Premises of Communication and Processing on Photons in Natural and Engineered Systems: Implication to Science and High-Technology Market

Natalie Nuzdina1, Zulkhair Mansurov2, Erkhan Aliyev2 and Sergey Edward Lyshevski3

1United Inc., Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan, 050020 2Institute of Combustion. Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan, 0050012 3Department of Electrical and Microelectronic Engineering Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester, NY 14623, USA E-mail: [email protected] URL: http://people.rit.edu/seleee

ABSTRACT quantum-enabled, mixed and quantum communication and processing schemes; (2) Study phenomena, effects and In various photonic, optoelectronic and microelectronic mechanisms utilized by living organisms to accomplish systems, new communication and processing solutions are sensing, communication and processing; (3) Enable a under intensive studies. New technologies emerge to design, knowledge base and discover new processing schemes fabricate and commercialize communication, processing and comparable to exhibited by living organisms. Our transformative findings are substantiated by means of basic sensing platforms. Transformative fundamental findings, and applied studies which are consistent with experiments, engineering developments and practical technologies are biophysics and quantum mechanics. In particular, extensive implemented and substantiated. New proof-of-concept multi- studies on central and peripheral nervous systems have being physics photonic and optoelectronic macroscopic, mesoscopic conducted for many decades. Biophysics of chemoelectro- and microscopic systems are designed, fabricated, tested, mechanical, electrostatic and quantum energy conversion, characterized and demonstrated reaching a sufficient sensing, signaling and computing were studied in [3-7]. In technology readiness level. Our goal is to further enhance engineered systems, photonics and photoelectronic mesoscopic physical foundations, enable engineering premises and advance fabrics, structures and devices exhibit quantum phenomena information technologies of classical, quantum and mixed which are utilized ensuring communication, energy communication and processing. This paper examines emerging conversion, data storage, processing, sensing, etc. The quantum-enabled and quantum technologies aimed for microscopic, mesoscopic and macroscopic (microelectronic) communication and data processing. The studied premises: (i) devices exhibit quantum electromagnetic radiation, energy Unify and enable concepts of computer science, engineering absorption, energy conversion, energy transfer, etc. Photons and technologies; (ii) Consistent with quantum informatics, emission, photon absorption, photon-electron interactions and communication, computing and processing schemes; (iii) other phenomena are utilized. Quantum-centric technologies Comply with emerged software and hardware solutions; (iv) are commercialized in a wide range of communication, data Exhibit sufficient technology readiness and technology transfer storage, electronic and other devices [1-4]. These quantum capabilities. phenomena, effect and mechanisms: 1. Result in energy-relevant quantum-centric transitions and transductions defining sensing, communication, data Keywords: communication, electronics, microelectronics, storage and data processing in engineered systems; nanotechnology, optoelectronics, photonics, processing 2. Enable analysis of quantum communication, sensing and information processing in living organisms as biomolecules in molecular fabrics undergo transitions and 1. INTRODUCTION transductions. Invertebrates, which exhibit information processing, over- New engineered and natural photonic and biophotonic perform any envisioned engineered platforms including systems are under intensive studies, research and technology supercomputers. Our overall goal is to devise enabling, developments [1-4]. Quantum phenomena, exhibited by verifiable and practical processing schemes utilizing photon- microscopic and macroscopic systems, are utilized. Quantum induced phenomena. In this paper, we: (i) Analyze quantum- photonic and optoelectronics are used in biotechnology, mechanically-consistent and technology-coherent sensing and electronics, medicine and other applications. Basic research processing paradigms; (ii) Analyze sensing and processing in and discoveries in photonics and biophotonics are foundations living organisms; (iii) Design practical all-quantum and mixed of science and engineering in developing new knowledge bases quantum↔classical sensing and processing systems; (iv) and technologies beyond currently available. Contribute to developments of invasive and non-invasive In biotechnology and medical applications, advances are brain–computer interface, direct neural interface, brain– needed to enable computer–brain interfacing, optogenetics, machine interface, neural prosthesis, brain and other implants neurophotonics, etc. Practical quantum-centric technologies for which it is imperative to comprehend quantum processing. must be developed. Our three-fold objectives are: (1) Examine

