Premises of Communication and Processing on Photons in Natural and Engineered Systems: Implication to Science and High-Technology Market Natalie Nuzdina1, Zulkhair Mansurov2, Erkhan Aliyev2 and Sergey Edward Lyshevski3 1United Inc., Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan, 050020 2Institute of Combustion. Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan, 0050012 3Department of Electrical and Microelectronic Engineering Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester, NY 14623, USA E-mail: [email protected] URL: http://people.rit.edu/seleee ABSTRACT quantum-enabled, mixed and quantum communication and processing schemes; (2) Study phenomena, effects and In various photonic, optoelectronic and microelectronic mechanisms utilized by living organisms to accomplish systems, new communication and processing solutions are sensing, communication and processing; (3) Enable a under intensive studies. New technologies emerge to design, knowledge base and discover new processing schemes fabricate and commercialize communication, processing and comparable to exhibited by living organisms. Our transformative findings are substantiated by means of basic sensing platforms. Transformative fundamental findings, and applied studies which are consistent with experiments, engineering developments and practical technologies are biophysics and quantum mechanics. In particular, extensive implemented and substantiated. New proof-of-concept multi- studies on central and peripheral nervous systems have being physics photonic and optoelectronic macroscopic, mesoscopic conducted for many decades. Biophysics of chemoelectro- and microscopic systems are designed, fabricated, tested, mechanical, electrostatic and quantum energy conversion, characterized and demonstrated reaching a sufficient sensing, signaling and computing were studied in [3-7]. In technology readiness level. Our goal is to further enhance engineered systems, photonics and photoelectronic mesoscopic physical foundations, enable engineering premises and advance fabrics, structures and devices exhibit quantum phenomena information technologies of classical, quantum and mixed which are utilized ensuring communication, energy communication and processing. This paper examines emerging conversion, data storage, processing, sensing, etc. The quantum-enabled and quantum technologies aimed for microscopic, mesoscopic and macroscopic (microelectronic) communication and data processing. The studied premises: (i) devices exhibit quantum electromagnetic radiation, energy Unify and enable concepts of computer science, engineering absorption, energy conversion, energy transfer, etc. Photons and technologies; (ii) Consistent with quantum informatics, emission, photon absorption, photon-electron interactions and communication, computing and processing schemes; (iii) other phenomena are utilized. Quantum-centric technologies Comply with emerged software and hardware solutions; (iv) are commercialized in a wide range of communication, data Exhibit sufficient technology readiness and technology transfer storage, electronic and other devices [1-4]. These quantum capabilities. phenomena, effect and mechanisms: 1. Result in energy-relevant quantum-centric transitions and transductions defining sensing, communication, data Keywords: communication, electronics, microelectronics, storage and data processing in engineered systems; nanotechnology, optoelectronics, photonics, processing 2. Enable analysis of quantum communication, sensing and information processing in living organisms as biomolecules in molecular fabrics undergo transitions and 1. INTRODUCTION transductions. Invertebrates, which exhibit information processing, over- New engineered and natural photonic and biophotonic perform any envisioned engineered platforms including systems are under intensive studies, research and technology supercomputers. Our overall goal is to devise enabling, developments [1-4]. Quantum phenomena, exhibited by verifiable and practical processing schemes utilizing photon- microscopic and macroscopic systems, are utilized. Quantum induced phenomena. In this paper, we: (i) Analyze quantum- photonic and optoelectronics are used in biotechnology, mechanically-consistent and technology-coherent sensing and electronics, medicine and other applications. Basic research processing paradigms; (ii) Analyze sensing and processing in and discoveries in photonics and biophotonics are foundations living organisms; (iii) Design practical all-quantum and mixed of science and engineering in developing new knowledge bases quantum↔classical sensing and processing systems; (iv) and technologies beyond currently available. Contribute to developments of invasive and non-invasive In biotechnology and medical applications, advances are