DOCSLIB.ORG

Skep Ti Cal in Quir

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Skep Ti Cal in Quir Committee for Skeptical Inquiry ™ “... promotes scientific inquiry, critical investigation, and the use Skep ti cal In quir er of reason in examining controversial and extraordinary claims.” THE MAG A ZINE FOR SCI ENCE AND REA SON ED I TOR Kend rick Fra zi er DEPUTY ED I TOR Ben ja min Rad ford MAN A GING ED I TOR Julia Lavarnway [ FROM THE EDITOR ASSISTANT EDITOR Nicole Scott ART DI RECT OR Chri sto pher Fix A Few Changes, and with Randi Down Under PRO DUC TION Paul E. Loynes WEBMASTER Matthew Licata PUB LISH ER’S REP RE SENT A TIVE Bar ry Karr ubscribers will notice a cover wrap around this issue announcing a change. But ED I TO RI AL BOARD James E. Al cock, Harriet Hall, don’t fear; it won’t affect you at all—or anything about the Skeptical Inquirer Ray Hy man, Scott O. Lilienfeld, Elizabeth Loftus, Joe Nickell, Steven Novella, Am ar deo Sar ma, Eugenie C. and our Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) in any substantive sense. Ef- S Scott, Karen Stollznow, David E. Thomas, fective January 8, CSI and its sister organization, the Council for Secular Humanism Leonard Tramiel (CSH), publisher of Free Inquiry, merged into the Center for Inquiry (CFI). CFI CON SULT ING ED I TORS Sus an J. Black more, Ken neth L. Fed er, Barry Karr, E.C. Krupp, has been our host organization for a long time. Now the relationship is formalized. Jay M. Pasachoff, Rich ard Wis e man CSI (and CSH) are now programs of CFI instead of separate nonprofit corporations. CON TRIB UT ING ED I TORS D.J. Grothe, Harriet Hall, Kenneth W. Krause, David Morrison, James E. Oberg, Subscribers become members of CFI. Many efficiencies result from the move. My Massimo Pigliucci, Rob ert Sheaf fer, David E. Thomas colleagues and I on the Board assure you that Skeptical Inquirer’s content and mission and CSI’s advocacy, educational, and outreach activities will continue more Published in association with strongly than ever. * * * CHAIR Edward Tabash CHEIF EXECUTIVE OFFICER Ronald A. Lindsay We welcome 2,748 new subscribers with this issue. That’s how many people responded CHEIF FINANCIAL OFFICER Barry Karr to our new circulation promotion campaign in early December. Welcome to our lively COR PO RATE COUN SEL Brenton N. VerPloeg, community of science-oriented skeptics and inquirers. We apply all the tools of science Nicholas J. Little and critical thinking to find out what’s real and what isn’t about popular claims and BUSI NESS MAN A GER Pa tri cia Beau champ ideas that fascinate—and often mislead—the public. It’s a much-needed task, but we FIS CAL OF FI CER Paul Pau lin SUBSCRIPTION DATA MANAGER Jacalyn Mohr have a lot of fun along the way. Join us. I welcome your feedback. COMMUNICATIONS DIRECTOR Paul Fidalgo * * * DIRECT OR OF LI BRAR IES Tim o thy S. Binga DEVELOPMENT DIRECTOR Marina Fern Congratulations to our skeptic colleagues in Australia. The Australian Skeptics were DIRECTOR, COUNCIL FOR SECULAR HUMANISM founded in 1980 (four years after us), and in late November they celebrated with their Tom Flynn DIRECTOR, CAMPUS AND COMMUNITY PROGRAMS thirtieth consecutive annual national conference, in Sydney. I participated, and found Debbie Goddard them to be a great and lively bunch. My brief report is in this issue’s News and Com- DIRECTOR, SECULAR ORGANIZATIONS FOR SOBRIETY ment section. My own conference remarks about the organized skeptical movement Jim Christopher appear as a Commentary. DIRECTOR, AFRICAN AMERICANS FOR HUMANISM Debbie Goddard * * * BOARD OF DIRECTORS R. Elisabeth Cornwell, Kendrick Frazier, Barry A. Kosmin, Hector Sierra, The timing was coincidental, but James (“The Amazing”) Randi flew to Australia Leonard Tramiel, Judith Walker, Lawrence Krauss that same weekend to begin a weeklong Australian tour promoting the candid new . film about his life and work, An Honest Liar I hope everyone can eventually see it. On Our Cover (See the interview with Randi on p. 38.) My wife, Ruth, and I were in the audience at Twenty years ago, in 1995, NASA Randi’s final tour appearance, at a sold-out Sydney theatre December 7. The movie issued an image taken by the Hubble was screened (to great applause), an interviewer conversed with Randi live on stage, Space Telescope of the breathtakingly and Australian Skeptics cofounder Dick Smith joined Randi for a final twenty minutes beautiful cluster of young, massive stars in a small region of the Eagle of reminiscences about Randi’s several epic skeptical investigations in Australia. Near