CEU eTD Collection

Orthodox Politics: Orthodox formationdiscourseitsof andorthodox socio NationalismDepartmentStudies CentralUniversity European Supervisor: Andras Supervisor: Kovacs Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Teona SurmavaTeona soviet Georgia soviet Master of Arts Master of Submitted by Submitted 2014 By

- politicalimplicationin post - CEU eTD Collection political and socialpowerful most the as authority;its demonstrate to order inuse to trying is Church anti is provide ecumenical aimsto and to trying is Church the framework ideological The sentiment. religious framework. ideological Ge the by up filled was Union the ofbreakdown the after created was that vacuumideological The nationalism. religious of emergence the to contributed experience greatly Soviet the that argue will I institution. social b Church Georgian the which under conditions reasons, andevenprivate. cultural social, political,including life; of domainevery almost ininterferes Church the hand Weste the join to strive elite O figure. public popular most the II Ilya Patriarch the and Church. Orthodox country. challenges. re and issues brought countries European Eastern and Union Soviet the of collapse the However, The iiu ntoaim n te ye f h church the of type the and nationalism ligious re ainhp ewe te Church the between lationship The study will examine the reasons of the sudden turn to religion and the leverage the the religionand to turn sudden the ofreasons the examine willstudy The possible the examine and topic the on insights new offer to tends research My Georgian the of popularity the and power the of growth the face we Georgia In post in nationalism religious of emergence The institution to mobilize institutionimpact maketo andpeopleon social anthe life. politicaland

As surveys suggest the Church is the most trusted institution in Georgia, Georgia, in institution trusted most the is Church the suggest surveys As

I will demonstrate that the discourse is Orthodox and is based on the on based is and Orthodox is discourse the that demonstrate will I influencedecisionthe on rn organizations and build a lib a build and organizations rn rin rhdx hrh wih tre t sae new a shape to started which Church, Orthodox orgian and Abstract

and the raise of religious nationalism in Central in nationalism religious of raise the and state state i

- making process inmakingprocess Georgia. - tt rltosis ais rm onr to country from varies relationships state

has always ecame extremely strong political and political strong extremely ecame - oils cutis s o a novelty a not is countries socialist n the one hand Georgian political political Georgian hand one the n eral nation eral en the been h dmnin f the of dimension The - state, but on t on but state, ujc o debate. of subject

he other he

- . CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Conclusion InstrumentalizationofHistoricalCultural Orthodox and Memory, DiscourseShaping relationshipAnalysisChurchbetween of the and the government since1990 Process the Communism ofand Georgianof Formation Nationalism RussianPoliticsGeorgian Orthodoxthe Towards C LiteratureReview Introduct Patriarch Mediatoras a Analysis of the MikheilSaakashvili SheEduard MediaPrinted Analysis EarlyYears: Toolsof Nationalism IndependenceFirst ProcessThe ofFormation of NatioGeorgian ConceptThe of NationChosen andImagined Community Identity TypeThe of Nationalism,Georgian Main CharacteristicsandDistinctive features. The Shaping of Georgian Religion andNationalism, Church

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CEU eTD Collection 5 4 3 2 1 other the On conditions. social neutral’ ‘religiously and state and church of separation the multicultural requiringofandprinci diversity acknowledgement the European a build to striven has it independence of declaration catastrophebiggestmistakethe therefore, andfor theO Georgian ethno forming ofinsights the demonstrated apocalypse’ has which ‘zombie of kind was “it notes he As society. Georgian of conditions critical socio its demonstrated power. political vividly institution, an as Church, Orthodox Georgian the when ev anti first the was LGBT protecting organization the by organized rally The Georgia. Tbilisi,

aluate, this event was the most obvious example in the contemporary history of Georgia of history contemporary the in example obvious most the was event this aluate, InterviewShota with Kintsurashvili, April 15, 2014 OrthodoxTheology the on 17th of May).” Gamrekelashvili,“Martlmadidebeli Teologis Mosazrebebi Maisis17 Movlebebze (Thoughts aboutthe McGuinness,“Clashes Gayat Georgia.”Rally in Myers,“Attacks Minorityon FaithsRise Post in InterviewwithShota Kintsurashvili, Mirian Gamrekelashvili, April15, 2014;April, 09,2014 otmoay eri i i a aaoia stain o te n hn, ic the since hand, one the on situation: paradoxical a in is Georgia Contemporary On attacks.the in complicity theintensity of violencethe toward inevidence and the of official religiousminorities, newlyOrthodoxGeorgiauniquechurchesisand sects. religions inBut emergentand withhasbrought freedom it ofmanyUnion,theincluding the Soviet republics of Russia, In the birthformer of a 1, 03 clergy a 2013 17, May 3

The theologian Mirian Gamrekelashvili writes that 17 that writes GamrekelashviliMirian theologianThe - oohbc eosrto hl i post in held demonstration homophobic

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religious tensions, particularly the predominantthe religious tensions,particularly - e mb takd gay a attacked mob led

Introduction -

SovietGeorgia.”

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religious fascism in Georgia”. in fascism religious

- oils Georgia. socialist - - rights demonstration held in in held demonstration rights style democratic system, one system, democratic style rthodox Church” rthodox ples only feasible through ples only th

of May reve May of - rights 2

s scholars As 5

Identoba 4 aled the aled

It was It - , CEU eTD Collection 8 7 6 of separation the guarantees and state secular a is Georgia of post Republic the the Constitution in as extreme as the been of never part socio important into engagement its an of intensity as the however, served project, nationalistic Religion identity. Georgian shaping in decisive campaign monitoredpollsrallies parliamentaryandthe during elections . of2012 in participated actively priests Furthermore, pulpit. church the from decisions p public on commenting opposition its and mediator government a the as between serves often Patriarch The capital. social immense with institution robust financially and independent an actor, major a becoming Church Orthodox Georgian the with Caucasus, itsallSouth reachedrepublicstheGeorgia three of‘relig climax of the in institutionsreligiousinmajor high Withtrust limited a degree. religiosityto onlyof spread Kiev and Moscow Patriarchates. the between division the of because importance national than rather in to managed Belarus, extent some to and Russia, country. by significantly varied implication its however states, independent newly all in present was revival’ ‘religious Union Soviet of terms in exception an society. communist former the of life private and public of part integral becomemysticalan hasgradually itsleaderII Church Ilya almost Georgianand the Orthodox Georgian. ethnically and Orthodox anti an establishes Church the hand

tegrate the church into mainstream politics, while in Ukraine the church acquired regional acquired church the Ukraine in while politics, mainstream into church the tegrate Barry,“Church’s Muscle AidedWin of President’s Rivals inGeorgia.” Russia,Belarus andUkraine.” Titarenko,“On Shiftthe GeorgianNational Study. 2012. hl saig erin ainls drn te 19 the during Nationalism Georgian shaping While 7

h Cnrl sa rpbis ad o oe xet zrajn acpe the accepted Azerbaijan, extent some to and republics, Asian Central The

ing Nature ing of Religionduring Ongoingthe Post

the rise of power of religious institutions. After the collapse of the the of collapse the After institutions. religious of power of rise the

- With recent recent With Western discourse and defines being Georgian as being as Georgian being defines and discourse Western - oit eid Frhroe accordi Furthermore, period. Soviet 2

polls pointing to a high of 93 percent trust, trust, percent 93 of high a to pointing polls

- th Communist Transformationin

etr, eiin w religion century, 8

lce ad political and olicies 6

But Georgia is not is Georgia But - political life has has life political ious revival’ g o the to ng s not as CEU eTD Collection institutions makestate for impact onattempts to and an value and framework ideological new a offers now church will Union.I that argue collapse theandSoviet ofthelife after political Georgian state social, religious. post the during knowledge. ‘vacuum’of a created but bureaucracy, Church the ofstrengthening the to contributed priests th of quality the that means growth Rapid today. active priests ordained 1,700 of upwards with exploded, liftingSoviet of Sincethe priests. vacuum. ideological the filled Church Orthodox the and stability social and political provide to failed institutions mobilization? post in people.symbolicmeaningathe to mediato a as serves hecases most inAs Patriarch. of role the is Georgia in popularity Church’s the of factors explanatory the of one that arguing be will I that, Besides processes. political influence to uses it leverage the and Church Orthodox Georgian the of emergence to contributed which reasons possible the examine to is purpose research the Therefore, affairs. state and church - In my thesis I will argue that in the case of Georgia increasingin numbermyofcase churches that the argue Inof theGeorgia will thesis I became Whenpatriarc II the Ilya that willbe mainargument My Questions: Research oit eri ad h hs rhdx sre a te an ehns fr soc for mechanism main the as served Orthodoxy has why and Georgia Soviet This study will focus on the role and the place of the Georgian Orthodox Orthodox Georgian the placeof the androle the on focus willstudy This

eir religious teachings varies widely; on the one hand the increased number of of number increased the hand one the on widely; varies teachings religious eir

- Soviet period doesn’t necessarily mean that people have become more more become have people that mean necessarily doesn’t period Soviet

Why is religion the primary tool for constructing ethnic identityethnicconstructing primaryfor the tool religion is Why - era controls over religious life, the ranks of the clergy haveclergy the of ranks the life,religiouscontrols over era

after the collapse of the Soviet the collapseof the after r between the ruling party and the opposition and has has and opposition the and rulingparty betweenthe r h in 1977, the Georgian Church counted only about 5 only about counted inChurchGeorgian h the 1977, 3

Georgia’sforeignpolicy. - system not only for society, but but society, for only not system as a powerful institution powerful a as - Union, fragile political Union, fragile

Church in Church ial CEU eTD Collection circumstances political determining Process societies. industrial in irrelevant became gradually it as religion of role fading the and state and church the between relationship the discussing authors key on dwell will I identity, national Georgian forming in religion of importance and the understand primary to order both In sources. using secondary methods qualitative on relies research The influence. political o means the withinstitution dominant a asChurch Orthodox Georgian ofMikheil Sakashvili(2004 invest will I end the thenkeyduringthewill Shevardnadze’s outline events Eduard presidency (1999 (1991 Gamsakhurdia Zviad Georgia of president first the of presidency the examine betw relationship the analyze will I power gainedchurch the bywhich process illustrate the to in order But in 2013. ratified and signed was Church Orthodox Autocephalous Apostolic the and Georgia of State the between 2 and Churches of Council World the left Georgia when 1997 are in events; major that two on focus developments will I 90s past the After argument. the my for important and background historical provide to order in Church look will I power. political its gained Church the when provideideologicalandnewa arewhat framework it. key the dimensions of de will work the of part last the While institution. conditions what under and why Methodology: Methodology: Timeline: explain to wayina designed isfirstone parts: broadthe intotwo is dividedthesis The The research will be mainly focused on the period from the 90s to present, to 90s thefrom period the on focusedmainly be willresearch The igate the key features of the Church the of features key the igate y hss xmns h raos otiuig o mrec o the of emergence to contributing reasons the examines thesis My - 2012). 2012).

emerged the Georgian Orthodox Church as the most trusted most the as Church Orthodox Georgian the emerged e te tt ad hrh rm h ery 90: will I 1990s: early the from church and state the een

in which the Georgian Orthodox Church involves itself involves Church Orthodox Georgian the which in 4

-

Brubaker 0 we te osiuinl Agreement Constitutional the when 002 monstrate - at history of the Georgian Orthodox Orthodox Georgian the of history at state relations during the presidency presidency the during relations state Adro, ruly Durkheim Breuilly, Anderson, , - rcn wl sre s to in tool a as serve will tracing how

s h Cuc tyn to trying Church the is f exercising social and and socialexercising f

- 2004) and 2004) at - 1999) -

CEU eTD Collection Georgian.”“true define question the on focuswill I part final the In features. distinctive its out point will and nationalism Georgian of type the describe Church the analyze the examine will Europ review Eastern and Central literature in State and my Church between relationship of part first the processes, political to uses influence Church the leverage the illustrate will I Union Soviet the of dissolution the after constructin for tool main the became religion why reasons possible the examine to order In discourse. Orthodox new a shape aimsto thus, and narrativeshistorical and memory Or post in institution trusted most the and powerful a such became Church the why reasons possible the investigate and state the and statistical and visual provide to order in information. graphs present will I Further, approaches. Church the to related events key theolo and party political of leader a including fundedchannelsbyof Georgia.Patriarchate the systemati church the to newsarticlesrelated 2014, to 1997 from speeches Patriarch’s analysis, discourse use will I purpose this For uses. it leverage the and thodox Church tries to shape Georgian identity through utilizing Georgian cultural cultural Georgian utilizing through identity Georgian shape to tries Church thodox In my In in conducted I Georgia in trip field my During mntrn o rlgos media religious of monitoring c

thesis I will analyze the relationship between the Georgian Orthodox Church Orthodox Georgian the between relationship the analyze will I thesis - tt rltosi i Goga fe te 0. n h scn pr I will I part second the In 90s. the after Georgia in relationship state

