Dragonfly Flight
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Lesson: Key Details Lesson Topic: Identify and Explain Key Details Question 1
Lesson: Key Details Lesson Topic: Identify and explain key details Question 1: Read the text below. Sea Stars Written by Lindsey Crowe There are many different kinds of sea stars. For example, some sea stars have five legs and some have ten legs. Some have skinny arms and some have wide arms. Sea stars are found in the ocean. Some sea stars live in warm oceans. Some live in cold oceans. They can be found in deep and shallow waters. Some people call sea stars star fish. Sea stars are not fish. They do not have gills, fins, or bones. Which of the following key details supports the idea that there are many different kinds of sea stars? There are many different kinds of sea stars. Sea stars are found in the ocean. Some sea stars have five legs and some have ten legs. They do not have gills, fins, or bones. Question 2: Read the text below. There are many different kinds of sea stars. For example, some sea stars have five legs and some have ten legs. Some have skinny arms and some have wide arms. Why is the underlined sentence an important key detail? because it explains why the author took pictures and wrote a text about sea stars because it is an important fact that we need to know to understand about different kinds of sea stars because it explains what kind of sea star is in the photograph because it gives the names of different types of sea stars Question 3: Read the text below. -
Monitoring Dragonfly Migration in North America Protocols for Citizen Scientists
Monitoring Dragonfly Migration in North America Protocols for Citizen Scientists Migratory Dragonfly Partnership Blank on purpose Monitoring Dragonfly Migration in North America Protocols for Citizen Scientists Migratory Dragonfly Partnership Canada • United States • Mexico www.migratorydragonflypartnership.org © 2014 by The Migratory Dragonfly Partnership The Migratory Dragonfly Partnership uses research, citizen science, education, and outreach to under- stand North American dragonfly migration and promote conservation. MDP steering committee members represent a range of organizations, including: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources; Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum; Pronatura Veracruz; Rutgers University; Slater Museum of Natural History, University of Puget Sound; Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute; St. Edward's University; U. S. Forest Service International Programs; U. S. Geological Survey; Vermont Center for Ecostudies; and the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. Migratory Dragonfly Partnership Project Coordinator, Celeste Mazzacano [email protected] 628 NE Broadway, Suite 200, Portland, OR 97232 Tel (855) 232-6639 Fax (503) 233-6794 www.migratorydragonflypartnership.org Acknowledgements Funding for the Migratory Dragonfly Partnership's work is provided by the U.S. Forest Service Inter- national Programs. We thank the photographers who generously allowed use of their images. Copyright of all photographs remains with the photographers. Front and Back Cover Photographs Common Green Darner (Anax junius) male. Photograph © John C. Abbott/Abbott Nature Photography. CONTENTS Summary Page 1 1. Introduction Page 3 1.1 Objectives and Goals Page 3 Box 1: Citizen Science Projects, page 4. 2. Citizen Science Projects Page 5 2.1 Migration Monitoring Page 5 2.1.1 Fall Migration Observations Page 5 - Objectives, page 5. Box 2: MDP Monitoring Projects, page 6. -
Wetlands Invertebrates Banded Woollybear(Isabella Tiger Moth Larva)
Wetlands Invertebrates Banded Woollybear (Isabella Tiger Moth larva) basics The banded woollybear gets its name for two reasons: its furry appearance and the fact that, like a bear, it hibernates during the winter. Woollybears are the caterpillar stage of medium sized moths known as tiger moths. This family of moths rivals butterflies in beauty and grace. There are approximately 260 species of tiger moths in North America. Though the best-known woollybear is the banded woollybear, there are at least 8 woollybear species in the U.S. with similar dense, bristly hair covering their bodies. Woollybears are most commonly seen in the autumn, when they are just about finished with feeding for the year. It is at this time that they seek out a place to spend