Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88318-4 - Speciation and Patterns of Diversity Edited by Roger K. Butlin, Jon R. Bridle and Dolph Schluter Frontmatter More information Speciation and Patterns of Diversity Bringing together the viewpoints of leading ecologists concerned with the processes that generate patterns of diversity, and evolutionary biologists who focus on mechanisms of speciation, this book opens up discussion in order to broaden understanding of how speciation affects patterns of biological diversity, especially the uneven distribution of diversity across time, space and taxa studied by macroecologists. The contributors discuss questions such as: Are species equivalent units, providing meaningful measures of diversity? To what extent do mechanisms of speciation affect the functional nature and distribution of species diversity? How can speciation rates be measured using molecular phylogenies or data from the fossil record? What are the factors that explain variation in rates? Written for graduate students and academic researchers, the book promotes a more complete understanding of the interaction between mechanisms and rates of speciation and these patterns in biological diversity. R OGER B UTLIN is Professor of Evolutionary Biology, Animal and Plant Sciences, at the University of Sheffield. He has held a prestigious Royal Society Research Fellowship at the University of Cardiff and his work has been recognized by honorary fellowships at the Natural History Museum, Zoological Society of London, and Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences. J ON B RIDLE is Lecturer in Biology, in the School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol. Since completing his PhD in Evolutionary Genetics in 1998, he has conducted research in quantitative genetics and evolutionary biology at University College London, University of Cardiff, Universidad Auto´ noma de Madrid, and the Institute of Zoology, London. He was awarded a fellowship at the Zoological Society of London in 2002. D OLPH S CHLUTER is Professor and Canada Research Chair, Biodiversity Research Centre and Zoology Department, at the University of British Columbia. He is a former President of the Society for the Study of Evolution and recipient of the Sewall Wright Award from the American Society of Naturalists. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of London and of Canada. © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88318-4 - Speciation and Patterns of Diversity Edited by Roger K. Butlin, Jon R. Bridle and Dolph Schluter Frontmatter More information Ecological Reviews series editor Hefin Jones Cardiff University, UK series editorial board Mark Bradford University of Georgia, USA Jim Brown University of New Mexico, USA David Burslem University of Aberdeen, UK Lindsay Haddon British Ecological Society, UK Sue Hartley University of Sussex, UK Richard Hobbs Murdoch University, Australia Mark Hunter University of Michigan, USA Heikki Setala University of Helsinki, Finland Louise Vet Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands Ecological Reviews will publish books at the cutting edge of modern ecology, providing a forum for volumes that discuss topics that are focal points of current activity and are likely to be of long-term importance to the progress of the field. The series will be an invaluable source of ideas and inspiration for ecologists at all levels from graduate students to more-established researchers and professionals. The series will be developed jointly by the British Ecological Society and Cambridge University Press and will encompass the Society’s Symposia as appropriate. Biotic Interactions in the Tropics: Their Role in the Maintenance of Species Diversity Edited by David F. R. P. Burslem, Michelle A. Pinard and Sue E. Hartley Biological Diversity and Function in Soils Edited by Richard Bardgett, Michael Usher and David Hopkins Island Colonization: The Origin and Development of Island Communities by Ian Thornton Edited by Tim New Scaling Biodiversity Edited by David Storch, Pablo Margnet and James Brown Body Size: The Structure and Function of Aquatic Ecosystems Edited by Alan G. Hildrew, David G. Raffaelli and Ronni Edmonds-Brown. © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88318-4 - Speciation and Patterns of Diversity Edited by Roger K. Butlin, Jon R. Bridle and Dolph Schluter Frontmatter More information Speciation and Patterns of Diversity Edited by ROGER K. BUTLIN University of Sheffield JON R. BRIDLE University of Bristol DOLPH SCHLUTER University of British Columbia © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88318-4 - Speciation and Patterns of Diversity Edited by Roger K. Butlin, Jon R. Bridle and Dolph Schluter Frontmatter More information cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sa˜o Paulo, Delhi Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org / 9780521883184 © British Ecological Society 2009 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2009 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Speciation and patterns of diversity / edited by Roger Butlin, Jon Bridle and Dolph Schluter. p. cm. — (Ecological reviews) Includes bibliographical references. 1. Species diversity. 2. Biodiversity. I. Butlin, Roger, 1955– II. Bridle, Jon. III. Schluter, Dolph. IV. Series. QH541.15.S64S62 2008 577—dc22 2008025507 ISBN 978-0-521-88318-4 hardback ISBN 978-0-521-70963-7 paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88318-4 - Speciation and Patterns of Diversity Edited by Roger K. Butlin, Jon R. Bridle and Dolph Schluter Frontmatter More information Contents List of contributors page vii Preface ix Acknowledgements xi 1 Speciation and patterns of biodiversity Roger K. Butlin, Jon R. Bridle and Dolph Schluter 1 2 On the arbitrary identification of real species Jody Hey 15 3 The evolutionary nature of diversification in sexuals and asexuals Timothy G. Barraclough, Diego Fontaneto, Elisabeth A. Herniou and Claudia Ricci 29 4 The poverty of the protists Graham Bell 46 5 Theory, community assembly, diversity and evolution in the microbial world Thomas P. Curtis, Nigel C. Wallbridge and William T. Sloan 59 6 Limits to adaptation and patterns of biodiversity Jon R. Bridle, Jitka Polechova´ and Tim H. Vines 77 7 Dynamic patterns of adaptive radiation: evolution of mating preferences Sergey Gavrilets and Aaron Vose 102 8 Niche dimensionality and ecological speciation Patrik Nosil and Luke Harmon 127 9 Progressive levels of trait divergence along a ‘speciation transect’ in the Lake Victoria cichlid fish Pundamilia Ole Seehausen 155 10 Rapid speciation, hybridization and adaptive radiation in the Heliconius melpomene group James Mallet 177 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88318-4 - Speciation and Patterns of Diversity Edited by Roger K. Butlin, Jon R. Bridle and Dolph Schluter Frontmatter More information vi CONTENTS 11 Investigating ecological speciation Daniel J. Funk 195 12 Biotic interactions and speciation in the tropics Douglas W. Schemske 219 13 Ecological influences on the temporal pattern of speciation Albert B. Phillimore and Trevor D. Price 240 14 Speciation, extinction and diversity Robert E. Ricklefs 257 15 Temporal patterns in diversification rates Andy Purvis, C. David L. Orme, Nicola H. Toomey and Paul N. Pearson 278 16 Speciation and extinction in the fossil record of North American mammals John Alroy 301 Index 324 The colour plate section is placed between pages 180 and 181 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88318-4 - Speciation and Patterns of Diversity Edited by Roger K. Butlin, Jon R. Bridle and Dolph Schluter Frontmatter More information Contributors JOHN ALROY SERGEY GAVRILETS The Paleobiology Database, University of Department of Ecology and Evolutionary California Biology and Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee TIMOTHY G. BARRACLOUGH Division of Biology, Imperial College LUKE HARMON London Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho GRAHAM BELL Biology Department, McGill University ELISABETH A. HERNIOU Division of Biology, Imperial College London JON R. BRIDLE School of Biological Sciences, University of JODY HEY Bristol Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey ROGER K. BUTLIN Animal and Plant Sciences, University of JAMES MALLET Sheffield Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London THOMAS P. CURTIS School of Civil Engineering and PATRIK NOSIL Geosciences, University of Newcastle upon Zoology Department and Biodiversity Tyne Research Centre, University of British Columbia