Cover of the Study Guıde
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LETTER FROM SECRETARY-GENERAL Esteemed participants, I have always found great pleasure in serving the MUN community through the years I have spent participating in conferences. I had the chance to meet and discuss with many distinct individuals and truly enjoyed their presence. It is indeed meaningful for me to be now, satisfying my responsibilities, as the Secretary-General of a conference dedicated to United Nations values, a culture of debate, and a community of eager participants from diverse backgrounds. A large and highly qualified academic team from various fields of disciplines have been working rigorously since last June in order to establish a framework and theorize on the conference theme. Now, I can confidently say that, we will be providing you with excellent academic material, and a properly equipped debate environment. We chose the theme of the conference to be “Freedoms: Struggle of the subject in the margin to come to voice”, structuring the central focus of the committee discussions. With an agenda devoted to freedoms, we intend to disrupt the silence placed on the subjects in the margin. Acknowledging the fact that, many individuals still face alienation, oppression, and ignorance; being further pushed into isolation and silence; their struggles are either completely dismissed or severely romanticized beyond giving them proper recognition as subjects. We cannot turn a blind eye to this issue remaining unaddressed: This year, HASMUN’18 moves to provide a space of openness to all those who desire to discuss, share their views on, and theorize with us ways of re-vision. I believe that words are meaningful, they are an action in themselves; therefore, I invite you for critical articulation and seek your participation and collaboration. Let us come together, discuss, and produce a discourse against hegemony. Let us continue to do our part. Tuna ÖĞÜT Secretary-General of Kadir Has University Model United Nations Conference 2018 LETTER FROM UNDER-SECRETARY-GENERAL Dear participants, My name is Edanur Göçmen, I am a senior Sociology and International Relations student at Istanbul Bilgi University. It is my utmost pleasure to serve you as the Under-Secretary-General responsible for the United Nations Human Rights Council in HASMUN 2018. This year United Nations Human Rights Council is dealing with a very significant – yet not questioned or/and elaborated on with details – problem namely discrimination and violence against black people in the United States of America. The problem itself has different dimensions and aspects to be regarded, which are very significant and need your help in order to be solved. This study guide had been prepared to give the background information and general knowledge about the agenda item both in theoretical ground and empirical examples. Delegates are expected to fulfil their knowledge with their further researches. I would like to express my gratitude everyone whom and in particular to Secretary-General, Tuna Öğüt, for giving me a chance to serve as an Under-Secretary General for this committee and for being the most supportive, most companionable and master of hir domain Secretary- General I have ever worked with. In the second place, I would like to thank Director-Secretary- General, Deniz Nalbant, for her great support for this conference. Lastly, I would like to appreciate to my lovely assistants Berat B. Zorlu and Mehmet Emin Akyar for their constant support and effort on preparing this committee and study guide. I hope you enjoy the conference while debating and finding effective solutions. If you have any questions regarding the committee and the topics, please do not hesitate to contact me via [email protected] Sincerely, Edanur Göçmen Under-Secretary-General responsible for United Nations Human Rights Council LETTER FROM UNDER-SECRETARY-GENERAL ASSISTANT First and foremost, I wish like to welcome you all to the annual HASMUN 18’ conference; you have my most heartedly salutations. I’ve been participating to Model United Nations ever since i was, though rather forcefully, first introduced to them way back in 2012 in which I have found great interest in. Not to mention the myriad dear memories I’ve had the opportunity to witness, I’ve come to this day in which has granted me the right to witness an organization of such a caliber; along my colleagues on our cause of preparing a committee, that we have spent ridiculous amounts of time working on it, I only hope to see our delegates’ satisfaction from the wonderful experiences that they will be getting along my hardworking teammates, if you will. Regarding the matter of our central theme in our committee; the racial discrimination on African American in a periodic manner. It has been almost few centuries since constitutions formed in order to wipe off such an ideology such as racism, yet it’s ill presence is still upon our the people of our world; perhaps, even more than it should have ever been in the medium of the present day. Us, the academic