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Etnologija I Selo 21 St-Za Web.Indd ETNOLOGIJA I SELO ETNOLOGIJA IN VAS 21. STOLJEĆA: V 21. STOLETJU: TRADICIONALNO, TRADICIONALNO, UGROŽENO, OGROŽENO, KREATIVNO USTVARJALNO 14. hrvatsko-slovenske 14. slovensko-hrvaške etnološke paralele etnološke vzporednice Uredile Klementina Batina Jasna Fakin Bajec Tihana Petrović Leš Saša Poljak Istenič Etnologija i selo 21. stoljeća: tradicionalno, ugroženo, kreativno 14. hrvatsko-slovenske etnološke paralele / Etnologija in vas v 21. stoletju: tradicionalno, ogroženo, ustvarjalno 14. slovensko-hrvaške etnološke vzporednice Uredile Klementina Batina, Jasna Fakin Bajec, Tihana Petrović Leš, Saša Poljak Istenič Zbornik radova sa znanstveno-stručnoga skupa Hrvatskoga etnološkoga društva i Slovenskoga etnološkoga društva 14. Hrvatsko slovenske etnološke paralele ETNOLOGIJA I SELO 21. STOLJEĆA: TRADICIONALNO,UGROŽENO, KREATIVNO, Lug u Baranji, 1. – 4. listopada 2016. © 2018 Izdavači Hrvatsko etnološko društvo, Zagreb, Hrvatska Slovensko etnološko društvo, Ljubljana, Slovenija Uredile Klementina Batina, Jasna Fakin Bajec, Tihana Petrović Leš, Saša Poljak Istenič Lektura Anamaria Ban (hrvatski jezik), Mateja Jankovič Čurič, Saša Poljak Istenič, Ave Roškar, Nina Štampohar, Danila Zuljan Kumar Prijevod sažetaka s hrvatskog na engleski jezik Jeremy White (Terminus Translation) Prijevod sažetaka sa slovenskog na engleski jezik Mateja Žuraj (Mingalaba) Prijelom i grafičko oblikovanje BANIAN ITC d.o.o., Zagreb Naklada 200 primjeraka Tisak Tiskara Zelina d. d. Fotografija na naslovnici „Reformatski surduk“ u Zmajevcu, Baranja. Žarko Španiček, 2013. ISBN: 978-953-5839-11-8 CIP zapis dostupan je u računalnom katalogu Nacionalne i sveučilišne knjižnice u Zagrebu Zbornik je izdan uz potporu Ministarstva znanosti i obrazovanja Republike Hrvatske © 2018. Hrvatsko etnološko društvo, Zagreb, Hrvatska i Slovensko etnološko društvo, Ljubljana, Slovenija Sadržaj Ivan Cifrić SELO I SELJACI – GLAVNA OBILJEŽJA I TOČKE PROMJENA ................................................................................................ 5 Jasna Fakin Bajec MREŽENJE ZNANJ IN VZDRŽNI RAZVOJ LOKALNIH SKUPNOSTI: REALNOST ALI UTOPIJA? ................................ 17 Tea Horvatin / Marijeta Rajković Iveta HRVATI U IRSKOJ: SUVREMENE MIGRACIJE, TRANSNACIONALIZMI, PREDODŽBE O BUDUĆNOSTI ..................................................................................... 41 Marko Smole POSKUSI OBUJANJA KULTURNEGA TURIZMA NA OBMOČJU GORNJE KOLPE IN ČABRANKE – KAKO NA DEPOPULARIZIRANIH OBMOČJIH OB MEJI? ........... 69 Marta Račić MUNDIMITAR – TRADICIONALNO, UGROŽENO I KREATIVNO MOLIŠKO HRVATSKO SELO NA JUGU ITALIJE ..................................................................................................... 93 Alenka Černelič Krošelj RAZVOJ PODEŽELJA, PROJEKTI LOKALNE AKCIJSKE SKUPINE POSAVJE IN VLOGA »POSAVSKIH« ETNOLOGOV IN DEDIŠČINSKIH USTANOV ................... 107 Žarko Španiček MLINARSKE TRADICIJE SLAVONIJE, BARANJE I SRIJEMA KAO KULTURNA BAŠTINA .................................... 135 Suzana Leček / Ivica Šute SELJAČKI DOMOVI HRVATSKE SELJAČKE STRANKE (1935. – 1941.) – ZAMISAO, OSTVARENJE, NASLIJEĐE .. 