the winter in hibernation. They have been eating various green plants since June or early July to gather enough energy for their eventual transformation into butterflies. A full-grown banded woollybear caterpillar is nearly two inches long and covered with tubercles from which arise stiff hairs of about equal length. Its body has 13 segments. Middle segments are covered with red-orange hairs and the anterior and posterior ends with black hairs. The orange-colored oblongs visible between the tufts of setae (bristly hairs) are spiracles—entrances to the respiratory system. Hair color and band width are highly variable; often as the caterpillar matures, black hairs (especially at the posterior end) are replaced with orange hairs. In general, older caterpillars have more black than young ones. However, caterpillars that fed and grew in an area where the fall weather was wetter tend to have more black hair than caterpillars from dry areas. -
Life Cycle of a Dragonfly, and Will Be Broken Down Into Sections Based on the Chronological Life Stages of This Insect
The Dragonfly Life Cycle Explained A BRIEF DISCUSSION ON THE LIFE CYCLE OF THE COMMON DRAGONFLY Kimberly Malcom | Pennsylvania State University, ENGL 202C: Technical Writing | 2016 Cover Photo: Mitchell, Forrest L and Lasswell, James L., A Dazzle of Dragonflies [Online Image]. Retrieved October 31, 2016 from http://www.audubon.org/magazine/july-august-2012/chasing-dragonflies-and-damselflies Audience and Purpose This document will explain the life cycle of a dragonfly, and will be broken down into sections based on the chronological life stages of this insect. Each section will be further broken down to include a photograph of the stage being discussed, and an explanation of what each stage entails. This document was prepared for the general public, and is meant to be a basic informational description of the life process of the common dragonfly for anyone with a curiosity to learn more about these unique insects. Introduction The dragonfly is a large, colorful, predatory insect generally found in or near watery locations in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. There are more than 5,000 known species of dragonflies, and fossil evidence suggests that they’ve been on the earth for many years. They have long, thin, colorful bodies, six legs, large eyes, and two pairs of transparent wings that allow them to propel themselves up, down, forward, backward and side to side Fotolia_1704510_xs [Online Image]. Retrieved October 31, 2016 from http://labs.blogs.com/its_alive_in_the_lab/2009/04/why-dragonfly.html while in flight. They are proficient fliers, and tend to only catch prey and eat while flying. -
175 Post-Copulatory Behaviour in Calopteryx
International Journal of Odonatology 1 (2): 175-184, 1998. © 1998 Backhuys Publishers. 175 POST-COPULATORY BEHAVIOUR IN CALOPTERYX FEMALES (INSECTA, ODONATA, CALOPTERYGIDAE). Martin Lindeboom Institut fiir systematische Zoologie, Eberhard-Karls-Universitiit Ttibingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Ttibingen, Germany, e-mail: [email protected] Received 30 May 1998; revised 12 October 1998; accepted 13 October 1998. Key words: Odonata, Calopteryx, post-copulatory behaviour, functional morphology, ovipositor, copulatory organ, microstructures, sperm removal, cryptic female choice. Abstract The post-copulatory behaviour of Calopteryx splendens females was studied under field and laboratory conditions. After termination of copulation females usually perch and bend the abdomen so that its apex touches the ground (post-copulatory posture). The post-cop ulatory posture is a consequence of sperm removal by males. Male and female microstruc tures (spines and scales) interact to move previous sperm from the female sperm storage organs to the outside during copulation stage I, after which moved sperm is located on the ovipositor. After termination of copulation females require an average of 45 seconds to brush off this sperm (N=21). The post-copulatory behaviour of females may also allow males to chase rival males before the females start to oviposit (prevention of dis turbances). The present study shows no evidence of cryptic female choice in C. splendens. Introduction Sperm competition in Odonata has resulted in the evolution of direct sperm removal in Zygoptera and Anisoptera. Sperm removal resulting in last male sperm precedence seems to be widespread in Zygoptera (Waage 1979a, 1984, 1986; Miller & Miller 1981; Fincke 1984; Siva-Jothy & Tsubaki 1989; Cordero & Miller 1992; Siva-Jothy & Hooper 1995). -
