DOCSLIB.ORG

Damsels Anddragons

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Damsels Anddragons Young Naturalists Damsels and Dragons BY JANICE WELSH ragonflies and damselflies are the D helicopters of the insect world. With their bulging eyes, long tails, and tapered wings, they look like helicopters. In fact, they maneuver like BRENT FLINT Most dragonflies measure 1 to 3 inches across their helicopters too. They can fly backwards and wings. One Australian species has a 7-inch wing- change direction in just one body length of air span. About 250 million years ago, one kind of space. They can glide, hover in midair, and make dragonfly had a wingspan of 30 inches. ILLUSTRATION BY DAVID AMDUR sharp turns. Some can fly up to 35 miles per hour. 32 THE MINNESOTA VOLUNTEER JULY–AUGUST 1996 33 EUGENE F. O’NEILL BRUCE EDINGER ALLEN BLAKE SHELDON Dragonfly Design Try sneaking up on a damselfly or dragonfly and you will find Like all insects, damselflies and dragonflies have six legs, two pairs out how well it sees! Its bulging of wings, two antennae, and three body parts—head, thorax, and eyes detect the slightest abdomen. They wear their skeletons on the outside of their bodies. movement. Dragonflies and This tough outer covering is called an exoskeleton. damselflies look scary, but they do not bite or sting. DOMINIQUE BRAUD Dragonflies and damselflies live in and near ponds, streams, and Dragonflies (top two photos) rest with lakes. Of 5,500 species of dragonflies worldwide, 86 are known to wings open. The closely related damselfly live in Minnesota. Minnesota counties with the most known Janice Welsh runs Project (bottom) folds its wings together. Dragon- species of dragonflies are Anoka, Washington, Pine, Lake, WILD, a DNR program flies look stronger than damselflies and fly Clearwater, and Cook. for schools. faster with more rapid wingbeats. 34 THE MINNESOTA VOLUNTEER JULY–AUGUST 1996 35 The dragonfly bends its legs to form 5 a basket to catch food—mosquitoes, black flies, gnats. Large dragonflies even eat bees and beetles. 6 4 Mighty Morphin’ A dragonfly’s life begins as an water (3) onto a plant, rock, or 7 egg laid underwater (1). The log and molts one last time. Its egg hatches into a nymph. The abdomen inflates (4) and blood nymph eats tadpoles and flows into its wings, which nymphs for two years. While minnows (2). The growing slowly unfold, dry, and stiffen. flying, the male (5) fertilizes the nymph molts its exoskeleton, This transformation from egg to eggs of the female (6). The male just as a snake sheds its skin. adult is called metamorphosis. holds onto the female (7) as she The nymph crawls out of the These creatures may live as 3 deposits her eggs in the water. ILLUSTRATION BY VERA MING WONG I The nymph’s lower jaw unhinges and 2 slides out like a big drawer to grab a tadpole or minnow. Minnesota’s Biggest Insect Collector Look for damselflies The University of Minnesota near wetlands, ponds, Insect Collection has about rivers, and lakes. 2,865,000 insect specimens, representing 43,000 species found in the United States and many other parts of the world. The collection started in 1897 with insects and spiders from the North Shore of Lake Superior. Current staff members have made expeditions to collect insects in ALLEN BLAKE SHELDON Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, A Naturalist’s Eye for Dragons French Guiana, and Trinidad, State park naturalist Mark came to live in the restored making this one of North Carroll has been interested in wetlands. Mark made maps to America’s major collections. RICHARD HAMILTON SMITH dragonflies and other insects show other researchers where University research and Dragonflies are also called since he was a kid. In the clover different dragonfly species live teaching programs use the darners, darning needles, biddies, fields near his house, Mark and in Minnesota. collection. For information, horse stingers, and bee hawks for his friends had contests to see Mark earned a bachelor’s call 612-624-1254. their ability to catch bees in midair. who could get the most degree in earth sciences and a bumblebees into a jar. Mark’s master’s in biology, then joined mother made him a butterfly net the Department of Natural and turned old shoe boxes into Resources as a naturalist. YES: Young Entomologists’ Society storage containers for his At Sibley State Park in west- People who study insects are called entomologists. The Young collections. On the kitchen table, central Minnesota where he Entomologists’ Society is a non-profit group that helps young people study he raised monarch butterflies. works, Mark has counted more insects. For membership information, contact YES, 1915 Peggy Place, As a student at St. Cloud than a dozen species of Lansing, MI 48910-2553; 517-887-0499; e-mail [email protected]. State University, Mark studied dragonflies. This July he will Also available from YES is Creepy Crawlies and the Scientific Method by all kinds of wildlife. He worked show dragonfly slides and take Sally Stenhouse Kneidel. This book for teachers tells how to study pond on a study of restored wetlands park visitors on a hike to see ecology in the classroom. The book describes more than 100 hands-on —ones that people drained of what he calls “dragons in the experiments for children. water and later fixed to hold air.” To find out more, call the water again. He wanted to see DNR Information Center (see how quickly aquatic insects page 59). 38 THE MINNESOTA VOLUNTEER JULY–AUGUST 1996 39.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lesson: Key Details Lesson Topic: Identify and Explain Key Details Question 1
