Inter-American Court of Human Rights
Case of the Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay
Judgment of March 29, 2006 (Merits, Reparations and Costs) Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community,
I. INTRODUCTION OF THE CASE
II.C OMPETENCE III PROCEEDING BEFORE THE COMMISSION
IV. PROCEEDING BEFORE THE COURT ad hoc ad hoc
ad hoc ad hoc ad hoc supra Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa
Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa,
supra supra supra. supra
supra supra supra supra Dirección General del Registro Civil Secciones de Registro Civil INDI INDI supra
supra
V. Evidence
Indigenous Community Yakye Axa, supra 3 Cf. Acevedo-Jaramillo et al. López-Álvarez. Pueblo Bello Massacre. Cf. Acevedo-Jaramillo et al., supra Pueblo Bello Massacre; supra García-Asto and Ramírez-Rojas.
A) DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE
supra
a. Statement by Mr. Carlos Marecos-Aponte, criollo,
5 Cf. Acevedo-Jaramillo et al., supra López-Alvarez, supra Pueblo Bello Massacre, supra
Instituto de Bienestar Rural Instituto Paraguayo del Indígena (INDI) INDI INDI INDI
Statement by Mr. Leonardo González,
INDI Instituto de Bienestar Rural .
c. Statement by Ms. Gladys Benítez,
d. Statement by Ms. Mariana Ayala,
INDI .
. Statement by Ms. Elsa Ayala,
. f. Statement by Mr. Martín Sanneman, witness
INDI Asociación de Parcialidades Indígenas Instituto de Bienestar Rural
Urbana Inmobiliaria S.A. . . g. Statement by Mr. Oscar Centurión,
Instituto de Bienestar Rural
h. Statement by Mr. Pablo Balmaceda-Rodríguez, Centro Nacional de Emergencia karanda’y
i. Statement by Mr. José Marcelo Brunstein-Alegre,
INDI latifundia j. Statement by Mr. Andrew Leake,
quebracho k. Expert Opinion of Mr. Augusto Fogel Pedrozo,
Junta Consultiva Consejo Directivo Instituto Paraguayo del Indígena Instituto de Bienestar Rural Instituto de Desarrollo Rural y de la Tierra Tribunal de Cuentas B) EVIDENCE ASSESSMENT
supra supra Hospital Nacional de Itaugua supra supra
Cf. Case of Acevedo-Jaramillo et al, supra Case of López-Alvarez, supra Case of Pueblo Bello Massacre, supra Cf. Case of Acevedo-Jaramillo et al, supra Case of López-Álvarez supra Case of Pueblo Bello Massacre supra Cf. Case of Gutiérrez-Soler. Case of YATAMA Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa supra
supra supra supra supra supra supra supra Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa v. Paraguay supra inter alia,
Cf. Case of Acevedo-Jaramillo et al supra Case of “Mapiripán Massacre.” Case of Gutiérrez-Soler, supra
supra supra supra supra supra supra supra
Cf. Case of Acevedo-Jaramillo et al supra Case of Serrano-Cruz Sisters Cf. Case of Acevedo-Jaramillo et al, supra ; Case of López-Alvarez, supra Case of Pueblo Bello Massacre, supra
Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa “II Censo Nacional Indígena de Población y Viviendas 2002. Pueblos Indígenas del Paraguay. Resultados finales” Dirección General de Estadísticas, Encuestas y Censos “Atlas de las Comunidades Indígenas en el Paraguay” Dirección General de Estadísticas, Encuestas y Censos “Instituto Paraguayo del Indígena” INDI) INDI INDI in loco * supra
Cf Case of Gómez-Palomino v. Perú. Case of Yean and Bosico Children Case of YATAMA supra Cf. Case of Gómez-Palomino v. Perú, supra Case of Acosta-Calderón. Case of YATAMA supra
supra supra supra
Cf. Case of Palamara-Iribarne.
supra
VI. PRIOR CONSIDERATIONS
*
infra
Cf. Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa supra
No. Name and sex AGE AT DATE OF DEATH Cause of death DEATH
supra
Cf Case of Pueblo Bello Massacre supra ase of Mapiripán Massacre supra Case of “Five Pensioners.”