NSTI-Nanotech 2014, www.nsti.org, ISBN 978-1-4822-5827-1 Vol. 2, 2014 447 2. FINANCIAL AND MARKETING Hamiltonian operator for the associated Hamiltonian H, ∈, H∈. Product developments, commercialization and marketing From science and engineering viewpoints, using the are very important topics to be solved. Nanotechnology- consistent, coherent and cohesive premises of quantum relevant economics implies cohesive analysis of aerospace, mechanics, one strives to develop the model () which automotive, defense, health, electronics, energy, industrial, matches the physical system (). In (2), the mapping (Ψ) financial, security and other sectors which are significantly leads to descriptive quantitative estimates of physically- affected by nano and bio technologies, nanomedicine, consistent mathematical and auxiliary variables, mathematical nanoelectonics and other developments. Nanotechnology quantities and mathematical operators. By using quantum drastically affected national and international markets, mechanics, we model the spatiotemporal evolutions of services, economies and security. This paper examines mathematical operators (wave functions Ψ, probability photonics- and optoelectronics-enabled defense, electronics amplitudes cn and others) which may yield a quantitative and security sectors from economics and market prospects. The analysis on the quantum canonical variables C. For example, performance and growth of large-cap companies which utilize C=[r, p, E]T. These quantum canonical variables C may be front-end enabling nanotechnologies are considered and relevant to the detectable, real-valued and measurable physical analyzed. In particular, we considered the IBM, Intel, ST variables ∈ or f( )∈. That is, if the model () matches Microelectronics, Texas Instruments, and other companies which were affected by the technology developments and the physical system (), there could be the evolution technology implications on market. similarity between and C, such that ≡ϕ(C). In the United States and worldwide, technology evolution The microscopic systems () are modeled by using the and R&D significantly attributed to new products which following equations for the model mapping () [8] enabled effectiveness, functionality, performance, affordability, safety, quality, etc. The effectiveness, strength Ψ∂ ˆ =Ψ r t),( ∈ Ψ∈ and benefits of nanotechnology-enabled photonics and r ),( itH , =0+E+P, , , (3) optoelectronics on major economic indexes and measures are ∂t E demonstrated. The market refocusing and concentration on 1 ∂ϕ −i t Ψ(r,t)=ψ(r)ϕ(t), ψn=Enψn, i = E , ϕ )( = et . new technologies have positive implications and outcomes. ϕ ∂t ∞ ∞ E ∞ −i n t − ω ti ∈ ==Ψ=Ψ ψϕψ = ψ n cn , r nn rr nn r)()()(),(),( nn r ececttct ,)( 3. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND QUANTUM PROCESSING n=1 n=1 n=1 * ),( ˆΨΨ= rr tCtC ),( dV , 3. 1. Microscopic Platforms: Physical Systems and Models Ψ= * ˆ Ψ * ΨΨ= The focused research activities are centered on photonic, Cf r (),()( r tCft ),() dV , rr ttP ),(),( dV , optoelectronic and other quantum-effect devices. A significant C∈, f(C)∈, P∈, progress is made in resonant-tunneling devices, solid-state, d ∂Cˆ 1 inorganic and organic lasers, photodiodes, etc. [1-4]. The Cˆ = + [ ˆ,HC ˆ ] , ∈. ∂ compliant quantum↔classical processing and compatibility dt it must be ensured in order to develop practical technologies. It is important to examine [3-7]: (i) Photons emission, photon In (3), the conventional notations are used [6-8]. The total absorption, photon-electron interactions and electronic Hamiltonian operator is comprised of unperturbed 0, transductions in microscopic and mesoscopic device; (ii) excitation E and perturbation P Hamiltonians. The disturbances and perturbations affect , and, the control Photon propagation in organic and silicon optical waveguides; P function operator is denoted as û, û≡E∈. The complex (iii) Information fusion and processing by photons and ∞ 2 probability amplitudes cn satisfy c =1. electrons; (iv) Photons detection and optoelectronic interface. n=1 n For physical microscopic systems, the input-output One distinguishes the physical systems () with ∈ evolution mapping is and ∈, and, the mathematical model (). The real-valued ∈ ∈ × ∈ , ∈ , control (field strength, angular frequency of excitation (,) , (1) and other physical quantities) affect the excitation Hamiltonian

HE∈ and HE∈. Thus, ≡HE∈. The real-valued detectable while, the model mapping is and measurable observables, or physical quantities, yield the system states to be controlled and utilized to accomplish Ψ ∈ × × × × × (( ),,C,f(C),,H) H, (2) sensing, communication and processing. Ψ∈, ∈, C∈, ∈, H∈, 3. 2. Quantum Evolutions and Processing where are the detectable, real-valued and measurable The uncontrollable and controllable state transitions and ∈ physical variables, ∈; are the real-valued controls, ∈; system evolutions are examined by using . Examining ω λ T Ψ is the wave function, Ψ∈; C are the quantum canonical quantum transductions, one may use =[p,E, , ,…] as well variables with associated operators , C∈, ∈; is the as the probabilistic quantities. That is, the microscopic systems

