DOCSLIB.ORG

Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan Annarbor, Miciiigan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan Annarbor, Miciiigan OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANNARBOR, MICIIIGAN THE SPHAERODACTYLUS (SAURIA: GEKKONIDAE) OF MIDDLE AMERICA INTRODUCTION Splzaerodactylus is one of the most speciose genera of gekkonid lizards. It is confined to the Neotropics, and the majority of its divers- ity is found in the West Indies where approximately 69 species, and an additional 74 subspecies, have been well-documented (King, 1962; Schwartz, 1964, 1966, 1968, 1977; Schwartz and Garrido, 1981; Schwartz and Graham, 1980; Schwartz and Thomas, 1964, 1975, 1983; Schwartz, Thomas, and Ober, 1978; Thomas, 1964, 1975; Thomas and Schwartz, 1966a,b). The mainland radiation was poorly understood until 1982 when Harris published his revision of South American sphaerodactyls. No comprehensive study has yet been at- tempted for Middle American forms, and it remains the last area of taxonomic confusion in the genus. The number of taxa currently recognized in Middle America is not great (10 species according to Peters and Donoso-Barros [1970], Schwartz [1973], and Smith and Taylor [1950b, 19661); however, their geographic distribution and variation, and status as species or subspecies remain to be con- vincingly demonstrated. The Middle American sphaerodactyl fauna appears to be divisible into two geographical-historical components. Most of the taxa may be thought of as belonging to an endemic group because the sister taxon *Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, Museum of Zoology, The University of Michi- gan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1079 U.S.A. 2 Harris and Kluge Orc. P~I~P):) of each species also exhibits a mainland distribution. Only two, S. arg-us Gosse (1850) and S. rosaurae Parker (1940), belong to wide- spread West Indian species or species-groups. The mainland distribu- tion of S. argus is largely coastal and on off-shore islands, where it exhibits no obvious differentiation from presumed conspecifics in the West Indies. Sphaerodactylus rosaurae is restricted to the Islas de la Bahia of Honduras, but it is considered a member of the Greater Antillean "copei" species-group (Schwartz and Garrido, 1981). Other Caribbean sphaerodactyls, S. anthracinus, S. cinereus, S. fantas- ticus, and S. sputator, have been reported from Middle America. In fact, Cope (1862a:500) claimed that the holotype of S. anthracinus was from "Mexico," and Giinther (1885-1902) restricted its origin to Jalapa (Veracruz was added later by Schwartz and Thomas, 1975). However, Barbour (1921:258) found the male holotype (ANSP 7558, not "types" as per Taylor [1947]), "to be absolutely identical with examples from Andros Island in the Bahamas," which were the syn- types of S. asper (MCZ 6222), and he concluded that the mainland locality "is certainly erroneous." Wilhelm Peters' (1869) record of S. anthracinus from Puebla was overlooked by Barbour (1921), and it may give credence to a mainland origin for the species (Parker, 1940). Boulenger's (1885) specimen from San Domingo, West Indies was incorrectly interpreted by Taylor (1947) to be from Mexico. Thomas (1968) regarded S. anthracinus as a nomen dubium because of its uni- color pattern which is unlike that of any other Antillean sphaerodac- tyl, its questionable geographic origin, and because similar specimens have not been retaken from Andros Island. The Antillean pop- ulations which had been referred to S. anthracinus (Schwartz, 1961) have come to be called S. copei by Schwartz and Thomas (1964) and Thomas (1968) though it is not apparent that either author examined the type of S. anthracinus. The three other species said to have been collected in Mexico appear not to have been retaken there since the original references: S. cinereus (Troschel, 1865), S. fantasticus (Hal- lowell, 1861), and S. sputator (Cope, 1865). All of these seem to be based on erroneous geographic attributions or misidentifications. The following 14 names have been given to the Middle American endemics: S. carinatus Andersson (1916), S. casicolus Cope (1862a), S. continentalis Werner (1896), S. dunni Schmidt (1936), S. glaucus Cope (1865), S. homolepis Cope (1886), S. imbricatus Andersson (1916), S. inornatus W. Peters (1873), S. lineolatus Lichtenstein and von Martens (in Lichtenstein, 1856), S. mertensi Wermuth (1965), S. millepunctatus Hallowell (1861), S. pacificus Stejneger (1903), S. rosaurae Parker (1940), and S. torquatus Strauch (1887). The names S. casicolus, S. No. 706 Sphar~rodactykrsof Miclcllc Anlei-ica 3 hornolepis, and S. 1ineolalu.s have also been applied to South American populations (Harris, 