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Prehistoric House and 3D Reconstruction: Towards a BIM Archaeology Ivan Campana

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Prehistoric House and 3D Reconstruction: Towards a BIM Archaeology Ivan Campana ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials dʼinvestigació i docència en els termes establerts a lʼart. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix lʼautorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No sʼautoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes dʼexplotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des dʼun lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc sʼautoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). 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Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al contenido de la tesis como a sus resúmenes e índices. WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis and its use must respect the rights of the author. It can be used for reference or private study, as well as research and learning activities or materials in the terms established by the 32nd article of the Spanish Consolidated Copyright Act (RDL 1/1996). Express and previous authorization of the author is required for any other uses. In any case, when using its content, full name of the author and title of the thesis must be clearly indicated. Reproduction or other forms of for profit use or public communication from outside TDX service is not allowed. Presentation of its content in a window or frame external to TDX (framing) is not authorized either. These rights affect both the content of the thesis and its abstracts and indexes. Prehistoric House and 3D Reconstruction: Towards A BIM Archaeology. 2018 1 UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA FACULTAT DE FILOSOFIA I LLETRES Departament de Prehistòria Doctorado oficial d’Arqueología Prehistòrica Prehistoric House and 3D Reconstruction: Towards a BIM Archaeology. By Ivan Campana Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor in Prehistoric Archaeology Supervisor Professor Joan Antonio Barceló Álvarez, (Universitat Autoònoma de Barcelona) Co-Supervisor Professor Raquel Piqué Huerta (Universitat Autoònoma de Barcelona) 2018 2 To my family. 3 ‟We shape our buildings; thereafter they shape us. „ Sir WINSTON CHURCHILL ‟A human being should be able to change a diaper, plan an invasion, butcher a hog, conn a ship, design a building, write a sonnet, balance accounts, build a wall, set a bone, comfort the dying, take orders, give orders, cooperate, act alone, solve equations, analyse a new problem, pitch manure, program a computer, cook a tasty meal, fight efficiently, die gallantly. Specialization is for insects! „ ROBERT HEINLEIN, TIME ENOUGH FOR LOVE (1973) 4 Acknowledgements During these three years of research, many people have crossed my life and many of them helped me “see through the mist”. I thank all of them wholeheartedly. I want to thank my parents, Elisabetta and Oscar and my brother, Enrico, and my family all for their sacrifices and for their support that made my career possible: Paola, Viscardo, Nicoló, Vittoria, Teresa, Luciano, Marco, Daniela, Marisa, Lilli, Fabrizio, Gianni, Anna, Aldo and Alfredo. I want to thank Veronica, for her support and patience listening my endless mumbling in these four years. A special thanks to Laura Mameli: without her, I would probably have never met Joan Anton and none of this would have accomplished. Another special thanks goes to my supervisor, Joan Anton Barceló: he took me in, he trusted me and tested me all along. Has been a long journey, sometimes entangled, sometimes hard, but we never give-up. He taught me how to approach archaeology from another perspective, opening a new, fascinating world. In addition, last but not least, I enjoyed our “little talk” about classical music, opera and sci-fi literature. I want also thank my co-supervisor Raquel Piqué whose has been always friendly, forthcoming to me and open to all my ideas, and the other heads of La Draga, Antoni Palomo and Xavier Terradas and all the archaeological team for their work and their help. I want to thank Miquel Molist, the Department of Prehistory and the Laboratori d’Arqueologia Quantitativa (LAQU). I want to thank architect Michele Calvano for his insights on BIM. 5 I want to thank Sergio Taranto, Núria Morera and Giacomo Capuzzo for their friendships and their support, especially during the “Black