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Fisheries of the Farasan Islands (Red Sea) W CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Aquatic Commons Fisheries of the Farasan Islands (Red Sea) W. Gladstone Abstract The fisheries of the Farasan Islands (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea) are described. The fishery resources are exploited by artisanal, investor and industrial sectors. The artisanal fishery consists mostly of line fishing around coral reefs and about half the fishing effort occurs within the proposed marine protected area (MPA). Activities by investor and industrial fisheries sector include line fishing, gill netting, fish trapping and demersal fish trawling. The relevant resource management issues that need to be addressed as part of a planning study for the establishment of a MPA are also presented. The major issues are: (1) the decline in the catch of the artisanal fishery; (2) by catch and habitat degradation; (3) sustainability in the collection of giant clams and pearl shells; and (4) the lack of information such as the importance of MPA to fisheries, stock assessment and catch and effort data. A significant role in the future management of the fisheries has been identified for the traditional representatives of the artisanal sector. Introduction the fisheries have not been studied in Methods detail. More detailed studies (e.g., The Farasan Islands (Fig. 1) are a stock, catch and effort assessments) The Farasan Islands (16o40’N and high priority in terms of conservation are planned for the future as part of a 42o00’E) are located in the southern and management of marine resources. regional fisheries assessment Red Sea within the borders of the Most of the marine environment is (Gladstone et al. 1999). Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 42 km undisturbed by human activities other The aim of this study was to gather offshore of the coastal city of Jizan. than fishing. There is a high diversity preliminary information on fisheries The proposed Farasan Islands MPA of marine ecosystems and the area is activities within the proposed Farasan encompasses 128 islands and a total nationally and internationally Islands MPA. This paper describes area of 3 310 km2 (Fig. 1). Farasan significant for seabirds and marine the types of fisheries that used the Island (four villages), Saqid Island mammals, and is the site for a unique proposed MPA, the areas utilized, the (four villages) and Qummah Island annual aggregation of parrotfish intensity of usage, current issues (one village) have a total population (Gladstone 1996; Gladstone and facing the artisanal fishers and their of 5 000. The locations of fishing Fisher in press). The dramatic urban, perception of the proposed MPA. grounds and camps were determined industrial and commercial development of Saudi Arabia in recent decades has led to rapid population growth, development of coastal areas, and the rise of relatively new industries, such as commercial fishing (Gladstone et al. 1999). The sea between the Farasan Islands and the coast is Saudi Arabia’s major N) 0 fishing ground in the Red Sea, and continued growth in fishing is expected as demand for seafood Latitude ( increases. If unmanaged, these factors are a potential threat to the resource sustainability, conservation status and cultural values of the Farasan Islands. In view of this, it Longitude (0E) was decided to establish a marine protected area (MPA) around the Farasan Islands. This region of the Fig. 1. The Farasan Islands. (The boundaries of the Farasan Islands Marine Protected Area Red Sea is poorly documented and encompass all islands in the figure). 30 Naga, WorldFish Center Quarterly (Vol. 25, No. 3 & 4) July-Dec 2002 by aerial and boat surveys and Table 1. Fish species caught in the artisanal fishery of the Farasan Islands. interviews with fishers. Differences Class Chondrichthyes (sharks and rays) in the level of use of particular reefs Family Carcharinidae Carcharhinus, C. melanopterus were quantified by inspection of Class Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Coast Guard records of all trips made Family Belonidae by artisanal fishers from two launch Tylosurus choram sites. Species caught were Family Chanidae determined by inspection of catches Chanos chanos during fishing or clearing of nets and Family Serranidae when the catch was being landed at Aethaloperca rogaa, Cephalopholis hemistiktos, C. miniata, C. oligosticta, Epinephelus areolatus, E. fuscoguttatus (*), E. summana (*), Plectropomus maculatus, P. truncatus, the markets, as well as by diving on Variola louti fish traps. Artisanal fishers and pearl Family Carangidae divers were interviewed at sea, in Carangoides bajad, Caranx melampygus, C. sexfasciatus, Gnathanodon speciosus, fishing camps, at fish markets, and in Rachycentron canadus, Scomberoides commersonianus, Seriola dumerili their homes for information on Family Scombridae income, perceived conflicts, and Euthynnus affinis, Gymnosarda unicolor, Scomberomorus commerson traditional management. Family Lutjanidae Lutjanus bohar, L. kasmira, L. gibbus , L. ehrenbergi, L. sebae, Pristipomoides typus Results Family Haemulidae Plectorhynchus