1982). In the present study we review those sphaerodactyls found on mainland Middle America. The highly distinctive, insular S. rosaurae and S. pacificus (Isla del Coco, Costa Rica) are only treated in the diagnostic key to the species (pp. 50-51). METHODS AND MATERIALS We follow Harris' (1982) character anti character state definitions to insure the comparability ofthe two revisions. I'l~eseusages do not entirely conform to studies on Caribbean sphaerodactyls, and we redescribe those characterizations that are especially different. Dorsal scales were counted micldorsally, between the axilla and the groin, with the limbs extended laterally froni the body (the count was not made dorsolatel-- ;illy). The internasal count is the minimum number of scales sepal-ating the supranasals, which does not necessarily also include those in contact with the rostral. Interorbital witltll (IOW), or the shortest tlisranre across the frontal bone, was used to standardize scale sizes. Three IOW means that a diagonal series of three scales is as wide as the narrowest part of the frontal bone. The snout angle is a ~r~easurcmentof the ton- vergence of the sides of the snout, as viewed dorsally. The angle cannot be cletermincd thr ;dl specimens because snout shape is affected by different tnethotls of PI-eservation. Adult males wcrc distinguishetl on the basis of an escutcheon (hypertrophied sub- fen~oraland/or abdominal scales). Etlually large specimens lacking an escutcheon were considerctl to be fkmales. In the lists of specimens ex~nnined,we have freely altered invoice data to reflect generally accepted form and spelling of place names. ln somc itlstanccs comments ancl reititerpt-etations appear in brackets. The followi~lgabbreviations ;we ~~sctlto denote the sources of the material we examined. AMNH American Museum of Natural History ANSP Academy of Natur;~lSciences of Philadelplli;~ ASFS Albert Schwartz Fieltl Series BMNH British Museum of Narur-al History CAS California Ac;~clemyof Sciences CAS-SU Stanford University Collection at (:AS <:M Carnegie Museum CRE Costa Rica Expetlitions; formerly at University of So~trtliet-nCalifornia, now at University of Miatni EAL Ernest A. I.irler, personal collection FMNH Field Museurr~of Natural Histol-y GMI. Corgas Mernol-ial Laboratory CN M G6tcborgs Naturhistoriska Museurn I(:N Itlstituto de Cietlcias Naturales, Universidacl National, Eogoti INDR Instituto de Recursos Naturales Rcnov;ibles y del ilmbiente, Bogoti K U University of Kansas Museum of Natu~alHistory I.ACM Los Angeles County Museurn of Natural History LSUMZ Louisiana State University Museum of Zoology G Harris and Kluge Orr. I'ciprl:~ tylus graptolaemus differs from S. millepunctatus and S. argus by having a single supranasal per side. Unlike S. graptolaemus, S. glaucus has smooth scales and two supranasals; S. dunni has large body scales and alternating median subcaudals. The S. graptolaemus color-pattern, dark-bordered dorsolateral light stripe from eye onto trunk and throat stripes, is approached by some specimens of S, millepunctatus; otherwise it is unique among Middle American sphaerodactyls. DES~:RI~~-~.ION.-UCR3592, 3589, and UMMZ 174004, respectively. A moderately large sphaerodactyl, 28.0, 16.1 and 31.7 mm. SVL. Snout-ear distance 7.0 mm., head length 4.2 mm. and head width 3.4 mm. in UMMZ 174004. Snout moderately long, its length equals distance from ear to posterior third of eye. Sides of snout converge at angles of 40°, 48" and 42"; tip rounded. Rostra1 with long median cleft, small posterior indentation in- truded by part of one small scale. Supranasal single. Postnasals one or two. Space between supranasals narrower than supranasal scale width. Internasal single. Snout scales flat, keeled, juxtaposed; nine, ? and 10 from orbits. Parietal surfaces and nape with keeled granules; 6-7 per IOW, fourth supralabial lies below anterior half of eye; fourth infralabial below center of eye; first infralabial largest, its length equals 1.5 IOW. Mental large, its rear border with foreward slanting lateral edges. Postmentals polygonal, slightly elongated; two border mental. Gular scales smooth, granular, about six per IOW. Dorsal scales of trunk oval, flat, keeled, imbricate, four per IOW; 5 1, 58 and 63 along middorsum between axilla and groin. No zone of middorsal granules. Lateral scales like dorsals. Ventrals round, thin, smooth, imbricate, two per IOW; 33, 36 and 37 axilla-groin. Ventral counts 58.7-64.7% of dorsal counts. Scales around midbody 75, ? and 77. Escutcheon of holotype five scales long and nine wide, about 29 total. Supracaudals rhomboid, flat, imbricate, keeled at tail base (for a head length), smooth distally; in diagonal and transverse series; 2.5 per IOW. Subcaudal scales