brain–computer interface, direct neural interface, brain– needed to enable computer–brain interfacing, optogenetics, machine interface, neural prosthesis, brain and other implants neurophotonics, etc. Practical quantum-centric technologies for which it is imperative to comprehend quantum processing. must be developed. Our three-fold objectives are: (1) Examine NSTI-Nanotech 2014, www.nsti.org, ISBN 978-1-4822-5827-1 Vol. 2, 2014 447 2. FINANCIAL AND MARKETING Hamiltonian operator for the associated Hamiltonian H, ∈, H∈. Product developments, commercialization and marketing From science and engineering viewpoints, using the are very important topics to be solved. Nanotechnology- consistent, coherent and cohesive premises of quantum relevant economics implies cohesive analysis of aerospace, mechanics, one strives to develop the model () which automotive, defense, health, electronics, energy, industrial, matches the physical system (). In (2), the mapping (Ψ) financial, security and other sectors which are significantly leads to descriptive quantitative estimates of physically- affected by nano and bio technologies, nanomedicine, consistent mathematical and auxiliary variables, mathematical nanoelectonics and other developments. Nanotechnology quantities and mathematical operators. By using quantum drastically affected national and international markets, mechanics, we model the spatiotemporal evolutions of services, economies and security. This paper examines mathematical operators (wave functions Ψ, probability photonics- and optoelectronics-enabled defense, electronics amplitudes cn and others) which may yield a quantitative and security sectors from economics and market prospects. The analysis on the quantum canonical variables C. For example, performance and growth of large-cap companies which utilize C=[r, p, E]T. These quantum canonical variables C may be front-end enabling nanotechnologies are considered and relevant to the detectable, real-valued and measurable physical analyzed. In particular, we considered the IBM, Intel, ST variables ∈ or f( )∈. That is, if the model () matches Microelectronics, Texas Instruments, and other companies which were affected by the technology developments and the physical system (), there could be the evolution technology implications on market. similarity between and C, such that ≡ϕ(C). In the United States and worldwide, technology evolution The microscopic systems () are modeled by using the and R&D significantly attributed to new products which following equations for the model mapping () [8] enabled effectiveness, functionality, performance, affordability, safety, quality, etc. The effectiveness, strength ∂Ψ ˆΨ = r t),( ∈ Ψ∈ and benefits of nanotechnology-enabled photonics and Hr t),( i , =0+E+P, , , (3) optoelectronics on major economic indexes and measures are ∂t E demonstrated. The market refocusing and concentration on 1 ∂ϕ −i t Ψ(r,t)=ψ(r)ϕ(t), ψn=Enψn, i = E , ϕ()t= e . new technologies have positive implications and outcomes. ϕ ∂t ∞ ∞ E ∞ −i n t −iω t ∈ Ψ = Ψ =ψ ϕ = ψ = ψ n cn , (,)(,)()()()r t cn n r t r t cn n r e cn n(),r e 3. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND QUANTUM PROCESSING n=1 n=1 n=1 C= Ψ* (,)r t Cˆ Ψ(,) r t dV , 3. 1. Microscopic Platforms: Physical Systems and Models = Ψ* ˆ Ψ = Ψ* Ψ The focused research activities are centered on photonic, f()(,)( C r t f C)(,)r t dV , P (,)(,)r t r t dV , optoelectronic and other quantum-effect devices. A significant C∈, f(C)∈, P∈, progress is made in resonant-tunneling devices, solid-state, d ∂Cˆ 1 inorganic and organic lasers, photodiodes, etc. [1-4]. The Cˆ = + [CHˆ, ˆ ] , ∈. ∂ compliant quantum↔classical processing and compatibility dt t i must be ensured in order to develop practical technologies. It is important to examine [3-7]: (i) Photons emission, photon In (3), the conventional notations are used [6-8]. The total absorption, photon-electron interactions and electronic Hamiltonian operator is comprised of unperturbed 0, transductions in microscopic and mesoscopic device; (ii) excitation E and perturbation P Hamiltonians. The disturbances and perturbations affect , and, the control Photon propagation in organic and silicon optical waveguides; P function operator is denoted as û, û≡E∈. The complex (iii) Information fusion and processing by photons and ∞ 2 probability amplitudes cn satisfy c =1. electrons; (iv) Photons detection and optoelectronic interface. n=1 n For physical microscopic systems, the input-output One distinguishes the physical systems () with ∈ evolution mapping is and ∈, and, the mathematical model (). The real-valued ∈ ∈ × ∈ , ∈ , control (field strength, angular frequency of excitation (,) , (1) and other physical quantities) affect the excitation Hamiltonian HE∈ and HE∈. Thus, ≡HE∈. The real-valued detectable