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Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use- Section: Biodiversity, Ecology and Nature Conservation -CENTRE OF BIODIVERSITY AND SUSTAINABLE LAND USE- SECTION: BIODIVERSITY, ECOLOGY AND NATURE CONSERVATION Interactive effects of elevation and forest-use intensity on tropical tree diversity in Veracruz, Mexico. Dissertation for the award of the degree “Doctor rerum naturalium” (Dr.rer.nat.) of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen within the doctoral program “Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution” of the Georg-August University School of Science (GAUSS) submitted by María Leticia Monge González from Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico Göttingen, 2020 Thesis Committee: Prof. Dr. Holger Kreft, Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. Prof. Dr. Dirk Hölscher, Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. Dr. Jürgen Homeier, Plant ecology and ecosystems research, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. Members of the Examination Board: Reviewers Prof. Dr. Holger Kreft, Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. Prof. Dr. Dirk Hölscher, Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. Others members of the Examination Board: Prof. Dr. Andreas Schuldt Forest Nature Conservation, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. Prof. Dr. Catrin Westphal Functional Agrobiodiversity, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. Prof. Dr. Erwin Bergmeier Vegetation analysis and phytodiversity, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. Date of the oral examination: September 21, 2020 “What beautiful mountains in Mexico!” those cones of perpetual snow are the most beautiful thing in the world; those majestic heads that rise among the shimmering vegetation of the tropics” Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) “¡Que hermosas montañas las de México! aquellos conos de nieve perpetua es lo más hermoso del mundo; esas cabezas de nieve majestuosa que se elevan en medio de la brillante vegetación de los trópicos” Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) Table of contents List of tables ........................................................................................................................... 3 List of figures .......................................................................................................................... 5 Thesis abstract ....................................................................................................................... 7 Author contributions .............................................................................................................. 9 General introduction ............................................................................................................ 12 Study outline ........................................................................................................................ 17 1 Response of tree diversity and community composition to forest-use intensity along a tropical elevational gradient ................................................................................................ 20 1.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................. 20 1.2 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 22 1.3 Methods ................................................................................................................ 24 1.4 Results ................................................................................................................... 30 1.5 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 34 1.6 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 38 2 Interactive effects of land-use intensity and elevation reduce functional redundancy of tropical tree communities .................................................................................................... 40 2.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................. 40 2.2 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 42 2.3 Materials and methods ......................................................................................... 44 2.4 Results ................................................................................................................... 48 2.5 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 54 2.6 Conclusions and application .................................................................................. 57 3 BIOVERA-Tree: tree diversity, community composition, forest structure and functional traits along gradients of forest-use intensity and elevation in Veracruz, Mexico ............... 60 3.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................. 60 3.2 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 61 3.3 Study area .............................................................................................................. 63 1 3.4 Sampling methods .................................................................................................. 64 4 General discussion ......................................................................................................... 77 4.1 The interactive effects of elevation and forest-use intensity on tree diversity .... 77 4.2 Floristic composition along the elevational gradient and forest-use intensity ..... 78 4.3 Interactive effects of elevation and forest-use intensity on tree functional diversity and redundancy................................................................................................................. 79 4.4 Relationships between biomass and stem density with functional diversity and redundancy........................................................................................................................ 80 4.5 Future perspectives ................................................................................................ 81 4.6 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 82 5 References ..................................................................................................................... 83 6 Appendix ...................................................................................................................... 102 6.1 Appendix A-supporting information to chapter 1 ............................................... 102 6.2 Appendix B-supporting information to chapter 2 ................................................ 118 7 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................... 136 2 List of tables Table 1.1. Location and climatic conditions of the eight study sites in central Veracruz, Mexico. ................................................................................................................................. 26 Table 3.1. Number of individuals and species with measurements of seven functional traits. .............................................................................................................................................. 66 Table 3.2. Mean tree species and individual numbers per plot. ......................................... 68 Table A1. List of tree species recorded at different levels of forest-use intensity along an elevational gradient in central Veracruz, Mexico. ............................................................. 102 Table A2. Results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the models evaluating the effects of elevation and forest-use intensity nested in elevation on tree species richness. ........ 109 Table A3. Results of statistical analyses of multiple comparisons of means using Tukey contrasts. Multiple comparisons are between in tree species richness, Shannon and Simpson diversity using effective number of species ........................................................ 110 Table A4. Results of the permutational multivariate analysis of ariance (PERMANOVA) evaluating the effects of elevation and forest-use intensity nested in elevation on tree community composition. ................................................................................................... 111 Table A5. Results of the permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) evaluating the effects of elevation and forest-use intensity nested in elevation on tree community composition. ................................................................................................... 112 Table A6. Results of statistical analysis of pairwise comparisons between tree community composition estimated using incidence-based Jaccard in every forest-use intensity and per each elevation. ................................................................................................................... 113 Table A7. Results of statistical analysis of pairwise comparisons between tree community composition estimated using abundance-based Bray Curtis in every forest-use intensity and per each elevation. ............................................................................................................. 114 Table B1. Quality estimates of functional
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