smooth, four times wider than supracaud- als, though not transversely expanded; forming a continuous median series. Male may have about six swollen granules lateral to vent. Limb squamation similar to that of trunk. Digit scales keeled, imbricate, 14, 11 and 13 lamellae below fourth toes. The preserved male, female (Fig. 1A) and juvenile do not differ substantially in color. Tan with fine dark brown (raw sienna) mark- ings. A bold cream stripe with dark edges extends from eye to tail; dark edge breaks up on trunk, forming series of spots. Dark streaks on canthus and longitudinally between eyes and occiput. Dark spot over pelvis, flanked by light-centered ocelli. Additional streaks begin NO. 706 Sphaerodccctylus of Middle America 7 at eye and corner of mouth and run below and on side of neck. Infralabials blotched with brown; center of throat and other un- derparts light, immaculate.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (2007) a Photographic Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians Of
    A Photographic Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Dominica, West Indies Kristen Alexander Texas A&M University Dominica Study Abroad 2007 Dr. James Woolley Dr. Robert Wharton Abstract: A photographic reference is provided to the 21 reptiles and 4 amphibians reported from the island of Dominica. Descriptions and distribution data are provided for each species observed during this study. For those species that were not captured, a brief description compiled from various sources is included. Introduction: The island of Dominica is located in the Lesser Antilles and is one of the largest Eastern Caribbean islands at 45 km long and 16 km at its widest point (Malhotra and Thorpe, 1999). It is very mountainous which results in extremely varied distribution of habitats on the island ranging from elfin forest in the highest elevations, to rainforest in the mountains, to dry forest near the coast. The greatest density of reptiles is known to occur in these dry coastal areas (Evans and James, 1997). Dominica is home to 4 amphibian species and 21 (previously 20) reptile species. Five of these are endemic to the Lesser Antilles and 4 are endemic to the island of Dominica itself (Evans and James, 1997). The addition of Anolis cristatellus to species lists of Dominica has made many guides and species lists outdated. Evans and James (1997) provides a brief description of many of the species and their habitats, but this booklet is inadequate for easy, accurate identification. Previous student projects have documented the reptiles and amphibians of Dominica (Quick, 2001), but there is no good source for students to refer to for identification of these species.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide for Adaptation to Climate Change in La Ceiba, Honduras
    2016 CITY LINKS- LA CEIBA SOMERVILLE EXCHANGE PARTNERSHIP REPORT A guide for adaptation to Climate Change in La Ceiba, Honduras OCTOBER 2016 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CityLinks is a program of the International Additionally, the city faces a series of City/County Management Association environmental problems that are not (ICMA) that helps build capacity of urban climate-related but that increase the systems in developing and transitioning vulnerability of the city to prevent and countries by drawing on the resources of respond to the impacts of such threats. The U.S. local governments. With funding from lack of land use planning, inadequate waste USAID, CityLinks established a program of management, poverty and increase exchange among the cities of La Ceiba, pressure on natural resources are growing Teams from La Ceiba´s and Somerville during a Honduras and Somerville. In this concerns that need to be addressed by the meeting as part of the the initial exchange trip in La partnership UCCRN served as the key city. Ceiba. science knowledge provider for CityLinks. Alternatives for adaptation to climate The city of La Ceiba is a complex scenario to change have been identified and discussed face both, the challenges associated with a with the participation of stakeholders and growing urban population and its city officials and include the construction of geographic location that makes it highly infrastructure to prevent further damage, vulnerable to the impacts of climate particularly in the coastal area, the variability and change. The city is highly development and implementation of a land vulnerable and permanently faces risks that use plan for the city, the establishment of can lead to the loss of human lives, the ordinances to regulate activities that damage of infrastructure and to lower the exacerbate issues, and awareness-raising quality of life of the population.