    Lesson: Key Details Lesson Topic: Identify and explain key details Question 1: Read the text below. Sea Stars Written by Lindsey Crowe There are many different kinds of sea stars. For example, some sea stars have five legs and some have ten legs. Some have skinny arms and some have wide arms. Sea stars are found in the ocean. Some sea stars live in warm oceans. Some live in cold oceans. They can be found in deep and shallow waters. Some people call sea stars star fish. Sea stars are not fish. They do not have gills, fins, or bones. Which of the following key details supports the idea that there are many different kinds of sea stars? There are many different kinds of sea stars. Sea stars are found in the ocean. Some sea stars have five legs and some have ten legs. They do not have gills, fins, or bones. Question 2: Read the text below. There are many different kinds of sea stars. For example, some sea stars have five legs and some have ten legs. Some have skinny arms and some have wide arms. Why is the underlined sentence an important key detail? because it explains why the author took pictures and wrote a text about sea stars because it is an important fact that we need to know to understand about different kinds of sea stars because it explains what kind of sea star is in the photograph because it gives the names of different types of sea stars Question 3: Read the text below.
    [Show full text]
  • Monitoring Dragonfly Migration in North America Protocols for Citizen Scientists
    Monitoring Dragonfly Migration in North America Protocols for Citizen Scientists Migratory Dragonfly Partnership Blank on purpose Monitoring Dragonfly Migration in North America Protocols for Citizen Scientists Migratory Dragonfly Partnership Canada • United States • Mexico www.migratorydragonflypartnership.org © 2014 by The Migratory Dragonfly Partnership The Migratory Dragonfly Partnership uses research, citizen science, education, and outreach to under- stand North American dragonfly migration and promote conservation. MDP steering committee members represent a range of organizations, including: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources; Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum; Pronatura Veracruz; Rutgers University; Slater Museum of Natural History, University of Puget Sound; Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute; St. Edward's University; U. S. Forest Service International Programs; U. S. Geological Survey; Vermont Center for Ecostudies; and the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. Migratory Dragonfly Partnership Project Coordinator, Celeste Mazzacano [email protected] 628 NE Broadway, Suite 200, Portland, OR 97232 Tel (855) 232-6639 Fax (503) 233-6794 www.migratorydragonflypartnership.org Acknowledgements Funding for the Migratory Dragonfly Partnership's work is provided by the U.S. Forest Service Inter- national Programs. We thank the photographers who generously allowed use of their images. Copyright of all photographs remains with the photographers. Front and Back Cover Photographs Common Green Darner (Anax junius) male. Photograph © John C. Abbott/Abbott Nature Photography. CONTENTS Summary Page 1 1. Introduction Page 3 1.1 Objectives and Goals Page 3 Box 1: Citizen Science Projects, page 4. 2. Citizen Science Projects Page 5 2.1 Migration Monitoring Page 5 2.1.1 Fall Migration Observations Page 5 - Objectives, page 5. Box 2: MDP Monitoring Projects, page 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Wetlands Invertebrates Banded Woollybear(Isabella Tiger Moth Larva)
