The Journal of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, & Letters Volume 92 • 2015 Includes selected and refereed articles from the 2015 Annual Conference held at Snow College March 27, 2015 Editor Kristin L. Kraus Copyright 2016, Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, & Letters. Copyright reverts to authors after publication. Printed in the United States of America by Brigham Young University Academic Publishing, Provo, Utah. Neither the editors nor the sponsoring organization assumes responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by the contributors. ISBN-13: 978-0-9815501-9-0 All Rights Reserved Board of Editors Arts: Angie Banchero-Kelleher, Utah Valley University Biological Science: Laurie Mauger, Southern Utah University Business: Douglas Peterson, Westminster College Education: Laura Snelson, Utah Valley University Engineering: Doran Baker, Utah State University Exercise Science and Outdoor Recreation: L. Nathan Thomas, Salt Lake Community College Letters—Humanities, Philosophy, Foreign Language: David Richter, Utah State University Letters—Language and Literature: Keith Lawrence, Brigham Young University Physical Sciences: Rico Del Sesto, Dixie State University Social Science: Rachel Hayes-Harb, University of Utah Posters: R. Steven Turley, Brigham Young University 2014-2015 Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, & Letters Officers President: Jonathan Westover, Utah Valley University President-Elect: H. Laine Berghout, Weber State University Past President: Erin O’Brien, Dixie State University Secretary: Susanna Garcia, Utah Valley University Treasurer: Karl Israelsen Scholary Communications: Peter Kraus, University of Utah Member at Large: Dwight Israelsen, Utah State University Technology Officer: Rachel Ramsey, Dixie State University Cover Photo: Courtney R. Davis, “The Intellectual Simulacrum: Landscape Photography, Copyright Law, and Claiming the American West,” p. 19 Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters History: Founded 3 April 1908, the Utah Academy of Sciences was organized "to promote investigations and diffuse knowledge in all areas of science." Beginning in 1923, the Academy started publishing the papers presented in its annual meetings in Proceedings. In June 1933 at the annual meeting, the Academy was enlarged to include arts and letters, and the name was changed to the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. Articles of incorporation and non-profit organization status were accepted by the Academy membership at the spring meeting in April 1959. In 1977, the name of the journal of the Academy was changed from Proceedings to Encyclia. It became a refereed journal at this time. In the mid 1980s, the scope of the Academy was expanded further to include (1) business, (2) education, (3) engineering, (4) library information and instruction, and (5) health, physical education, and recreation. Beginning with the 1998 issue, the journal became The Journal of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. Annual Meeting: The Academy's annual meetings are normally held in the spring on one of the Utah campuses of higher education. The plenary session is called the Tanner Lecture, endowed by Mr. O.C. Tanner in 1986. Best Paper Awards: The best paper presented in every division is given a cash award, which is presented at the Academy's "Awards Evening" held the following fall. Distinguished Service Awards: The Academy recognizes outstanding contributions to teaching and scholarship by means of annual Distinguished Service Awards, alternating every other year between disciplines. Membership: When the Academy was founded in 1908, membership was by nomination, ratified by the Council, and elected by a "three- fourths votes of members present." Today, the Academy's membership is available by application. Institutional Members: All Utah institutions of higher education are members of the Utah Academy. The Academy appreciates their patronage. Publication Policy The Journal of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters publishes works in all of the fields of study encompassed in the Academy’s mission. Pa- pers published in The Journal of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Let- ters are drawn from papers presented by members in good standing at the annual conference of the Utah Academy. To qualify for publication, the papers must be recommended through a refereeing system. Presenters are encouraged to publish their paper in The Journal of the Utah Academy. The Journal’s criteria are that a submission is (1) fresh, mean- ingful scholarly insight on its subject; (2) readable and well written; and (3) of general interest for an academic readership beyond the author’s field. If you wish your paper to be considered for publication in The Journal, please submit a Microsoft Word document to the section editor of the appropri- ate