Nebula, M16. We immediately pub­ the end an audience member asked Randi a question about a situation most skeptics lished a part of it as the cover of our experience: How do you respond to a friend who ardently believes in ideas and claims SI January/February 1996 issue. that scientists and skeptics know to be nonsense? Randi, the scourge of professed The image was dubbed “The Pillars of psychics and charlatans everywhere, paused thoughtfully for a time and then softly Creation” and became iconic, one of the most famous scientific images whispered an answer that might surprise you: “Be kind.” He repeated: “Be kind.” They ever. In celebration of that photo­ believe because they need to believe, he explained. Be compassionate. At the end, the graph’s twentieth anniversary, Hubble eighty-six-year-old Randi, clearly moved, noted that it is possible this would be his has revisited the famous pillars, last trip to Australia. He hopes not, but that’s always possible. “Goodbye, Australia,” providing astronomers with a sharper, he said. There wasn’t a dry eye in the house. wider, more detailed, and perhaps even more beautiful, view. NASA issued this —Kendrick Frazier new image on January 7, 2015..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CFI-Annual-Report-2018.Pdf
    Message from the President and CEO Last year was another banner year for the Center the interests of people who embrace reason, for Inquiry. We worked our secular magic in a science, and humanism—the principles of the vast variety of ways: from saving lives of secular Enlightenment. activists around the world who are threatened It is no secret that these powerful ideas like with violence and persecution to taking the no others have advanced humankind by nation’s largest drugstore chain, CVS, to court unlocking human potential, promoting goodness, for marketing homeopathic snake oil as if it’s real and exposing the true nature of reality. If you medicine. are looking for humanity’s true salvation, CFI stands up for reason and science in a way no look no further. other organization in the country does, because This past year we sought to export those ideas to we promote secular and humanist values as well places where they have yet to penetrate. as scientific skepticism and critical thinking. The Translations Project has taken the influential But you likely already know that if you are reading evolutionary biology and atheism books of this report, as it is designed with our supporters in Richard Dawkins and translated them into four mind. We want you not only to be informed about languages dominant in the Muslim world: Arabic, where your investment is going; we want you to Urdu, Indonesian, and Farsi. They are available for take pride in what we have achieved together. free download on a special website. It is just one When I meet people who are not familiar with CFI, of many such projects aimed at educating people they often ask what it is we do.
    [Show full text]
  • Defending Isagenix a Case Study in Flawed Thinking
    SI Jan Feb 11 from home_SI new design masters 11/12/10 11:56 AM Page 41 Defending Isagenix A Case Study in Flawed Thinking Do those who comment on blogs even read the articles they are responding to? Here is a case study in emotional thinking, ad hominem arguments, logical fallacies, irrationality, and misinformation. HARRIET HALL he Internet is a wonderful medium for communicat- To illustrate, let’s look at some re- sponses to a piece I wrote about a ing ideas and information in a rapid, interactive way. weight-loss product called Isagenix, TMany online articles are followed by a section for which is sold through a multilevel mar- comments. Like so many things in this imperfect world, keting (MLM) scheme. To quote its website verbatim, “The Isagenix cleanse comments are a mixed blessing. They can enhance the ar- is unique because it not only removes ticle by correcting errors, adding further information, or impurities at the cellular level, it builds contributing useful thoughts to a productive discussion. the body up with incredible nutrition. Besides detoxing the body, Isagenix But all too often the comments section consists of emo- teaches people a wonderful lesson that tional outbursts, unwarranted personal attacks on the au- they don’t need to eat as much as they thor, logical fallacies, and misinformation. It provides are accustom [sic] to and eating healthy choices are really important and also a irrational and ignorant people with a soapbox from which lot of the food we are eating is nutri- to promote prejudices and false information.
