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Caribbean Journal of Science, Vol. 37, No. 3-4, 168–173, 2001 Copyright 2001 College of Arts and Sciences University of Puerto Rico, Mayagu¨ez At the Lower Size Limit in Amniote Vertebrates: A New Diminutive Lizard from the West Indies S. BLAIR HEDGES1 AND RICHARD THOMAS2 1Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Lab, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-5301. [email protected] 2Department of Biology, PO Box 23360, University of Puerto Rico, Rı´o Piedras, Puerto Rico 00931-3360. [email protected] ABSTRACT.-A new species of gekkonid lizard is described from Isla Beata and adjacent areas of Hispaniola, West Indies. Sphaerodactylus ariasae, sp. nov. is most closely related to S. streptophorus, from which it differs in size, color pattern, scalation, and snout shape. Its most distinctive feature is the very small adult body size, averaging only 16 (14-18) mm snout-to-vent-length. The new species and S. parthenopion (British Virgin Islands) are the smallest of the approximately 23,000 species of amniote vertebrates. INTRODUCTION presence of an escutcheon, and adult fe- males by presence of basic pattern (Thomas The West Indies archipelago is a “hot and Schwartz, 1983a) and enlarged ova, spot” of biodiversity due to the large num- oviducts, or both. Specimens were collected ber of endemic species, rapidly disappear- by hand and preserved in >80 % ethanol to ing habitats, and burgeoning human popu- preserve morphology and genetic material. lation (Hedges and Woods, 1993; Myers et Common names of West Indian amphibians al., 2000). Many new vertebrates have been and reptiles are from Hedges (2001). Abbre- discovered on the islands in recent years, viations are CMNH (Carnegie Museum of including the smallest species of tetrapod Natural History, Pittsburgh), MCZ (Museum (Estrada and Hedges, 1996). We describe of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massa- herein a new lizard from Hispaniola that chusetts), SVL (snout-vent length), and shares the distinction of being the smallest USNM (United States National Museum of amniote vertebrate in the world (amniotes Natural History, Washington, D.C.). include reptiles, birds, and mammals). This new species of gecko of the genus Sphaero- Sphaerodactylus ariasae, sp. nov. dactylus was found while conducting her- Jaragua Sphaero Fig. 1 petological surveys on the southern tip of the Barahona Peninsula and adjacent Beata Holotype.—USNM 541804, female, from a Island. sink hole and cave 2 km SE Punta Beata, Length was measured with a digital Isla Beata, Pedernales Province, Dominican readout micrometer caliper (Fowler- Republic, 17° 36.5Ј N, 71° 31.1Ј W,5mel- Sylvac) and recorded to the nearest 0.1 mm. evation, collected on 2 January 1998 by Ri- We follow other authors in treating adult chard Thomas and S. Blair Hedges. Origi- body size as maximum SVL in mm nal field number USNMFS 194747. (Schwartz and Henderson, 1991) because Paratypes.—All from the Dominican Re- growth often continues with age in adult public, Pedernales Province: USNM 541805 reptiles. Distinguishing adults from juve- (male), 541806 (male), type-locality; USNM niles is difficult in small species and 541807 (female), 541808 (male), 541809 (fe- samples; in addition, SVL may vary with male), Punta Lanza, Isla Beata, 17° 35.8Ј N, preservation and age of specimen (Lazell, 71° 32.6Ј W, 0 meters; MCZ R-182930 (fe- 1972). Body mass, which must be measured male), USNM 541810 (female), 0.5 km NW before preservation, is known for relatively Cabo Beata at Playa de Piticabo, 17° 36.7Ј few species. We determined adult males by N, 71° 25.7Ј W, 10 meters. 168 SMALLEST AMNIOTE VERTEBRATE 169 (1992), the Barahona Big-scaled Sphaero, is distinguished by its large scales, resulting in low scale counts (midbody scales num- ber 34-36 in S. plummeri versus 44-51 in S. ariasae, and dorsals number 17-21 in S. plummeri versus 24-29 in S. ariasae). Sphaero- dactylus altavelensis Noble and Hassler (Table 1), the Alto Velo Sphaero (see Tho- mas and Schwartz, 1983a) can be distin- guished by its larger adult body size (22-29 mm SVL), presence of scapular ocelli, and absence of a neck band. Description.