    Wetlands Invertebrates Banded Woollybear (Isabella Tiger Moth larva) basics The banded woollybear gets its name for two reasons: its furry appearance and the fact that, like a bear, it hibernates during the winter. Woollybears are the caterpillar stage of medium sized moths known as tiger moths. This family of moths rivals butterflies in beauty and grace. There are approximately 260 species of tiger moths in North America. Though the best-known woollybear is the banded woollybear, there are at least 8 woollybear species in the U.S. with similar dense, bristly hair covering their bodies. Woollybears are most commonly seen in the autumn, when they are just about finished with feeding for the year. It is at this time that they seek out a place to spend the winter in hibernation. They have been eating various green plants since June or early July to gather enough energy for their eventual transformation into butterflies. A full-grown banded woollybear caterpillar is nearly two inches long and covered with tubercles from which arise stiff hairs of about equal length. Its body has 13 segments. Middle segments are covered with red-orange hairs and the anterior and posterior ends with black hairs. The orange-colored oblongs visible between the tufts of setae (bristly hairs) are spiracles—entrances to the respiratory system. Hair color and band width are highly variable; often as the caterpillar matures, black hairs (especially at the posterior end) are replaced with orange hairs. In general, older caterpillars have more black than young ones. However, caterpillars that fed and grew in an area where the fall weather was wetter tend to have more black hair than caterpillars from dry areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Life Cycle of a Dragonfly, and Will Be Broken Down Into Sections Based on the Chronological Life Stages of This Insect
    The Dragonfly Life Cycle Explained A BRIEF DISCUSSION ON THE LIFE CYCLE OF THE COMMON DRAGONFLY Kimberly Malcom | Pennsylvania State University, ENGL 202C: Technical Writing | 2016 Cover Photo: Mitchell, Forrest L and Lasswell, James L., A Dazzle of Dragonflies [Online Image]. Retrieved October 31, 2016 from http://www.audubon.org/magazine/july-august-2012/chasing-dragonflies-and-damselflies Audience and Purpose This document will explain the life cycle of a dragonfly, and will be broken down into sections based on the chronological life stages of this insect. Each section will be further broken down to include a photograph of the stage being discussed, and an explanation of what each stage entails. This document was prepared for the general public, and is meant to be a basic informational description of the life process of the common dragonfly for anyone with a curiosity to learn more about these unique insects. Introduction The dragonfly is a large, colorful, predatory insect generally found in or near watery locations in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. There are more than 5,000 known species of dragonflies, and fossil evidence suggests that they’ve been on the earth for many years. They have long, thin, colorful bodies, six legs, large eyes, and two pairs of transparent wings that allow them to propel themselves up, down, forward, backward and side to side Fotolia_1704510_xs [Online Image]. Retrieved October 31, 2016 from http://labs.blogs.com/its_alive_in_the_lab/2009/04/why-dragonfly.html while in flight. They are proficient fliers, and tend to only catch prey and eat while flying.
    [Show full text]
  • Wax, Wings, and Swarms: Insects and Their Products As Art Media
    Wax, Wings, and Swarms: Insects and their Products as Art Media Barrett Anthony Klein Pupating Lab Biology Department, University of Wisconsin—La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601 email: [email protected] When citing this paper, please use the following: Klein BA. Submitted. Wax, Wings, and Swarms: Insects and their Products as Art Media. Annu. Rev. Entom. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-020821-060803 Keywords art, cochineal, cultural entomology, ethnoentomology, insect media art, silk 1 Abstract Every facet of human culture is in some way affected by our abundant, diverse insect neighbors. Our relationship with insects has been on display throughout the history of art, sometimes explicitly, but frequently in inconspicuous ways. This is because artists can depict insects overtly, but they can also allude to insects conceptually, or use insect products in a purely utilitarian manner. Insects themselves can serve as art media, and artists have explored or exploited insects for their products (silk, wax, honey, propolis, carmine, shellac, nest paper), body parts (e.g., wings), and whole bodies (dead, alive, individually, or as collectives). This review surveys insects and their products used as media in the visual arts, and considers the untapped potential for artistic exploration of media derived from insects. The history, value, and ethics of “insect media art” are topics relevant at a time when the natural world is at unprecedented risk. INTRODUCTION The value of studying cultural entomology and insect art No review of human culture would be complete without art, and no review of art would be complete without the inclusion of insects. Cultural entomology, a field of study formalized in 1980 (43), and ambitiously reviewed 35 years ago by Charles Hogue (44), clearly illustrates that artists have an inordinate fondness for insects.