VII. PROVEN FACTS a) The Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community and the traditional occupation of the lands claimed
Cf. Centro de Estudios Antropológicos of the Universidad Católica “Nuestra Señora de la Asunción
Cf supra Centro de Estudios Antropológicos Universidad Católica “Nuestra Señora de la Asunción supra Cf. supra supra Centro de Estudios Antropológicos Universidad Católica “Nuestra Señora de la Asunción supra Cf. supra Cf. supra Centro de Estudios Antropológicos Universidad Católica “Nuestra Señora de la Asunción supra supra supra Cf. “II Censo Nacional Indígena de Población y Vivienda 2002. Pueblos Indígenas del Paraguay. Resultados Finales” Dirección General de Estadísticas, Encuestas y Censos
Secretaría Técnica de Planificación de la Presidencia de la República (Office of the Technical Secretary of State for Planning to the President of the Republic), Paraguay “Atlas de las Comunidades Indígenas in el Paraguay” Dirección General de Estadísticas, Encuestas y Censos Secretaría Técnica de Planificación de la Presidencia de la República (Office of the Technical Secretary of State for Planning to the President of the Republic), Paraguay
Cf. “II Censo Nacional Indígena de Población y Vivienda 2002. Pueblos Indígenas del Paraguay. Resultados Finales” Dirección General de Estadística, Encuestas y Censos ( Secretaría Técnica de Planificación de la Presidencia de la República (Office of the Technical Secretary of State for Planning to the President of the Republic), Paraguay Dirección General de Estadísticas, Encuestas y Censos Secretaría Técnica de Planificación de la Presidencia de la República (Office of the Technical Secretary of State for Planning to the President of the Republic), Paraguay Centro de Estudios Antropológicos Universidad Católica “Nuestra Señora de la Asunción supra ´ Cf IBR (Instituto de Bienestar Rural) Centro de Estudios Antropológicos Universidad Católica “Nuestra Señora de la Asunción supra ´ Comisión de Derechos Humanos y Asuntos Indígenas Comisión de Ecología INDI Instituto Nacional del Indígena IBR (Instituto de Bienestar Rural) Cf. “II Censo Nacional Indígena de Población y Vivienda 2002. Pueblos Indígenas del Paraguay. Resultados Finales” Dirección General de Estadística, Encuestas y Censos Secretaría Técnica de Planificación de la Presidencia de la
infra ”Presidente Hayes” ”Presidente Hayes” infra
República (Office of the Technical Secretary of State for Planning to the President of the Republic), Paraguay “Atlas de las Comunidades Indígenas in el Paraguay” Dirección General de Estadística, Encuestas y Censos Secretaría Técnica de Planificación de la Presidencia de la República (Office of the Technical Secretary of State for Planning to the President of the Republic), Paraguay Cf. supra Cf. Instituto de Bienestar Rural (IBR) supra Cf. supra Cf ´ supra Cf. supra INDI Instituto de Bienestar Rural Centro de Estudios Antropológicos de la Universidad Católica “Nuestra Señora de la Asunción supra
b) Process of recognition of the Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community leaders and of its legal entity
Enxet (Lengua) Ethnic Group ”Presidente Hayes” Instituto Paraguayo del Indígena INDI INDI supra Registro Nacional de Comunidades Indígenas supra INDI [Presidente] Hayes”
Cf. supra Centro de Estudios Antropológicos de la Universidad Católica “Nuestra Señora de la Asunción supra Cf. INDI supra Cf. INDI Cf INDI Cf. Dirección Nacional de Comunidades Indígenas INDI Cf INDI Cf. INDI
INDI
INDI ”Presidente Hayes” INDI supra c) Proceedings started by the Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community for claiming their traditional lands and natural resources before the administrative bodies
Instituto de Bienestar Rural
Cf. INDI Cf. INDI Cf. Cf Cf. supra Cf. INDI
INDI supra Estatuto de las Comunidades Indígenas INDI
INDI
Cf. Estatuto Agrario Digesto Normativo sobre Pueblos Indígenas in el Paraguay Cf. Estatuto de las Comunidades Indígenas Digesto Normativo sobre Pueblos Indígenas in el Paraguay Cf supra Cf Cf Cf
INDI INDI INDI
Cf Cf Cf INDI Cf Cf INDI Cf
supra Compañía Paraguaya de Novillos S.A. COMPENSA supra INDI INDI supra
Cf Cf Cf Cf Compañía Paraguaya de Novillos S.A. Cf. Cf INDI
INDI supra INDI infra Urbana Inmobiliaria S.A. COMPENSA
Cf Cf Cf Cf INDI Cf Cf Cf
Urbana Inmobiliaria S.A. COMPENSA Urbana Inmobiliaria S.A. COMPENSA Roswell y Compañía S.A. Kansol S.A. Urbana Inmobiliaria S.A. COMPENSA supra COMPENSA Urbana Inmobiliaria S.A. Roswell y Cia. S.A. Kansol S.A. supra Roswell y Cia. S.A.