—The Holotype and seven paratypes range in SVL from 14.1-17.9 mm (see measurements). Rostral scale broadly FIG.1.A.Sphaerodactylus ariasae, adult female (USNM 541804), holotype. B. S. streptophorus, adult fe- rounded, with a small, semicircular flat male (USNM 541813, Dominican Republic, Pedernales area delimited by a raised ledge; suprana- Prov., Hoyo de Pelempito). sals elongate, roughly triangular, widest laterally, and bordered below by a squar- ish, swollen upper postnasal; lower postna- Diagnosis.—This very small Sphaerodacty- sal flat and cobble-like; 1 (5 specimens) or 2 lus is closest to S. streptophorus Thomas and internasals present; 3 upper labials to mid- Schwartz (Hispaniolan Small-eared eye. Snout scales flat and cobble-like to Sphaero; difficilis complex; Thomas and subimbricate and keeled, with keeled scales Schwartz, 1983b) in general scale morphol- extending onto lores and sometimes almost ogy (flattened, keeled, imbricate dorsal to length of snout. Scales become narrower, body scales) and basic elements of the color erected, and keeled on the frontal region, pattern (narrow pale neck band and sacral and smaller, lower, and keeled on the pa- ocelli). It differs in size (maximum SVL 18 rietal region and onto the neck, where they mm versus 26 mm in S. streptophorus), in become more imbricate until condition of having a proportionately shorter head and flattened, somewhat swollen, keeled, and narrower, flatter snout (Fig. 2A-C), in hav- imbricate dorsal body scales is attained. ing the snout scales both extensively keeled Scales across snout (counted between su- (keeling extending farther toward the tip tures of 2nd and 3rd supralabials on each and onto the lores) and more imbricate, side) number 9-11 (mode 9); scales along more-swollen dorsal body scales, and snout from internasal to anterior edge of lower and more sharply keeled dorsal head orbit 5-6 (mode 6). Dorsal interrictal scales granules (vs. subconical, not strongly 40-44; ventral interrictal scales 30-35. Dor- keeled granules). Snout length/snout sal interauricular scales 41-47 (x = 44.3); height versus head length completely sepa- ventral interauriculars 28-40 (x = 36.9). Dor- rates S. ariasae (0.287-0.343) and S. strep- sal scales from axilla to groin 24-29 (x = tophorus (0.180-0.270), including juveniles 26.3); ventral scales axilla to groin 23-28 (x of the latter (Fig. 2D). The new species is = 25.6); scales around midbody number 44- more heavily pigmented (dark brown vs. 51 (x = 48.0). Subdigital lamellae 8-10 gray-tan ground color) than S. streptopho- (mode 9). Escutcheons 4-5 scales long by rus, has complete dorsolateral lines, and 13-16 scales wide in 2 males (total escutch- males have plain heads instead of having eon scales 36 and 56). Tail scales acute, flat- scattered vermiculations. tened, keeled, with some raised tips; me- Sphaerodactylus arisae could be confused dian ventral tail scales enlarged, rounded, with two other small and dark sphaerodac- flat, and smooth. tyls occurring in southern Hispaniola, al- Coloration consists of dark-edged pale though neither is closely related. Sphaero- postocular stripes that widen posteriorly, dactylus plummeri Thomas and Hedges with upper edge becoming somewhat 170 S. B. HEDGES AND R. THOMAS FIG. 2. Comparison of head shape in Sphaerodactylus ariasae (closed circles) and S. streptophorus (hollow circles). A. Snout height versus snout length. B. Head length versus snout-vent length (the three smallest S. streptophorus are juveniles). C. Snout width versus snout length. D. Snout length/snout height versus head length. emarginated in and bending mesiad, out- undergo pattern reduction characteristic of lining an incomplete cephalic figure. Two many sphaerodactyls. Metachrotic males specimens (USNM 541804, 541810) have plain headed (yellowish in life), with no short diagonal (rising anteriad) light dashes signs of the prominent vermiculations of that are reduced homologues of the wedge- metachrotic male S. streptophorus. marks discussed by Thomas and Schwartz Measurements.—SVL: 14.1 (USNM (1983b). All specimens with indications of a 541801), 14.8 (541809), 15.3 (541807), 16.5 transverse narrow, pale necklace mark that (541808), 16.8 (541805), 17.1 (MCZ-R- may be interrupted in the midline. All 182930), 17.7 (USNM 541806), and 17.9 specimens have complete longitudinal, (541804) mm. Lengths of two complete pale dorsolateral lines, which have dark tails: USNM 541808 (12.5 mm) and 541806 edges in the most boldly marked individu- (15.0 mm). Live body mass: USNM 541808 als. Lines tend to fade slightly at midbody, (0.12 g), 541806 (0.14 g), 541804 (0.14 g), and but become intensified on sacrum and onto MCZ-R-182930 (0.13 g). tail. Both metachrotic males (USNM Etymology.