    [Show full text]
  • Lenape Names of Insects
    LENAPE NAMES OF INSECTS These are names and photographs of some of the common insects known to the Lenape or Delaware Indians. In the first column there are links in blue that can be clicked to take you to the Lenape Talking Dictionary (www.talk- lenape.org) where you can hear the Lenape name of the insect. In the third column enclosed in “ ” is the literal translation of the Lenape name. INSECTS mèmèkas butterfly http://talk-lenape.org/detail?id=312 samhuwe caterpillar http://talk-lenape.org/detail?id=9136 pèhpukchilëwès large green caterpillar http://talk-lenape.org/detail?id=12054 probably the tobacco or tomato hornworm alemuchi cocoon http://talk-lenape.org/detail?id=311 chëluchëlus cricket http://talk-lenape.org/detail?id=705 sasapis firefly; lightning bug http://talk-lenape.org/detail?id=9163 “one who flashes” wehùpòktis dragonfly http://talk-lenape.org/detail?id=10518 pasalankès annual cicada http://talk-lenape.org/detail?id=8288 kwikwishkutam periodical cicada http://talk-lenape.org/detail?id=3556 or tëtun http://talk-lenape.org/detail?id=10146 shùkwìlkès grasshopper http://talk-lenape.org/detail?id=9589 kshipskwès katydid http://talk-lenape.org/detail?id=9524 sapëlésit muxwes silverfish http://talk-lenape.org/detail?id=17601 tahkòxtët muxwès ladybug http://talk-lenape.org/detail?id=17602 “little turtle bug” INSECTS THAT BITE ahpikw flea http://talk-lenape.org/detail?id=159 sësaw horsefly http://talk-lenape.org/detail?id=9631 xaihu head louse http://talk-lenape.org/detail?id=11495 hìkënàns http://talk-lenape.org/detail?id=1302 nit (louse egg) mpòkës bedbug http://talk-lenape.org/detail?id=14010 màxki muxwès chigger http://talk-lenape.org/detail?id=14044 “red bug” Chiggers are so tiny they are hard to see without magnification.
    [Show full text]
  • Honey Bee from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Honey bee From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A honey bee (or honeybee) is any member of the genus Apis, primarily distinguished by the production and storage of honey and the Honey bees construction of perennial, colonial nests from wax. Currently, only seven Temporal range: Oligocene–Recent species of honey bee are recognized, with a total of 44 subspecies,[1] PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N though historically six to eleven species are recognized. The best known honey bee is the Western honey bee which has been domesticated for honey production and crop pollination. Honey bees represent only a small fraction of the roughly 20,000 known species of bees.[2] Some other types of related bees produce and store honey, including the stingless honey bees, but only members of the genus Apis are true honey bees. The study of bees, which includes the study of honey bees, is known as melittology. Western honey bee carrying pollen Contents back to the hive Scientific classification 1 Etymology and name Kingdom: Animalia 2 Origin, systematics and distribution 2.1 Genetics Phylum: Arthropoda 2.2 Micrapis 2.3 Megapis Class: Insecta 2.4 Apis Order: Hymenoptera 2.5 Africanized bee 3 Life cycle Family: Apidae 3.1 Life cycle 3.2 Winter survival Subfamily: Apinae 4 Pollination Tribe: Apini 5 Nutrition Latreille, 1802 6 Beekeeping 6.1 Colony collapse disorder Genus: Apis 7 Bee products Linnaeus, 1758 7.1 Honey 7.2 Nectar Species 7.3 Beeswax 7.4 Pollen 7.5 Bee bread †Apis lithohermaea 7.6 Propolis †Apis nearctica 8 Sexes and castes Subgenus Micrapis: 8.1 Drones 8.2 Workers 8.3 Queens Apis andreniformis 9 Defense Apis florea 10 Competition 11 Communication Subgenus Megapis: 12 Symbolism 13 Gallery Apis dorsata 14 See also 15 References 16 Further reading Subgenus Apis: 17 External links Apis cerana Apis koschevnikovi Etymology and name Apis mellifera Apis nigrocincta The genus name Apis is Latin for "bee".[3] Although modern dictionaries may refer to Apis as either honey bee or honeybee, entomologist Robert Snodgrass asserts that correct usage requires two words, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Impacts and Opportunities for African Urban Dragonflies
