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Circle Hook Performance in the Uruguayan Pelagic Longline Fishery

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Circle Hook Performance in the Uruguayan Pelagic Longline Fishery BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE. 88(3):499–511. 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.5343/bms.2011.1069 CIRCLE HOOK PERFORMANCE IN THE URUGUAYAN PELAGIC LONGLINE FISHERY Andrés Domingo, Maite Pons, Sebastián Jiménez, Philip Miller, Caren Barceló, and Yonat Swimmer ABSTRACT Circle hooks have been promoted as an alternative to traditional J-hooks in pelagic longline fisheries to minimize bycatch mortality and injury to sea turtles and other marine wildlife. We evaluated the effect of hook type (circle hook vs J-hook) on the catch and length composition of target and non-target species in the Uruguayan pelagic longline fishery, for both American- and Spanish-style longlines. The sample unit used for comparing catches was two consecutive sections of the longline, each with a different hook type. For the American-style longline 39,822 hooks were deployed in 108 paired sections, and for the Spanish-style 45,142 hooks were deployed in 238 paired sections. The catch of albacore tuna, Thunnus alalunga (Bonnaterre, 1788), was higher with circle hooks with both gears. The catch of shortfin mako shark, Isurus oxyrinchus (Rafinesque, 1810), also increased with the use of circle hooks, but only with the American-style longline. A decrease was observed in the catch of pelagic stingray, Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832), with both gears, though it was significant only with the Spanish-style longline. The performance of circle hooks for other target species, such as swordfish, Xiphias gladius (Linnaeus, 1758), and sharks, and for bycatch species including sea turtles and seabirds remains unclear and requires further research. The incidental catch of non-target species has been implicated as one of the main factors leading to population declines of many large marine vertebrates (e.g., sea turtles, seabirds, marine mammals, and sharks; Robertson and Gales 1998, Spotila et al. 2000, Baum et al. 2003, Read et al. 2006). During pelagic longline fishing op- erations, many of these taxa are incidentally wounded and/or killed when hooked and/or entangled in the gear (Brothers et al. 1999, Hall et al. 2000, Lewison et al. 2004, Domingo et al. 2006a, Jiménez et al. 2010). Various bycatch mitigation mea- sures have been tested and implemented by several pelagic longline fleets worldwide (Gilman et al. 2007, Read 2007, Curran and Bigelow 2011, Løkkeborg 2011). Such mitigation measures involve using new or modified technologies and devices, intro- ducing changes to gear design, fishing operations, and/or onboard handling of the catch (Hall et al. 2000, FAO 2009, Løkkeborg 2011). Among the measures proposed to reduce sea turtle bycatch are setting the hooks deeper in the water, using different bait (e.g., mackerel instead of squid), and chang- ing the shape and size of the hooks (FAO 2009). Circle hooks have been promoted as an alternative to traditional J-hooks in pelagic longline fisheries to minimize sea turtle captures and injuries (Watson et al. 2005, Gilman et al. 2007, see review by Read 2007). Some studies have shown that, apart from potentially reducing sea turtle bycatch, circle hooks mostly lodge in the mouth instead of resulting in deep hook- ing (e.g., in the esophagus or lower digestive tract), which may increase post-release survival (Cooke and Suski 2004, Epperly and Boggs 2004). However, the results of Bulletin of Marine Science 499 OA © 2012 Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science of the University of Miami Open access content 500 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE. VOL 88, NO 3. 2012 studies comparing circle hooks and conventional hooks (J-hooks and tuna hooks) in pelagic longline fisheries lack consistency due to a variety of factors (Cooke and Suski 2004, Read 2007, Serafy et al. 2009). Hence, a recent review recommended the use of circle hooks in specific pelagic longline fleets only after properly designed field experiments have been completed, the results of which support the use of this hook type (Read 2007). However, see Serafy et al. (2009) for a different view. The loggerhead Caretta( caretta Linneaus, 1758) is the main sea turtle spe- cies caught as bycatch in pelagic longline fisheries operating in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean (López-Mendilaharsu et al. 2007, Giffoni et al. 2008, Pons et al. 2010). Individuals from different genetic stocks converge in this region (Caraccio et al. 2008), which is an important foraging and development area for juveniles and sub- adults of this species (Domingo et al. 2006a). The southwestern Atlantic incidental catch rates of loggerheads are among the highest in the world (Domingo et al. 2006b, Giffoni et al. 2008, Sales et al. 2008), occurring mainly in Uruguayan and adjacent international waters over the conti- nental