https://docs.google.com/a/beachwoodschools.org/spreadsheet/viewform?formkey=dEFQaDYxM3ZLbnJaM0ljZ2ZOV0 on Walden By Elizabeth Witherell, with Elizabeth Dubrulle

When I wrote the following pages, or rather the bulk of them, I lived alone, in the woods, a mile from any neighbor, in a on the shore of Walden Pond, in Concord, Massachusetts, and earned my living by the labor of my hands only. I lived th (Walden, 3)

With these words, Henry David Thoreau began the tale of his experiment of simple living at Walden Pond. Over the cou odd pages, Thoreau outlined his philosophy of life, politics, and nature, laying the foundation for a secure place in the ca Although Walden enjoyed only moderate success in Thoreau's lifetime, his experiment at the pond would spark consider come. The book has inspired other young people to follow his example and retire to a lonely spot--even if only in imagin their place in it. Thoreau's words expressed the concerns of many of his contemporaries as industrialization and war perm around them, just as they struck a chord in a generation of young people in the 1960s and 1970s who opposed the moder and sought peace and simplicity in their lives. For many, Walden has served as a touchstone.

In the years following Thoreau's death in 1862, his sister and his friends undertook the responsibility of editing his work previously unpublished or partially published works were produced by Ticknor & Fields and Houghton Mifflin, and arti of his writings appeared in newspapers and magazines. Thoreau's life and work have continued to provoke and inspire, a different opinions as there are readers. Which view of Thoreau is most accurate: The dour hermit of Walden Woods? Th antislavery crusader? The irresponsible layabout? The pacifist? The pantheist? The prophet? None suffices to represent T support in Walden.

THOREAU'S LIFE AT WALDEN POND

In late March 1845 Thoreau went to Walden Pond, a sixty-two acre body of water a few miles from his parents' home in selected a spot to build a house. The site he picked was on land belonging to his close friend Ralph Waldo Emerson; he discussed Thoreau's plan to live on the land which Emerson had recently purchased. By July 4 of that same year, the hou and Thoreau moved to the pond. The experiment had begun.

I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not le not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived. (Walden, 90)

He also went to the pond to work on a book that was to be a memorial tribute to his older brother John, who had died thr narrative frame of the story is provided by a boat trip the brothers had taken in 1839, but there are many philosophical di on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, was Thoreau's first published book.

At Walden, Thoreau worked diligently on A Week, but he also explored Walden Woods and recorded his observations on entertained visitors and made regular trips to town; friends and neighbors began to inquire about his life at the pond. Wh he make a living? Did he get lonely? What if he got sick? He began collecting material to write lectures for his curious t at the Concord Lyceum, on February 10 and 17, 1847. By the time he left the pond on September 6, 1847, he had combi Walden with more notes from his journal to produce the first draft of a book which he hoped to publish shortly after A W

A Week was published in 1849, with a note at the back announcing the imminent publication of Walden; or, Life in the W received by the public, however, and only two hundred copies of it sold in the first few years after its publication. Thore When publisher James Munroe returned the unsold copies to him in 1853, Thoreau wrote in a journal entry for October 2 of nearly 900 volumes over 700 of which I wrote myself--"

Considering the failure of A Week, publishers were not enthusiastic about Walden, and plans for its publication were pos years, through seven drafts, Walden evolved from a sometime shrill justification of Thoreau's unorthodox lifestyle into a account of a spiritual journey.

I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life... (Walden, 91)

WALDEN'S RECEPTION AND THOREAU'S REPUTATION

Walden was published on August 9, 1854. Two thousand copies were printed, selling for $1 each. Unlike Thoreau's first moderate success from the first, and it continued to sell reasonably well after Thoreau's death in 1862. But in the 1870s a Thoreau's character and style of life, accusing him of crankiness and irresponsibility.

In the 1890s a group of admirers who had not known Thoreau personally but who had been affected by his writings bega of the first substantial biographies of Thoreau, The Life of Henry David Thoreau, was published by an Englishman, Hen reprinted several times in both America and England during the second half of the nineteenth century. In 1893 and then editions of Thoreau's writings were published, increasing the accessibility of his work and his general popularity.

Beginning in the 1930s, interest in Thoreau began to rise markedly. Henry Seidel Canby's 1939 biography, Thoreau, rea 1941, the Thoreau Society of America was founded at a meeting in Concord. Still active today, the Thoreau Society's pu Thoreau, by stimulating interest in and fostering education about his life, works, and philosophy and his place in his wor research on his life and writings, and by acting as a repository for Thoreauviana and material relevant to Henry David Th the preservation of Thoreau Country."

Thoreau's popularity continued: six editions of Walden were published in 1948, eleven in 1958, and twenty-three in 196 his other works. In 1966, a project to edit and publish all of Thoreau's writings was undertaken by a group of scholars un National Endowment for the Humanities . Under the editorship of Walter Harding (1966-1972), William L. Howarth (19 Witherell (1980-present), the project, The Writings of Henry D. Thoreau, has published fourteen of its projected thirty-v University Press. The Princeton Edition of Walden was published in 1971.

I learned this, at least, by my experiment; that if one advances confidently in the direction of his dreams, and endeavors imagined, he will meet with a success unexpected in common hours. He will put some things behind, will pass an invisib and more liberal laws will begin to establish themselves around and within him; or the old laws be expanded, and interpr liberal sense, and he will live with the license of a higher order of beings. In proportion as he simplifies his life, the laws complex, and solitude will not be solitude, nor poverty poverty, nor weakness weakness. If you have built castles in the that is where they should be. Now put the foundations under them. (Walden, 323- 324)

WALDEN POND AND WALDEN WOODS TODAY

In 1849, Thoreau's house at Walden Pond was removed from its site; parts of it were incorporated into other structures a barn near Estabrook Woods. Ten years after Thoreau's death in 1862, in a spontaneous tribute to the writer and philosop placing rocks, flowers, and twigs in a cairn on a spot near where the house had been. The cairn became a standard stop f 1940s, the exact site of Thoreau's house was located and excavated by Roland Robbins, and simple granite posts were pl the structure.

The proper use of Walden Pond and Walden Woods has been the subject of debate for over a century. Should it serve as for swimming, fishing, hunting, and camping? Should it be preserved in a pristine state? Should commercial developmen decades, the area has been open to the public for swimming and fishing. Those who have felt that the pond was threatene vocal in Concord, and during the 1980s the number of users per day was limited by closing the parking area when a cert During the same period, though, the town made it possible for some of the land around the pond to be developed.

When the door to development opened, two projects were proposed: a large office building and a condominium complex the attention of Don Henley, lead singer of the rock group the Eagles, by a group of concerned local residents. Henley sp preserve the area, and rallied political figures such as Senators Ted Kennedy and Paul Tsongas, as well as a number of a support of the Walden Woods Project (WWP). WWP arranged a number of fund-raising events, including rock concerts for Walden Woods," and successfully negotiated with the developers to purchase the endangered land, as well as additio

THE LEGACY OF WALDEN

In order to continue the process of education about the need for preservation, the Walden Woods Project turned to the Th century of experience and knowledge. The Society and WWP collaborated to found the Thoreau Institute, which is owne hosts seminars and forums on Thoreau, Transcendentalism, and the environment. The Institute is also the repository of th Thoreau-related research material. The Thoreau Institute and the Thoreau Society promote continued interest in and rese

This essay was written in 1995 for an exhibit commemorating the 150th anniversary of Thoreau's move to Walden Pond and his writing of the A updated for inclusion here. All references are to Walden, ed. J. Lyndon Shanley (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971).