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The Angel of the Home Or the Devil in Disguise: the Representation of Women in the Irish Press, 1908-1916

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The Angel of the Home Or the Devil in Disguise: the Representation of Women in the Irish Press, 1908-1916 THE ANGEL OF THE HOME OR THE DEVIL IN DISGUISE: THE REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN THE IRISH PRESS, 1908-1916 By EMILY SMITH Bachelor of Arts in History Oklahoma Christian University Edmond, Oklahoma 2004 Master of Arts in History Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 2010 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY July, 2017 THE ANGEL OF THE HOME OR THE DEVIL IN DISGUISE: THE REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN THE IRISH PRESS, 1908-1916 Dissertation Approved: Matthew Schauer, PhD Dissertation Adviser Joseph Brynes, Professor Emeritus Michael Logan, PhD Elizabeth Grubgeld, PhD ii Name: EMILY SMITH Date of Degree: JULY, 2017 Title of Study: THE ANGEL OF THE HOME OR THE DEVIL IN DISGUISE: THE REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN THE IRISH PRESS, 1908-1916 Major Field: HISTORY Abstract: This dissertation addresses the representation of women in the Irish press from 1911 to 1916. The study uses discourse analysis to examine the portrayal of women within three Irish newspapers, the Irish Times, the Irish Citizen , and Bean Na hEireann . Each newspaper epitomized a specific view of women. This view either reinforced or contradicted the prevailing stereotypes that existed during this period. Victorian society was dominated by two contrasting archetypes of women. The ideal woman was an innocent, sheltered housewife, who remained at home and tended to the children and servants. Her counterpart, the dissolute woman, was worldly wise and often involved in the public sphere. The Irish Times reflected that view and reinforced those stereotypes in its discussion of women. Bean Na hEireann and the Irish Citizen were both women’s papers. The editors and contributors to them challenged the prevailing view. Bean na hEireann asserted that a virtuous woman was an Irish nationalist, who used her feminine influence in the service of her country. Irish nationalist women claimed that a reprobate woman supported other movements, such as suffrage, that undermined the nationalist cause. The women of the Irish Citizen prioritized support for suffrage. The ideal woman for them was a suffragette, who saw the enfranchisement of women as a way to help all women. The suffragettes believed that a degenerate woman was anyone who prioritized other movements over suffrage. Nationalism was a primary example of this. This study reveals how women attempted to circumvent the molds they were placed into by society. Their efforts merely resulted in the creation of other molds, with differing characteristics. This dissertation demonstrates the impact of stereotypes on the lives of real people, and shows how marginalized groups have attempted to influence their own representation. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1 I. IRISH WOMEN AND THE PRESS ........................................................................30 II. SERVANTS AND SUFFRAGETTES, NATIONALISTS AND NOBLEWOMEN: THE REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN THE IRISH TIMES ........................59 III. MANAEDS AND VIRAGOES, MAIDENS AND MATRONS: THE REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN BEAN NA HEIREANN .........................113 IV. WINDOW SMASHERS, WAR PROTESTORS AND OCCASIONAL NATIONALISTS: THE REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN THE IRISH CITIZEN ..............................................................................................................152 V. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................207 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................225 iv INTRODUCTION This dissertation examines how three Irish newspapers, the Irish Times, Bean Na hEireann and the Irish Citizen , created and reinforced stereotypes concerning women. The standard of the ideal Victorian housewife, the angel of the home, was often contrasted with her counterparts, also archetypes, the worldly wise, single woman, or the dissolute female petty criminal. These figures were frequently reflected in the Irish press, with some papers commending them and others challenging them. All three papers presented a version of the ideal woman, informed by the social class, political views, and religious beliefs, of the individuals involved with that paper. The Irish Times subscribed to Victorian and Edwardian notions of proper and improper female behavior. The two women’s papers, Bean Na hEireann and the Irish Citizen , conceptualized women differently. Bean Na hEireann’s ideal woman backed Irish nationalism above all else, while the Irish Citizen’s model female championed women’s suffrage and eschewed other causes. These women’s papers demonstrate an attempt by a marginalized group to control their own depictions through the creation of alternate images. 