Literature Review Literature - - state relationships and will compare with others’ others’ with compare will and relationships state

why and why - oit eri. wl age ht h Georgian the that argue will I Georgia. Soviet - sources, such as newspapers, TV and radio radio and TV newspapers, as such sources, 5

gians. I will use their opinions to analyze the the analyze to opinions their use will I gians.

how the Georgian Orthodox Church aims to aims Church Orthodox Georgian the how - state relationship, I will use process of process will use I relationship, state - depth interviews with public figures, figures, public with interviews depth

ean countries and will will and countries ean g identity g CEU eTD Collection identity concept 3.Theofimaginedchosen nation Georgian and community. of shaping features, distinctive and characteristics main nationalism, Georgian state and church between relationship the of features basic the 1. addressing: be will I thesis. my why question to fails maireligionbecamethe it however life, political in engagement its and Church Orthodox In the literature review I will be guided by three basic questions that are tightly related to related tightlyare that questions basic three by guided bewill I reviewliterature the In

in general and more precisely in Central and Eastern European Countries, 2.The type of of type2.The Countries,European Eastern and Central inprecisely more andgeneral in Already existing literature illustrates the general trend about empowering the the empowering about trend general the illustrates literature existing Already n tool for the Church to constructGeorgianfor Churchmodernthen identity. to tool 6

CEU eTD Collection 10 9 explains and helps religion which in ways specify to is second The phenomena. analogous as race, and ethnicity with along relationship the explain to aims category first The study. usedbe couldand topic theapproach waysto different are categories church the analyze to approaches Rogers four case. suggests Georgian article the Brubaker’s to applied be can that category the investigate to interesting servesstate, the andmissioncontinuationas the Georgian possesspast the of the nation. ato “c a by driven are both argues, HayesAs immortality. ofideal and salvation ofmission a as nationalismlastly, nationality”. one’s of future everlasting the and past eternal the around world unseen na of the elements emotional out and points imaginary Hayes emotions. the and imagination the play into calls religion any like nationalism Secondly, god spiritual a of role a plays he and enormous is II Ilya Patriarch the most re the infollowingchapters, Aswillthe interest. demonstrate I at is feature this precisely, more and religion and nationalism between relationship one’s of personification patron the either be can nationalismin god The god. a have nationalism and religion Christianity”. historic of usages and customs H Carlton Asreligion. to similar waysmany nationalismin is that will brieflydemonstrate I sectionthis

Ibid. Hayes,Nationalism. The nature of the relationship between nationalism and religion is subject to debate. In debate. to subject is religion and nationalism between relationship the of nature The

In different countries we encounter different types of the church the of types different encounter we countries different In ReligionNa and ys ons u, mdr ntoaim s rlgo hs aual aatd many adapted naturally has religion a as nationalism “modern out, points ayes ollective faith”. In case of Georgia religion, having symbolic meaning for meaning symbolic having religion, Georgia of case In faith”. ollective

patrie tionalism,Church

, one’s fatherland, one’s national state”. For my thesis the the thesis my For state”. national one’s fatherland, one’s , tionalism, stating that “the imagination builds an an builds imagination “the that stating tionalism, - state inrelationsstate Post 9

7 The most important shared feature is that both that is feature shared important most The

ligious and nationalistic ligiousof androle - Sovietcountries - to analyze a single case single analyzea to tt rltosi. His relationship. state - state relations. state

or “the or 10

And It is It

CEU eTD Collection 13 12 11 low as are general in practice religious of level the and activities Church the to Commitment U Russians, of religiosity the because unclear is revival towards religious the of move nature the However them Orthodoxy. made and attitude people’s changed Churches the of position legal in religion ofposition the that explains article in change radical a The brought communism of collapse the countries. and Union Soviet the of dissolution European Eastern in State and Church Orthodox experience. Soviet the by defined greatly was nationalism religious of awakening thus, nationalistic and Georgia contain in claims to failed rule Soviet the chapters, next the in demonstrate will I As forandafter thatfertilecountriesbefore the thecreated or other ground to compared far” too “went Union Soviet the that concludes and Union Soviet the of politics Soviet the of system multi the that claimed paradigm the While discourse. nationalistic loo to interesting itbecausereveals app will I of case In nationalism. of form religious distinctively a posit to aims relationship of type last The intertwining. and interpretation of modes specify to nationalism of part as religion treat to is power origin, its about nationalism, about things

Ibid. Brubaker,“Myths andMisconceptions in Studythe of Nationalism.” Brubaker,“Religion andNationalism.”

politics can be characterized as a nationalistic. a as characterized be can politics

Borowik’s work is another i another is work Borowik’s is it nationalism of development the on ideology Soviet the of impact the Studying krainians and Belorussians also include elements of New Age spirituality. spirituality. Age New of elements include also Belorussians and krainians oit no cnand rvosy xsig ainls, e rus ht the that argues he nationalism, existing previously contained Union Soviet ly the third type of Brubaker’s categorization to the Georgian n Georgian the to categorization Brubaker’s of type third the ly that religion part theof canbenationalisticthat discourse. k at his another piece, where he criticizes “repressed” paradigm in in paradigm “repressed” criticizes he where piece, another his at k

Central and Eastern European countries. The author argues that the that argues author Thecountries. European Eastern andCentral

mportant piece to evaluate the relationship between the the between relationship the evaluate to piece mportant 8

and its distinctive character, while the third the while character, distinctive its and 12

He further suggests insights on the on insights suggests further He

- nationali

11 raise of nationalism.raiseof

tc n federal and stic ationalism, 13

CEU eTD Collection 16 15 14 post as theories such of framework theoretical the apply to possible it made that region thi of circumstances historical the examines also author The Church. Orthodox Russian post the among practices religious and institutions religious in morereformulatedchallengesrecent seculazation theories. trust high and practice religious low both of presence the Thus, non that countriethese However, secularization. ofform a as practicesreligious theories decliningviewed secularization earlier under secular considered are Georgia and Azerbaijan a is trust interpersonal which ind in significant country only the is Georgia that illustrates study The variables of types two to regard with Georgia. and Armenia,Azerbaijan revivalraisesthe questionsto related breakdownafter Union.thereligiosity Soviet of theof to related closely is approach This 90s. the after trauma ideological of creation the on emphasis the in puts and Russia religiosity especially and Ukraine of Belarus, issues the discusses she where work Titarenko’s mention should I state post the about speaking Union, Soviet the of dissolution the after emerged that trends basic the covered Borowik post other alike where case, societies. European Western secularized most the in as

C Russia,Belarus andUkraine.” Titarenko,“On Shiftingthe Nature of Religionduring Ongoingthe Post Borowik,“Between Orthodoxy and Eclecticism.” - The paper by Robia Charles examines the determinants of trust in religious institutions in institutions inreligious trust of determinants the examines Charles Robiaby paper The eua wt rset o oe eet eiiu institutions religious recent more to respect with secular harles,“Religiosity Trust Religiousand in Institutions.” An intAn eresting article of Titarenko examines the mixed nature of contemporary beliefs contemporarymixedof nature examines the Titarenko ofarticleeresting ctr f rs i rlgos institutions. religious in trust of icator

- Communist countries and the relationship betwee relationship the and countries Communist

-

oils sae, h lvl f eiiu patc i lw While low. is practice religious of level the states, socialist Results show some difference between the three countries three the between difference some show Results - trust in secular institutions and socioeconomic factors. socioeconomic and institutions secular in trust - oit onre, ih h seii epai o the on emphasis specific the with countries, Soviet

9

16 14

my line of argumentation. The work work The argumentation. of linemy h ppr anan ta Armenia, that maintains paper The

This work is close to the Georgi the to close is work This

- -

Communist Transformationin s fr o secularization. of form a as n the Church and and Church the n s are s an 15 s -

CEU eTD Collection 19 18 17 it thesis my For citizens. Soviet post of lives the shaping of purpose the for agenda political the of picture different causes thus and group and country particular the to according varies t that concludes and groups religious and governments between relationship religious societies communist institutions. economic post and political the in as served institutions elites and parties political the frequen from the of frustration because that suggesting insight different provides it because hypothesis Politics European East and Soviet in Nationalism reas characterizedinsymphony,casesthemost Churchas the as plays“ownits game”. or symphony called is Russia, in mainly and Europe, Eastern in State and Church Orthodox the Church oftypology churc the which in church Orthodox the examines policy and scholars theologians, among debates the on elaborating Orthodoxy examineKalkandjieva’s to interesting provides Union.This structurework mythe analysisof the willmainapply argument.I to post and vacuum ideological the about argument my test to relevant is it thesis my For trauma. communist

Caesaropapism Ramet, ReligionRamet, andNationalism inSoviet andEast EuropeanPolitics. Kalkandjieva,“A Comparative Analysis Churchon Russia,Belarus andUkraine.” Titarenko,“On Shiftingthe Nature of Religionduring Ongoingthe Post n h te mngd o ly h rl o a eiiiig oc.Te book The force. legitimizing a of role the play to managed they why on Increased popularity of the religious institutions is among the factors explaining the the explaining factors the among is institutions religious the of popularity Increased post other and Georgia between parallel a drawing While - oit rua hc eegd n eri atrte olpe of collapse the after Georgia in emerged which trauma soviet I m tei i wl b dmntae ta Goga cs cno be cannot case Georgian that demonstrated be will it thesis my In . - h, ethnic community and state grow together. grow state and community ethnic h, state relations in Eastern Europe and argues that the relationship between the arguesthat Europeand in Eastern relations state

- state relations in a way to argue that Orthodoxy is a religion a is Orthodoxy that argue to way a in relations state

piece. She studies the Church the studies She piece. 10 - StateRelations

y arn Ramet Sabrina by inEastern Orthodoxy.” 19

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Communist Transformationin h bo as eaie the examines also book The 18 - - h ato poie the provides author The oils cutis i is it countries, Socialist state relations inEastern relations state

s eeat o my for relevant is e relationship he

- eiin and Religion makers. She makers.

the Soviet Soviet the 17

t CEU eTD Collection 21 20 of establishment of preconditions historical examine authors The dimensions. and features shaping. identity in Church Orthodox Georgian the of role the precisely, more and formation identity century 20th ledand Russianstate the to “symphony”. the of expectations the met Church the of development the where Russia, in State the and Church the between cooperation successful the shows it that way a in thesis my for relevant The power”. “soft instrumentsof the usesChurch Orthodox Russian the way the and civilizationofconcepts broad inshaping Russianpatriarch theimportance of the showsstudy in Stalin of Orthodox points role theits out Georgianbetweenillustrates Therelationship theChurch work one. and Russian the of characteristics main the unites beautifully study The countries. uses. Church Orthodox Georgian see the research tools Pkhaladze’s the and leverage the examine to useful is it associations, political a as served thus, and popularity mass the enjoyed that organizations institutionideologicalshapesthat modern Georgianidentity. Georg the of emergence the of reasons the explains

Churchin Establishmentof Identity.Georgian The Late20th Century Ident’obisChamoq’alibebashi XX Sauk’unis Bolo Kekelia, NeighboringCountries. Georgia, Latvia, Ukraine. Pkhaladze,Sharashenidze, andKudors, Religion as Instrument the of Russian Foreign Policy towards TheTypeofNationalism, Georgian Mainfeatures.Characteristics TheDistinctive and h book The Afterstudying conditionsunderthe 21