448 NSTI-Nanotech 2014, www.nsti.org, ISBN 978-1-4822-5827-1 Vol. 2, 2014 undergo within the allowed states, and, () evolves within For example, one may control measurable =[E,ω,λ, …]T, initial (I), intermediate (T) and final (F) allowed state and, perform processing on utilizable initial (I), intermediate T T T transductions =[I,T,F] on =[ 1,…, k] . The physical (T) and final (F) state transductions =[I,T,F] on T devices may accomplish the following irreversible and =[ 1,…, k] . The microscopic devices may accomplish the reversible utilizable transductions following irreversible and reversible utilizable transductions (4). A physical microscopic processing fabrics may comprise I: IT: TF: F and I: IT: TF: F. (4) of processing primitives 1,…,k. Each j exhibits transductions j( ) on j yielding distinguishable and The evolutions of distinguishable quantum transductions computable transforms j(, , ). Using j, consistent with j(,v,u) are mapped as device physics and admissible arithmetic operand j, one has

Σ= 1 … k. j,l j,l+1=j( j,l, j,l). (5) The processing can be accomplished by using the infinite- and finite-valued logics [4]. Analog, digital and hybrid processing schemes may be supported by microscopic devices. The controlled evolution of physically-realizable j(,v,u) Considering multiple-valued logic, the switching function on r- in () are defined by (5), where j denotes quantum n m valued j is f:{0,…,r–1} → {0,…,r–1} with a truth vector . evolutions and transductions on . The transductions j j j Any f can be represented as f=(, ). j( , ) on in physical microscopic systems are controlled The evolutions of quantum transductions are mapped as by using device-specific admissible control schemes ∈ . (5), which defines the evolution of physically-realizable The system () may be controlled by varying systems computable transforms j(, , ). The transductions j on j energy, potential or field with the corresponding change of the should be consistent with (, ). system Hamiltonian . 4. QUANTUM MECHANICS AND INFORMATICS

3. 3. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle and Processing To perform experiments, characterize () and Various concepts of information theory and computer demonstrate a technology, the physical quantities in engineering are applied to examine classical and quantum microscopic systems must be measured. The Heisenberg communication and processing [4]. Conventional and quantum uncertainty principle specifies the position-momentum and quantities, information measures and processing schemes are energy-time limits on the measurements of quantum different. We focus on: observables. In particular, 1. Analysis of electron- and photon-induced phenomena state utilizable which lead to quantum transitions and σ σ σ σ transductions on detectable, real-valued and measurable x p½, E t½, (6) physical variables (observables). These measurable variables must be controllable, algorithmically σ σ The expression E t½ specifies the uncertainties on the processable and hardware realizable; standard deviation on the energy E, yielding limits on σt. The 2. Analysis of device-physics consistent fundamentals of Heisenberg uncertainty principle defines the fundamental communication and processing by microscopic systems on limits on the measurability, testing and characterization of quantum phenomena; physical systems by using the specific real-valued physical 3. Development and substantiation of practical engineering quantities which must be detectable, controllable and paradigms and technologies of electronic and processable. Using (6), for physical microscopic systems, one optoelectronic sensing, communication and processing. It is important to progress from basic foundations to has =[r, p, E, t]T. There exist other [r, p, E, t]-dependent real- theory substantiation, practical engineering solutions and valued quantities, such as the wavelength, transmission technologies by: coefficient, and transition probability. Thus, or =f(r,p,E,t). The • Studying and applying utilizable quantum transductions on aforementioned quantities also pertain to reported quantum- detectable, real-valued and measurable physical variables; mechanical modeling where we used C and f(C). However, the • Verifying coherent principles and mechanisms of energy- focus should be centered on physical systems. centric sensing and processing in microscopic systems as applied to practical solutions, schemes and technologies. 3. 4. Practical Communication and Processing by Physical Under some hypotheses and conjectures, microscopic Microscopic Devices on Quantum Phenomena systems can be mathematically modeled and described by The detectable, real-valued and measurable physical using wave functions in spatial, momentum and other spaces. variables ∈ lead to quantum-mechanically-, device- and The spatiotemporal wave function Ψ(r,t)=ψ(r)ϕ(t) is found by algorithmically- (arithmetically) consistent communication and solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (3). processing. These variables must be: Quantum-mechanically-consistent modeling and analysis result 1. Detected, measured, controlled and evolved during in a set of equations (3). controlled quantum transductions; 2. Algorithmically processable.