    [Show full text]
  • Comet Elenin Will Not Destroy Earth This Year DAVID MORRISON
    SI Sept. Oct 11_SI new design masters 7/26/11 1:09 PM Page 5 [ NEWS AND COMMENT Comet Elenin Will Not Destroy Earth This Year DAVID MORRISON y r o In the middle of the gathering Internet t a v r fear about the doomsday of December e s b O 12, 2012, there have been two new apoc- n i a t alyptic distractions. First there was a n u o M widely reported prediction by fundamen- e l b talist preacher Harold Camp ing (the a T L P founder of “family radio” in Cali fornia) J / s r that the end of the world would begin on e m o S May 21, 2011. Camp ing claim ed that on d n a this date the good people would be trans- , s k c ported to heaven in what is called “the i H , n Rapture.” It now seems clear that this did a m s not happen or that the number of good s i e people is vanishingly small. W In addition, there is growing fear of Comet Elenin on May 5, 2011, when it was 170 million miles from Earth. It is nothing unusual and no dramatic events are expected. newly discovered Comet Elenin, which is variously predicted to collide with Earth exerted strong gravitational or electro- Elenin. Some websites have substituted in October 2011 or to in duce massive magnetic effects on our planet. When photos of the much brighter comet Wild earthquakes and pole shifts from its grav- scientists pointed out that this little 2 and called it Elenin.
    [Show full text]
  • Debunking Detox Diets
    6NHSWLFLVP6FLHQFH6RFLHW\ 9ROXPH1R0DUFK AN INTRODUCTION TO PARAPSYCHOLOGY A REMOTE VIEWING EXPERIMENT SCIENTOLOGY AND THE TRAVOLTA TRAGEDY ENVIRONMENTAL DEBATES AND LOGICAL FALLACIES PSYCHIATRY BASHING DEBUNKING DETOX DIETS ZZZVNHSWLFVFRPDX Skeptics Around Australia New South Wales PO Box 438 Collaroy Beach NSW 2097 Connect with the next generation! Tel: 0432 713 195 Fax: (02) 8088 4735 Scientists in Schools is a national program [email protected] that creates long-term professional Hunter Skeptics partnerships between scientists and Ph: (02) 4959 6286 [email protected] teachers. It’s completely fl exible to [email protected] suit your interests and availability. Victoria Australian Skeptics (Vic) Inc GPO Box 5166AA, Melbourne VIC 3001 Find out more at Tel: 1 800 666 996 www.scientistsinschools.edu.au [email protected] Borderline Skeptics Scientists in Schools PO Box 17 , Mitta Mitta VIC 3701 Tel: (02) 6072 3632 is an Australian [email protected] Government initiative. Queensland Queensland Skeptics Assn Inc PO Box 6454 , Fairfi eld Gardens QLD 4103 Tel: (07) 3255 0499 [email protected] Gold Coast Skeptics PO Box 8348, GCMC Bundall QLD 9726 Tel: (07) 5593 1882 Fax: (07) 5593 2776 [email protected] ACT Canberra Skeptics PO Box 555, Civic Square ACT 2608 Tel: (02) 6121 4483 [email protected] South Australia Skeptics SA 52B Miller St Unley SA 5061 Tel: (08) 8272 5881 [email protected] Western Australia WA Skeptics PO Box 466, Subiaco WA 6904 Tel: (08) 9448 8458 [email protected]
    [Show full text]
  • From the Editor Skep Ti Cal Inq Uir E R™ the MAG a ZINE for SCI ENCE and REA SON
    SI Sept/Oct pgs_SI MJ 2010 7/23/10 12:41 PM Page 4 From the Editor Skep ti cal In quir e r™ THE MAG A ZINE FOR SCI ENCE AND REA SON ED I TOR Kend rick Fra zi er ED I TO RI AL BOARD James E. Al cock Martin Gardner and the Skeptical Movement Today Thom as Cas ten Ray Hy man Joe Nick ell Am ar deo Sar ma artin Gardner’s passing and the latest successful skeptic’s conference are both causes for Benjamin Wolozin Mreflection on where the skeptical movement Gardner helped found stands now. CON SULT ING ED I TORS I begin these comments as I depart The Amazing Meeting 8 (TAM8), the James Randi Sus an J. Black more Ken neth L. Fed er Educational Foundation’s big skeptics conference in Las Vegas. Martin Gardner’s legacy was much Barry Karr in evidence, and indeed Gardner