Dog” moments. I want to thank the following projects for financing my last year of research: - 437 K117: “La Draga en el procés de neolitització del nord-est peninsular”. Financed by the Department of Culture, Generalitat de Catalonia. - HAR2016-76534-C2-1-R: “Simulación computacional de fenómenos históricos de cambio social y tecnológico durante el neolítico”. Financed by the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MINECO). - 2015ACUP0191: “The Digital Reconstruction of the Prehistoric Past: Virtual Reality and Artificial Intelligence for understanding social life in the Neolithic”. Financed by Catalan Association of Public Universities (ACUP). Call for aids for research RecercCaixa. - HAR2012-38838-C02-02: “Organización social de las primeras comunidades agrícola-ganaderas a partir del espacio domestico: arquitectura en madera y áreas de procesado y consumo de alimentos. Financed by the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MINECO). Last, but not the least, I want to mention the projects “Torno Subito” that is part of the ESF 2014-2020, the ROP Lazio ESF Axis III - Education and Training programming with “Investment Priority, 10.ii -Specific Objective, 10.5”. Torno Subito is promoted by Regional Department for Training, Research, Schools and University. The party in charge of starting and implementing the measure is Laziodisu Organization for the Right to University Education in Lazio. By winning one of their fellowships, I was able to finance an important part of my research. 6 7 Contents AKNOWLEDGEMENTS 05 LIST OF FIGURES 13 INTRODUCTION 29 OBJECTIVES 31 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 34 1. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 39 1.1. FOREWORD: 3D, VIRTUAL REALITY & VIRTUAL ARCHAEOLOGY 39 1.2. IS THERE ANY “VIRTUAL” REALITY? LIMITATIONS OF THE APPROACH 43 1.3. THE PROBLEM OF RECONSTRUCTION. TESTING THE MODEL 49 1.4. EXPLAINING BY SIMULATING. A NEW APPROACH TO VIRTUAL ARCHAEOLOGY 52 1.5. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS. LOOKING FOR THE PURPOSE OF THE COMPUTER SIMULATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL ARTIFACTS 55 1.6. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS THROUGH REVERSE ENGINEERING 58 1.7. A DEDUCTIVE APPROACH TO THE PREHISTORIC BUILDINGS COMPUTER SIMULATION: THE BIM 63 2. METHODOLOGY 67 2.1. NEOLITHIC BUILDING DIVERSITY: TOWARDS A FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF BUILT SPACE 67 2.2. ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY AND ARCHAEOLOGY 75 2.2.1. Specific Historical Analogy And General Comparative Analogy 77 8 2.2.2. Implementing The Theory 80 2.3. SOME EXAMPLE OF NEOLITHIC HOUSE ARCHITECTURE AROUND THE GLOBE 83 2.3.1. Iberian Peninsula 83 2.3.2. The Central Europe Longhouse 87 2.3.3. Scandinavian Peninsula 92 2.3.4. Balkan Peninsula 93 2.3.5. Near East 96 2.3.6. Asia – Japan & China 100 2.4. NEOLITHIC WETLAND OCCUPATION AND PILE- DWELLING 107 2.5. BRONZE AGE PILE-DWELLING 123 2.6. MODERN PILE-DWELLINGS 130 2.6.1. Iberian Peninsula – Portugal 131 2.6.2. Scandinavian Peninsula – Norway 133 2.6.3. Asia – Philippines 133 2.6.4. Asia – Myanmar 136 2.6.5. Asia – Malaysia 136 2.7. ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS, DISSECTING A SIMPLE TIMBER HOUSE: House Architectonic Basic Elements 141 2.7.1. Simple Timber house parts 144 2.7.2. Base Plane 147 2.7.3. Vertical Plane 147 2.7.4. Overhead Plane 149 2.8. CREATING A GENERIC DESCRIPTIVE MODEL 151 2.9. THE PHYSIC BEHIND THE PILE DWELLING ARCHITECTURE - Foreword 153 2.9.1. Foundation Structure 153 2.10. STRUCTURAL DESIGN: LOAD FORCES AND LOAD CAPACITIES 157 9 2.10.1. Vertical Load Carrying Capacity 157 2.10.2. Horizontal Load Carrying Capacity 158 2.10.3. Horizontal Load at Short Piles 159 2.10.4. Horizontal Load at Long Piles 160 2.10.5. Pile Length Below Ground vs Above Ground 162 2.10.6. Load Sharing Effect 162 2.11. WOOD DEGRADATION 162 2.11.1. Wood Rot Generating Fungi 163 2.11.2. Degradation Phenomena of Wooden Piles Above Ground 165 2.11.3. Animal Attack 165 2.12. STILT STRUCTURE ABOVE GROUND 167 2.12.1. Horizontal Force of the Water 168 2.12.2. Cyclical Effects 172 2.12.3. Measures Against Horizontal Buckling 173 2.13. SUPERSTRUCTURE 174 2.14. WOOD DEGRADATION 176 3. HOUSE ARCHITECTURE AT LA DRAGA 177 3.1. ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCES AND HOUSE ARCHITECTURE 177 3.1.1. The Site 178 3.2. ARCHITECTONICAL WOODEN ELEMENTS 183 3.2.1.
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