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Key Aspects of Georgian Orthodox Church's Autocephaly

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Key Aspects of Georgian Orthodox Church's Autocephaly Key aspects of Georgian Orthodox Church’s autocephaly Zurab Kutateladze http://doi.org/10.33209/2519-4348-2019-7-54 In Orthodox world it is commonly known that Tomos on recognition and acceptance of autocephaly of Orthodox Church of Georgia took place on the 25th of January 1990. The Georgian Orthodox Church occupies the sixth place in the local Slavic Church diptychs alongside the ninth place in the diptychs of ancient eastern patriarchates. All those facts may cause an uninitiated reader to consider Georgia to be a developing country that managed to gain its political and religious independence only after Russian Empire had collapsed. Few know nowadays that Georgian Orthodox Church is one of the most ancient in the world and that Georgia itself after the 5th century is a country with its own autocephalous Church, mentioned by a Byzantine historian Procopius of Caesarea in the 6th century: «Iberians are Christians, they abide by rules of faith better than anyone we know». Even such an influential clergyman and theologian as Archbishop of Telmessos Job (Getcha) stating that «the Orthodox autocephalies, except for the most ancient ones, were created due to Tomos granted by Church of Constantinople and only they can be considered as truly autocephalous Churches,» apparently does not include Georgia into the number of those «most ancient» ones, as further on he mentions: «Autocephaly is every time declared due to a number of political reasons, for example owing to acquiring national independence as it happened in Georgia, Czech Republic and Slovakia»1. The reason for such underestimation of Georgian Orthodox Church is deprivation of autocephaly for more than a hundred years when the history of the nation, past and present of its church were questioned. In Tsarist Russia very few theologians and church historians would defend the right of Georgian Orthodox Church, among them M. Sabinin and N.N. Durnovo. Overwhelming number of authors simply tried to justify the status quo. Activists who wrote articles exploring the issue deeply such as bishops (and future patriarchs of Georgia) Kyrion, Leonid, Ambrosius, Callistratus felt like a voice crying in the wilderness. Their works being written mainly in Georgian were rarely taken into account outside of their own country. Our survey intends to familiarize readers with history of autocephaly of Georgian Orthodox Church, with views of the above-mentioned Georgian clergy activists, and to keep 1 Archbishop of Constantinople on the role of autocephaly in the status of ROC https://zn.ua/ WORLD/konstantinopolskiy-arhiepiskop-rasskazal-o-roli-avtokefalii-i-statuse-rpc-294489_.html Волинський Благовісник №7 (2019) 140 Zurab Kutateladze track of the inner and outside factors that led to autocephaly at dawn of christianity and of the reasons that have contributed to the loss of autocephaly and to its restoration again. Кey words: autocephaly, Orthodox Church, Georgia. Apostolic asceticism of Andrew the First-Called in Georgia paved the way for spreading the saving religion across the whole country. The Adoption of Christianity in Georgia happened at the same time as Constantine the Great announced freedom of religious prac- tice of Christianity in the Roman Empire. Also, at the time Georgia’s patron was Queen of Heaven, the Blessed Virgin, who in order to prove Her vigilance over the country had guided there a virgin. For that purpose the Mother of God had chosen a devoted christian from Cappadocia – Nino. Thanks to a cross and prayers granted by the Queen of Heaven Saint Nino definitively defeated idolatry in the very heart of Georgia – Kartli, miraculously healed princess Nana and the miracle with king Mirian had contributed to converting Christianity into Georgian state religion. Shortly Mirian ordered everyone in his kingdom to be bap- tized in Christian faith and the entire nation embarked on the path of Christianity devotedly. Following Saint Nino’s advise the king announced his decision to the Emperor of Byzantine, who alongside with his clergy rejoiced at Georgia’s conversion into Christianity and sent Mirian True Cross, an image of Lord and a part (the pedestal) of the holy wood of the True Cross as well as one of the nails used to nail Christ’s holy hands against the cross. Constantine the Great sent over to king Mirian some priests together with bishop Ioane who consequently would be elected as a patriarch of Antiochian Orthodox Church in the Council of Nicaea in 325. This election has determined that Georgia would belong to the Antiochian Orthodox Church. During patriarchy of Petre Georgian Apostolic Church got autocephaly from the Antiochian