received a moving tribute from Randi at the beginning of a late- E. C. Krupp Scott O. Lil i en feld afternoon panel on the origin of the skeptics movement. Randi, Ray Hyman, and Paul Kurtz— Da vid F. Marks three giants who, with Gardner, were present at the beginning—and I talked about the events that Jay M. Pasachoff Eu ge nie Scott led to the creation of CSICOP (now our Committee for Skeptical Inquiry) in 1976. Ray’s, Randi’s, Rich ard Wis e man and Paul’s reminiscences also lead off this special Martin Gardner Tribute Issue of the SKEPTICAL CON TRIB UT ING ED I TORS INQUIRER , pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Skep Ti Cal in Quir
    Committee for Skeptical Inquiry ™ “... promotes scientific inquiry, critical investigation, and the use Skep ti cal In quir er of reason in examining controversial and extraordinary claims.” THE MAG A ZINE FOR SCI ENCE AND REA SON ED I TOR Kend rick Fra zi er DEPUTY ED I TOR Ben ja min Rad ford MAN A GING ED I TOR Julia Lavarnway [ FROM THE EDITOR ASSISTANT EDITOR Nicole Scott ART DI RECT OR Chri sto pher Fix Issues in Science and Skepticism PRO DUC TION Paul E. Loynes WEBMASTER Matthew Licata o mark our fortieth anniversary, we invited distinguished scientists, scholars, PUB LISH ER’S REP RE SENT A TIVE Bar ry Karr and investigators associated with the Skeptical Inquirer and Committee ED I TO RI AL BOARD James E. Al cock, Harriet Hall, for Skeptical Inquiry to give us their thoughts. In contrast to earlier anniver- Ray Hy man, Scott O. Lilienfeld, Elizabeth Loftus, Joe T Nickell, Steven Novella, Am ar deo Sar ma, Eugenie C. saries emphasizing our founding leaders, this time we gave priority to scientists Scott, Karen Stollznow, David E. Thomas, and skeptics who have come to prominence in the skeptical world in more or less Leonard Tramiel CON SULT ING ED I TORS Sus an J. Black more, the last twenty years. We had such a resounding response that we have decided to Ken neth L. Fed er, Barry Karr, E.C. Krupp, do two anniversary issues: in this first one we present a series of insightful essays Jay M. Pasachoff, Rich ard Wis e man CON TRIB UT ING ED I TORS D.J.
    [Show full text]
  • Stick It in Your Ear! How Not to Do Science Ear Acupuncture Claims to Relieve Sore Throats
    Stick It In Your Ear! How Not To Do Science Ear acupuncture claims to relieve sore throats. A new study seeming to support that idea is so poorly done that it provides a textbook example of how to distinguish between good and bad science. HARRIET HALL ave a sore throat? No worries! No need for lozenges, doesn’t matter whether you use needles at all. In one study, simply touching the medicines, or home remedies. All you need to do is skin surface with a toothpick worked Hlet someone stick needles in your ear! According to just as well as penetrating the skin with a needle (Cherkin et al. 2009). There a recent study, ear acupuncture relieves sore throats. Do was even a study where subjects were you believe that? I don’t. That’s one of those extraordi- given a “phantom limb” illusion that a nary claims that would require extraordinary evidence, but rubber hand was their own hand, and they got similar results from acupunc- the researchers didn’t even provide ordinary evidence. The turing the rubber hand! (Chae et al. study is a great example of how not to do science. 2015). The main thing that seems to matter is whether the patients believe Acupuncture theory is based on a acupuncture will work. If they get a prescientific vitalistic concept: an un- sham procedure but think they got the measurable, undetectable energy called real thing, they will think it worked. If “qi” supposedly flows through meridi- they get the real thing but think they ans and can be accessed at acupoints, got a sham procedure, they will think where needle stimulation is supposed to it didn’t work.