staff as a whole of this committee, have been increasingly attempting to pull attention towards this fact during the preparations of this particular committee. It’s undoubtedly easy, to call in “racism” to be a bad thing and carry on yet, it requires virtue and courage to produce work particularly on this matter if to serve for a cause that could, potentially, wipe out such an understanding of community for good in the long run. We hope, from the bottom of our honest consciousness, to see our delegates to stand up for such a cause and speak their minds without any hinderances and doubts for the sole purpose of ridding of the racist perception with, not by oppression, but by reason. Berat B. Zorlu Under-Secretary-General Assistant responsible for United Nations Human Rights Council LETTER FROM UNDER-SECRETARY-GENERAL ASSISTANT Hello everyone, My name is Mehmet Emin Akyar and I am a junior at Hüseyin Avni Sözen Anatolian High School. As a person who cares about human rights at all levels including LGBT rights, black rights, women rights and much more, I am more than pleased to be helping to the making of this very committee. During the time of preparation both the academy and organization team worked hard to make this conference and committee amazing. Without making the guide than it already is I would like to state on last thing and that is my love for the team members. Edanur Göçmen was one of the members of the committee board when I was a first-timer. To work under her guidance and to experience her love and friendship at all levels was nothing but amazing. The same goes for Berat Zorlu, a very kind soul that I met on this journey. Also, our honourable Tuna Öğüt and Deniz Nalbant whom I knew from HASMUN’17. They are the most amazing duo I have seen and I know that they are very interested in human rights in general. So, I would like to thank them for creating such amazing committees in order to make sure that every human being is equal. Mehmet Emin Akyar Under-Secretary-General Assistant responsible for United Nations Human Rights Council TABLE OF CONTETNS INTRODUCTION TO UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL i RACE, RACISM AND RACIAL DISCRIMINATION 1 MIGRATION, REFUGEEHOOD AND CITIZENSHIP 3 VIOLENCE AND DISCRIMINATION AGAINST BLACK PEOPLE IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 9 a. Brief Historical Background 9 b. Contemporary Situation 27 c. Reasons Leading the Violence and Discrimination 43 RECONSIDERATION OF TODAY AND FUTURE: RESPONSIBILITIES, OBLIGATIONS AND POSSIBILITIES 47 a. State Level 47 b. International Level 48 c. Social Movements 52 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 52 FURTHER DOCUMENTS 53 INTRODUCTION TO UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL The Human Rights Council of the United Nations is, most essentially, an inter- governmental institution that concerns the entirety of the 47 member-states of the union. All of which are responsible for the protection and promotion of "human rights" through cooperation. The Universal Declaration of HR and its instruments that are associated with it allows the recognition of each state as a party, with the emphasis on the significance of the interrelated nature of HR law and international humanitarian law, and all of which focuses on the second of the two. Furthermore, this particular body of the United Nations had been generated in order to replace the UN Commission on Human Rights. The main aspiration of this particular council is to make effort on the promotion of universality, interdependence, invisibility of HR, inherent cooperation, to be entirely transparent intergovernmental process and -most essentially- to be realistic. However, their focus on these matters not only concerns Member States but also Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and national "Human Rights" institutions. Subject matters concerning this council are, in a general perspective, specific HR situations involving certain countries, affecting a lot of Member States in the meantime, groups of certain people and individuals. By the usage of a system of "Universal Periodic Review" they asses and mitigate any and all HR issues within the entirety of UN: "Complaint Procedure", which is a panel of experts and advisors who produce advice on the most thematic problems. In the meantime, the "Complaint Procedure" grants the ability for the individuals and organizations to bring forth specific HR issues. In addition, the council functions alongside the "UN Special Procedures" in which can be utilized in a way to advise and publicly report on specific HR issues in certain nations; the "procedure" operates through a group of reporters, independent experts and special representatives. In conclusion, to recognize the fact that the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) is vastly different from the other institutes that are in UN which are also concerned with similar topics is highly essential; UNHRC functions alongside other UN bodies yet its main focus is on the intercommunication of Human Rights specifically.