Flexural Stiffness Patterns of Butterfly Wings (Papilionoidea)
35:61–77,Journal of Research1996 (2000) on the Lepidoptera 35:61–77, 1996 (2000) 61 Flexural stiffness patterns of butterfly wings (Papilionoidea) Scott J. Steppan Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA., E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. A flying insect generates aerodynamic forces through the ac- tive manipulation of the wing and the “passive” properties of deformability and wing shape. To investigate these “passive” properties, the flexural stiffness of dried forewings belonging to 10 butterfly species was compared to the butterflies’ gross morphological parameters to determine allom- etric relationships. The results show that flexural stiffness scales with wing 3.9 loading to nearly the fourth power (pw ) and is highly correlated with wing area cubed (S3.1). The generalized map of flexural stiffness along the wing span for Vanessa cardui has a reduction in stiffness near the distal tip and a large reduction near the base. The distal regions of the wings are stiffer against forces applied to the ventral side, while the basal region is much stiffer against forces applied dorsally. The null hypothesis of structural isom- etry as the explanation for flexural stiffness scaling is rejected. Instead, selection for a consistent dynamic wing geometry (angular deflection) in flight may be a major factor controlling general wing stiffness and deformability. Possible relationships to aerodynamic and flight habit fac- tors are discussed. This study proposes a new approach to addressing the mechanics of insect flight and these preliminary results need to be tested using fresh wings and more thorough sampling. KEY WORDS: biomechanics, butterfly wings, flight, allometry, flexural stiff- ness, aerodynamics INTRODUCTION A flying insect generates aerodynamic forces primarily through the ac- tive manipulation of wing movements and the “passive” morphological prop- erties of deformability and wing shape. -
The Flight of the Bumble
The Flight of the Bumble Bee Grade Span 4 Subject Area • Science • Math Materials • Fab@School Maker Studio • Digital fabricator or scissors • 65lb or 110lb cardstock • Pencils, pens, markers, or crayons • Stapler, tape, or glue Online Resources • Website: The Physics- There is a common myth that bumble bees defy the laws of Defying Flight of the physics as they apply to aerodynamics. Basically, they shouldn’t Bumblebee be able to fly. Using high-speed photography, Michael Dickinson, • Website: Bumblebees Can a professor of biology and insect flight expert at the University of Fly Into Thin Air Washington, published an article in 2005 all about the why and how the bumblebee takes flight. Through this Fab@School Maker Studio • Video: Bumble Bee in Slow activity, your students will examine the anatomy of a bumblebee or Motion other flying insect. • Article: Lasers Illuminate the Flight of the Bumblebee • PDF: Fab@School Quick Objective Start Guide Author • Using Fab@School Maker Studio, students will design a 2D Denine Jimmerson, or 3D prototype of a bumble bee (or another flying insect) Executive Director of that demonstrates how its structure serves it in its function Curriculum and Design, of flight. FableVision Learning © 2017 FableVisionLearning, LLC • The Flight of the Bumble Bee www.FableVisionLearning.com • [email protected] 1 Fab@School Maker Studio • www.FabMakerStudio.com Big Idea Challenge Functions help to determine form. Show the Bumble Bee in Slow Motion video to your students. Pose the question: How do bees fly? Driving Question How do bees fly? Explain to the students that they will be researching how bumble bees (or other insects/animals) fly. -
The Novel Aerodynamics of Insect Flight: Applications to Micro-Air Vehicles