Cf Cf Urbana Inmobiliaria S.A. Compañía Paraguaya de Engorde de Novillos S.A. Cf Cf Cf Urbana Inmobiliaria S.A. Compañía Paraguaya de Engorde de Novillos S.A. Cf Urbana Inmobiliaria S.A. Compañía Paraguaya de Engorde de Novillos S.A. Cf Compañía Paraguaya de Engorde de Novillos S.A. Urbana Inmobiliaria S.A.
Kansol S.A. Roswell y Cia Kansol S.A Roswell y Cia. S.A. Kansol S.A. INDI INDI INDI Centro de Estudios Antropológicos de la Universidad “Nuestra Señora de la Asunción” . INDI INDI
Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf INDI Cf INDI Cf INDI Cf INDI Cf INDI
inter alia infra INDI supra INDI, inter alia
Cf Cf Cf Cf. Cf IBR INDI Cf
inter alia
inter alia, INDI Instituto Paraguayo del Indígena supra Instituto Paraguayo del Indígena
INDI
INDI INDI
Cf INDI Cf Cf Cf INDI Cf INDI
d) Requests for condemnation of the lands before the National Congress of Paraguay INDI Comisión de Derechos Humanos y Asuntos Indígenas ”Presidente Hayes” INDI
Cf. Cf. Comisión de Derechos Humanos y Asuntos Indígenas Cf. Comisión de Derechos Humanos y Asuntos de Indígenas Cf. Cf. Cf.
supra
d) Preliminary injunctions and notice of lis pendens for the protection of the lands claimed
Urbana Inmobiliaria S.A. COMPENSA lis pendens
Cf. Cf. Cf. Cf. Cf. Cf Cf.
Kansol S.A. Roswel y Compañía S.A. Urbana Inmobiliaria S.A. COMPENSA lis pendens Kansol S.A. INDI INDI
Cf Comisión de Derechos Humanos y Asuntos Indígenas Comisión de Ecología supra Cf Comisión de Derechos Humanos y Asuntos Indígenas Comisión de Ecología supra Cf Cf Cf INDI Cf INDI
INDI lis pendens Roswel y Cia. S.A. Kansol S.A . e) Living conditions of the members of the Sawhoyamaxa Community
Cf INDI Cf Cf supra Centro de Estudios Antropológicos de la Universidad Católica “Nuestra Señora de la Asunción supra Comisión de Derechos Humanos y Asuntos Indígenas Comisión de Ecología supra supra supra Cf. supra supra Comisión de Derechos Humanos y Asuntos Indígenas Comisión de Ecología supra Cf supra supra
INDI
supra supra supra Dirección General de Estadística, Encuestas y Censos Secretaría Técnica de Planificación de la Presidencia de la República Instituto Paraguayo del Indígena Cf. supra Cf. supra
INDI INDI INDI
Cf. Instituto Paraguayo del Indígena Cf INDI INDI INDI INDI INDI INDI INDI Cf INDI Cf. Cf supra supra supra supra supra Dirección General de Estadística, Encuestas y Censos Secretaría Técnica de Planificación de la Presidencia de la República supra
Centro Nacional de Emergencia
Instituto Paraguayo del Indígena supra supra Cf Dirección General de Estadística, Encuestas y Censos Secretaría Técnica de Planificación de la Presidencia de la República Cf. supra Cf. supra Cf. Dirección General de Estadística, Encuestas y Censos Secretaría Técnica de Planificación de la Presidencia de la República supra Cf. supra supra supra Cf. supra “Atlas de las Comunidades Indígenas in el Paraguay" Dirección General de Estadística, Encuestas y Censos Secretaría Técnica de Planificación de la Presidencia de la República Cf. supra supra
Hospital Regional de Concepción ( )
“Atlas de las Comunidades Indígenas in el Paraguay” Dirección General de Estadística, Encuestas y Censos [Bureau of Statistics, Surveys and Censuses] Secretaría Técnica de Planificación de la Presidencia de la República Cf. supra supra supra supra “Atlas de las Comunidades Indígenas in el Paraguay” Dirección General de Estadística, Encuestas y Censos [Bureau of Statistics, Surveys and Censuses] Secretaría Técnica de Planificación de la Presidencia de la República Cf. supra supra Cf. supra supra Cf. supra supra supra Cf supra supra supra supra “Atlas de las Comunidades Indígenas in el Paraguay" [Atlas of the Indigenous Communities in Paraguay],” Dirección General de Estadística, Encuestas y Censos [Bureau of Statistics, Surveys and Censuses] Secretaría Técnica de Planificación de la Presidencia de la República Cf supra
infra
