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Roman Mythology ROMAN MYTHOLOGY 001-261_Roman_Mythology_prelims_chapters_CC18.indd 1 08/04/2019 16:03 DAVID STUTTARD ROMAN MYTHOLOGY A Traveller’s Guide from Troy to Tivoli 001-261_Roman_Mythology_prelims_chapters_CC18.indd 2 08/04/2019 16:03 001-261_Roman_Mythology_prelims_chapters_CC18.indd 3 08/04/2019 16:03 CONTENTS To Sam, Fiona and Atticus Moorhead Map of sites featured in the book • 6–7 Introduction: All Roads Lead to Rome • 8 1 Troy: Rome’s Ancestral Homeland • 15 2 Delos and Apollo’s Patronage • 29 Note: All translations are by the author unless otherwise stated. 3 Carthage and Dido’s Curse • 40 4 Eryx, Sicily and the Cult of Venus • 53 5 Cumae: Where Past Meets Future 67 Title page: A cornucopia in his right hand and an oar • in his left, Tiber, the river god, reclines as the she-wolf 6 80 suckles Romulus and Remus beside him. Lavinium: Pigs, Pizzas and Penates • 7 Ardea: Centre of Resistance • 95 8 Alba Longa: Hilltop Home of Kings, Emperors and Popes • 107 9 The Palatine Hill: Palatial Seat of Power • 121 First published in the United Kingdom in 2019 by Thames & Hudson Ltd, 10 The Capitol: Home of the Gods 135 181a High Holborn, London wc1v 7qx • 11 Campus Martius: Field of Mars, Shrine of Heroes 149 Roman Mythology: A Traveller’s Guide from Troy to Tivoli • © 2019 Thames & Hudson Ltd, London 12 The Aventine Hill: Power to the People • 163 Drawings by David Bezzina 13 The Sublician Bridge and Trastevere: Protecting Rome • 180 All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or 14 transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including The Roman Forum: Senate and People • 195 photocopy, recording or any other information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. 15 Tarquinia: Tombs, Kings and Refugees • 213 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data 16 Clusium: City of Lars Porsenna • 227 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 17 Veii and the Triumph of Rome • 237 ISBN 978-0-500-25229-1 18 Tivoli: Rome’s World in Microcosm 250 Printed and bound in India by Replika Press Pvt. Ltd. • To find out about all our publications, please visit Recommended Reading 262 www.thamesandhudson.com. There you can subscribe • to our e-newsletter, browse or download our current Acknowledgments • 263 catalogue, and buy any titles that are in print. Index • 264 001-261_Roman_Mythology_prelims_chapters_CC18.indd 4 08/04/2019 16:03 001-261_Roman_Mythology_prelims_chapters_CC18.indd 5 08/04/2019 16:03 Rome Servian Wall Ara Pacis l l Tarquinium Campus Martius Quirinal Viminal Tiber Veii l Tivoli l Rome Capitol Esquiline Trastevere Forum Colosseum Tiber Island l l Alba Longa Palatine Lavinium l Sublician Bridge l Caelian Ardea Janiculum T y r Circus r h e Aventine Maximus n i a n S e a Tiber Clusium l Rome Cumae l Troy l M E D I T E R R A N E A N S E A l Delos l Eryx l Carthage Map of sites featured in the book. 001-261_Roman_Mythology_prelims_chapters_CC18.indd 6 08/04/2019 16:03 001-261_Roman_Mythology_prelims_chapters_CC18.indd 7 08/04/2019 16:03 Indeed, so sacred was the city that it was said to possess a secret name, CHAPTER 1 known only to the goddess Angerona and a select few citizens, who were TROY: forbidden to reveal it lest their enemies find out and use it in curses. According to some, however, it was simply the common name turned backwards: instead ROME’S ANCESTRAL HOMELAND of Roma, Amor. And, since Amor meant ‘love’, and this was the province of Rome’s ancestral goddess, Venus, they may well have been right. Today Rome is known as the Eternal City. As they wander its pave- ments, inspect exhibits in museums, drink espressos in piazzas, ride the Metro, shelter from the midday sun in churches in Trastevere, try to dodge traffic, view reconstructions of its ancient streets in Cinecittà’s film lots, ‘Almighty Jupiter, if you are moved by prayer, look on us now. queue for the Vatican, or watch the Tiber’s lazy waters drift green past It’s all I ask. And, Father, if we are at all deserving for our piety, reedy riverbanks, visitors can wonder at its palimpsest of history and at its grant us a sign. Send us an omen.’ No sooner had the old man rich mythology. Out in the country, too, they can step back in time: at Veii, spoken than to our left we heard a sudden thunderclap, and from Rome’s ancient enemy; Alba Longa, where her kings were born; Lavinium, the skies a star shot through the gloom, trailing fire in its wake – where Aeneas first set foot in Italy. And across the Mediterranean, in other a brilliance of light. We watched it glide above the rooftops before lands – in Sicily and Tunisia, Greece and Turkey – the heartbeat of Rome’s burying itself deep in the woods of Ida, a sign for the road ahead, legends still resounds. a long scar in the earth that glowed with light, and all around it This book will take its readers on two journeys. The first is through time – from before Rome’s foundation until the Gaulish invasion of 390 bc, sulphur, fuming. My father was convinced. Standing to his full after which (some argue) legend becomes history. The second is through height he addressed the gods, honouring the holy star: ‘No more space, following in the footsteps of Aeneas and his companions from Troy to delay! No! I shall follow. Where you lead, there shall I be. Gods of Italy, travelling with his descendants into Rome, and finally enjoying a brief our homeland, save this family, save my grandson! This omen excursion into Tuscany and Latium to explore some later legends. While the comes from you. Troy is in your protection.’ closing chapter takes us to the idyllic setting of the emperor Hadrian’s villa at Tivoli, most of the book views the myths through the eyes of authors of Virgil, Aeneid, 2.689–703 Augustus’s time, since it is they who have left the most accessible material. All the locations can be visited. Those exploring them may find this book a useful companion, while for armchair travellers the brief descriptions at the start of chapters evoke something of the atmosphere today. For, while the imagination may furnish landscapes of its own, location is important to mythology. As one author has recently observed: Movement through a landscape in the present enables us to unlock the mythical past and its narratives. As the traveller continues on his or her way, the past comes to life, and the landscape becomes not only the one being journeyed through, but simultaneously the one experienced by figures from the past, evoked by place names, artefacts, and stories. Katherine Clarke, ‘Walking Through History’, in Greta Hawes (ed.), Myths on the Map, Oxford, 2017 14 15 001-261_Roman_Mythology_prelims_chapters_CC18.indd 14 08/04/2019 16:03 001-261_Roman_Mythology_prelims_chapters_CC18.indd 15 08/04/2019 16:03 The walls of Troy tower over you. Once-well-dressed limestone slabs slope where it presided over ceremonies promising life after death. But when gently as they rise, their smooth regularity rippling in a subtle curve to lead a local princess came to the shrine, Jupiter was scandalized: the princess the traveller around towards the eastern gate. Now, on the right, another was pregnant (with his child), and her presence threatened to pollute the wall rears high, so that the roadway seems to tunnel, hairpinning back upon Palladium’s chaste sanctity. So he snatched the statue and hurled it in a itself to mount the hummocky incline. Climb up. Stand on the grassy mound, great arc over the north Aegean sea, until it fell to earth at Troy. There the and there – beyond the miles of flat fields, golden in the evening glow – the Trojans built a temple to Minerva, setting the Palladium in pride of place waters of the Dardanelles are sparkling, metallic blue. Container vessels to honour it and keep it safe, knowing that it would guard them too – just glide like ghosts. And, spectral in the shimmering haze, the silhouette, stark as, years later, it guarded Rome. and uncompromising, of the Martyrs’ Monument, memorial to Ottomans who fought and died, where many thousand Allied soldiers fought, too, and Troy’s Origins died, too, in the hellfires of Gallipoli. Yet it is not just for the view that we are standing on this knoll, its According to the Greeks, the pregnant princess, who caused such havoc on grasses dried and desiccated by the summer sun. It takes imagination and Samothrace, gave birth to Dardanus, who later ruled Troy. Romans, however, a leap of faith to comprehend, but here in a walled sanctuary once stood a knew another tale. For them, Dardanus was a native-born Italian, an Etruscan Doric temple to Minerva, itself set on the site of a more ancient shrine that prince, who after many battles left Corythus (modern Cortona in Tuscany) once housed a totemic statue. Said to have descended from the heavens, and sailed east to Asia Minor. Here he was welcomed by King Teucer, himself this effigy, the Palladium, possessed protective powers. Only when it was a newcomer, having emigrated from Crete to escape a crippling famine. stolen could Troy be captured – though some said that the true Palladium Impressed by the Etruscan refugee, Teucer gave him his daughter’s hand in was smuggled west by Trojan refugees and, many generations later, it safe- marriage – and (so this version goes) she brought with her the Palladium as guarded their descendants and the city they had founded.
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