    insects Review A Review of the Impacts and Opportunities for African Urban Dragonflies Charl Deacon * and Michael J. Samways Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: The expansion of urban areas in combination with climate change places great pressure on species found in freshwater habitats. Dragonflies are iconic freshwater organisms due to their large body sizes and striking coloration. They have been widely used to indicate the impacts of natural and human-mediated activities on freshwater communities, while also indicating the mitigation measures required to ensure their conservation. Here, we review the major threats to dragonflies in southern Africa, specifically those in urban areas. We also provide information on effective mitigation measures to protect dragonflies and other aquatic insects in urban spaces. Using three densely populated areas as case studies, we highlight some of the greatest challenges for dragonflies in South Africa. More importantly, we give a summary of current mitigation measures which have maintained dragonflies in urban spaces. In addition to these mitigation measures, public involvement and raising awareness contribute greatly to the common cause of protecting dragonflies around us. Abstract: Urban settlements range from small villages in rural areas to large metropoles with densely Citation: Deacon, C.; Samways, M.J. packed infrastructures. Urbanization presents many challenges to the maintenance of freshwater A Review of the Impacts and quality and conservation of freshwater biota, especially in Africa. There are many opportunities Opportunities for African Urban as well, particularly by fostering contributions from citizen scientists.
    [Show full text]
  • Bee Stink Bug Fly Dragonfly Wasp Beetle Grasshopper
    BEE Bodies usually look like flattened oval. Unusually long antennae. Spiny legs. Able to run fast. Usually dark bodies. (BLATTODEA) BUG STINK Stout and hairy body. Stinger (not always obvious). Pollen baskets on hind legs. (HYMENOPTERA) FLY Absence of wings. Narrow waist between the thorax and abdomen. Thin legs. Lives in a colony. (HYMENOPTERA) DRAGONFLY Large, patterned, scaly wings. A long body and antennae with clubs at end. A common pollinator. (LEPIDOPTERA) WASP Four, long, thin membranous wings and a long thin abdomen. Very large eyes. Large predatory insect. (ODONATA) BEETLE Creamy colored body. No distinct narrowing between thorax and abdo- men. Chewing mouthparts. (ISOPTERA) GRASSHOPPER Abdomen is covered by hard forewings (elytra) joining in straight line on back. They are stout. (COLEOPTERA) MOSQUITO Triangular head, large eyes, long ‘neck,’ spined forelegs with claws to catch prey, usually camouflaged. (MANTIDAE) ANT WORKER Shield shaped back with triangular plate in center is typical. They have piercing-sucking mouthparts. Produces stinky liquid. (HEMIPTERA) COCKROACH One pair of wings, long thin legs. They have piercing-sucking mouth- parts. The young are found in still freshwater. (DIPTERA) BUTTERFLY One pair of wings. Short stubby antennae and large eyes. Adults have piercing-sucking or sponging mouthparts. (DIPTERA) MOTH Wings similar to bees. Long antennae. Thin waist and streamlined abdo- men. Stinger. (HYMENOPTERA) TERMITE Wings similar to butterfly, usually dull colored, generally, stouter body and feathery antennae. Nocturnal. (LEPIDOPTERA) MANTIS PRAYING They have a long body and strong, enlarged back legs for jumping. They have chewing mouthparts. (ORTHOPTERA) .