    [Show full text]
  • Top 10 Things You Should Know About Alternative Medicine
    The Wit & Wisdom of Harriet Hall,M.D. tHe SkepDoc Top Ten Things You should Know AbouT AlternAtive Medicine I’m an equal opportunity skeptic. I’m skeptical about alternative medicine, pseudoscience, and quackery; but I apply the same standards of skepticism to conventional medicine. I don’t write about conventional medicine 1 so much, because I don’t need to. Science itself is inherently alternative v. skeptical and scientific medicine is self-criticizing conventional and self-correcting. When better evidence comes along MeDicine medical practices change. © 2009 Skeptics Society and Harriet Hall. Read more by Harriet Hall at www.skeptic.com and www.skepdoc.info 2 Swine flu vaccine fearMongering Between April 15 and July 24, 2009, there were 43,771 confirmed and probable cases of H1N1 in- fluenza (“swine flu”) in the U.S. There were 5,011 hospitalizations and 302 deaths, 39% among those aged 25 to 49, in contrast to the usual flu where 90% of the deaths are in people over age 65. The anti-vaccine zealots are scary. They are not insane, just self-deluded and misguided. I hope the swine flu won’t develop into a reprise of 1918; but if it does, the false information these people are spread- ing could be responsible for a great deal of death and suffering. These people are irresponsible fear- mongers. They are wrong, and they are dangerous. D.D. Palmer, a grocer and magnetic healer, 4vaccineS anD invented chiropractic autiSM: a DeaDly on September 18, 1895. He did some- ManufactroverSy thing to a deaf man’s There is no vac- Thousands of par- back.
    [Show full text]
  • The Skeptic Volume 28 Number 2
    2008, Vol 28, No 2 Feature Articles 8. Vitalism Pt 2 34. A Fundamental Question Laurie Eddie John Stear 14. The Las Vegas Paranormal Conference 36. So Help Me God! Karen Stollznow Kevin McDonald 19. The Disappearing Dhow 39. Scientology Scandals Benjamin Radford Michael Wolloghan 19. The Paranormal Conference 41. Missionary Takes to the Hills Karen Stollznow Sten Bjerking 21. A Skeptic mong the Faithful 43. Review: Art and Science on Stage Helen Lawrence Barry Williams 25. Darwin Day in Africa 45. Review: Counterknowledge Leo Igwe Stephen Wilks 27. Dropping in on Aliens 46. Review: Doing God’s Work Mark Lawson Geoffrey Cowan 29. A Microanalyst’s Perspective on Fluoridation Nick Ware Regular Items Forum 4. Editorial — Change in the Air 48. Faith and Induction Barry Williams 51. Climate Change 6. Around the Traps 55. Circumcision Bunyip 60. Letters 65. Notices Cover art by Richard Saunders Editorial ISSN 0726-9897 Editor Barry Williams Change in Associate Editor Karen Stollznow Contributing Editors Tim Mendham Steve Roberts the Air Technology Consultants Richard Saunders Eran Segev his issue is a somewhat unusual running the organisation. I suddenly Chief Investigator Tone that marks an ending and a found myself with the grandiose title Ian Bryce beginning, but first a little personal of ‘National President’ of Australian and corporate history. Skeptics, and publisher of the All correspondence to: I first became aware of an organ- Skeptic. Tim Mendham, the treas- Australian Skeptics Inc ised skeptics movement in 1980, urer of the NSW branch and editor PO Box 268 when I saw Dick Smith on TV of a professional trade journal, Roseville NSW 2069 Australia commenting on a high profile UFO volunteered to edit the Skeptic.