    [Show full text]
  • Aquatic Macrophytes of Northeastern Brazil: Checklist, Richness
    Check List 9(2): 298–312, 2013 © 2013 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br) Journal of species lists and distribution Aquatic macrophytes of Northeastern Brazil: Checklist, PECIES S richness, distribution and life forms OF Edson Gomes de Moura-Júnior 1, Liliane Ferreira Lima 1, Simone Santos Lira Silva 2, Raíssa Maria ISTS 3 4 5* 4 L Sampaio de Paiva , Fernando Alves Ferreira , Carmen Silvia Zickel and Arnildo Pott 1 Graduate student (PhD) in Plant Biology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Biology Department. Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627. CEP 31270-901. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. 2 Graduate student (PhD) in Botany, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Biology Department. Av. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n°, Dois Irmãos. CEP 52171-900. Recife, PE, Brazil. 3 Graduate student (MSc) in Natural Resource, Universidade Federal de Roraima, Biology Department. Av. Capitão Ene Garcez, 2413, Aeroporto, Boa Vista. CEP 69304-000. Roraima, RR, Brazil. 4 Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Program in Plant Biology, Center for Biological Sciences and Health, Biology Department. Cidade Universitária, s/n - CEP 79070-900. Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. 5 Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Program in Botany, Biology Department. Av. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n°, Dois Irmãos. CEP 52171-900. Recife, PE, Brazil. * Corresponding Author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: checklist of aquaticAquatic macrophytesplants have great occurring influence in the on northeastern the structure region and dynamics of Brazil throughof aquatic a bibliographic ecosystems, thereby search. Wecontributing recorded aconsiderably total of 412 tospecies, biodiversity. 217 genera In Brazil, and 72 knowledge families.
    [Show full text]
  • Sphaerodactylus Samanensis, Cochran, 1932) with Comments on Its Morphological Variation and Conservation Status
    New distributional records of the Samana least gecko (Sphaerodactylus samanensis, Cochran, 1932) with comments on its morphological variation and conservation status Germán Chávez1,2, Miguel A. Landestoy T3, Gail S. Ross4 and Joaquín A. Ugarte-Núñez5 1 Instituto Peruano de Herpetología, Lima, Perú 2 División de Herpetología, CORBIDI, Lima, Perú 3 Escuela de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic 4 Independent Researcher, Elko, NV, USA 5 Knight Piésold Consulting, Lima, Peru ABSTRACT We report here five new localities across the distribution of the lizard Sphaerodactylus samanensis, extending its current geographic range to the west, in the Cordillera Central of Hispaniola. We also report phenotypic variation in the color pattern and scutellation on throat and pelvic regions of males from both eastern and western populations, which is described below. Furthermore, based on these new data, we confirm that the species is not fitting in its current IUCN category, and in consequence propose updating its conservation status. Subjects Biodiversity, Biogeography, Conservation Biology, Ecology, Zoology Submitted 5 August 2020 Keywords New localities, Geographic range, Phenotypic variation, IUCN category, Conservation Accepted 31 October 2020 status Published 11 January 2021 Corresponding author Joaquín A. INTRODUCTION Ugarte-Núñez, Lizards of the genus Sphaerodactylus (107 recognized species, Uetz, Freed & Hosek, 2020), [email protected], [email protected] have diversified remarkably on Caribbean islands, and occur in Central and Northern Academic editor South America and in the Pacific Island of Cocos (Hass, 1991; Henderson & Powell, 2009; Richard Schuster Hedges et al., 2019; Hedges, 2020). This is a clade of small geckos (geckolet) containing also Additional Information and one of the smallest amniote vertebrates in the world with a maximum snout-vent length of Declarations can be found on 18 mm (Hedges & Thomas, 2001).