supra supra supra Cf supra Cf. Cf supra supra supra supra Cf supra supra supra Cf
Hospital Regional de Concepción Hospital Regional de Concepción Hospital Regional de Concepción ´
Cf supra Cf. supra Cf. supra Cf. supra Cf. supra
Hospital Regional de Concepción Hospital de Clínicas de Asunción Hospital Regional de
Cf. supra Cf. supra Cf. supra Cf. supra Cf. supra Cf. supra
Concepción Hospital Regional de Concepción Hospital Regional de Concepción
Cf. supra Cf. supra Cf. supra Cf. supra Cf. supra
Cf. supra Cf. supra Cf. supra Cf. supra Cf. supra Cf. supra
Hospital Regional de Concepción Hospital Regional de Concepción Hospital Regional de Concepción supra f) Non-pecuniary damage caused to the members of the Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community
Cf. supra Cf. supra Cf. supra Cf supra supra supra supra supra supra Cf supra supra supra supra supra supra “Atlas de las Comunidades
g) Legal costs and expenses
VIII. VIOLATION OF ARTICLES 8 AND 25 OF THE AMERICAN CONVENTION (J UDICIAL PROTECTION AND RIGHT TO FAIR TRIAL ) IN RELATION TO ARTICLES 1(1) AND 2 THEREOF Argument by the Commission
Ley sobre el Estatuto de las Comunidades Indígenas
per se
Indígenas in el Paraguay” Dirección General de Estadísticas, Encuestas y Censos Secretaría Técnica de Planificación de la Presidencia de la República (Office of the Technical Secretary of State for Planning to the President of the Republic), Paraguay Cf
Argument by the Representatives
per se
INDI
Argument by the State
Considerations of the Court
i) Proceedings for recognition of leaders
Instituto Paraguayo del Indígena Registro Nacional de Comunidades Indígenas INDI supra rationae temporis ii) Proceedings for recognition of legal personality Instituto Paraguayo del Indígena
Cf. Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa supra Case of Baena- Ricardo Cf. Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa supra
Registro Nacional de Comunidades pro indiviso Registro Agrario Registro General de la Propiedad Registro Nacional de Comunidades Indígenas INDI supra supra iii) Injunctions
supra supra supra INDI supra
in situ iv) Land claim proceedings Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa v. Paraguay,
Cf. Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa supra
INDI INDI supra Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa v. Paraguay * ´
Cf. Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa supra Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa supra f Case of Acevedo- Jaramillo et al supra Case of García-Asto and Ramírez-Rojas supra Case of of the Serrano-Cruz sisters v. El Salvador. Preliminary Objections. Judgment of November 23, 2004. Series C No. 118
* INDI supra supra INDI INDI
Cf Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa supra
supra Centro de Estudios Antropológicos de la Universidad “Nuestra Señora de la Asunción” supra INDI *
Cr. Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa supra
effet utile
IX. VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 21 OF THE AMERICAN CONVENTION (R IGHT TO PROPERTY ) IN RELATION TO ARTICLES 1(1) AND 2 THEREOF
Argument by the Commission:
Cf. Case of Gómez-Palomino supra Case of Yatama supra Case of Lori Berenson
Argument by the Representatives Argument by the State
INDI INDI
Considerations of the Court
Cf Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa supra Case of the Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community. Cf Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa supra Case of the Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community supra Cf Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa supra f. Case of the Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community supra
INDI
Cf Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa supra Case of the Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community supra Case of Ivcher-Bronstein.