1 The timeframe for this study is 1908 to 1916. These years constituted a key shift in Ireland’s history wherein the centuries’ long struggle between England and Ireland for control of the country culminated with the Easter Rising in 1916 that started Ireland’s final fight for independence. Women, too, came into their own during these years with the expansion of the Irish women’s franchise movement. The present study uses discourse analysis as a methodology for examining how these papers conveyed ideas about virtuous and debased women through advertisements, letters to the editor, and specific articles and columns. Discourse analysis involves the in-depth study of specific texts, and the use of those to draw conclusions about the representation of individuals and ideas. The depictions contained within these texts lacked an acknowledgement of nuances, and reflected the dichotomous biases of the authors of the texts. 1 Discourse analysis has also been used to study women in colonial settings. 2 Attitudes 1Sara Dybris McQuaid, “What Difference Does It Make: The Construction of Liminal Plurality in Northern Ireland,” Nordic Irish Studies 8 (2009): 97-119; Karen Margaret Steele, Women, Press, and Politics During the Irish Revival (Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 2007); Alison Buckley, “‘Let the Girls Come Forth’: The Early Feminist Ideology of the Irish Women’s Workers’ Union,” in Irish Women’s History , eds. Allen Hayes and Diane Urquhart (Portland, Oregon: Dublin Academic Press, 2004), 103-114; Aine McCarthy, “Hearths, Bodies, and Minds: Gender Ideology and Women’s Committal to Enniscorthy Lunatic Asylum, 1916-1925,” in Irish Women’s History , eds. Allen Hayes and Diane Urquhart (Portland, Oregon: Dublin Academic Press, 2004),115-136; Louise Ryan, Gender and Identity in the Irish Press, 1922-1937, Embodying The Nation (Dublin: Edwin Mellen Publishing, 2002); David Fitzpatrick, “Women, Gender, and the Writing of Irish History” Irish Historical Studies , 27 (May 1991), 267-273; Margaret Kelleher, The Feminization of Famine: Expressions of the Inexpressible? (Durham, NC : Duke University Press, 1997) 2 Philippa Levine , Prostitution Race and Politics: Policing Venereal Disease in the British Empire (Psychology Press, 2003; Philippa Levine, “Sexuality and Empire,” in At Home with the Empire: Metropolitan Culture and the Imperial World , eds. Catherine Hall and Sonya O. Rose (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006), 122-142; 2 about gender are typically confined to notions of masculinity, sexuality, and the contrasted experiences of colonizing and colonized women. 3 Ireland was included in imperial histories, with some works contextualizing Ireland’s place within the broader British Empire and other studies focusing on perceptions of gender and Irishness within the imperial context. 4 These studies are newer, and many attempt to link Ireland and the other British colonies. Some scholars examine debates around Ireland’s colonial status. 5 Others focus on the role of Ireland itself in helping to sustain and perpetuate the British Empire. 6 Another popular theme concerns the interactions between the Irish and other colonized peoples. 7 Additional studies on Ireland have reflected a concern with examining gender roles. Irish men are often the subject of analyses on gender and sexuality, and are frequently depicted in contradictory terms. They are portrayed as either hyper masculine, aggressive and threatening, or as ultra-feminine, weak-willed, and undeserving of self-government. 8 Because this project assumes that Ireland was a colony of England, the discussion of its status is limited, as the primary focus of this dissertation concerns the 3 Jane Randall, “The Conditions of Women, Women’s Writings, and the Empire in Nineteenth-Century Britain,” in At Home with the Empire: Metropolitan Culture and the Imperial World , eds. Catherine Hall and Sonya O. Rose (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006),101-121; Judith Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London (Chicago, Illinois, Chicago University Press, 1992); Kevin Kenny, eds. Ireland and the British Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 16-17. 4 Stephen Howe, “Historiography,” in Ireland and the British Empire, eds. Kevin Kenny, 229-232 ; Alvin Jackson, “Ireland, the Union, and the Empire,” in Ireland and the British Empire, eds. Kevin Kenny, 123- 153. Christine Kinealy, “At Home With The Empire: The Example of Ireland,” in At Home with the Empire: Metropolitan Culture and the Imperial World , eds. Catherine Hall and Sonya O. Rose (Cambridge,
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