Th Gavashelishvili,andSulkhanishvili, Martalmadidebeli Ek’lesiis Roli Kartuli Nacionaluri raig n cnrbtn t h Rsin utrl n sca reality. social and cultural Russian the to contributing and creating bo cnan catr aot erin ainls, lutaig t main its illustrating Nationalism, Georgian about chapters contains book e – The role of of role The h bgnig f h 1t century) 19th the of beginning the

s o xmn te eeae usa ss oad neighboring towards uses Russia leverage the examine to ks rhdx hrh n salsmn o Goga iett,te late identity,(the Georgian of establishment in Church Orthodox

ShapingofIdentity Georgian

what the religious institutions religious the what onlythe social were

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ian Orthodox Church as a source of main of source a as Church Orthodox ian

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CEU eTD Collection 23 22 failsfromescapewhysociety Georgian Stalin andto ideology. Stalinism factor explanatoryan as thinking of line this use will I mythesis In society. reshaperadically o heir future avant the of experience the established art “total a the Stalin that instead by argues proposed and masses” the for “art an was realism socialist that view the questions Groys 1917. October of revolution the behindidea main the examines He totalita links Groys Borisby book anthropologistsexplain phenomenon. this how examine and case Georgian the with parallel a draw to collection essay this use will Soviet co in not Church onlyRussian/post Orthodox the chipand thething devilof the this to dedicated was research anthropological of lot A devil’. the of sign ‘the the reference the analyze will pilgrimage and ritual hymnology, Coltz inrolesmodernshapingGeorgiannationalism. importantmost the ofone playsandplayedRussia factorof in reality Georgianthe that thesis Orthodox Georgian Chur the towards politics Russian of role the which in identity, Georgian

Groĭs,The TotalArt of Stalinismus. Hann andGoltz, EasternChristians inAnthropological Perspective. h s seta fr y hss I m rsac I il ou o hs okt spot my support to book this on focus will I research my In thesis. my for essential is ch

- te avant the f xmn te rmr “itnusig etrs f h Esen traditions Eastern the of features “distinguishing primary the examine oriented logic of avant oflogic oriented As we already discussed about the Russian influence over the Georgian Church the the Church Georgian the over influence Russian the about discussed already we As essayscollectionThe

case of mass protests against Georgian ID cards claiming that these cards cards these that claiming cards ID Georgian against protests mass of case - ad dsr t eae h budr bten r ad vrdy ie n to and life everyday and art between boundary the erase to desire garde

d i floe ws omltd y well by formulated was followed his nd Eas -

garde thinking” (Groys 1992). (Groys thinking” garde tern Christians in Anthropological PerspectiveAnthropological in Christians tern

- rian aims of the Communism to the modernists’ demands.modernists’ the Communismto the of aims rian though meticulous ethnographic analysis. ethnographic meticulous though - garde and been brought to socialist realism by the the by realism socialist to brought been and garde

12

23

He argues that Stalinism is the isStalinism that argues He - dctd lts wo had who elites, educated

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- In my thesis I I thesis my In

iconography, by

Hann and and Hann ntext.I CEU eTD Collection 26 25 24 of both image “disemic a provides Supra that observes he chapters the of One Manning. by II. di Orthodox the by replaced was Stalin of image the how claimingnamely society, Georgian issuesof sensitive very upon touches He culture. inGeorgian dominant obscurantismreligious the andmyths nationalistic cults, the withdeals s this on book Maisuradze’s George at look to interesting is it regard this For Supra. during represented is religion forms which in how, and memory people’s am I thesis my For par research. the of interest main the were roles gender where society, presented. Geor in genre toast claimingthat roles, gender through analyzed is studies Supra most In Supra. ubiquitous the by accompanied are transitions cycle life and holidays religious and national Georgia. contemporary in identity national of sources important most the of one represents tradition article his in argues Fumey Gillies As toasts. proposing “T called “priest”, its with wine of liturgy table a Supra banquet Georgian The people. the of memory the preserving the as toasts, Georgian socio Georgian enablesobservehow traditions,usto havingreflectthe flavor,different religious trends ofthe

26 ticularly interested in the role of cultural and historical narratives, as an integral part of the ofintegralthe part narratives,historical asan cultural in and ticularlyof interested role the Maisuradze, Kotthoff,Social“The Semiotics of Georgian ToastPerformances.” Fumey,“Excess Banquet ?”.theat

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isisexpressionoftenanis perceivedof very sociabilitywhich asThe excessive.Supra For analyzing the Supra traditions and the role in Georgian society I will use the book the will use I insocietyGeorgian role the andtraditions Supra analyzing the For society Georgian the of lifeeveryday the in religion of importance the Demonstrating 24

25 ur i eteey common extremely is Supra

h aayi o te oss rvds nihs no h sca odr f Georgian of order social the into insights provides toasts the of analysis The

OrthodoxEthics andSpiritthe of Unfreedom. gia. - oiia lf. n y hss wl aaye h traditio the analyze will I thesis my In life. political s eg Kthf osre drn Spa dig utr ad edr is gender” and culture “doing Supra during observes Kotthoff Helga As

n oil ie n sclr iul, oil occasions, social rituals, secular and life social in 13

scourse and the figure of Patriarchate Ilya Ilya Patriarchate of figure the and scourse amada”, who organizes the celebration by celebration the organizes who amada”,

od n History, and Food n and the meaning of of meaning the and n ubject. In his book he book his In ubject. hs banquet this s are a malea are s – the CEU eTD Collection 29 28 27 saints,becamenewmemory”. ofcharacteristicscollective dead of especially and dead the of remembrance the memory, laic a and memory liturgical split the techniques, memory of “Christianization the that chapter same the in arguing case, Georgian the to observation Naumescu’s apply will I Church. Orthodox Georgian the of Synod Holy the of decision the to according Church Transfiguration the hon full with reburied was Christ for Fool and Confessor Gabriel Saint of relics Holy the 2014 22, February On Georgia. in event recent most the examining for especially thesis, lasting of pattern a of expressions as read further be can cases these and processes, symbolic these behind hidden traits cultural consistent more are “there claims 2002, in Cardinal of burial Romania in pas the chapter inthe Naumescu AsVlad symbolicprocesses. the withmanipulate manageto successfully II PatriarchIlya the are moments these argues materialdifferent allocatedto momentsofSupra. he as but dictatorship, and democracy of moments between wo his from 2012). (Manning life” public Georgian of aspects dystopian the produce help can Supra) (the life everyday of world innocent apparently the how even and politics, Georgia of world innocent the

Ibid. Naumescu,“Burying Two Bishops.” Manning,Semiotics of Drink andDrinking. Symbolism is very much characteristic to the to characteristicmuch very isSymbolism

a group’s memory production and transmission”. and production memory group’s a k eadn m tei i hs li ta Spa s o ol dvdd politically divided only not is Supra that claim his is thesis my regarding rk throug

Burying two bishops: legitimating the church through the politics ofpoliticsthe through churchthe legitimating bishops:two Burying te tdig h cs o re of case the studying the h

n everyday life, but also for the dystopian world of Georgian of world dystopian the for also but life, everyday n

14

Georgian society and the Church, as well as wellas asChurch, the Georgianand society 29 - uil f ihp n 97 n the and 1997 in Bishop of burial

28

His analysis is relevant to my to relevant is analysis His 27

What is interestingis What ewe a circular a between ors in ors CEU eTD Collection 32 31 30 analyzesmembers, clergy with the of formation identityGeorgianby theChurch. Orthodox Georgian the on emphasize more put will but issues similar address will I thesis and Georgian the Georgia of Church Orthodox the and of government betweenthe relations the examinesnation, symbol powerful a as Georgia, of Church Orthodox the of position the rule communist of role the todismiss religionintraditionworld.andglobalizing a trend general the been has ‘religion’ and illustra ‘nationalism’ of categories book views Smith’s traditional interpretations. between modern dynamics and the nationalism understand to order in ethnosymbolism increasin an in even identity, national to central remains belief “sacred that argues piece His life. this in mission unique a having and special being choseness, of belief the on identity Georgian of work The nationalism. to basis a as serves cases most in uniqueness the about Idea ideology. one into integrated be should nation, the of Age” ”Golden the and glory the reminding myths, and narratives

Grdzelidze,“The Orthodox Church of Georgia.” Ibid. Smith,Chosen Peoples. h cmlxt Goga Church Georgian complexity The tde te tiue wti Goga scey o h Church the to society Georgian within attitudes the studies

Studying the type of nationa of type the Studying nati of formation successful The gly secular and globalized modern world”. modern globalized and secular gly

to democracy is nicely analyzed in the article by Grdzelidze. He focuses on focuses He Grdzelidze. by article the in analyzed nicely is democracy to The Concept of ChosenImaginedand Nation Community

nhn Sih s n h hat f y ruet bu shaping about argument my of heart the in is Smith Anthony

the newspapers published by the Patriarchate. She claims that that claimsShe Patriarchate. the bypublished newspapers the im n eri,Ceiz odcs in conducts Chelidze Georgia, in lism - tt rltos uig h pro o tasto from transition of period the during relations State onalism requires to integrate national and cultural cultural and national integrate to requires onalism

31

15

30

He puts the emphasis on the theory of theory the on emphasis the puts He - tt partnership. State tes tes ht h conceptual the that

- et interviews depth 32

n my In

CEU eTD Collection 35 34 33 sinful the to opposed as seen is past” “idyllic the viewpoint, orthodox the From Church. century in is hinder main the but requirements, pos developing of majority the today claims, Ramet As state. the to relation their and churches Orthodox of character nationalist the to owing least, the be to appears Christianity Eastern traditions, mobilization the for used reg Whilebe Catholicismcan purposes. be can history the of highlights the how suggesting analysis, thesis. my for interest particular t and Churches Orthodox European again? process. integration European the towards religions these of attitudes the respectively and Islam and Orthodoxy thre into divided is It nationalists. of tools the on more vacuumutilizedand a in thesis my supports article This 90s. early the in established was which nationalism religious in Georgia. in conflicts religious and ethnic triggers which identity Georgian of flavor negative provides and and”others” “us” between line the draws Church Orthodox Thro identity. modern Georgian shaping and defining institution the as emerges Church the reality Georgian in etgts h ros f erin ainls ad us e puts and nationalism Georgian of roots the vestigates

Ramet, “TheRamet, Way We Were ?”. ByrnesandKatzenstein, Religion inan Expanding Europe. Construction inReligiothe Chelidze,“Erovnuli Ident’obis way that after the collapse ofcollapse afterthe that way The book book The t - oit onre srv twrs uoen no ad r t aot EU adopt to try and Union European towards strive countries soviet eiin n n xadn Europe Expanding an in Religion 34 cultural and hisculturaland

One of the chapters, part III part chapters, the of One

g uiiig utrl eoy smos n hsoia nraie, the narratives, historical and symbols memory, cultural utilizing ugh - NationalistDiscourse).” K’onst’ruirebaReligiur

35 the Soviet Union religious groups filled groups religiousUnion Soviet the

torical narratives in to narratives order torical

e a da prle bten mt and Smith between parallel draw can We arded as the mostastrans the arded 16

e iylc past” “idyllic he

- - Nacionalist’urDisk’ursebshi (National Identity old traditions and regulations of Orthodox Orthodox of regulations and traditions old Orthodoxy

by Byrnes and Katzenstein elaborates elaborates Katzenstein and Byrnes by e main parts on Roman Catholicism, Roman on parts main e mphasis on the extreme form of of form extreme the on mphasis – -

national of the three religious three the national of shapenationalism.religious the way were and should be should and were way the y arn Rmt i in is Ramet, Sabrina by