    [Show full text]
  • PRECISION INTERFEROMETER 012-07137B Precision Interferometer
    Includes 012-07137B Teacher's Notes Instruction Manual and and Typical Experiment Results Experiment Guide for the PASCO scientific Models OS-9255A thru OS-9258A PRECISION INTERFEROMETER 012-07137B Precision Interferometer Table of Contents Section Page Copyright, Warranty, and Equipment Return .................................................ii-iii Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 Equipment ........................................................................................................ 2 Theory of Operation ......................................................................................... 4 Michelson Twyman-Green Fabry-Perot Setup and Operation ......................................................................................... 6 Tips on Using the Interferometer...................................................................... 9 Sources of Error Troubleshooting Experiments Experiment 1: Introduction to Interferometry ..................................... 11 Experiment 2: The Index of Refraction of Air ................................... 13 Experiment 3: The Index of Refraction of Glass ................................ 15 Suggestions for Additional Experiments ......................................................... 17 Maintenance .................................................................................................... 18 Teacher's Guide ..........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A New Species of Gecko (Sphaerodactylus) from Central Cuba
    Journalof Herpetology,Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 300-306, 1993 Copyright 1993 Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles A New Species of Gecko (Sphaerodactylus) from Central Cuba S. BLAIR HEDGES' AND ORLANDO H. GARRIDO2 'Departmentof Biology,208 MuellerLab, Pennsylvania State University, UniversityPark, Pennsylvania 16802, USA, and 2MuseoNacional de HistoriaNatural, Capitolio Nacional, La Habana, Cuba ABSTRACT.-A new species of gecko, Sphaerodactylusrichardi, is described from near Playa Giron in southern MatanzasProvince, Cuba. It is a member of the scabergroup, and is distinguished by its dorsal body pattern of 5-6 bold crossbandsand large, keeled dorsal scales. The taxonomic status of S. storeyae is re-evaluated.The scaber group now includes four species, all from central Cuba, Isla de Juventud, and the Archipielago de los Canarreos:S. oliveri, S. richardi,S. scaber, and S. storeyae. RESUMEN.- Se describe una nueva especie de salamanquita,Sphaerodactylus richardi, que habita en la region cerca de Playa Gir6n, Matanzas,Cuba. Se distingue del resto de las especies del Grupo scaber por los patrones de 5-6 bandas transversalesy escamas dorsales grande y aquilladas. El estado taxonomico de S. storeyae se reevaluado.El grupo scaber inclue quatro especies, todo de Cuba central, Isla de Juventud, y el Archipielago de los Canarreos:S. oliveri, S. richardi,S. scaber, and S. storeyae. The lizard genus Sphaerodactylus (approxi- Sphaerodactylusrichardi sp. nov. mately 90 species) is confined to the neotropics Fig. 1 and a of the are endemic to the majority species Holotype.--USNM 325838, adult female from West Indies. Of the 16 known Cuban species 8.7 km ESE Playa Gir6n (Caleta Buena), Matan- and Thomas et (Schwartz Henderson, 1991; al., zas Province, Cuba, sea level, collected by Rich- 1992), three relatively large species with marked ard Thomas, Emilio Alfaro, Daniel McAllister, sexual in and a midorsal dimorphism pattern and Alfonzo Silva-Lee on 11 July 1990.
    [Show full text]
  • LIFE and WORK in the BANANA FINCAS of the NORTH COAST of HONDURAS, 1944-1957 a Dissertation
    CAMPEÑAS, CAMPEÑOS Y COMPAÑEROS: LIFE AND WORK IN THE BANANA FINCAS OF THE NORTH COAST OF HONDURAS, 1944-1957 A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Suyapa Gricelda Portillo Villeda January 2011 © 2011 Suyapa Gricelda Portillo Villeda CAMPEÑAS Y CAMPEÑOS: LIFE AND WORK IN THE BANANA FINCAS OF THE NORTH COAST OF HONDURAS, 1944-1957 Suyapa Gricelda Portillo Villeda, Ph.D. Cornell University 2011 On May 1st, 1954 banana workers on the North Coast of Honduras brought the regional economy to a standstill in the biggest labor strike ever to influence Honduras, which invigorated the labor movement and reverberated throughout the country. This dissertation examines the experiences of campeños and campeñas, men and women who lived and worked in the banana fincas (plantations) of the Tela Railroad Company, a subsidiary of the United Fruit Company, and the Standard Fruit Company in the period leading up to the strike of 1954. It describes the lives, work, and relationships of agricultural workers in the North Coast during the period, traces the development of the labor movement, and explores the formation of a banana worker identity and culture that influenced labor and politics at the national level. This study focuses on the years 1944-1957, a period of political reform, growing dissent against the Tiburcio Carías Andino dictatorship, and worker agency and resistance against companies' control over workers and the North Coast banana regions dominated by U.S. companies. Actions and organizing among many unheralded banana finca workers consolidated the powerful general strike and brought about national outcomes in its aftermath, including the state's institution of the labor code and Ministry of Labor.