i) The possession of the lands
Case of the Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community Case of the Moiwana Community Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa INDI ex officio
Cf. Case of the Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community supra Cf. Case of the Moiwana Community Cf Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa supra ´
ii) Time-restriction on the right to restitution
inter alia supra
´ Cf. Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa, supra
iii) Actions to enforce the rights of the community members over their traditional lands
Cf. supra Cf. supra Cf. supra Cf. supra
vice versa prima facie Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa
Cf. Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa, supra Cf. Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa, supra
*
X. VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 4 OF THE AMERICAN CONVENTION (RIGHT TO LIFE) AS REGARDS TO ARTICLES 19 AND 1(1) THEROF
Arguments by the Commission
Cf. The Effect of Reservations on the Entry into Force of the American Convention on Human Rights (Arts. 74 and 75). Advisory Opinion OC-2/82 of September 24, 1982. Series A No. 2 Cf. Case of the Yakye Axa Comunidad Indigenous Community supra Case of Juan Humberto Sánchez. Case of Ivcher Bronstein supra
Arguments by the Representatives Arguments by the State INDI
Considerations by the Court i) general principles 203
Cf. Case of the Pueblo Bello Massacre, supra Case of 19 Merchants. Case of Juan Humberto Sánchez.
204 205 206 207 208
(Villagrán Morales et al.), Cf. The “Street Children” Case (Villagrán Morales et al,) supra Nachova and others v. Bulgaria Cf. Case of the Pueblo Bello Massacre supra Cf. Case of the Pueblo Bello Massacre supra Cf. Case of the Pueblo Bello Massacre supra L.C.B. vs. United Kingdom Case of the Pueblo Bello Massacre supra Case of the “Mapiripán Massacre” supra Case of Huilce Tecse Case of the “Juvenile Reeducation Institute” Case of the Brothers Gómez-Paquiyauri Case of 19 Merchants supra Case of Myrna Mack Chang supra Case of Juan Humberto Sánchez supra Case of Bámaca-Velásquez. Case (Villagrán Morales et al,) supra Cf. Case of the Pueblo Bello Massacre supra Kiliç v. Turkey , Cf. Case of the Pueblo Bello Massacre supra Case of the “Mapiripán Massacre” supra Osman v. the United Kingdom Cf. Case of Indigenous Community of Yakye Axa supra Case (Villagrán Morales et al,) supra Case of the “Juvenile Reeducation Institute”
ii) application of such principles to the instant case
Cf. Case of the Pueblo Bello Massacre supra Case of the “Mapiripán Massacre” supra Juridical Condition and Rights of the Undocumented Migrants. Cf. Case of the Pueblo Bello Massacre supra Case of the “Mapiripán Massacre” supra Case of the Gómez-Paquiyauri Brothers Cf. Case of the Pueblo Bello Massacre supra Kiliç v. Turkey , Cf. Case of the Pueblo Bello Massacre supra Kiliç v. Turkey , Öneryildiz v. Turkey Osman v. the United Kingdom
supra para. INDI supra para. supra para. supra para. supra para. supra para. supra para. supra pro personae
supra supra * supra INDI supra supra
Cf.
* supra Hospital Nacional de Itaugua Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social (Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare) supra para. supra supra INDI supra supra supra supra enterocolitis
Cf. supra Ministerio of Salud Pública y Bienestar Social supra Cf. Case of the Pueblo Bello Massacre supra
supra para. supra para. supra para. supra para. supra para. supra para. supra para. supra supra INDI Ministerio del Interior Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social supra
Cf.