157 Željko Dugac SUSRET SEOSKE ZAJEDNICE S NOVIM ZANIMANJEM: SESTRE POMOĆNICE (MEDICINSKE SESTRE) U MEĐURATNOJ HRVATSKOJ* .............................. 181 Špela Ledinek Lozej / Saša Roškar PLANINE V JULIJSKIH ALPAH PRED SODOBNIMI IZZIVI: primera planin pod Montažem in V Bohinju .................. 189 Anita Matkovič JURJEVANJE – MED POMLADNO ŠEGO IN POLETNIM FESTIVALOM ............................................................ 211 Tanja Kocković Zaborski / Ivana Šarić Žic JE LI “ODZVONILO” GRADSKIM TRŽNICAMA? ............. 231 Popis suradnika ....................................................................................... 252 Ivan Cifrić SELO I SELJACI – GLAVNA OBILJEŽJA I TOČKE PROMJENA UDK: 39:316.334.55 316.334.55-044.325 Izlaganje sa znanstvenoga skupa Conference paper Primljeno / Received: 1.10.2016. Prihvaćeno / Accepted: 27.4.2018. U pojmovnom su smislu selo i seljaci neodvojivi od pojmova prostor, kultu- ra (tradicija) i vrijeme. U priopćenju ćemo dati kraći pregled povezanosti pojmova selo i seljaci s ovim pojmovima, u njihovim povijesnim i aktual- nim aspektima i dimenzijama. S obzirom na prostornu dimenziju, selo se povijesno i aktualno prije svega promatralo kao suprotnost gradu. Selo i grad dvije su prostorne or- ganizacije života ljudi koje su vremenom prolazile svoje mijene. No, selo je tijekom svojih promjena sve više prihvaćalo obrasce urbane kulture, da bi u suvremenosti njegova sudbina bila dodatno uvjetovana procesima glo- kalizacije. Stoga u moderno doba nestaju neka obilježja tih suprotnosti i specifičnosti između sela i grada. Selo se kao poseban oblik zajednice, svijet za sebe, razlikuje od gra- da po drugačijem odnosu prema prirodi, unutarnjoj strukturi i dinami- ci stanovništva, zanimanjima te sustavu vrijednosti u kojemu dominira religija. S obzirom na vremensku dimenziju, tradicijsko selo ne poznaje pojam razvoja, brzine života i brzog protoka vremena te mu općenito nije svojstvena kvantifikacija vremena. U selu danas žive seljani od kojih su samo neki poljoprivrednici (selja- ci). Seljaci predstavljaju povijesnu kategoriju povezanu s poljoprivredom koja je pak određivala glavni sadržaj života – od proizvodnje, graditeljstva pa sve do svečanosti. Zbog toga je i tradicijska kultura, kao glavno obilježje seoskog načina života u kulturnom smislu, nastala oblikovanjem socijal- no-ekološkog ruralnog metabolizma. Ona, stoga, danas ima važnu ulogu u produbljivanju našeg razumijevanja odnosa modernog društva i prirode. Dvadeseto stoljeće i industrijalizacija označili su razdoblje „kraja selja- ka“ i posebnog ruralnog načina života, a u dvadeset prvom stoljeću u razvi- jenim zemljama postavlja se pitanje nestanka sela kao specifičnog naselja obilježenoga tradicijskom kulturom. Istovremeno, ono i dalje opstaje na mnogim drugim prostorima Planeta, no njegovi stanovnici sve teže žive. Ključne riječi: selo, seljaci, kultura, tradicija 5 Ivan Cifrić UVODNO U suvremenim sociološkim istraživanjima vidljiv je manjak novijih istraživanja o selu i seljacima, zbog čega nedostaje i novijih spoznaja o suvremenom stanju i tendencijama ovih dvaju iznimno važnih feno- mena. Ni druge društvene znanosti nisu mnogo produktivnije u tom smislu. Stoga, primjerice, nema dovoljno istraživanja o stanju tradicijske