shelf and slope (Pons et al. 2009, 2010). Additionally, this region also has high seabird (i.e., several globally threatened albatross and petrel species; Jiménez et al. 2009, 2010) and elasmobranch [e.g., Pteroplatytrygon violacea (see Table 1 for species authorities); Domingo et al. 2005, Forselledo et al. 2008] bycatch levels associated with pelagic longline fisheries. In the present study, we compare the performance of circle hooks with that of conventional J-hooks on the catch and length composition of target and non-target species (retained and discarded) with American- and Spanish-style pelagic longlines. We also analyze differences in the condition of the sea turtles caught with each hook type upon gear retrieval, as well as hooking location. Materials and Methods Study Area and Sampled Fleet The present study was conducted over the continental slope in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Uruguay and international waters north of the Rio Grande Rise (Fig. 1). The ex- periment was conducted on vessels of the Uruguayan pelagic longline fleet. This fleet of nine vessels uses an American-style longline, targets swordfish (Xiphias gladius), tunas (Thunnus spp.), and pelagic sharks (mainly blue shark, Prionace glauca), and keeps its catch on ice for about 20 d, except for a single freezer vessel, which employs a Spanish-style longline, targets mainly blue shark, and makes trips lasting from 1 to 3 mo (Domingo et al. 2005, Jiménez et al. 2009). In our study, the performance of circle hooks and J-hooks was analyzed for each long- line style as they present differences in their configuration (e.g., line materials, size of J-hook, branch line configuration) and the main bait they use. Specifically, 61 American-style longline sets were monitored during seven fishing trips between August 2008 and December 2010. Four of these trips were conducted on two com- mercial fishing vessels (total lengths = 22 and 26 m) and three on a Uruguayan research vessel (total length = 37 m). The research vessel operated similarly to the commercial fishing vessels using the same longline style, gear configuration, and with skippers and some crew mem- bers of the commercial fleet. One-hundred-and-seven sets with Spanish-style longline were monitored on a single 28-m long vessel in two commercial fishing trips (January–March and June–August) in 2007. DOMINGO ET AL.: EVALUATION OF CIRCLE HOOKS ON URUGUAYAN PELAGIC LONGLINERS 501 Figure 1. Study area and location of longline sets using American- and Spanish-style gears. Fishing Gear and Experimental Hooks American-Style Longline.—The American-style longline gear consisted of a 3.6-mm poly- amide monofilament mainline with polyamide or polyester buoy lines 9–36 m long. Four types of buoys were used (foam bullets, rigid floats, polyform inflatable buoys, and radio- beacons). Five 2.0-mm polyamide branch lines 12–14 m long were placed between buoys (Fig. 2A) at intervals of 10–14 s (approximately 50 m, range 42–56 m). Branch lines had two seg- ments, one spanning from the mainline to a weighted swivel (75 g) and another from the swivel to the hook. Each section of the gear was delimited by a radio-beacon, and had 75–300 hooks (160 was the most common number of hooks deployed) of only one type: the reversed 10° offset 18/0 circle hooks or the kirbed 10° offset 9/0 J-hooks (Fig. 3; J-hooks are the hooks traditionally used by the fleet). Spanish-Style Longline.—The Spanish-style longline gear consisted of a 5-mm polyethylene multifilament mainline with buoy lines (similar to the mainline both in thickness and mate- rial) 12–18 m long. Four different sizes of polyform inflatable buoys were used. Eight branch lines 8.5–13 m long were placed between buoys (Fig. 2B) at a fixed interval of 32 m. Each branch line had a terminal segment of three twisted wire threads close to the hook. Each section of the gear was delimited by a radio-beacon, and had 96 hooks of only one type: the reversed 10° offset 18/0 circle hooks or the straight (0° offset) 17/0 J-hook (Fig. 3; this J-hook is the one commonly used on the vessel). For all experimental trips, the longline was set over the vessel’s stern, typically after sunset. However, some sets started prior to sunset (i.e., diurnal sets), finishing always at night. Early in the morning, the gear was hauled onboard at the starboard side of the vessel. 502 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE. VOL 88, NO 3. 2012 Figure 2. Pair of longline sections used as a sample unit during the experiment. (A) American- style longline gear. (B) Spanish-style longline gear. Refer to the text for details on the buoy-line, branch-line (B.L.), and main-line (M.L.) for each gear. Experimental Design A pair of adjacent sections, one with only circle hooks and the other with only J-hooks, was treated as the sample unit. This configuration was chosen for the experiment to minimize interference with normal fishing operations, as alternating hooks would have caused delay and complicated set maneuvers.
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