33 out the i the out

In the article she article the In

Chelidze’s deological deological

CEU eTD Collection 37 36 creates and sense a and order an has world inducethe that affirms Religion motivations. or and moods create activities Religious idea. or feeling notion, abstract an signifies that act meaning. conveys that something merely of is symbols system a that says He symbols. and religion between relationship the describes it that of‘peoples’ ‘nati and world aconsisting to reference puts testament new the “chosenpeople”, a to relationshipa In vernacularssubsequently. countless to Coptic and Latinfrom languages, of range widea into language sacred a of of absence characteristic the striking is Christianity that is thesis my support to using be will I argument main The research. thesis my for relevant most the is which Universalism, Orthodox and nationality examinehearticle, the of chapters sub the of one InTranscaucasia. independence bishops only w Georgia in situation that out points author The language. to regard with especially Orthodoxy, particularitywithin ethnic expressionof greater for desirethe involved ag 20 the of beginning provided discourse the and claims nationalistic i highly the beforeintoChristianitytimes, Eastern Western andwas separated churches. present

itation within Orthodoxy became more expressed. This agitation was fairly mild and and mild fairly was agitation This expressed. more became Orthodoxy within itation Geertz,“Religion as aCultural System.” Werth,“Georgian Autocephaly and the Eth s eri ws nee b te usa Epr adte b te oit no, t was it Union, Soviet the by then and Empire Russian the by annexed was Georgia As The collection of essays by Clifford is one of the important works for mysense inforworks thesisa important theis byof oneClifford Theofcollection essays . She argues that for Georgian Orthodox Church this “idyllic past” is to be found in found be to is past” “idyllic this Church Orthodox Georgian for that argues She . nfluenced by the political decisions made in Russia. Paul Werth examines the the examines Werth Paul Russia. in made decisions political the by nfluenced hr used there –

autocephaly ons’. ons’. th

century. Georgian language, but the Church also had full ecclesiastical ecclesiastical full had also Church the but language, Georgian

–

36 n h ehial ad itrcly erin rvne of provinces Georgian historically and ethnically the in

e lis ht fe te eouin f 95 nationalist 1905, of revolution the after that claims He

nic Fragmentationnic of Orthodoxy.” 17

y h Rsin rhdx Church Orthodox Russian the by and the license to translate scripture again scripture translate to license the and 37

It is a physical, tangible object or an or object tangible physical, a is It s the relationship between between relationship the s

as different. Not different.

from the the from CEU eTD Collection 38 Soviet the is Georgia in nationalism religious the of emergence the of factors explanation church institution. powerful most the as emerged Church the which through developments the demonstrate, further will I ideology. Soviet the replaced successfully it and Church Orthodox Georgian identity. nation n The 1991. in independence gain to managed Georgia years, 70 for rule Soviet the under being After the sinceinstitution powerfulpolitical a asChurch Orthodox Georgian the emergenceof waythe are’ we old famous the with manipulates Church the where case, Georgian the to parallel draw will I Patriarch. the of role symbolic the regarding argument my support will piece Hayes’ with alongside work what under values of set the

Churchin Establishmentof Identity.Georgian The Late20th Century Ident’obisChamoq’alibebashi XX Sauk’unis Bolo Kekelia,Gavashelishvili, andSulkhanishvili, Martalmadidebeli Ek’lesiis Roli Kartuli Nacionaluri Russian Politics Towards the Georgian Orthodox Church Before and Before Church Orthodox theGeorgian Towards Politics Russian - - building after the Soviet dissolution was decisive for Georgia to shape modern modern shape to Georgia for decisive was dissolution Soviet the after building In this chapter I will provide the history of the Church and the imp the and Church the of history the will provide I chapter this In will I Chapter this In state relations on the post the on relations state 38 DuringCommunism

fe te oit ie, h ol isiuin ht eand t saiiy a the was stability its retained that institution only the times, Soviet the After wy needn sae ae etra ad nenl hlegs Te rcs of process The challenges. internal and external faced state independent ewly

adage ‘everything happens for a reason and we deserve it what we have and and have we what it deserve we and reason a for happens ‘everything adage

analyze the key events of the Georgian history that explain the the explain that history Georgian the of events key the analyze

epe eeie h peet n wrd s woe Clifford’s whole. a as world and present the redefine people - socialist situation socialist

and the Process of Formation of Georgianof Formationof Process andthe Nationalism - 18 XXI Sauk’unis Dasac’q’isiXXISauk’unis (The Ro

in Georgia. As Chelidze puts, puts, Chelidze As Georgia. in

– the Beginningthe of 21stcentury).the act of the socialist the of act le ofle Orthodox one of the of one

90s. 90s.

CEU eTD Collection 44 43 42 41 40 39 explainsofchurchtype the of history Georgia''. the with intertwined is and country same the in placed is it Georgia of case in “French”. asCatholics “Armenians”, as Monophysits “Tatars”, as referred were Muslims Georgian Consequently, Orthodox. being a of synonymous almost was Georgian being narrative, the at look we if oldest nation’ the the of part inevitable the as as Christianity and Georgiacountry Christian reasons: following the have institution, social a as Church, the of present power the and “Georgia’simportance The peculiarity. historical synonyms.the by determined is situation almost political became Georgian being and Orthodox an being indiscoursethe historical17th conditions the processes, the and centu fourth argument. main my to related events key states preconditi good created it moreover, and claims nationalistic contain to failed Union Soviet the piece, his in argues Union. Soviet the of dissolution the after Church the of strength political the experience.

InterviewMiria with Churchin Establishmentof Identity.Georgian The Late20th Century Ident’obisChamoq’alibebashi XX Sauk’unis Bolo Kekelia,Gavashelishvili, andSulkhanishvili, Martalmadidebeli Dowling,Sketches of Georgian ChurchHistory. Brubaker,“Myth andMisconceptions inThe Study of Nationalism” Construction inReligiothe Chelidze,“Erovnuli Ident’obisK’onst’ruireba Religiur 40

InterviewSoso with Manjavidze. April11, 2014 Churchatwill historical look the GeorgianI ofthe theoverview Orthodox outline and 44

39 arklsvl’ oiin hw te oi o te itrcl eeomn and development historical the of logic the shows opinion Gamrekelashvili’s y and h atcpay n h ffh century. fifth the in autocephaly the gained ry

I will be arguing that the Soviet p Soviet the that arguing be willI n Gamrekelashvili.n April9, 2014

43

n t te mrec o rlgos ainls i post in nationalism religious of emergence the to ons ''Compared to Europe, wherethe Europe, to ''Compared - Nati - state relati state

onalistDiscourse).” onship through the historicalonshipthroughtheof view. point

h Goga Otoo Cuc, one i the in founded Church, Orthodox Georgian The - 19 XXI Sauk’unis Dasac’q’isiXXISauk’unis (The Role of Orthodox

olitics towards Georgia greatly contributed to contributed greatlyGeorgia towards olitics

- Nacionalist’urDisk’ursebshi (National Identity Ek’lesiisRoli Kartuli Nacionaluri religious center is located inRome, located is center religious

– 41 the Beginningthe of 21stcentury).the -

18th centuries illustrates illustrates that centuries 18th geopolitical the of Because s narrative”. s As Brubaker Brubaker As -

Communist 42

Further,

CEU eTD Collection 48 47 46 45 prope of amount significant a and Russians, by replaced were priests local of numbers large started; Church the weakening of process a rule Russian Church. the of decline the to precondition a as served Ort Georgian the of fate the on affected strongly Empire Russian the of bureaucracy The century. a during almost language Georgian in banned were Sermons 1811. in deprived was enjoyed Church the autocephaly The started. Empire Russian the of rule lostpart Russianof independentthestatus. the and Empire Tobolsk”. after bishops Russian place eighth the occupies Archbishop the i.e Catholicos, the that wished Excellency his coreligionists, our Russians, the and Russia with unification the after treaty”... the of conditions the demonstrate clearly document the from statements following 2006). (Alasania future the in Church Georgian the of autocephaly the of abolition s was Georgievsk started which Empire. Russian the of rule the roots during historical deep has Church Georgian the against fighting of process Rus Church Orthodox Georgian region. the in control absolute gain to desire historical Russia’s

Churchin Establishmentof Identity.Georgian The Late20th Century Ident’obisChamoq’alibebashi XX Sauk’unis Bolo Paichadze,Georgievskii Traktat /G.G. Paichadze. Alasania,“Twenty ofCenturies Christianity Georgia.” in Churchin Establishmentof G Ident’obisChamoq’alibebashi XX Sauk’unis Bolo Kekelia,Gavashelishvili, andSulkhanishvili, Martalmadidebeli Ek’lesiis Roli Kartuli Nacionaluri In 1801 the Russian troops occupied the country on the basis of a manifest a of basis the on country the occupied troops Russian the 1801 In Kekelia,Gavashelishvili, andSulkhanishvili, Martalmadidebeli Ek’ The current socioThe current ge bten usa n Goga n sre a te rcniin o the to precondition the as served and Georgia and Russia between igned

- political problems or developments in developmentspoliticaltightlyto related are Georgia or problems eorgian Identity.eorgian The Late20th Century

47 sia aimed to establish the hegemony over the Georgia. The The Georgia. the over hegemony the establish to aimed sia

In the beginning of the 19 the of beginning the In 45

It is important to mark the 1783, when the treaty of of treaty the when 1783, the mark to important is It

- - 20 XXI Sauk’unis Dasac’q’isiXXISauk’unis (The Role of Orthodox Dasac’q’isiXXISauk’unis (The Role of Orthodox

48

As Naskidashvili writes “ under the under “ writes Naskidashvili As

t (nin ios vlals and valuables icons, (ancient rty – – th the Beginningthe of 21stcentury).the Beginningthe of 21stcentury).the lesiisRoli Kartuli Nacionaluri

century Georgia became the became Georgia century

Through reconstructing the the reconstructing Through on the hierarchical scale of of scale hierarchical the on hodox Church and and Church hodox o and the and o 46

The

CEU eTD Collection 53 52 51 50 49 Social faith,commonofthe embodied with belief shared the on based nationalism, the where community, imaginary one the into people invites uniqueness the of idea the supporting and narrative national the utilizing the argues c being of idea the with intertwined is nationalism the the underline to nation, chosen the of theory broad andthe provides Smith AnthonyAs people. the of nationhood uniqueness Georgian preserve to claim Church’s the as analyzed Kirion Patriarch Catholicos 2006, (Alasania unification” nation Georgian the referring and was Sadzaglishvili consolidation our to contribute should It nation. Georgian the of name the of humanityremind to duty church’s our is “It sermons. l official the as Georgian the by replaced was language Russian the Church, the of repressions. targets main the of one became Church the rule, Communist Afte the of autocephaly. establishment Church’s the restore to managed it 1917, in Revolution Russian Georgianitslost Orthodoxyauthority. ident Georgian of markers the of one losingbeforehegemony autocephalyestablishingtheandGeorgia of Russiaover religion was authorities”. the byconfiscated or Church Orthodox Russian the to transferred was land)

NeighboringCountries. Georgi Georgia,”19. - Democratic government recognized the need of the secularization. In 1920 the issues the 1920 In secularization. the of need the recognized government Democratic Pkhaladze,Sharashenidze, andKudors, Religion as Instrument the of Russian Foreign Policy towards Tomka, ExpandingReligion. Naskidashvili,“Orthod (1918 independence the of period short the during Interestingly, 19 the during facing was Georgia difficulties many of spite In Hayes,Nationalism. Smith,Chosen Peoples. 51

s pr o te oiis t gi fl cnrl vr h Goga Orthodox Georgian the over control full gain to politics, the of part a As

oxPolitics:Religious Renaissance andIts Political ImplicationsinPost

a, Latvia,a, Ukraine, 7.

the imaginaryelements. the 50

ity, after the deprivation of the independence the the independence the of deprivation the after ity, 21

oe, special. hosen, 53

11). This message can be can message This 11). 52 th

- ute, s Hayes as Further, etr, fe the after century, 1 te Georgian the 21) anguage of the of anguage - Soviet the r 49

If CEU eTD Collection 56 55 54 I 1977 In death. Stalin’s Tskum of Metropolian after even continued monasteries and churches 1917. March, 12 on oppressiontheGeorgian the but restore cancelledof the churches, to started GeorgianChurch announced Church the Orthodox recognized Georgian Church the Russian of the autocephaly 1943 In effect. positive its had nation the support to endeavor the and nationhood protect to continued Church the However, 15. to reduced was number thechurches of the By Church. 1943 the Russianofthe Church part was Orthodo Georgian the that accepted and Church Georgian the of autocephaly the recognize not did Patriarchates Orthodox the Consequently, letter. his on react to failed community ofwithdrawal profaned”. were belief religious and culture national ancestral its andmother tongue the ofdeprived Georgian“thewas nation world’sstatingthat attentionthe the to memorandum a to trying Conference” “Genoese sent Patriarch Georgian the Khelaia, Ambrosi 2006). (Alasania Army Red Bolshevik the by annexedwas Georgia 1921 In practice. common the was priests an of oppress ideology the in the resulted atheism with alongside and citizens Soviet create to goal The Communism. GeorgianChurch Orthodox and crea the construct to attempt an was there that demonstrates This issues. those considered started council ecclesiastical the and agenda the on were Eparchies of unification the and clergy Church the state, the and Church the of separation the of

Ibid. Ibid.