    [Show full text]
  • Ecosystem Services Provided by the Little Things That Run the World
    Chapter 13 Ecosystem Services Provided by the Little Things That Run the World Olga Maria Correia Chitas Ameixa,Chitas Ameixa, António Onofre Soares,Onofre Soares, Amadeu M.V.M. SoaresM.V.M. Soares and andAna AnaI. Lillebø I. Lillebø Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74847 Abstract Highest extinction risk and consequently biodiversity loss are predicted to occur in inver- tebrates, specifically insects, and these declines are expected to cascade onto ecosystem functioning and human well-being. Although this knowledge is intrinsically present in more traditional communities, in more urban environments, mapping ecosystem ser - vices can be an important tool to raise people’s awareness on the importance of pre - serving insect diversity. After an extensive revision of the available literature, we used a rule-based approach to assess the provisioning, regulating and maintenance, and cul - tural services delivered by insects. We followed the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) and identified several potential indicators that may help underpin the mapping and valuation of the services delivered by insects. From our search, we extracted a total of 73 indicators, divided as 17 Provisional indicators, 27 Regulation and Maintenance indicators, and 29 Cultural indicators. We concluded that insects are providers of services in the three major ‘Sections’ of ecosystem services defined by CICES. Despite the lack of recognition of provisioning and cultural services, the indicators provided may help to raise awareness on the importance of the little things the run the world, in order to preserve traditional and technological uses of insects and their services.
    [Show full text]
  • INTRODUCTION to Dragonfly and Damselfly Watching
    Booklet.qxd 11.07.2003 10:59 AM Page 1 TEXAS PARKS AND WILDLIFE INTRODUCTION TO Dragonfly and Damselfly Watching BY MARK KLYM AND MIKE QUINN Booklet.qxd 11.07.2003 10:59 AM Page 2 Cover illustration by Rob Fleming. Booklet.qxd 11.07.2003 10:59 AM Page 3 Introduction to Dragonfly and Damselfly Watching By Mark Klym and Mike Quinn Acknowledgement This work would not have been possible without the input of Bob Behrstock, John Abbott and Sid Dunkle who provided technical information on the Order Odonata in Texas. This is not the first book about this order of insects, and the work of Sid Dunkle in Dragonflies Through Binoculars was a great help in assembling and presenting the material. Pat Morton was a great help in reviewing the material and keeping the work on track. Booklet.qxd 11.07.2003 10:59 AM Page 4 INTRODUCTION Background Dragonflies and Damselflies are members of the insect order Odonata, derived from the Greek word odonto meaning tooth. They are insects meaning that they have three body regions — a head, a thorax to which their four wings and six legs are attached and an abdomen. They are characterized by two pairs of net-veined wings and large compound eyes. Their wings are not linked together, allowing each wing to operate independently of the others. Damselflies have narrowly rectangular heads and eyes separated by more than their own width while dragonfly eyes are never separated by more than their own width. Both are preda- tors throughout their lives and valuable in destroying mosquitoes, gnats and other insects though they can become pests near beehives and may take other beneficial insects like butterflies.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Dragonflies
    Kathleen Tait Biology 501 EVOLUTION OF DRAGONFLIES All life began from a common ancestor. According to most scientists, animal life is thought to have evolved from a flagellated protist. This protist evolved by a cellular membrane folding inward, which became the first digestive system in the Animalia kingdom (Campbell, Reece &, Mitchell, 1999). As time went on, the animalia kingdom became more diversified and the class Arthropoda arose. Arthropods had and still have several characteristics in common. Some of these characteristics include segmented bodies, jointed appendages, compound and/or median eyes, and an external skeleton. Arthropods may breathe through their gills, trachea, body surface or spiracles. Within the order of Arthropods there exits the largest class in the animal kingdom, Insecta. Insects share such common features as three pairs of legs, usually two pairs of wings, a pair of compound eyes, usually one pair of antennae, and a segmented body (head, thorax, abdomen). But from where in time did all of these insects evolve? Wingless insects first appeared in the Devonian period approximately 380 million years ago following the development of the vascular seedless plants. Insects possibly evolved due to the first appearance of seedless vascular plants. These plants were a huge untapped source of food. According to fossil records, insects appeared quickly after plants in order to possibly fill in a new niche. The evolution of insects occurred in four stages (Columbia University Press, 2003). The dragonfly appears in the second stage and therefore this paper will only cover the first two stages. The first stage is known as the Apterygote stage.
    [Show full text]