supra supra supra supra supra supra supra supra
Cf. supra Cf. supra
supra enterocolitis supra * supra supra supra supra supra supra supra tuberculosis,
Cf. Case of the “Mapiripán Massacre” supra Case of the Indigenous Community of Yakye Axa supra Case of "Juvenile Reeducation Institute” supra Cf. Juridical Condition and Human Rights of Children. Advisory Opinion AO-
XI. ARTICLE 5 OF THE AMERICAN CONVENTION (RIGHT TO HUMANE TREATMENT) AS REGARDS TO ARTICLE 1(1) thereof Allegations by the Commission Allegations by the representatives Allegations by the State. Considerations by the Court
XII. VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 3 OF THE AMERICAN CONVENTION (RIGHT TO JURIDICAL PERSONALITY) iura novit curia supra supra supra
Cf. Case of the Pueblo Bello Massacre supra Case of the “Mapiripán Massacre supra Case of the Moiwana Community supra Cf. Cf. Case of Bámaca-Velásquez Cf. Case of the Yean and Bocico girls supra Case of Bámaca-Velásquez, supra
supra supra XIII. REPARATIONS ENFORCEMENT OF ARTICLE 63(1) Obligation to remedy
restitutio in integrum
Cf. Case of Acevedo-Jaramillo et al supra Case of López-Álvarez supra Case of the Pueblo Bello Massacre supra Cf. Case of Acevedo-Jaramillo et al supra Case of López-Álvarez, supra Case of the Pueblo Bello Massacre supra Cf. Case of Acevedo-Jaramillo et al, supra Case of López-Álvarez supra Case of the Pueblo Bello Massacre supra Cf. Case of Acevedo-Jaramillo et al supra López-Álvarez supra Case of the Pueblo Bello Massacre, supra Cf. Case of Acevedo-Jaramillo et al supra López- Álvarez Case supra Case of the Pueblo Bello Massacre supra
Allegations by the Commission
Allegations by the representatives
i.e Tierraviva
Allegations by the State
Considerations of the Court A) BENEFICIARIES
supra supra
Cf supra Cf supra supra supra supra
supra B) Restitution of traditional lands to the members of the Sawhoyamaxa Community supra restitutio in integrum supra supra Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa
Cf. Case of Indigenous Community Yakye Axa. Case of Indigenous Community Yakye Axa, supra
C) PECUNIARY DAMAGE D) NON -PECUNIARY DAMAGE
Cf. Case of Acevedo-Jaramillo et al., supra Case of López-Álvarez, supra Case of Blanco-Romero et al. Cf. Case of Acevedo-Jaramillo et al., supra Case of López-Álvarez, supra ; Case of the Pueblo Bello Massacre, supra
supra supra
237 Cf. Case of Acevedo-Jaramillo et al., supra Case of López-Álvarez, supra ; Case of the Pueblo Bello Massacre, supra
supra supra VICTIMS AMOUNT TOTAL AMOUNT E) OTHER FORMS OF REPARATION (M EASURES OF SATISFACTION AND NON -REPETITION GUARANTEES ) a) Delivery of property and basic services
Cf. Case of the Pueblo Bello Massacre, supra Case of Blanco-Romero et al. Gómez Palomino supra
supra supra supra c) Adapting domestic legislation to the American Convention supra
e) Publication and disclosure of the pertinent parts of the Court’s Judgment COSTS AND EXPENSES
Case of Acevedo-Jaramillo et al., supra Case of López-Álvarez, supra ; Case of the Pueblo Bello Massacre, supra Case of Indigenous Community Yakye Axa supra , supra Case of Acevedo-Jaramillo et al., supra Case of López-Álvarez, supra ; Case of the Pueblo Bello Massacre, supra
F) TERMS OF COMPLIANCE
supra supra supra supra supra supra
XIV. OPERATIVE PARAGRAPHS THE COURT ,
DECLARES ,
AND RULES,
INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
APPENDIX A MEMBERS OF THE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY OF SAWHOYAMAXA FULL NAMES LOCATION
SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE SERGIO GARCÍA-RAMÍREZ IN THE JUDGMENT RENDERED BY THE INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS ON MARCH 29, 2006 IN THE CASE OF SAWHOYAMAXA INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY V. PARAGUAY I. Procedural matters: effective procedures and reasonable time
Case of Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay Opinion
ratione temporis Separate Opinion Case of López Alvarez v. Honduras, “actual infringement of the rights and duties — i.e., the their legal position— “ caused by the proceedings should be taken as a fourth factor in calculating the reasonable time.” dies a quo dies ad quem
II. Claim on lands
Opinion Case of Yatama v. Nicaragua Case of Moiwana Community v. Surinam Cases of the Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community v. Nicaragua Indigenous Community Yakye Axa v. Paraguay. Case of Yatama v. Nicaragua. Opinion Separate Opinion Case of Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community— Opinion, Case of Mayagna Community
Case of the Mayagna Community. III. Right to life
Indigenous Community Yakye Axa v. Paraguay, Yakye Axa, Opinion “Street Children” (Villagrán Morales et al.), Gómez Paquiyauri Brothers, Juvenile Reeducation Institute and Yakye Axa IV. Recognition of juridical personality
Case of Bámaca Velásquez v. Guatemala Case of the Girls Yean and
Bosico v. Dominican Republic, de jure de facto—