NSTI-Nanotech 2014, www.nsti.org, ISBN 978-1-4822-5827-1 Vol. 2, 2014 449 5. BIOPHOTONICS AND RETINAL MOLECULE 7. CONCLUSIONS

We examine photon absorption by a retinal molecule [4, 7, We examined communication and processing paradigms 8]. Rhodopsin is a membrane-intrinsic protein. A photon is which: (i) Ease enormous challenges in quantum and mixed absorbed by the retinal molecule C20H28O which is bound to sensing, communication and processing; (ii) Overcome opsin as shown in Figure 1.a. Publications [4, 7, 8] examine foremost inconsistencies departing from all-algorithmic-centric quantum interactions, photon absorption and transitions in a computing towards practical technologies; (iii) Enable new retinal molecule which is a microscopic target. In the spherical practical inroads and solutions; (iv) Advances theory and Ψ Ψ Ψ θ φ coordinates (t,r)= (t,r) (t, , ). practice of processing; (v) Enables unprecedented sensing and Consider quantum-probabilistic photon absorption for a processing capabilities ensuring far-reaching benchmarks. Our λ∈ realistic wavelength [400 800] nm and pointing angle findings support a broad spectrum of transformative research Ω ∈ π π κκκ [–½ ½] rad. The maximum probability of photon activities, engineering developments and technological absorption is observed at λ=555 nm when the photon energy is –19 advancements. Some core problems of physical and life 3.6×10 J. The microscopic sensors and detectors ensure high sciences are studied and advanced. We enabled a knowledge selectivity for activation energy. base and proposed new solutions. 3CH 3CH 1 N 0.9 3CH 0.8 CH3 REFERENCES CH3 0.7

0.6 0.5 1. International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, 0.4 2005, 2007, 2009 and 2011 Editions, Semiconductor 0.3 Industry Association, Austin, Texas, USA, 2013. 0.2

Absorption Probability 0.1 2. P. W. Coteus, J. U. Knickerbocker, C. H. Lam and Y. A. 0 Vlasov, “Technologies for exasscale systems,” IEEE 700 600 0.5 500 400 -0.5 0 Communication Magazine, pp. S67-S72, 2012. λ , [nm] Ω , [rad] k 3. S. E. Lyshevski, Molecular Electronics, Circuits, and (a) (b) Processing Platform, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2007. Figure 1. (a) Retinal molecule C20H28O and ; 4. S. E. Lyshevski, Molecular and Biomolecular Processing: λ∈ Ω ∈ (b) Probability of absorption, [400 800] nm, κκκ [–0.7 0.7] rad Solutions, Directions and Prospects, Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering and Technology, Ed. W. Goddard, D. Brenner, S. E. Lyshevski and G. Iafrate, CRC 6. PHOTONICS AND NANOTECHNOLOGIES: Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 125-177, 2012. COMMUNICATION AND PROCESSING 5. J. J. Chang, J. Fisch and F. A. Popp, Biophotons, Kluwer

Academic Publishers, Dordrecht-Boston-London, 1998. Various organic and inorganic sensing, communication and 6. A. Yariv, Quantum Electronics, John Wiley and Sons, processing devices are designed, tested and characterized. The New York, 1988. photodiodes, photodetectors and phototransistors are studied in 7. S. E. Lyshevski, “Quantum molecular sensing, [1-4]. The designed and characterized organic fabrics, as well communication and processing by photons,“ Proc. IEEE as organic and inorganic devices, are illustrated in Figure 2. Conf. Nanotechnology, Birmingham, UK, pp. 476-481, 2012. 8. S. E. Lyshevski, “Quantum control of microscopic systems with applications,“ Int. J. Intelligent Control and Systems, vol. 19, no. 1. pp. 8-14, 2014.

Figure 2. Organic optoelectronics and photonic devices

Advanced technologies and products are under intensive developments. Some technologies are commercialized. Due to unprecedented investments and market needs, plastic optoelectronics, resonant tunneling devices, biophotonics, neuro-electronics, nanoephrology, nanomaterials, photonics, 3D printing, sensors and other nanotechnology-enabled innovations are deployed.

450 NSTI-Nanotech 2014, www.nsti.org, ISBN 978-1-4822-5827-1 Vol. 2, 2014