The Journal of Experimental Biology 202, 3439–3448 (1999) 3439 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1999 JEB2214 THE NOVEL AERODYNAMICS OF INSECT FLIGHT: APPLICATIONS TO MICRO-AIR VEHICLES C. P. ELLINGTON* Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK *e-mail: [email protected] Accepted 15 September; published on WWW 16 November 1999 Summary The wing motion in free flight has been described for accompanies repeated clapping of the wings, but the spiral insects ranging from 1 to 100 mm in wingspan. To support LEV can be used to augment the lift production of the body weight, the wings typically produce 2–3 times propellers, rotors and micro-air vehicles (MAVs). Design more lift than can be accounted for by conventional characteristics of insect-based flying machines are aerodynamics. Some insects use the fling mechanism: the presented, along with estimates of the mass supported, the wings are clapped together and then flung open before the mechanical power requirement and maximum flight speeds start of the downstroke, creating a lift-enhancing vortex over a wide range of sizes and frequencies. To support a around each wing. Most insects, however, rely on a leading- given mass, larger machines need less power, but smaller edge vortex (LEV) created by dynamic stall during ones operating at higher frequencies will reach faster flapping; a strong spanwise flow is also generated by the speeds. pressure gradients on the flapping wing, causing the LEV to spiral out to the wingtip. Technical applications of the Key words: insect, flight, aerodynamics, flapping flight, micro-air fling are limited by the mechanical damage that vehicle. -
© 2016 David Paul Moskowitz ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
© 2016 David Paul Moskowitz ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE LIFE HISTORY, BEHAVIOR AND CONSERVATION OF THE TIGER SPIKETAIL DRAGONFLY (CORDULEGASTER ERRONEA HAGEN) IN NEW JERSEY By DAVID P. MOSKOWITZ A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Entomology Written under the direction of Dr. Michael L. May And approved by _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey January, 2016 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION THE LIFE HISTORY, BEHAVIOR AND CONSERVATION OF THE TIGER SPIKETAIL DRAGONFLY (CORDULEGASTER ERRONEA HAGEN) IN NEW JERSEY by DAVID PAUL MOSKOWITZ Dissertation Director: Dr. Michael L. May This dissertation explores the life history and behavior of the Tiger Spiketail dragonfly (Cordulegaster erronea Hagen) and provides recommendations for the conservation of the species. Like most species in the genus Cordulegaster and the family Cordulegastridae, the Tiger Spiketail is geographically restricted, patchily distributed with its range, and a habitat specialist in habitats susceptible to disturbance. Most Cordulegastridae species are also of conservation concern and the Tiger Spiketail is no exception. However, many aspects of the life history of the Tiger Spiketail and many other Cordulegastridae are poorly understood, complicating conservation strategies. In this dissertation, I report the results of my research on the Tiger Spiketail in New Jersey. The research to investigate life history and behavior included: larval and exuvial sampling; radio- telemetry studies; marking-resighting studies; habitat analyses; observations of ovipositing females and patrolling males, and the presentation of models and insects to patrolling males. -
Impact of Environmental Changes on the Behavioral Diversity of the Odonata (Insecta) in the Amazon Bethânia O
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Impact of environmental changes on the behavioral diversity of the Odonata (Insecta) in the Amazon Bethânia O. de Resende1,2*, Victor Rennan S. Ferreira1,2, Leandro S. Brasil1, Lenize B. Calvão2,7, Thiago P. Mendes1,6, Fernando G. de Carvalho1,2, Cristian C. Mendoza‑Penagos1, Rafael C. Bastos1,2, Joás S. Brito1,2, José Max B. Oliveira‑Junior2,3, Karina Dias‑Silva2, Ana Luiza‑Andrade1, Rhainer Guillermo4, Adolfo Cordero‑Rivera5 & Leandro Juen1,2 The odonates are insects that have a wide range of reproductive, ritualized territorial, and aggressive behaviors. Changes in behavior are the frst response of most odonate species to environmental alterations. In this context, the primary objective of the present study was to assess the efects of environmental alterations resulting from shifts in land use on diferent aspects of the behavioral diversity of adult odonates. Fieldwork was conducted at 92 low‑order streams in two diferent regions of the Brazilian Amazon. To address our main objective, we measured 29 abiotic variables at each stream, together with fve morphological and fve behavioral traits of the resident odonates. The results indicate a loss of behaviors at sites impacted by anthropogenic changes, as well as variation in some morphological/behavioral traits under specifc environmental conditions. We highlight the importance of considering behavioral traits in the development of conservation strategies, given that species with a unique behavioral repertoire may sufer specifc types of extinction pressure. Te enormous variety of behavior exhibited by most animals has inspired human thought, arts, and Science for centuries, from rupestrian paintings to the Greek philosophers. -