    [Show full text]
  • CARNIVAL and OTHER SEASONAL FESTIVALS in the West Indies, USA and Britain
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by SAS-SPACE CARNIVAL AND OTHER SEASONAL FESTIVALS in the West Indies, U.S.A. and Britain: a selected bibliographical index by John Cowley First published as: Bibliographies in Ethnic Relations No. 10, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, September 1991, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL John Cowley has published many articles on blues and black music. He produced the Flyright- Matchbox series of LPs and is a contributor to the Blackwell Guide To Blues Records, and Black Music In Britain (both edited by Paul Oliver). He has produced two LPs of black music recorded in Britain in the 1950s, issued by New Cross Records. More recently, with Dick Spottswood, he has compiled and produced two LPs devoted to early recordings of Trinidad Carnival music, issued by Matchbox Records. His ‗West Indian Gramophone Records in Britain: 1927-1950‘ was published by the Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations. ‗Music and Migration,‘ his doctorate thesis at the University of Warwick, explores aspects of black music in the English-speaking Caribbean before the Independence of Jamaica and Trinidad. (This selected bibliographical index was compiled originally as an Appendix to the thesis.) Contents Introduction 4 Acknowledgements 7 How to use this index 8 Bibliographical index 9 Bibliography 24 Introduction The study of the place of festivals in the black diaspora to the New World has received increased attention in recent years. Investigations range from comparative studies to discussions of one particular festival at one particular location. It is generally assumed that there are links between some, if not all, of these events.
    [Show full text]
  • A Novel Colour Morph of Sphaerodactylus Sabanus Cochran 1938 from Sint Eustatius
    Herpetology Notes, volume 13: 1035-1039 (2020) (published online on 14 December 2020) A novel colour morph of Sphaerodactylus sabanus Cochran 1938 from Sint Eustatius Michael L. Yuan1,2,3,*, Jeffrey H. Frederick2,4, and Rayna C. Bell3,5 Abstract. Reptiles often display substantial intraspecific variation in dorsal colouration and pattern. Such variation is often, but not always, genetically or geographically structured. In particular, the Sphaerodactylus geckos of the Caribbean display considerable intraspecific variation in dorsal patterning. Here, we describe a previously unreported colour and pattern morph of the Saint Kitts Bank Geckolet, Sphaerodactylus sabanus, restricted to the island of Sint Eustatius. We surveyed dorsal patterns throughout the range of S. sabanus using both field surveys and museum collections. For field samples, we sequenced the mitochondrial 12S gene to confirm the identity of each specimen and to examine genetic structuring of pattern morphs. Additionally, we compared the relative ratios of each morph across the four main islands within its range: Saba, Sint Eustatius, Saint Kitts, and Nevis. Although relative abundances of each dorsal pattern varied across islands, we found no evidence of either geographic or genetic structure related to dorsal pattern. Thus, Sphaerodactylus sabanus may provide a compelling system to study alternative drivers of intraspecific colour and pattern variation. Keywords. Caribbean, Lesser Antilles, Reptile, Gecko, Sphaerodactylidae, Intraspecific Variation Introduction not correspond with mitochondrial genetic structure or geography (Thorpe et al., 2008; Surget-Groba and Native to Central America and the Caribbean, several Thorpe, 2012; but see Daza et al., 2019). species of Sphaerodactylus exhibit dramatic variation in Sphaerodactylus sabanus Cochran 1938 is native dorsal colour and patterns throughout their ranges (e.g., to the islands of the Saint Kitts Bank (Sint Eustatius, King, 1962; Thomas, 1964; Thorpe et al., 2008; Daza et Saint Kitts, and Nevis) and Saba.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Checklist of Extant Endemic Species and Subspecies of the Windward Dutch Caribbean (St
    Preliminary checklist of extant endemic species and subspecies of the windward Dutch Caribbean (St. Martin, St. Eustatius, Saba and the Saba Bank) Authors: O.G. Bos, P.A.J. Bakker, R.J.H.G. Henkens, J. A. de Freitas, A.O. Debrot Wageningen University & Research rapport C067/18 Preliminary checklist of extant endemic species and subspecies of the windward Dutch Caribbean (St. Martin, St. Eustatius, Saba and the Saba Bank) Authors: O.G. Bos1, P.A.J. Bakker2, R.J.H.G. Henkens3, J. A. de Freitas4, A.O. Debrot1 1. Wageningen Marine Research 2. Naturalis Biodiversity Center 3. Wageningen Environmental Research 4. Carmabi Publication date: 18 October 2018 This research project was carried out by Wageningen Marine Research at the request of and with funding from