flavomaculatus, P. gaterinus Artisanal Fishing Family Lethrinidae Lethrinus lentjan (*), L. mahsena (*), L. microdon (*), L. nebulosus At the time of the study there were Family Ephippidae Platax orbicularis 381 artisanal fishers, aged 22-75 years Family Gerreidae and representing about 20% of the Gerres argyreus (*), G. oyena (*) male workforce. All artisanal fishers Family Mugilidae were Saudi nationals and all worked Crenimugil crenilabis (*), Oedalechilus labiosus (*) solely as fishers. There were 442 Family Sphyraenidae licensed fishing boats, of which 396 Sphyraena barracuda were factory-made fiberglass boats Family Labridae (mostly 5-8 m length) powered by Epipulus insidiator outboard motors and 46 were Family Scaridae traditional, hand-built wooden boats. Hipposcarus harid (*), Scarus ferrugineus (*), S. ghobban Fishing trips began from launch sites Family Siganidae throughout the Farasan Islands, Siganus rivulatus (*) usually near the fishers’ village (Fig. Family Platycephalidae 1). Fishers worked around the islands Platycephalus sp. and reefs within the vicinity of their (*) species also caught by industrial fisheries. launch site for 1-6 days, living in island camps. There was a Coast Guard camp at the larger villages Tobtah launch site. Combining from the Jinabah Bay launch site and where fishers reported prior to their fishing trips from both launch sites, 59% from the Tobtah launch site were departure and again upon their return. the most frequently fished reefs in the to destinations within the proposed A significant amount of fishing vicinity of these launch sites were MPA. This depiction of the effort occurred within the boundaries those around Solubah Island, Domsok significance of reefs within the of the proposed MPA and some reefs Island and Ra’s Shida, with visitation proposed MPA for the artisanal were fished more intensively than rates of 1.4, 1.1 and 0.8 trips/day, fishery is probably representative others. An average of about five respectively. All other locations because the Jinabah Bay and Tobtah fishing trips per day were made from within the proposed MPA in the launch sites accounted for 23% of all the Jinabah Bay launch site, whereas vicinity of these launch sites were fishing boats, and the numbers of an average of one and a half fishing only fished on 1-4 occasions during potential fishing sites were about trips per day were made from the the month. About 76% of fishing trips evenly distributed around the Farasan Naga, WorldFish Center Quarterly (Vol. 25, No. 3 & 4) July-Dec 2002 31 of the Farasan Islands, indicating that pearling was a significant local industry in the past. Underwater observations indicated that large numbers of P. radiata were still present in the shallow waters around Rogbain Island. Current activities of N) 0 this fishery are probably sustainable, owing to the small number and age Latitude ( (50-60 years) of participants and the absence of new divers. Clams (Tridacna maxima) were abundant on shallow reef tops on many reefs. At the time of this survey, clam tissues were being harvested Longitude (0E) from shallow reefs in the Kharij As Sailah and Kharij Al Qabr areas (Fig. 2). They are for sale in Farasan village Fig. 2. Activities in the Farasan Islands Marine Protected Areas. for SR1 each (about US$ 0.27). Surveys of this collection revealed Islands. government. Traditional management that a significant number of clams A total of 42 species of fish were practiced in the Farasan Islands were collected. Living clams were noted during the study (Table 1), with involved the practice of rotating picked from the reef by breaking the emperors (Family Lethrinidae) being fishing grounds. When catches surrounding coral, removing the the favored catch. The most common declined from a reef, the artisanal living tissue, and discarding the empty technique for catching reef fishes was fishers stopped fishing there for up to shell at the same site. The open spaces line fishing by a single fisher from a three months and concentrated their created by collectors smashing the boat. The fishers claimed they no efforts on another reef. This activity coral were invaded by zooanthids, longer hunted dugong or turtle, and was coordinated by the chief which appeared to limit the re-growth no evidence contrary to this was fishermen. of the surrounding corals. Although observed. Typically, artisanal fishers Pearl shells (Pinctada radiata) clam collection occurred only in a few reported they were paid were collected at only one location in locations, it reduced local stocks and approximately 500 Saudi Riyals (SR) summer, Rogbain Island (Fig. 2), by destroyed the surrounding coral. The (about US$ 133) for their catch after a group of four divers. Mounds of long-term sustainability of this 3-4 days fishing. discarded pearl shells are very activity needs to be assessed in more A single person within each common along the shorelines of most detail. village, translated from Arabic as the ‘chief fisherman’, was the focus for all fishing activities. There were six chief fishermen and each was a respected person in the village, the best fisher, and a source of much local information about fishing.
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