section by the indicated deadline. Contact information for the section edi- tors is available on the Utah Academy’s website (www.utahacademy.org). The Journal of the Utah Academy is a refereed journal. Editorial responses will be forthcoming after the resumption of school the following fall when referees have returned their comments to the division chairs. Papers should be between ten and twenty double-spaced pages. Detailed instructions to authors are available at http://www.utahacademy.org/ Instructions_for_Authors.pdf. Among the bibliographic services listing at Bowker Serials Bibliographies and The Standard Periodical Direction. Indexing and abstracting services that cite articles in the journal include Arts and Humanities Citation Index, Biosciences Information Services, Current Geographical Publicatoin, Chemical Abstracts, Mathematical Reviews, MLA Biography, Sociological Abstracts, Excerpta Botanica, Social Planning, Policy and Development Abstracts, Language and Language Behavior Abstracts, Index to Scientific Technical Proceedings, and Index to Social Sciences, and Humanities Proceedings. The Journal of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, & Letters—2015 AWARDS Distinguished Service Award 11 Academy Fellow 2016 12 Tanner Lecture 13 John and Olga Gardner Prize 14 Honorary Member 2016 15 2015 Best Paper Awards 17 ARTICLES ARTS The Intellectual Simulacrum: Landscape Photography, Copyright Law, and Claiming the American West 19 Courtney R. Davis, Utah Valley University Sociopolitical Influences on the Creation of the Ballet Giselle 33 Rose Hutchins, Utah Valley University The Symphony and the Ballet: Select Compositions of Tchaikovsky as an Educational Tool for Music and Ballet 47 Justine Sheedy-Kramer, Utah Valley University BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Effects of mercury (II) chloride exposure on life parameters and Hsp70 expression in brine shrimp Artemia franciscana 67 Dustin Ingraham and Nicole Berthélémy, Weber State University The PhD Labor Market Imbalance and its Effect on Life Science Departments 81 Jonathon C. Marshall,1 Nile Carrethers,1 Tyson Schwab,2 Geoff Beck,3 and Leticia Alvarez Gutièrrez2, 1Weber State University; 2University of Utah; 3Saint Louis University BUSINESS Exploring comparative employee engagement 89 Aaron Barros, Sean Costello, Garret Beaman, and Jonathan H. Westover, Utah Valley University Accounting for Virtual Currency Transactions 109 Jennifer Harrison and Ronald Mano, Westminster College An Exploratory Investigation of Gender and Cross-Major Differences in Business Student Success in an IT Course 119 Taowen Le,1 Jin Zhang,2 and Wayne Wei Huang3, 1Weber State University, 2University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, 3Ohio University EDUCATION NSSE as an Institutional Assessment Tool: Increasing Response Rates and Student Awareness 145 Angela Ward, Laura Snelson, Nikole Higgins, and David Anderson, Utah Valley University ENGINEERING Hybrid Wind and Solar Electric Power System 157 Doran Baker and Gene Ware, Utah State University Space Dynamics Laboratory: An Unexpected Success 163 Brian Simons and Doug Lemon, Utah State University EXERCISE SCIENCE AND OUTDOOR RECREATION The 2014 Olympic Winter Games as a Catalyst for Physical Activity 173 James Bemel, Utah Valley University LETTERS—HUMANITIES, PHILOSOPHY, AND FOREIGN LANGUAGE Attitudinal Shifts in Student Perceptions of Academic Service-Learning: An Exploratory Study of a General Education Humanities Course 191 Kimberli M. Lawson, Utah Valley University Collaboration and Performance in the Pessoa/Queiroz Love Letters 203 Todd Kimball Mack, Southern Utah University PHYSICAL SCIENCES Qualifying and Quantifying the Uncertainty in the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relations 223 Jacob “J” Collings and Jean-François S. Van Huele, Brigham Young University Determining Thin-Film Roughness with Extreme Ultraviolet Reflection 239 Cody L. Petrie, Joshua Marx, David Squires, and R. Steven Turley, Brigham Young University Phosphatidylserine–Copper (II) Binding Can Lead to Fast Through-Membrane Copper Transport 257 Michael J. Trujillo, D. Tyler Scholes, Christopher M. Reynolds, Conner Winegar, and Christopher F. Monson, Southern Utah University SOCIAL SCIENCES Undercover Policing: Practices and Challenges 273 Lindsey Bonney, Weber State University Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker’s Violin Phase from a Jungian Perspective 285 Jon Thomas, Utah Valley University ABSTRACTS 297 DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARD The Distinguished Service Award is given to an academic professional for exceptional service to the higher education community in Utah. Richard R. Sudweeks Professor of Instructional Psychology and Technology Brigham Young University Richard Sudweeks is a professor in the Department of Instructional Psychology and Technology at BYU. He also serves as