the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality for the purposes of Policy Support Research Theme ‘Caribbean Netherlands' (project no. BO-43-021.04-012). Wageningen Marine Research Den Helder, October 2018 CONFIDENTIAL no Wageningen Marine Research report C067/18 Bos OG, Bakker PAJ, Henkens RJHG, De Freitas JA, Debrot AO (2018). Preliminary checklist of extant endemic species of St. Martin, St. Eustatius, Saba and Saba Bank. Wageningen, Wageningen Marine Research (University & Research centre), Wageningen Marine Research report C067/18 Keywords: endemic species, Caribbean, Saba, Saint Eustatius, Saint Marten, Saba Bank Cover photo: endemic Anolis schwartzi in de Quill crater, St Eustatius (photo: A.O. Debrot) Date: 18 th of October 2018 Client: Ministry of LNV Attn.: H. Haanstra PO Box 20401 2500 EK The Hague The Netherlands BAS code BO-43-021.04-012 (KD-2018-055) This report can be downloaded for free from https://doi.org/10.18174/460388 Wageningen Marine Research provides no printed copies of reports Wageningen Marine Research is ISO 9001:2008 certified.
    [Show full text]
  • Accreditation Standards and School Personnel Records
    Joy Hofmeister State Superintendent of Public Instruction Oklahoma State Department of Education School Personnel Records Reporting Information Accreditation Standards and School Personnel Records Purpose of the School Personnel Records Section The School Personnel Records (SPR) office at the Oklahoma State Department of Education (OSDE) is responsible for maintaining the annual certified and support personnel reports, administrators’ salary and benefit reports, superintendents’ contracts, and approved salary schedules for each school district. Additionally, the office maintains the historical employment data for all certified and support school employees. The office staff is responsible for reviewing and approving work experience for school employees and updating each teacher’s record for all approved teaching experience. The SPR office reviews the salaries reported by the school districts on each of its teachers to ensure that teachers are paid in accordance with state law. Notices are sent to the school district identifying those teachers who have been underpaid so corrective actions can be taken before a penalty in State Aid is assessed. Additionally, noncertified teachers are monitored and this information is reported to the appropriate persons so corrective actions can be taken. The SPR office reviews complaints of salary reduction without proportionate reduction in duties per 70 O.S. § 18-114.9 and OAC 210:25-3-4(i), and makes recommendations to the State Board of Education for corrective actions. The office also responds to requests for information that is subject to the Oklahoma Open Records Act for any of the above information. Welcome and Certify Screen The Welcome screen’s main function is for the superintendent to CERTIFY the Certified Personnel Report, Support Personnel Report, Online School Directory and Local Salary Schedule.
    [Show full text]
  • Brazil: Background and U.S. Relations
    Brazil: Background and U.S. Relations Updated July 6, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46236 SUMMARY R46236 Brazil: Background and U.S. Relations July 6, 2020 Occupying almost half of South America, Brazil is the fifth-largest and fifth-most-populous country in the world. Given its size and tremendous natural resources, Brazil has long had the Peter J. Meyer potential to become a world power and periodically has been the focal point of U.S. policy in Specialist in Latin Latin America. Brazil’s rise to prominence has been hindered, however, by uneven economic American Affairs performance and political instability. After a period of strong economic growth and increased international influence during the first decade of the 21st century, Brazil has struggled with a series of domestic crises in recent years. Since 2014, the country has experienced a deep recession, record-high homicide rate, and massive corruption scandal. Those combined crises contributed to the controversial impeachment and removal from office of President Dilma Rousseff (2011-2016). They also discredited much of Brazil’s political class, paving the way for right-wing populist Jair Bolsonaro to win the presidency in October 2018. Since taking office in January 2019, President Jair Bolsonaro has begun to implement economic and regulatory reforms favored by international investors and Brazilian businesses and has proposed hard-line security policies intended to reduce crime and violence. Rather than building a broad-based coalition to advance his agenda, however, Bolsonaro has sought to keep the electorate polarized and his political base mobilized by taking socially conservative stands on cultural issues and verbally attacking perceived enemies, such as the press, nongovernmental organizations, and other branches of government.
    [Show full text]