Alasania,“Twenty ofCenturies Christianity Georgia.” in duringthe peak its reachedChurch Orthodox Georgian the weakening of process The the Russian military occupation from Georgia. Unfortunately, the international theUnfortunately, Georgia. from militaryoccupation Russian the

- Abkhazeti was elected as Catholicos as elected was Abkhazeti

ion of the Georgian Church. During Communism arresting arresting Communism During Church. Georgian the of ion reveal the problems of the Georgian Church and brought to brought and Church Georgian the of problems the reveal te more“democratic” modelte church the of 22

budget, the conditions of life of the the of life of conditions the budget, - Patriarch in Tbilisi.in Patriarch 54

e eadd rm the from demanded He - state relations.state 56

y I, the II, lya The role ofrole The

territorial 55

The x

CEU eTD Collection 60 59 58 57 lumpenizationwasthe nationa religions the of emergence the of reasons the discusses Chelidze As nationalism. the of successfully part integral the as movements religion integrated The response. the on movements nationalistic encouraged and SovietChelidzethe ideology,isatargues, which on based experience. Soviet the is 90s the after nationalism religious of emergence of reasons church the of features key and importance Sovietthe Union. of dissolution sincethe grow to started Church Orthodox the of popularity the and privileges post cho of Georgia rest the alike and independence political regain to managed church the define to opportunity the had Soviet the However, decades last the during religion. bein lastchapter. analyzed the inchurchmediator a as II patriarchIlya the

http://revolutionaryliberationgospel.ning.com/m/blogpost?id=3385150%3ABlogP Marx.by See Karl Lumpen Construction inReligiothe Chelidze,“Erovnuli Ident’obisK’onst’ruireba Religiur Sulkhanishvili,“Struggle for Power.” Geo Naskidashvili,“Orthodox Politics:Religious Renaissance andIts Political ImplicationsinPost rgia.” In order to understand the outcomes of the Soviet rule it is importa is it rule Soviet the of outcomes the understand to order In c Gorbachev 1986 In 57

- “ proletariat, lowest,the the mostdegraded

h Sve rgm cagd t plc twr te erin rhdx Church Orthodox Georgian the toward policy its changed regime Soviet The e h pt twrs euaim Hwvr a I il ute dmntae the demonstrate further will I as However, secularism. towards path the se

Union was already about to collapse and the newly emerging republics republics emerging newly the and collapse to about already was Union

60 -

ofcitizens. it acknowledged its existence, but subordinated it to state control”. state to it subordinated but existence, its acknowledged it - NationalistDiscourse).”

le fr “eiie n ucmrmsn” tuge with struggle uncompromising” and “decisive a for alled

lism, she argues that one of the important reasons important the of one that argues she lism, - - state relationship during Communism. One of the of One Communism. during relationship state state relationship is crucial for my thesis and will will myand thesisfor crucialisrelationship state - tt rltosi. n Arl 19 Georgia 1991 April, 9 On relationship. state

23 stratumofproletariat. the Thisterm originally was used

- Nacionalist’urDisk’ursebshi (National Identity heism,containfailedto nationalism ost%3A2353 - oils countries, Socialist nt to analyze the analyze to nt -

Soviet

59

As 58

CEU eTD Collection 64 63 62 61 curriculum, ge to conditions poor the that claims Kintsurashvili the Shota to theologian The comes members. it clergy among when education problem theological huge a is there agreed, respondents all As nationalism. of one as education and nationalistic the it. for need the create but gap, not managed Church the developments recent the at look we if Furthermore, Church. Orthodox the by provided was ideology new a of need the stability, countriesthe belongingthe to post the studying while addresses be should that issues major post the with relationship its and Church Orthodox Russian bi were trauma the and religiosity of revival the that argues Titarenko effects, negative the and experience future. the of vagueness the by aggravated were conditions the out disa fill and fear to The 90s. need the after great created gap ideological a had thus, frustration mass the caused which uniqueness of andhopefor relief.seek need to inutter socialresultedtheposition the statu socialtheirlost people the majorityof 90s, the after hardship political and

Construction inReligiothe Chelidze,“Erovnuli Ident’obisK’onst’ruireba Religiur Russia,Belarus andUkraine.” Titarenko,“On Shiftingthe Nature of Religionduring Ongoingthe Post Ibid. Construction inReligiothe Chelidze,“Erovnuli Ident’obisK’onst’ruireba Religiur

n erin oit a te oiia isiuin fie t poie socio provide to failed institutions political the as society Georgian In Lumpenization

textbooks and the actual process how actualprocessand the textbooks - rdcs f h breakdo the of products

t he important facto important he Orthodox ideology. Further, she names the absence of the theological theological the of absence the names she Further, ideology. Orthodox

resulted in the segregation of the society, where due to the economic the to due where society, the of segregation the in resulted - - NationalistDiscourse),” 4. NationalistDiscourse).”

post 64

Georgian society successfully absorbed the combination the absorbed successfully society Georgian poe telgcl dcto, t education, theological proper t - socialistblock. rs that contributed to the emergence of the religious the of emergence the to contributed that rs n f h Union. the of wn 24

- -

Nacionalist’urDisk’ursebshi (National Identity Nacionalist’urDisk’ursebshi (National Identity a

priest becomes priest are important issuesimportantare becomes priest priest pitet rmte socio the from ppointment - 63 soviet countries are one of the of one are countries soviet 62

-

just to fill out the ideological the out fill to just -

Commu h seii faue o the of features specific The omns eeomns in developments Communist icsig bu te Soviet the about Discussing he problem regarding regarding problem he nist nist Transformationin 61

People lost the sensethelost People s. Changes in Changess. - - political political of of CEU eTD Collection 65 people.sections,new,offereda Orthodox discourse to managed which institution only st strong Union, the basis ideological of dissolution the After general. in politics towards attitude people’s two last during independence gain to struggle Georgia’s nationalism. religious of emergence the to background the created had level international high. the status, non and the subjective providing of danger get they way the and priests of number the control to process transparent no is there that fact the consideration into take we if moreover, and background educational had them of all that mean necessarily not does priests of number increased argues Gamrekelashvili Mirian As nationalism. religious of raise the for ground fertile a creates stereotypes. diploma”. a contemporaryGeorgia. argues He Church. Orthodox Georgian the of condition critical the discussing while addressed be should that ate failed to establish democrat establish to failed ate

Construction inReligiothe Chelidze,“Erovnuli Ident’obis

o u i u, itrcl eeomns n Russo and developments historical up, it sum To 65 The problem regarding the lack of knowledge causes that religiosity is based on based is religiosity that causes knowledge of lack the regarding problem The

n ot ae te rbe ocr ee aog h ceg members clergy the among even occurs problem the cases most In -

h Cmuim a sdel dsperd n te el independent newly the and disappeared suddenly was Communism the ht tee s o rnprn poes o pis i big sind in assigned being is priest how process transparent no is “there that

Moreover, “there is no official requirement for ‘future’ priests to have is‘future’for“therepriests official to no requirement Moreover, - NationalistDiscourse).” K’onst’ruirebaReligiur

to fill the ideological gap and as I will demonstrate in next in demonstrate will I as and gap ideological the fill to ic institutio ic - balanced information to th to information balanced ns. Therefore, ns. 25

- Nacionalist’urDisk’ursebshi (National Identity

etre hs ral afce on affected greatly has centuries after the 90s the after - erin neato o the on interaction Georgian e believers is considerably is believers e

the Church was the was Church the

proper proper which

CEU eTD Collection 67 66 As ethnic. argues Gabisonia than Aleksandre rather civic as characterized be can period this in discourse nationalism to aimed elite the which byandintroduce achievecultura tools social the demonstrate will I chapter this in Overall, identity. Georgian the of core the remains and state independent the of basis the was faith” Geo the by canonized was and nation Georgian the of father the considered is He bank. national and newspaper (1837 Chavchavadze o movement liberation The events.severalcrucialearlier wellindependence as asyearsof at willlook three I shaped, was f demonstratethat the social and political Georgian institutions for social and strategies elite trends, politicalmain the consider point willI developments. turning the as independence political gained in this examine not present will I were ages, medieval aspirations national though Even nationalism. of formation the discuss

The Process of FormationofNationalisminGeorgian the Gabisonia,“Formation ofGeorgian the National Discourse.” Suny,MakingThe of Georgianthe Nation. In this chapter I will be arguing that despite obvious emphasis on language and faith, and language on emphasis obvious despite that arguing be will I chapter this In nationalism Georgian which under conditions the of picture clear a have to order In will I currently, nationalism religious is nationalism Georgian that claim to order In ormationofnationalisminperiod.Georgian that -

rgian Orthodox Church. Orthodox rgian 97, h ws h pbihr n onr f h frt Georgian first the of owner and publisher the was who 1907), f the period I will be discussing is connected to its leader , Ilya , leader its to connected is discussing be will I period the f land Russianpoliticalthefrom autonomy Empire.

n i rsac, h plc wih la hvhvde n his and Chavchavadze Ilya which policy the research, his in

period. Nationalism 26 67

66

His famous phrase “language, fatherland and fatherland “language, phrase famous His

I will look at the year 1918 when Georgia when 1918 year the at look will I

19th Century 19th and Tools the of

CEU eTD Collection 70 69 68 makeuniversalmeans useof symbols and of communicating. to needs thus, and explicit more be to needs now education limited, is society agrarian he in Whilst industrial. become societies He agrarian when nationalismemerges that argues demarcated. clearly turn in is which own their of culture’ ‘high a sharing conversely arist as of kind Any another. one from isolated generation.isspecialized fromdownknowledgepassed Theto ruling generation classes, such highly are groups these that follows It lives. vast populati the the of societies majority agrarian In nationalism. of theory his illuminating in two latter the on pre the phases: three into mankind an deeper into Going language. national on based system educational universal a of creation and media printed of introduction household, the of development the namely trends, social several on based is consciousness national argue, French the after created was state modern a of concept the that idea the stress scholars Many period. this about ideas general some sketch to useful is it century, feudalclearare demonstrationsofnationalismpolicy, typeof the supporting. were they anti through equality socialreach to efforts and minoritiesMuslim towards had companions

Gellner,Nations And Nationalism. Inventionof Tradition. Anderson,Imagined Communities;Gellner, Nations And Nationalism; Hobsbawm Ranger, and The Ibid.