Orthodox Church. This happened in the 5th century during the reign of Vakhtang Gorgasali who saw the meaning of his life in fulfilling of this principle: «Seek death in Christ’s name.» Nevertheless, due to political conflicts Vakhtang together with Persian army marched towards Byzantine. Although it should be stated Key aspects of Georgian Orthodox Church’s autocephaly 141 that despite confrontations he did not forget about the same faith of the enemy and spared them vigorously outside of the battlefield. Here is where the king’s dream comes on the scene. Typically even in historiography of Church this dream is rarely mentioned. It is considered to be something legendary, fantastic, pro- verbial… Nevertheless this dream precisely has outlined the path of onward development of Georgia, just as dreams of Joseph the Beautiful did for the biblical story. The dream furthermore becomes a significant factor since its protag- onist is bishop Petre himself, the one during whose patriarchy Georgia gained autocephaly and who became its first Catholicos! What was the dream preceded by though? Juansher Juansheriani in the Georgian Chronicles known as Kartlis Tskhovrena (Life of Georgia) narrates a story about the mentioned events that ends with description of the prophetic dream! «Vakhtang sent out heralds in order to get all the monks out of their shelters, set free the prisoners and let them go wherever they please. So multitude of priests and deacons, monks and encratites left caves and cliffs and morejover left Pontic city for it had been besieged for almost four months. And two people were among them: priest Petre, a student of Gregory the Theologian, as he ordained at his tomb, and a monk called Samoel. And they appeared before Vakhtang to give their grati- tudes for letting prisoners go and for setting churches and priests free. After the prayer king showed compassion and visited them and ordered to bring in all the prisoners and monks and the weak that he’d set free for all those wretched were outside the city. The wretched were granted mules and the young were given three drach- mas each and were free to go. Petre the priest and Samuel the monk were left with the king. And when the warriors left to their tents and the king headed to dine, he said to Petre: «God favored this deed of mine for I protected churches and set prisoners free.» Petre said: «Should your slave speak up to you boldly or should he praise you falsely?» 142 Zurab Kutateladze King tells him: «Speak up for I seek nothing but denunciation in order to prevent lies.» Petre said: «Before God bodily churches are taller than the stone ones. A church made of stone will fall one day but will be rebuild from the same stone. When bodily churches fall though - no one can manage to heal that: neither a healer nor a king. Thus what num- ber of alive people you’d thrust? It is said about Abel’s blood: every blood is washed off with Noah’s flood, as for the blood of Zacharias, the son of Barachias, it was paid off to jews with full disgrace; Isaiah talks about this: take and destroy all of his children through Titus and Vespasian. Or have you not read books of Moses: when an isra- elite began to fornicate with a foreign seed, how many souls were destroyed for this only adultery? Therefore what number of virgins and churches had been violated by your soldiers?» And the king said: «Don’t you see that Iovian, the defender of churches, at the same time served the wicked Julian? And if one stumbled, one must fall.» Petre said: «I shall not push someone who’ve stumbled, but I shall rise you who had fallen as if David from Uria’s seduction. I do not wish you to resemble someone who creates with his right hand but with the left one destroys, nor someone who blesses with his lips but with his heart curses and smears, you should be like blessed mem- ory of kings that have mastered this world but have not drifted apart from Heavenly Kingdom: David, Solomon and Constantine, Iovian and many more like them. What is your resemblance with Iovian though and who rules over you, whose sword would hang over your neck as did Julian’s (sword) over Iovian? Or who did God chose to be your ruler so that he could be held responsible for your righteousness before God? No way, you have been put a ruler over all these and to you all of them were given. Henceforth God will ask you about all the evil and you’ll be punished if you do not repent.» The king said: «I want my justification, but you have blamed me rightfully.» Petre said: «Since you stepped on the path of confession, your sins have abandoned you. Although now I shall announce the words of Key aspects of Georgian Orthodox Church’s autocephaly 143 your heart: not for the ignorance of yours have you risen to fight against God’s children but for helping your Persian family.
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