kulture, sustavima vrijednosti (vrednota) u ruralnim naseljima i dr. Za- ključci o seoskom stanovništvu donose se gotovo isključivo na temelju rezultata popisa stanovništva, bez prikupljanja dodatnih statističkih po- dataka. Ili se kao općeprihvaćene činjenice nekritički koriste uvriježena određenja ovih pojmova, primjerice, definicije sela kao malog naselja, ili uvjerenja da je ruralno stanovništvo nužno konzervativnije i religioznije od urbanog. Za spoznaje o mikro-razini oslanjamo se pak na priloge iz javnih medija, koji su obično ograničeni, i to najčešće na izvještaje o nedostacima komunalne infrastrukture u selima, povremene prijenose odabranih tradicijskih svetkovina te analize posljedica ratnih stradanja i razaranja. Međutim, dok pojmovi selo i seljaci još uvijek sadrže neka obilježja prošlosti, ona su se u suvremenosti uvelike promijenila i nastavljaju se mijenjati. U općem smislu, danas se pojmom selo i dalje najčešće mi- sli na malo naselje u kojem dominira tradicionalna kultura, a pojmom seljaci na socijalnu skupinu vezanu za poljoprivredu i stočarstvo. No, tijekom vremena, u oba ova pojma ugrađivani su, uz ove tradicionalne, i novi elementi. U priopćenju ćemo iznijeti glavna obilježja i točke promjena pojmo- va selo i seljaci, kroz povijest do danas, i to pomoću triju pojmova koja ih oduvijek blisko prate: prostor, vrijeme i kultura (tradicija). DIMENZIJE U ISTRAŽIVANJU SELA I SELJAŠTVA Tri dimenzije smatramo ključnima za bolje razumijevanje pojmova selo i seljaci. To su prostor, vrijeme i kultura (materijalna, socijalna i duhovna). Uloga prostora U prošlosti su naselja uvijek nastajala na prostorima pogodnima za ži- vot. Ljudi su ih obično gradili na povišenim mjestima, a prirodne zna- čajke poput rijeka i planina omeđivale bi njihov svakodnevni životni 6 SELO I SELJACI – GLAVNA OBILJEŽJA I TOČKE PROMJENA prostor kojeg su obilježavale plodne i obradive površine. Mjesta oda- brana za naselja nerijetko su bila prostori već postojećih naselja (što je vidljivo iz usmene predaje ili materijalnih ostataka). No, uz određene fizičke odrednice, prostor se uvijek povezivao i s vjerovanjima. To je, primjerice, vidljivo iz toponimijskih aspekata nase- lja koji uvijek imaju vezu s tradicijom, religijama ili mitovima. U novijoj literaturi Belaj (2014) govori o međuodnosu mitologije i toponimijskih aspekata naseljavanja. U mitovima je prostor obično podijeljen tako da na najvišim mjestima u uređenom prostoru obitavaju ljudima naklo- njeni bogovi, dok se u najnepristupačnijim dijelovima i neredu nalaze neprijatelji ljudima, kao što su zmajevi, zli duhovi i sl. Ljudi su oduvijek težili otići iz nepovoljnijih prostora i naseljavati one pogodnije. Istovre- meno, na naseljenim prostorima stanovnici su imenovali pojedine dije- love atara. Mnogi su nazivi ostali do danas, a u njima su vidljivi utjecaji vlastite kulture, katkad i susjednih kultura. Uz fizičke značajke i kulturna obilježja, iz načina organizacije sela može se iščitati i poseban odnos seljana prema prostoru. Tako, primje- rice, u ravničarskim dijelovima Hrvatske nisu građene kuće na kat niti prostor za stoku u sklopu zajedničkog prebivališta, ispod stambenog prostora. Možemo reći
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