mieli dobre podstawy, by zbudowa ć most pomi ędzy post ępowymi i tradycjo- nalistycznymi aspektami mitologii faszystowskiej. Pragnienie przywrócenia architektury „do porz ądku” odpowiadało bezpo średnio próbom uporz ądkowania świata polityki w la- tach 20., nic dziwnego zatem, że racjonali ści szukali w faszyzmie przywództwa. „Racjo- nalizm uległ totalitaryzmowi, poniewa ż obie idee podkre ślały warto ści, takie jak porz ądek, pewno ść i jasno ść , szukaj ąc inspiracji w klasycznej przeszło ści”. 4 Pocz ątkowo nowe po- kolenie architektów awangardowych dobrze czuło si ę w nowym re żimie. Racjonali ści udowadniali, że modernizm mo że zdoby ć si ę na monumentalno ść porównywaln ą do tej Piacentiniego. W latach 1927-1928 sił ą nap ędow ą ruchu było Gruppo 7 , potem osi ą or- ganizacyjn ą stał si ę Włoski Ruch na rzecz Architektury Racjonalistycznej 5 , utworzony w 1930 roku przez Adalberta Liber ę. Ostatnia faza trwała od 1931 roku do VI Triennale Mediola ńskiego w 1936 roku. Pierwsz ą wystaw ę Architettura Razionale urz ądzono w Rzymie na przełomie 1927 i 1928 roku w Palazzo delle Esposizioni pod narodowo-faszystowskim patronatem. W marcu 1931 roku w galerii Pietra Marii Bardiego w Rzymie odbyła si ę II Włoska Wystawa Archi- 1 R. Salvadori, Poszukiwanie nowoczesno ści , słowo/obraz terytoria, Gda ńsk 2001, s.105 2 Inaczej ni ż na przykład niemieccy przedstawiciele Neues Bauen 3 W.J.R. Curtis, Modern Architecture since 1990 , Phaidon Press, London 2005, s.362 4 Ch. Jencks, Architektura pó źnego modernizmu , Arkady, Warszawa 1989, s.131 5 Movemento Italiano per l’Architettura Razionale (MIAR) ANNA MIELNIK 153 tektury Racjonalistycznej. Wywołała ona jednak wielki skandal i przyczyniła si ę do kresu MIAR-u, ko ńca prób współpracy dyktatury z architektur ą modernistyczn ą. Upadek MIAR- u nie oznaczał całkowitego ko ńcowa racjonalizmu, jednak dekada poprzedzaj ąca II wojn ę światow ą została ju ż zdominowana przez „monumentalistów”. „Racjonalistom” pozosta- wiono obszar działa ń koncentruj ących si ę wokół Triennale Mediola ńskiego i magazynu Casabella (red. Giuseppe Pagano). Faszy ści, odwołuj ąc si ę do klasycznej i regionalnej tradycji włoskiej architektury oraz podporz ądkowuj ąc j ą sobie czynili to wył ącznie z pobu- dek ideologicznych, a szczególnie populistycznych, nie estetycznych, skutkiem czego, po 1935 racjonalizm zacz ął traci ć wpływy i został odsuni ęty na bok przez klasyczny monu- mentalizm Piacentiniego, który stał si ę preferowanym, niekłopotliwym i nieskomplikowa- nym pa ństwowym stylem architektonicznym. 2. NOVOCOMUM – PODŁO ŻE MODERNISTYCZNE Giuseppe Terragni (1904 - 1943) szybko przekroczył akademizm swojej edukacji i do połowy lat 20. był ju ż świadomy ruchu modernistycznego krystalizuj ącego si ę wtedy w północnej Europie 6. Ju ż jego pierwsze prace były próbami pogodzenia klasycznej figu- racji z nowymi technikami konstrukcyjnymi i abstrakcjonizmem. Jego styl architektoniczny odwołuje si ę do Gropiusa i Le Corbusiera, z wyczuwalnymi wpływami Ericha Mendelsoh- na, radzieckiego konstruktywizmu, a nawet futuryzmu Sant’Elli 7. Wczesne projekty Terragniego, jak Officina per la Produzione del Gaz (1927) i budynek mieszkalny Novocomum (1927-1929) w Como, mo żna traktowa ć wła śnie jako reinterpre- tacje przykładów mi ędzynarodowych. Przeszklone walce w naro żnikach Novocomum przykryte przez przypominaj ące dziób statku szpice najwy ższej kondygnacji wyra źnie nawi ązuj ą do konstruktywistycznego budynku moskiewskiego klubu robotniczego „Zujew” Ilji Gołosowa, a dynamiczna horyzontalno ść pasmowych okien na najwy ższych pi ętrach, długich balkonów i okien o poziomej artykulacji, do stylu mi ędzynarodowego. Budynek nazwany transatlantykiem wywołał wielkie kontrowersje nie tylko z powodu jego „nowego stylu”, ale równie ż dlatego, że rysunek elewacji przedło żony władzom do akceptacji przedstawiał pełn ą gam ę klasycznych elementów (jak tympanony nad oknami, pilastry, gzymsy i zdobienia 8) pó źniej nie zrealizowanych. 3. CASA DEL FASCIO – PODŁO ŻE KLASYCZNE Po pierwszym okresie wprowadzania modernizmu do Włoch i „udomawiania” go, prace Terragniego, jak projekty grobowców Stecchinich (Como, 1930) i Pirovano (Como, 1936), coraz silniej ukazuj ą próby wprowadzania uproszczonych form klasycznych. Zaintereso- wania Terraniego architektur ą historyczn ą si ęgały czasów studenckich, kiedy to architekt miał w zwyczaju szkicowa ć i zmienia ć budynki z przeszło ści, nadaj ąc im współczesny charakter. Architekt współuczestniczył równie ż w do świadczeniach ruchu Novecento , głosz ącego hasła powrotu „do ładu” i do włoskich tradycji artystycznych. Do 1932 roku malował obrazy przenikni ęte aur ą realizmu magicznego. Du ży wpływ miała na niego twórczo ść mediola ńskiej „grupy neoklasycznej”, z jej czoło- wym architektem Giovannim Muzio. Zarówno u Muzio, jak i u Terragniego znajdujemy idee miasta zbudowanego z fragmentów, które odnosz ą si ę do siebie według porz ądku neoklasycznego w przypadku Muzio (jak w budynku mieszkalnym Ca’Brutta (1922), z szeregiem neoklasycznych elementów, w aran żacji pozbawionej sztywno ści i symetrii) i klasycznego w przypadku Terragniego (jak w Casa del Fascio ). Ich zamierzenia skupia- ją si ę na rekompozycji „absolutnej formy”, unikaj ąc eklektyzmu, który uwa żaj ą za antyhi- 6 Włochy miały słabe własne tradycje modernistyczne 7 R. Salvadori,
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