—We are pleased to name this 541806, 541808) with all pattern elements species in honor of Yvonne Arias. Yvonne extremely faint. Except for these two males, is long-time friend and champion of con- all specimens have a pair of pale sacral servation efforts in the Dominican Repub- ocelli indicated by a slight indenting of the lic, and especially in the Jaragua National mesial dark sacral lines. Males evidently Park, where this species occurs. “Jaragua” SMALLEST AMNIOTE VERTEBRATE 171 TABLE 1. Comparison of four species of Sphaerodactylus from southern Hispaniola. Character S. ariasae S. streptophorus S. plummeri S. altavelensis1 Maximum SVL, adult males
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    Biology and Impacts of Pacific Island Invasive Species. 5. Eleutherodactylus coqui, the Coqui Frog (Anura: Leptodactylidae)1 Karen H. Beard,2,5 Emily A. Price,3 and William C. Pitt4 Abstract: The nocturnal, terrestrial frog Eleutherodactylus coqui, known as the Coqui, is endemic to Puerto Rico and was accidentally introduced to Hawai‘i via nursery plants in the late 1980s. Over the past two decades E. coqui has spread to the four main Hawaiian Islands, and a major campaign was launched to eliminate and control it. One of the primary reasons this frog has received attention is its loud mating call (85–90 dB at 0.5 m). Many homeowners do not want the frogs on their property, and their presence has influenced housing prices. In addition, E. coqui has indirectly impacted the floriculture industry be- cause customers are reticent to purchase products potentially infested with frogs. Eleutherodactylus coqui attains extremely high densities in Hawai‘i, up to 91,000 frogs haÀ1, and can reproduce year-round, once every 1–2 months, and become reproductive around 8–9 months. Although the Coqui has been hy- pothesized to potentially compete with native insectivores, the most obvious po- tential ecological impact of the invasion is predation on invertebrate populations and disruption of associated ecosystem processes. Multiple forms of control have been attempted in Hawai‘i with varying success. The most successful con- trol available at this time is citric acid. Currently, the frog is established throughout the island of Hawai‘i but may soon be eliminated on the other Ha- waiian Islands via control efforts.
  • Geographic Distribution, Colour Variation and Molecular Diversity of Miniature Frogs of the Eleutherodactylus Limbatus Group from Cuba

    Geographic Distribution, Colour Variation and Molecular Diversity of Miniature Frogs of the Eleutherodactylus Limbatus Group from Cuba

    SALAMANDRA 48(2) 71–91 30 June Diversity2012 ISSNof miniature 0036–3375 frogs from Cuba Geographic distribution, colour variation and molecular diversity of miniature frogs of the Eleutherodactylus limbatus group from Cuba Ariel Rodríguez 1, Roberto Alonso 2, José Antonio Rodríguez 3 & Miguel Vences 4 1) Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática, Carr. de Varona, Km 3½, Capdevila, Boyeros, AP 8029, CP 10800, La Habana, Cuba 2) Museo de Historia Natural ‘Felipe Poey’, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, La Habana, Cuba 3) Unidad de Servicios Ambientales PN Alejandro de Humboldt, Sector Baracoa, Guantánamo, Cuba 4) Zoologisches Institut, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany Corresponding author: Ariel Rodríguez, e-mail: [email protected] Manuscript received: 20 January 2012 Abstract. The endemic Cuban Eleutherodactylus limbatus group contains five species of miniature species of frogs E. cu­( banus, E. iberia, E. jaumei, E. limbatus, E. orientalis), and one larger and more generalized species (E. etheridgei). Several of the miniature species have contrasting colour patterns with bright yellow or white stripes on a dark dorsum, and two of these species are known to sequester skin alkaloids. Based on a review of literature, museum data and numerous own, unpublished field records we provide an updated list of georeferenced locality records of all species of the group that con- firms their strict allopatric distribution pattern despite the close geographic proximity of some species. A phylogenetic tree based on newly analysed partial DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (566 bp) placed the dull- coloured species E. etheridgei and E. cubanus in a basal position, followed by a well-differentiatedE.