As national consciousness and the first Georgian Republic appeared in the late 19 late the in appeared Republic Georgian first the and consciousness national As ocrats, clerics or military elites, spread over an area encompassing ‘folk culture’, culture’, ‘folk encompassing area an over spread elites, military or clerics ocrats,

on consists of agricultural producers, who live generally stationary stationary generally live who producers, agricultural of consists on

- agrarian, the agrarian and industrial and thereby focusing thereby and industrial and agrarian the agrarian, First Indepen First 27

alysis, Gellner divides the social history of of history social the divides Gellner alysis, dence dence

70

Revolution. 69

As authors As education 68

th -

CEU eTD Collection 72 71 the teach to le nationseveralforcewhole the to easier to than languageofficials to people of is It matter. personal a is belonging, religious as well as Nationality, t wrote he 1881 March In affairs. internalcountry’s the for language the as Georgian establish was education Western gain to place kn without education best the was University the time, that At University. Petersburg boundariesGeorgia,the intellectual determinedare by the elite. nation modern a of features imaginarynationconstructed,ideas. are they based are on or to have we relationships that stating community, ‘imagined of kind a as nation the viewingin Anderson Benedict followshe that out, point shouldwe But shifted. has concept nation the with elements political the and ethnic the of balance the that shows considered. be to force a become would nationalism when developments political and social the examining to view a withimportant be to came this how of question the addresses abou the in nations 18 late modern the of of revolutions bourgeois birth the with beginning chronological, broadly is approach Gellner, a “t s eesr t itoue uiil hne i rgr t te ainl language. national the to regard in changes judicial introduce to necessary is “it hat

Lebanidze,Ilia Chavchavadze.Works,internal Review. HobsbawmRanger, and InventionThe of Tradition. te ae f ainls i te 20 the in nationalism of fate the t la hvhvde n hs opnos ee nlecd y hi suis t St. at studies their by influenced were companions his and Chavchavadze Ilya key the of one is boundaries certain within defined territory argues, Hobsbawm As Ernest by given nationalism of definition the off sets he Hobsbawm, Eric Regarding ttn ta pltcl n ntoa uis hud e congruent. be should units national and political that stating crucial for the groups in Georgia. Chavchavadze and his friends demanded to to demanded friends his and Chavchavadze Georgia. in groups the for crucial owing European languages. Therefore, it is not surpris not is it Therefore, languages. European owing

- state. In most cases, as I will further demonstrate in the cas the in demonstrate further will I as cases, most In state.

th

n 19 and th

century. What is a nation for Hobsbawm? He He Hobsbawm? for nation a is What century. 28 th

centuries and ending with some speculation speculation some with ending and centuries

other members of the of members other arn a foreignone”. arna 71 ing that Western that ing

Hobsbawm’s e of e He 72

CEU eTD Collection 74 73 a into transformed later elite, intellectual initiatedgovernmentalGeorgiana elite, liberationand movement. an formed they Georgia to back returning motivatedand peopleyoung,educated group ofwere a where Georgia, in nationalism of development the resembles closely Gellner by suggested model This proletariats. the of support mass the needs movement national the establish to The Ruritania. deal important thingnationalisto with intellectu The consciousness. most in the and efforts prospects many requires better Republic Ruritanian independent have an of to establishment unable are they However, countrymen. better have Megalomania in educated intellectuals Ruritanian of elite small The different. completely is Megalomania of language official the while dialects, speak who Ruritania. periphery its and Empire Megalomanian hypothetical Gellner’s to refer to helpful is it nationalism, of development the and language demons in clearly chronicals These volunteer. a movementsas army Garibaldi’sjoin to sought and Europe liberationWestern to poems many dedicated Chavchavdze movement. liberation count European becomingfornecessary condition nation a of for language national a of establishment the Hobsbawm, to According

Gellner,Nations And Nationalism. HobsbawmRanger, and InventionThe of Tradition. n re t bte udrtn te eainhp ewe te motne f national of importance the between relationship the understand better to order In 19 the of half second the As trate Georgianliberatorsthat influencedtrate inWestern wasby elite period. this is te socio the ries,

- oiia eet isie te uue edr o te Georgian the of leaders future the inspired events political

th

etr ws h pro o ntoa urs i many in unrest national of period the was century - state. 29

73

74

inspiredAfterliberation.byideas of the

uiai hs poeait population proletariat a has Ruritania

al elite who are supposedare al who elite iil sg i a is usage ficial

skills than their their than skills

CEU eTD Collection 76 75 e the in factor main the as served newspaper Georgian first the Georgia, of case in happened it As masses. the to appeal and content patriotic with packed be can articles, social and scientific like Publications, appeals. propagandist national fromtheirsamecommunity thepaper”. read members of thousands that feeling a have “Readers day. single one into united are events ratio act sisters” and “brothers their that print The unity. social of sense and simultaneity readership. refle the changed newspaper the especially capitalism, formationnation.Georgianofthe 1877 Georgia 1863 publication Chronicle, Georgian periodic (eng. Moambe own “Sakartvelos their establish to aimed team his and Chavchavadze reaction. cri The publication. elitist an remained journal the and illiterate was population the because masses, the to accessible not was journal the of language The language. outdated the in written was sense, common whichprocesskeythethe ofare nationto the create and people unite to managed time that of elite intellectual the

Gabisonia,“Formation ofGeorgian the National Discourse.” Anderson,Imagined Communities. tical letter about “Tsiskari” published by Chavchavadze in 1861 immediately received received immediately in1861 Chavchavadze by “Tsiskari” published about letter tical Furthermore, newspapers allowed liberation movements to provide theirprovide to movements liberation allowed newspapers Furthermore, print of rise the communities” “imagined about theory his in argues Anderson As jour periodical only The which basis of the nationalismon instrumentsof the willdemonstrate I section this In 75

- As he further elaborates on his theory, newspapers create a feeling of of feeling a create newspapers theory, his on elaborates further he As 95. ulcto o a al nwppr a a ey motn se i the in step important very a was newspaper daily a of Publication 1905).

nal of the time “Tsiskari” which was first published in 1852, 1852, in published first was which “Tsiskari” time the of nal

ToolsofNationalism nally and in unison. When a newspaper is issued, all issued, is newspaper a When unison. in and nally - building. 76

30

- ei pooe h sne f imagination of sense the provoked media

ction of time and created a vernacular a created and time of ction - 1877) and “Iveria” (an old name of name old (an “Iveria” and 1877)

mergence of national sentiments. sentiments. national of mergence

message via message -

CEU eTD Collection 78 77 we companions his and Chavchavadze regard, this For people. of conditions economical proper without mission the accomplish agitation”. municipality, confederation, slogan, tractate, guard, national volunteer, party, radical “nation, namely: words, Georgian new introducing through ideas national spreading but policy, language the about just not was simplification the that alsoisIt interests.national the serving were Chavchavadzeand newspaper feudalagainst thesides system.Overall,both they hand one the accomplish:on to aimedteam his Chavchavadzeand tasks significant two were feedback”. ambivalent an provoked newspaper new “the observation, Gabisonia’s th demonstrate roughly These art. popular covering section folklore the with alongside history Georgian iswhichcornerstoneofanational self feeling strong a maintained literature Printed Georgia. around all dialects reflected politicalthemthe on agenda. fa was Georgia problems the were matters. These instate aswellmovement’s official languageas in publications, the useasthis and system educational an build language, universal one, establish to crucial was it Overall,

Sharadze,Ilia Chavchavadze: Life, Activity, Works. Ibid. wanted to reach the lower class through simplified language, one the other hand, work work hand, other the one language, simplified through class lower the reach to wanted

Even though national symbols are significant for the nationhood, they fail to to fail they nationhood, the for significant are symbols national though Even from chronicles had appeal, national direct with articles besides “Iveria”, The of variety broad the unify to tool a as served language official one of Establishment 78

ntoaitc icus te eidcl a drn ta tm. codn to According time. that during had periodical the discourse nationalistic e

ig n h 19 the in cing - consciousness. re aware on the issue and started to fight for peasants’ for fight to started and issue the on aware re

- 31

the oldnewthe and generations

th tyranny, autonomy, republic, revolution, revolution, republic, autonomy, tyranny,

etr ad h lbrto movement liberation the and century

worth mentioningworth of common past, past, common of - agreed that the that agreed 77

There CEU eTD Collection 80 79 Autonomy 3) groups. religious all to freedom maximum grant Church 2) schools. public charge of free of consisting system educational an establishing of idea inlanguage.Chavchavadze’s and teachFurther, to Georgianwas teamsupporting actively the for initiatives public and private for right the on emphasis made an movement liberation the that, posterity.Besides or religion sex, origin, ofregardless Education program.1) party’s p main the highlight willI create, to trying was movement the state of kind what fight roughcreateaimagecultural thefor to to of Georgia.In politicalorder and of autonomy it send and o goal main The Nobles. Georgian of Committee the founded and situation the of advantage this took team his and Chavchavadze w it that realized peripheries Empire’s the in groups SeveralTsarism. with dissatisfaction the as well as Japan with in war several the bydefeats Russia’swas whichstagnationaffected transformation,and firstGeorgian andtheestablished bank. national goals these achieving for strategy ideological and newspapers used They welfare. and rights

Newspapers). Donduaet Kartulial., Gazetebis Analit’ik’uri Bibliograpia (Analitical Bibliography of Georgian Gabisonia, - n h bgnig f h 20 the of beginning the In

regardingGeorgianthe Orthodox

to the Emperor. the to

“FormationofGeorgian the National Discourse.”

s h vr bs mmn t oti ntoa lbrto. Consequently, liberation. national obtain to moment best very the as

80

- Further, Chavchavadze founded the National the founded Chavchavadze Further,

h porm a cery rmtn te ih o education of right the promoting clearly was program the EarlyYears:1918 th

f the Committee was to achieve to was Committee the f century, the Russian Empire was in the process of of process the in was Empire Russian the century,

Church,restore autocephaly aimthe the wasto and 32

79

- 1921

udn euainl institutions educational funding -

this points out the right to right the out points this autonomy for Georgia for autonomy - Democrats Party Democrats oints of the of oints CEU eTD Collection 83 82 81 part proj ofthe not was religion that demonstrated have I as Church, Orthodox Georgian the by canonized impossible”. not if difficult, more far been linguistically the of integration 20 and 19th late the in culture Georgian of development the of core the was that nationalism secular was it that I eventsand the quote Thishistory”. unityof as the other each with people the fuse can kinship and religion of unity the nor language, of unity the lost.Sovietwas rule establ thus was independence and Tbilisi occupied Army Red the 1921 February 25 on However, ofGeorgia. government legal only the as Europe by recognized was Exile in Georgia of Republic coun the in law fundamental first the Georgia, ofconstitution a Assemblyadopted the 1921 21, February Onminorities. ethnic for local arrangements officialpoliticallanguageandlaws elections, includingcitizenship, on the 1919 in period short a During sex”.irrespectivelimits hersocialofnationality, citizenrights creed, or political rank within every to guarantees equally Georgia of Republic Democratic “the Independen following: the of outlined Act the in main reflected The were 1918. democracy future 26, Georgia’s May of on principles independence declared Georgia and work his continued and minorities national of rights determineborders the of Georgi the defend to government, autonomous an establish

Gabisonia,“Formation ofGeorgian the National Discourse.” Sharadze,Ilia Chavchavadze: Life, Activity, Works. Berdzenishvili,Istoriia Gruzii (The To sum it up, as the founder of Georgian nationalism stated: “in our opinion, neither opinion, our “in stated: nationalism Georgian of founder the as up, it sum To hisbut companions in independence1907, Georgia’s before killed Chavchavadzewas ect. ect.

th

centuries. As Gabisonia argues, without secular nationalism “cultural nationalism secular without argues, Gabisonia As centuries.

- 1921, the Constituent Assembly Constituent the 1921, an autonomy.an

n rlgosy ies pplto o Goga ol have would Georgia of population diverse religiously and Historyof Georgia). ishedin Georgia. r’ hsoy Te oenet f h Democratic the of Government The history. try’s 83

81 Regardless the fact that Ilya Chavchavadze was Chavchavadze Ilya that fact the Regardless 33

demonstrate in the chapter illustrate chapter demonstrateinthe

of Georgia adopted 126 laws, 126 adopted Georgia of ce. It It ce. 82

CEU eTD Collection 84 ethno his of because criticized was he Later ideology. national dictatorial his and Gamsakhurdia Zviad President the by influenced highly were independence of years Early a state and institution Every Georgia. for turbulence and independence of declarationeconomic and political social,marked by be was period ThisUnion. Soviet the the dissolution of after decade first the is 1991 to 1989 from period powerfulinstitution.political socio the demonstrate will Church the between relationship the about image basic the create to us help willanalysis The Union. Soviet the ofdissolution the after governments wasan intensified outcomethat and “closedof the politics” adv socio of fear hand, other the On countries. different to traveled internet, of use the enjoyed world: globalized a in live to started people hand, t OnUnion. Soviet the ofcollapse the after created was which vacuumideological the out filled andideology Soviet replaced successfully Church The Church. Orthodox Georgian civil internal and threats external both faced state independent newly The 1991. in only independence

Analysis of the relationship between the Church and government since since government and theChurch between therelationship of Analysis Gavashelishvili,“Anti wl ue haayi o te erin rne mda oe by done media printed Georgian the of theanalysis use will I three during prevailing discourse nationalistic the analyze will I chapter this In achieve to managed and years 70 for Union Soviet the of part was Georgia turmoil. The only institute that retained its stability in the early 90s was the the was 90s early the in stability its retained that institute only The turmoil.