From the Ebony Jewelwing Damsel
Comp. Parasitol. 71(2), 2004, pp. 141–153 Calyxocephalus karyopera g. nov., sp. nov. (Eugregarinorida: Actinocephalidae: Actinocephalinae) from the Ebony Jewelwing Damselfly Calopteryx maculata (Zygoptera: Calopterygidae) in Southeast Nebraska, U.S.A.: Implications for Mechanical Prey–Vector Stabilization of Exogenous Gregarine Development RICHARD E. CLOPTON Department of Natural Science, Peru State College, Peru, Nebraska 68421, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected]) ABSTRACT: Calyxocephalus karyopera g. nov., sp. nov. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinorida: Actinocephalidae: Actino- cephalinae) is described from the Ebony Jewelwing Damselfly Calopteryx maculata (Odonata: Zygoptera: Calopteryigidae) collected along Turkey Creek in Johnson County, Nebraska, U.S.A. Calyxocephalus gen. n. is distinguished by the form of the epimerite complex: a terminal thick disk or linearly crateriform sucker with a distal apopetalus calyx of petaloid lobes and a short intercalating diamerite (less than half of the total holdfast length). The epimerite complex is conspicuous until association and syzygy. Association occurs immediately before syzygy and is cephalolateral and biassociative. Gametocysts are spherical with a conspicuous hyaline coat. Lacking conspicuous sporoducts they dehisce by simple rupture. Oocysts are axially symmetric, hexagonal dipyramidic in shape with slight polar truncations, bearing 6 equatorial spines, 1 at each equatorial vertex and 6 terminal spines obliquely inserted at each pole, 1 at each vertex created by polar truncation. The ecology of the C. karyopera–C. maculata host–parasite system provides a mechanism for mechanical prey–vector stabilization of exogenous gregarine development and isolation. KEY WORDS: Odonata, Zygoptera, Calopteryx maculata, damselfly, Apicomplexa, Eugregarinida, Actinocephalidae, Actinocephalinae, Calyxocephalus karyopera, new genus, new species, parasite evolution, biodiversity, species isolation, vector, transmission. -
Study of Turning Takeoff Maneuver in Free-Flying Dragonflies
Study of turning takeoff maneuver in free-flying dragonflies: effect of dynamic coupling Samane Zeyghami1, Haibo Dong2 Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, VA, 22902 SUMMARY Turning takeoff flight of several dragonflies was recorded, using a high speed photogrammetry system. In this flight, dragonfly takes off while changing the flight direction at the same time. Center of mass was elevated about 1-2 body lengths. Five of these maneuvers were selected for 3D body surface reconstruction and the body orientation measurement. In all of these flights, 3D trajectories and transient rotations of the dragonfly’s body were observed. In oppose to conventional banked turn model, which ignores interactions between the rotational motions, in this study we investigated the strength of the dynamic coupling by dividing pitch, roll and yaw angular accelerations into two contributions; one from aerodynamic torque and one from dynamic coupling effect. The latter term is referred to as Dynamic Coupling Acceleration (DCA). The DCA term can be measured directly from instantaneous rotational velocities of the insect. We found a strong correlation between pitch and yaw velocities at the end of each wingbeat and the time integral of the corresponding DCA term. Generation of pitch, roll and yaw torques requires different aerodynamic mechanisms and is limited due to the other requirements of the flight. Our results suggest that employing DCA term gives the insect capability to perform a variety of maneuvers without fine adjustments in the aerodynamic torque. Key words: insect flight, aerial maneuver, dragonfly, pitch. INTRODUCTION Aerial maneuvers of different insect species are studied widely in the last decades and many aspects of maneuverability in insect flight are explored.