    [Show full text]
  • New Developments in Acupuncture: Turtles and Motion-Style Treatments « Science-Based Medicine
    New Developments in Acupuncture: Turtles and Motion-Style Treatments « Science-Based Medicine Home Contact Privacy Policy Website Terms of Use About SBM Reference Links Recent Comments Articles Archives New Developments in Acupuncture: Turtles Select Month and Motion-Style Treatments Posted by Harriet Hall on June 4, 2013 (33 Comments) Support science-based Note: Lest you think that SBM is becoming “turtles all the way medicine… down,” let me apologize for the duplication and explain that I had already written this right before I read Mark Crislip’s Turtle Agony article on Friday. My focus is different, and turtles were only a small part of my article, so I decided to leave the turtles in. If you prefer to avoid a turtle overdose, you can just skip the Join The Society for SBM Turtlepuncture section and go on to the Motion Style Acupuncture section. They are clearly labeled for your Buy an e-book: convenience. SBM e-Books for Kindle The “science” of acupuncture trudges ever onward without really SBM e-Books for iBooks getting anywhere. New developments include a report of turtlepuncture and a study about treating low back pain with a new SBM e-Books for Nook kind of “motion style” acupuncture using passive or active movement while the needles are in place. I found the first amusing and the second unconvincing. RSS http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/new-developments-in-acupuncture-turtles-and-motion-style-treatments/[12/27/2014 12:49:46 AM] New Developments in Acupuncture: Turtles and Motion-Style Treatments « Science-Based Medicine Turtlepuncture Twitter Facebook Categories Acupuncture Announcements Basic Science Book & movie reviews Cancer A group of Ridley sea turtles were rescued after being stranded Chiropractic during a cold spell that left them hypothermic and unable to Clinical Trials function.
    [Show full text]
  • Thinking: an Unnatural Act HARRIET HALL
    May June pages BOX_SI new design masters 3/29/12 9:05 AM Page 58 much more cautious than other authors network operating inside the intact logical emergentism is rather uncontro- about the reliability and scope of brain brain, a network that we can partially versial, as it is true as a matter of prag- scans and other techniques of modern disrupt and study under special circum- matism that we need different theories neuroscience. He knows that scientists stances, such as those offered by Gaz- and concepts to understand different can measure brain activity only indi- zaniga’s patients. types of phenomena (try, for instance, to rectly, that they can obtain largely cor- You may have noticed that I have build a quantum mechanical model of relational data, and that colorful (and used the word emerge more than once in the Brooklyn Bridge and see how far you impressive) brain scans are actually describing Gazzaniga’s take on things get). Ontological emergentism—just complex statistical compounds of a neuroscientific. Emergentism refers to like its chief rival, ontological reduction- number of individuals, accompanied by one of two positions in philosophy of ism—is a metaphysical thesis about various possibilities for error and over mind: on the one hand it encapsulates which it is best to remain agnostic. interpretation. the (strong) claim that there are truly Who’s in Charge is a must-read for Gazzaniga doesn’t buy the idea that novel (i.e., irreducible to lower levels) anyone interested in the broader impli- there is no moral responsibility just be- properties of matter when certain con- cations of modern neuroscience not cause “the brain makes us do it,” since ditions of complexity and organization wishing to fall for easy sensationalism moral responsibility emerges from the apply.
    [Show full text]
  • The Emperor's New Clothes—An Epistemological Critique Of
    animals Viewpoint The Emperor’s New Clothes—An Epistemological Critique of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Acupuncture Manuel Magalhães-Sant’Ana 1,2 1 CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; [email protected] 2 Ordem dos Médicos Veterinários, Av. Filipe Folque, 10J, 4º Dto., 1050-113 Lisboa, Portugal Received: 7 February 2019; Accepted: 11 April 2019; Published: 15 April 2019 Simple Summary: Complementary and alternative medicines have gained increased popularity in the veterinary field. Among them, Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, including acupuncture, has emerged as one of the main alternatives to conventional veterinary medicine. This paper relies upon an epistemological approach to investigate conceptual, historical and scientific assertions about veterinary acupuncture made by their advocates. Argument by analogy is used to demonstrate that Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine is based on pre-scientific principles, similar to those of humoral medicine and bloodletting, and that acupuncture is, in effect, a placebo. The paper concludes with recommendations for veterinary regulators and colleagues. Abstract: Within the last few decades, complementary and alternative medicines have gained increased popularity in the veterinary field. Although many authors have exposed the scientific fallacies and historical misconceptions used to justify such therapies, those efforts have not succeeded in detracting veterinary practitioners from embracing them. Notably, Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine (TCVM), including acupuncture, has emerged as one of the main alternatives to conventional veterinary medicine. In this paper, analogical reasoning is used to investigate conceptual, historical and scientific assertions made by the advocates of TCVM. The paper is divided into two parts: The first aims to appraise conceptual and historical claims made by veterinary acupuncturists.
    [Show full text]