- Modern andAnti - political developments that supported the Church to become a a become to Church the supported that developments political

PrintedMedia - GlobalistTendencies the in Georgian Orthodox Church.” 34 1990

Analysis

pparatus was affected in the process. process. the in affected was pparatus -

cultural and political challenges has has challenges political and cultural and state since 90s, through which I I which through 90s, since state and

ocated by Church.the ocated Gavashelishvili. First First Gavashelishvili. -

84 national

he one he

CEU eTD Collection 86 85 Georgian the of Church Orthodox sociodifficultcoincideda popularity increased the reason, that For increased. notably corruption and country the in stability provide to failed Shevardnadze 1995. in Georgia of president second the as electedwas Gorbachev, under foreignaffairs minister of the was who gained Church Orthodox signif Georgian the 1999, in Concordat the signing after and accord Churchhave politicaldidn’t a influence. Georgian the speeches, his in religion on making was he emphasis the despite and State and Church the between relationship the determine to far go didn’t Gamsakhurdia of actor mainduring the not was Church the However, religion. and history mythology theology, of questions with deals and Georgians the of ethnogeny the outlines speech The faith. with nationality. and religion withimbued was 1990 in House Philarmonic Tbilisi the Festivalin Idriart the at time, that gavehe lecture The country. the inholidays official celebrations as Orthodox Major duringdeclared analysis press the O of the integrated government basisGamsakhurdia’s the on concludes Gavashelishvili As world. outside the from isolation and politics foreign h closed advocating was Gamsakhurdia presidency, his during but rhetoric,

Gavashelishvili,“Anti PhilharmonicHouse.” Gamsakhurdia,“The Spiritual Mission of Georgia.Lecture A Delivered the at icant popularity. icant his presidency and one can barely find religious topics at that times. The government The times. that at topics religious find barelycan one and presidency his In this paragraph I willInduringthisbe I arguingparagraphperiod acted Churchinthisthat the state and 85

In his sp his In eech he argued about Georgia’s spiritual mission and linked nationality linked and mission spiritualGeorgia’sabout argued he eech

- 86 Modern andAnti

After the presidency of Zviad Gamsakhurdia, Eduard Shevardnadze, Eduard Gamsakhurdia, Zviad of presidency the After

Eduard Shevardnadze Eduard - GlobalistTendencies the in Georgian Orthodox Church.”

ws ut pplr mn te population. the among popular quite was e - political situation. 35

too ielg wt te tt ielg. He ideology. state the with ideology rthodox

IdriartFestival in Tbilisi

the level of of level the Orthodox Orthodox

CEU eTD Collection 89 88 87 far’‘too went eventhey that after and outsideworld the to church’‘close the to Theywanted Council. Ecumenical the from withdrawal the supporting was party One parts. two into split s period, the of analysis the provided KintsurashviliinterviewShota personalaworld”. During “closedthe moreto becameChurch relig ‘middle“Shevardnadzethe opted ground”. state a as Orthodoxy Christian establishing of idea Church the supported traditionalists achieve and politics Georgian into ideas new bring to Georgia)). and Constitution of the (Article N9, state” and churchindependence beliefof the aswell asconfessions, religious of freedom complete declares simultaneously but history, Georgian speci the emphasizes state “the states: document The underscored. highlywas Church Orthodox Georgian the of importance However,mention passed,important becameissecular Georgiaastate. historical it the to that 1 In defined. been have should religion of status the whereas constitution, national the on focused government Shevardnadze’s presidency his of years early the In churches. of construction the for support financialprovided government politics”. to key a church handedthe state the as Georgia of history the in epoch new “a as perceived was This Moscow. from back coming after Christian Orthodox an as baptized was He that. of demonstration clear a Shevardnadze tried to get the legitimization from the Church and one of his first move first his of one and Church the from legitimization the get to tried Shevardnadze

Hanf,Nodia, andNodia, Georgia Lurching toDemocracy. Georgia.” Naskidashvili,“Orthodox Politics:Religious Renaissance andIts Political ImplicationsinPost Georg Naskidashvili,“Orthodox Politics:Religious Renaissance andIts Political ImplicationsinPost Since 1997, after leaving the World Council of Churches, the Georgian Orthodox Orthodox Georgian the Churches, of Council World the leaving after 1997, Since arti The ia,”34. 88

cle is a clear example of a clash of liberals and traditionalists. Liberals traditionalists.wanted andliberals clashof a exampleof clear is a cle

al importance of the Georgian Orthodox Church and in in and Church Orthodox Georgian the of importance al 87 aying that “in 1997 the Georgian Orthodox Church was was Church Orthodox Georgian the 1997 “in that aying

The popularity of the Church sta Church the popularityofThe 89

36

995, after the document was successfully successfully was document the after 995,

- tt sprto, while separation, State rted to grow; the newgrow; the to rted - - Soviet Soviet s was was s ion. CEU eTD Collection 91 90 Catholicos with communion halting was monastery Shio influential the of leading Superior Father Georgia’s Georgi, from Archimandrite from letter open pressure an got II the Ilya that before by month One monasteries. affected greatly was decision The Church. Sy Holy the of meeting emergency an at taken was Council the leaving about decision the and present was Church the in cleavage the when period a was It organization. the left Church Orthodox an that 1948, in established was council the since time first the was This Georgian (CEC). Churches European the of Conference 1997 the and WCC the 20, left Church MayOrthodox On 1983. to 1979 from WCC the at president a was II Ilya wor and act debate, speak, to membersits for opportunity great a offers WCC The countries. 110 alsochurch Anglican,fellowshipsBaptist, in Lutheran,churchesof scoresdenominations and u Christian for aimsthat utilize managesto historicalinnarrativesshape culturalto and order anti de will I chapters next In policy. foreign religiousmasses through rhetoric.” pul importantly most and magazines newspapers, media, the over control the enjoyed They power. ideological gaining of process the started Church Orthodox Georgian the 1997 “since th for backed and

pit, from where they could directly rule the parish. They realized the power of controlling controlling of power the realized Theyparish. the rule directly could they wherefrom pit, Zolotov,“Georgian InterviewShota with Kintsurashvili. April 15, 2014 k together. The Georgian Orthodox Church joined the organization ink Thetogether.The Patriarch Georgianjoined Churchorganization 1962. theOrthodox The World Council of Churches (WCC) is the most inclusivemostWorld isThethe (WCC) Councilof Churches ecumenical organization anti The developedChurchas ie t lae h Cucl” n h itriw e otne agig that arguing continued he interview the In Council.” the leave to idea e OrthodoxChurch toLeave WCCand CEC.”

nity. 91

The organization unites churches, including world’s Orthodox world’sincluding churches, unites organizationThe 90

- Western attitude which was in harmony with the state’s state’s harmonyinthe whichwith Western was attitude - Mgvima Monastery. In the letter he letter the In Monastery. Mgvima monstrate the way the Church as a mobilizing force mobilizing a as Church the way the monstrate 37

-

arac Iy I bcue f his of because II Ilya Patriarch - Western discourse. Westerndiscourse. ttdta “his that stated o o the of nod -

the

CEU eTD Collection 96 95 94 93 92 this Georgian the by sufferedfor partlycompensate responsibilityto takes Regimeand Soviet the duringChurch damage Orthodox moral and material recognizes state “the document consciouswerefundamentalism” emergenceofthe of . colleagues his of former some that admitted “A document, the that of acceptance supported admits who minister, respondents the of one interviews, her presents Naskhidadhvili suppfinancialprovide the to aimeddocument The state. the andChurch Orthodox Georgian the between agreement constitutional the of idea the recei supporting started of Union Civil the benefits of wing liberal the and 2000s early the needs in and Church the the from legitimization realized parties Political enjoying. was Church Church inOrthodox movedleftconservativein aitdirection WCC sincethe . 1997 decision’”. ‘sudden a such take to Synod the expected had WCC the from withdrawal of advocates the even Church, Georgian m . Church the of unity the maintain to desire the by led was Synod Holy The Church. the of problems Mayandof19 priestsdemandedon group a from withdrawalWCC. the heresy”.ecumenical entioned in the interview with the Ecumenical News International (ENI), “nobody in the the in “nobody (ENI), International News Ecumenical the with interview the in entioned

Georgia,”33. Naskidashvili,“Orthodox Politics:Religious Renaissance andIts Political ImplicationsinPost Corso,“Georgia.” Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. damage” and “the state and the Church confirm their readiness for cooperation for the for cooperation for readiness their confirm Church the and state “the and damage”

The a The the support increasedpublic the with coincided popularity government of decline The internal the by affected was WCC the leave to decision the claim observers As 93

s eri nraz (n o te edr o te rhdx oit i Tbilisi) in society Orthodox the of leaders the of (one Andreadze Georgi As greement between the Church and state was signed in 2002 and according to the to accordingand in 2002 wassigned state andChurch betweenthe greement

92

The Archimandrite enjoyed the support of leaders of other monasteries other leadersof of support the enjoyed ArchimandriteThe

94

ute, s os age i te ril, h G the article, the in argues Corso as Further, 38

96

ort to the Church. As Church.the to ort - Soviet 95

eorgian ving ving CEU eTD Collection 99 98 97 the on focus will mechanismhave impactthepolitical accessthean to to social andlife. reason direct the not was agreement The Church. the of power political the increased significantly agreement the that mention to important is It spheres. cultural and educationalin priority given was Church the illustrate cult the protect to jointly collaborate would state the and teachers’ changing, and drafting competence”. Church to subject be Curriculum'sshall dismissal and appointment choice. their upon religion orthodox products” religious as goods of type any sell (Naskidashvili). 2013 they and hierarchs church some by used well very ‘is taxation on article “an interview the in mentions Movement) National the from MP (an Japaridze Zurab As Church. the to funding increased provide to point turning a was statement this reimbursement, for procedures exact the provide to failed furthermore, sovereignty”(Article1) well

Church.” “ConstitutionalAgreement between Statethe of Georgia andGeorgianthe Ap Georgia.” Naskidashvili,“Orthodox Politics:Religious Renaissance andIts Political ImplicationsinPost Church.” “ConstitutionalAgreement between Statethe of - en o te ouain f h Cuty n codne ih rnil o reciprocal of principle with accordance in Country the of population the of being h hr tg il be will I stage third The “educational states, Concordate the of 5.1 Article the As and Church the to “owes” state the much how specify didn’t agreement the As

period between 2008 between period

98

97

discussing MikheilSaakashvili o an oiia ifune bt nbe te hrh to Church the enabled but influence, political gain to - 2011. In 2004 Saakashvili got almost the full support full the almost got Saakashvili 2004 In 2011. GeorgiaandGeorgianthe Apostolic Autocephaly Orthodox

covers the presidency of Mikheil Saakashvili. I Saakashvili. Mikheil of presidency the covers 39

ural heritage. As these articles articles these As heritage. ural ostolicAutocephaly Orthodox

99 institutions shall teach teach shall institutions

Moreover, the Church the Moreover, - Soviet

CEU eTD Collection 2013)(TheGovernment ofGeorgiato 2005 Finances of Ministry the of website the at accessed was data The 2013. from Plan Budget making. decision of process actual the on impact an make and state the over influence political the exercise to it enablesforcelegitimazing a as Churchthe that reveals trend this sametime, the powerf becomemore to ChurchOrthodox theallowed ThisChurch. thefrom legitimizationget to inorder funding state increasedthe support Church's the seekingleaders receive Church the fund of amount total times. 20 increased funding state presidency Saakashvili's during illustrates, graph the as Equally, force. legitimizing maximum the enjoyed therefore, and country popularity. the in institution trusted most the was N1, graphs from decipher can we As Orthodo the popularityof the EU. the and NATO withintegration and valuesWestern promoting ideology, The Revolution”. “Rose the as constit recognized was later which demonstration, peaceful byanda followed The presidentialbecamepresident of electionwas Georgia. voters the from utional agreement failed to savefailedutional agreement Shevardnadze's to government. h nw oenet e b Mkel aksvl bgn h ipeetn o civic of implementing the began Saakashvili Mikheil by led government new The

The data is compiled from the Budget Exe Budget thefrom iscompiled data The

The

new government was blessed by the patriarch and he once again, served as a as servedagain, once he and patriarch the by blessedwas government new

Funding x Church reached its peak during the presidency of Saakashvili. presidencyof the during peakits reachedChurch x

dramatically increased within the last yen years an yearsyen last the within increased dramatically 2 , in the last years of the Saakashvili’s rule the Church Church the rule Saakashvili’s the yearsof last the in , d

n 02 a 2. mlin GEL. million 22.8 was 2012 in 40

cution Reports from 2005 to 2012 and the andthe 2012 to from2005 Reports cution

ul institution. ul The power and power The

Government d the d At - CEU eTD Collection institutions.other As Source:CRRC 2008,2009, 2010,2011 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 0 Charts N2 Charts

Orthodox 64 64 Church

25

Chart Chart 1. Trusts towards thereligious institution

2011 25 and N3 illustrate the truest towards the Georgian Orthodox Church is much higher compared to compared higher much is Church OrthodoxGeorgian the towards truest the illustrate N3 and 7 Chart Chart 2. Trust towards VariousInstitutions in

1

1 Parliament

among OrthodoxChristians (per cent) 8 2

28 59

27 Government Executive Executive

10 2010 9

2

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2011 (per cent)

1

President 26 Fully Fully Trust 67

20 32

2009 41 7

1 Government

1 10

Local Local Trust

4

33

75

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2008 4

1 39

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CEU eTD Collection Mikheil of presidency the during Saakashvili. popularity its of peak the reached Church Orthodox suggest Church, the from legitimization gain to desire government’s the of demonstration a be to considered iswhich state, the from support financial the of analysis the through Also, power. political more gain to Church the enabled state and Church the anti anti became discourse Orthodox and WCC the left Georgia when 1997, the after different between relationship The have. government could it power the realized the immediately dataThe was accessed websitheat dataThe is compiled from the Budget Execution Reports from2005 to2012 and Budgetthe Plan from 2013. 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 -

ocumenical. Further, as I have suggested the Constitution Agreement of 2002 between 2002 of Agreement Constitution the suggested have I as Further, ocumenical. 1.3 As the chapter aimed to illustrate, after Unionaimed Church Soviet ofthe breakdown the the chapter Asthe to 2005

Chart Chart 3 s demonstrated that the popularity and the strength of the Church started to grow to started Church the of strength the and popularity the that demonstrated s

Georgian Orthodox(millionGEL) Church 4.8 2006

.

4.2 BudgetaryReceived Funding the by 2007

te ofteMinistry the of Finances (The Government of Georgia2005 to2013)

9.5 2008

25.7 2009

42

25.4 2010

22.9 2011

22.8 2012

ht h Georgian the that

25 2013

- Western,

CEU eTD Collection 102 101 100 our In experience. memory, cultural and historical the on based is state “any that saying meaning peoplesupport”, andthesupport trust that Georgian Ort Diasporas” helping stop will Church Armenian the state, and Church the between conflict of case in and Diasporas c the In examine. carefully should w neighbor factor different a our is there but of state, the example with relations the close has church at where Armenia, look might “We countries. other with parallel a draw h is it that saying continues He state. religious a shaping of attempt successful the face nation” the to relegated r of persecution hand, other the on nation, State independent an of existence the with changed h one the on orthodoxy: and identitynational between relationship the changes that context new a created hasUnion Soviet the of collapse attempts Church Instrumentalization of Historical and Cultural Memory, Shaping Orthodox Orthodox Shaping Memory, andCultural Historical of Instrumentalization

Ibid. InterviewMirian with Gamrekelashvili. April9, 2014 Serrano,“De 100

Gamrekelashvil inAstheologian GamrekelashviliMirianinterview, the personal nowadaysargues, we levera the demonstrate will I thesis the of part this In

- SecularizingNational Space Georgia.” in to uses to make a political and social influence. social and political a make to uses to private sphere or confined to the embodiment of a secular idea of the the of idea secular a of embodiment the to confined or sphere private

i explains the importance of importance the explains i 101

hl in While

s o Amna h Cuc i te main the is Church the Armenia of ase the aeo eri e aete oe fte “direct the of model the have we Georgia of case eligious practices has ceased, ceased, has practices eligious Discourse and, the function of the nationalist discourse has has discoursenationalist the functionof the and, 43

history in the process of nation of process the in history -

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e h Geo the ge As Serrano points out “t out points Serrano As religion is no longer no is religion rgian Orthodox Orthodox rgian ate o the of partner 102

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. Interestingly, he perceives “non perceives he Interestingly, . Patriarch points out the tendencies of the post the of tendencies the out points Patriarch Orthodoxy is the “soul of the Georgian statehood”, which aims to recognizethe whichaims to Georgian statehood”, “soul ofthe theis Orthodoxy 125 . He uses the term “ usesHetermthe .

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The political situation was intense, but on the same day the Patriarch made a speech a made Patriarch the day same the on but intense, was situation political The as power his demonstrated clearly Patriarch the when examples more are There to need the and Church the of power the demonstrated gesture symbolic This in interfere openly not does patriarch The a

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51

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not have any outcome, the Patriarch demonstrated his participation in politics politics in participation his demonstrated Patriarch the outcome, any have not the fact that the parties failed to achieve any negotiation achieveany to failed partiesthe that fact the

Ilya II even tries to regulate inter regulate to tries even II Ilya

136

He was reminding people that that people reminding was He 135

disappeared.

the headquarters of the Georgian Orthodox Church. Orthodox Georgian the of headquarters the ease

the situation.the

52 the political tension as in the country as well as as well ascountry inthe tensionas political the

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to to s , the dialogue was led was dialogue the , ease gia. At the end he gia.At he end the

political tension tension political ot brought ot 137

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possible reasons and conditions under which the Georgian Orthodox Church emerged as as emerged Church Orthodox Georgian the which under conditions and reasons possible o religion. not l in social and political all Union Soviet the of breakdown the After Georgia Union Soviet the of dissolution the Since

y intensified through the state the through intensifiedy stability and the only institutiononly the andstability for institution . Georgia was Georgia . closercollaboration withOrthodoxGeorgianChurch. the

rfulinstitution. h nwy needn cuty faced country independent newly The .

vntog, twsoeo h ipratisrmnst ul national a build to instruments important the of one was it though, Even The

n Georgia in wr f h Cuc hs ee be a iprat s nowadays. as important as been never has Church the of ower ; the importance the ;

core of the of core given a chance a given

Te rcs o giig oiia ad oil oe was power social and political gaining of process The . tions formation of the Georgian nationalism in the 19th century 19th the in nationalismGeorgian the of formation - . churchrelations However and the intensity of the Orthodoxy h Orthodoxy the of intensity the and Conclusion

which started the process of process the started which to successfully build European buildsuccessfully to 53

, in the contemporary Georgia we Georgia contemporary the in ,

since the 90s. After the analysis of the analysisAfter of the 90s. the since t in political disputes and emphasizes and disputes political in t s nenl s el s external as well as internal as aae t rgi is political its regain to managed h hrh ste most the is Church the ,

unification of the nation the ofunification

with was to investigate to was with

nation stitutions failed to failed stitutions as never been as been never as - state based on based state are facing are The The CEU eTD Collection poli or social istraditionalvaluesbeandeveryfornumber priority the one should Georgian. true and only the is Orthodoxy that claims events, historical the of analysis the through and Georgia are Georgians and narrative cultural anti globalist, national religions the of basis the as served which discourse The framework. Ilya leader spiritual its with Church situation political the collapsetheideology.Socialist the of vacideologicalfill the to andliberal values the basedon state secularbuild Georgia Ortho Georgian the by out filled successfully was which gap ideological the as perceived was experience, importantly most the and memory historical the by caused trauma, religiosity. post other Georgia, Like present. was sentiments the not wasInterestingly,Georgia Church. leaders political all almost considerably Consequently, presidency. s hv dmntae te hrh evd s mblzn pwr n i t in and power mobilizing a as served Church the demonstrated have I As y 70 Afterthe m of mainargument The ,

I have demonstrated that newly independent state faced two main challenges: to to challenges: main two faced state independent newly that demonstrated have I eiin A a eut Goga a is seil iso” n poetn Georgian protecting and mission” “special its has Georgia result, a As religion.

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etr ad anti and Western besd y o” Te Church The God”. by “blessed dox Church. Through the analysis of the key events from the history of of history the from events key the of analysis the Through Church. dox , the intensityinthedifferent were , dimension casethe and of Georgia. ears of experience beingthe of under experience ears ,

ons u ta te erin agae s the is language Georgian the that out points defined the future of the Georgian nation. The Georgian Orthodox Orthodox Georgian The nation. Georgian the of future the defined lence h fnnil su financial the

acknowledged t lyd h smoi rl t rcnie oiia pris As parties. political reconcile to role symbolic the played it - - 02 Sne h Chu the Since 2012. y thesis was that after the dissolution of the Soviet Union the Union Soviet the dissolutionof afterthe that was thesisy ecumenical. The Church successfully utilized national and and national utilized successfully Church The ecumenical.

I tre te rcs o saig h nw ideological new the shaping of process the started II only country where the where country only

h ne for need the 54 pr a the as pport

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one of the reasons of the extreme popularity of the Church in Georg in Church the of popularity extreme the of reasons the of one is the personal factor of the Patriarch. Through the ana the Through Patriarch. the of factor personal the is eae nte interna the on derates 55

tional level and tries and level tional - Rus s ianinwar 2008.

to reconcile to

lysis of of lysis ia, CEU eTD Collection Fumey, “ExcessBanquet ?Gilles.the TheGeorgianat of Case the Supra.” “Eri2004. BeriMonk),” Dathe and (TheNation Edward. Dowling,Theodore Tamar, Dondua, EleneKlara Gorgadze, Kvatchantiradze.Ramishvili, Perideand Molly.Corso,“Georgia: ChurchCouldof Orthodox Intolerance?” Become theFont a “Constitutionalbetween Agreement ofGeorgiaState Geor the the and “ChurchGiveCategorical Leader: Up Thinking.” J. “GeorgiaC. Chivers, ClearinProtests Erupt as Police to ViolenceTryDemonstrators Ana.Chelidze,“Erovnuli K’onst’ruireba ReligiurIdent’obis Robia.Charles,in “Religiosity Institutions: Religious fromTrust and the Tales J.TimothyByrnes, Katzenstein. and A., Peter ——— “Myths Brubaker,Rogers. andin MisconceptionsNationalism.” Study theof Borowik,“BetweIrena. Berdzenishvili, Nikoloz. “Church’sBarry,Ellen. WinAidedMuscle President’sin of Rivals Georgia.” Anderson,Richard Benedict O’Gorman. Alasania,Giuli.“Twenty Centuriesof inChristianity Georgia.” http://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/collect/0001/000513/1qarTuli%20gazeTe Newspapers) Bibliograpia(AnaliticalGazetebis BibliographyGeorgianAnalit’ik’uri of EurasiaNet http://www.patriarchate.ge/_en/?action=eklesia Church,”Autocephaly 2002. Orthodox http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=20996. 07georgia.8229973.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0. http://www.nytimes.com/200 Times.” York New 2014. Accessed June 6, (Intelectual) (NationalCo Identity 228 (2010):Issue 02 CaucasusAzerbaijan,(Armenia, and Georgia).” University2006. Press, 2 2012): (January 1, “Religion . Approaches.” Nationalism:Four and Cambridge http://works.bepress.com/wrb/13.305. 1998. University Press, Nationalism Nation: Theory the of Ernestthe Gellner and doi:10.1177/0037768602049004002. 508. Russia,BelarusUkraine.”and presidents http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/14/world/europe/churchs Time NationalismSpread of and 1 (January117 no. 2006): 30, 4, no.2 (January4, 2006): 1, s , October 13,2012,Worldsec.October Europe. , / - rivals , June 25, 2013. http://www.eurasianet.org/node/67173. June2013. , 25, , no.10 (2009)., . Vol. 7, 1970. Vol.7, . en OrthodoxyenEclecticism:and Religious the On Transformationsof - in Istoriia Gruzii (The History of Georgia)GruziiIstoriia (The History of - georgia.html. – – nstruction innstructionReligio the 20.doi:10.1111/j.1469 SketchesGeorgianChurchof History 61.doi:10.1017/S1755048310000052.

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Imagined Communities: Reflections onOrigin Imagined the Communities: Reflections

56 Religion in anin ExpandingEurope Religion

Civil GeorgiaCivil - 8129.2011.00486.x. - Nationalist Discourse).” Nationalist

- 49, no. 4 (December497 no.4 2002): 49, 1,

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Nations and NationalismNationsand - Nacionalist’ur Disk’ursebshiNacionalist’ur . May2009. . 26, IBSU Scientific JournalScientific IBSU - . . Tbilisi,1958. , edited by, JohnHall,272 . Elibron.com, . 1979. -

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