SEPARATE OPINION BY JUDGE A.A. CANÇADO TRINDADE Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay probatio diabolica jus gentium Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community I. Two Core Matters: The Wide Scope of the Fundamental Right to Life and The Right to Cultural Identity. “Street Children” (Villagrán-Morales et al.) v. Guatemala, Mayagna Awas Tingni Community v. Nicaragua (2001),
2
intertemporal dimension conservation colere cultura animi time went by “Street Children” (Villagrán Morales et al.) Mayagna Awas Tingni Community
Recueil des Cours de l'Académie de Droit International de La Haye In Fairness to Future Generations: International Law, Common Patrimony and Intergenerational Equity et alii Future Generations and International Law Human Rights: New Dimensions and Challenges loc. cit. supra Between Past and Future N.Y. Ibid “Street Children” (Villagrán-Morales et al. v. Guatemala) Crianças e Adolescentes - Jurisprudência da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos Los Pequeños Mártires... Pace Diritti Umani Mayagna Awas Tingni Community v. Nicaragua El Caso Awas Tingni contra Nicarágua: Nuevos Horizontes para los Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas Awas Tingni in International Law and Indigenous Peoples
3
Indigenous Community Yakye Axa v. Paraguay Indigenous Community Yakye Axa Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community Indigenous Community Yakye Axa lato sensu Sawhoyamaxa Community II. The Historical Roots to be Found in the Situation of Want Affecting the Members of the Community. Sawhoyamaxa Community
4
Sawhoyamaxa Community Sawhoyamaxa Community Santa Elisa Kilómetro 16 modus vivendi
Ibid Ibid ibid
5
Herostratus and the Quest for Immortality Non-permanence circa III. Forced Internal Displacement as a Matter of Human Rights. Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community Moiwana Community v. Surinam
Cit. in in Por Qué Recordar? - Foro Internacional "Memoria e Historia" Eróstrato y la Búsqueda de la Inmortalidad in The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Fifty Years and Beyond N.Y.
6
return Yakye Axa Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Communities Moiwana Community v. Surinam Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community Report
The International Protection of Internally Displaced Persons Third Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Paraguay
7
Lettres persannes Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas in Agir pour les droits de l'homme au XXIe. siècle
8
IV. Inadmissibility of the Probatio Diabolica . Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community jurisprudence constante probatio diabolica probatio diabolica probatio diabolica Indigenous Community Yakye Axa v. Paraguay supra Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community cas d'espèce infra
Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law NATO bombings Obblighi di Condotta e Obblighi di Risultato - Contributo allo Studio degli Obblighi Internazionali
9
V. The Question of the Causal Connection: The Lack of Due Diligence by Public Authorities. Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community, probatio diabolica supra special circumstance living conditions of all the members of the Sawhoyamaxa Community objective “The Last Temptation of Christ” (Olmedo-Bustos et al). v. Chile. Judgment of February 5, 2001 cas d'espèce Indigenous Community Yakye Axa law of nations VI. Right to life and Cultural Identity. Sawhoyamaxa Community over time
Jus Gentium in Recueil des Cours de l'Académie de Droit International
10
lato sensu jurisprudence constante cas d'espèce Sawhoyamaxa Community Moiwana Community v. Suriname De Jure Belli ac Pacis principle of humanity over time Moiwana Community the project of life and the project of after-life
“Street Children” (Villagrán-Morales et al. Bulacio Juan Humberto Sánchez Myrna Mack Chang "Juvenile Reeducation Institute" 19 Merchants Huilca Tecse Case of the Gómez-Paquiyauri Brothers Del Derecho de la Guerra y de la Paz Introducción a la Filosofía del Derecho
11
universal juridical conscience intangible cultural heritage common heritage of humanity common heritage of humanity ` humanization jus gentium
Whereas clauses La diversité culturelle: vers une Convention internationale effective? whereas clauses in Human Rights, Sustainable Development and Environment Direitos Humanos e Meio Ambiente: Paralelo dos Sistemas de Proteção Internacional Jus Gentium Recueil des Cours de l'Académie de Droit International de la Haye
12
Sawhoyamaxa Community lato sensu aggravating General Course on Public International Law jus gentium VII. The suffering of the Innocent and the Central Position of the Abandoned Victim as a Subject of International Human Rights Law. Sawhoyamaxa Community
Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Las Culturas y el Tiempo Actes du Symposium sur le droit à la vie - Quarante ans après l'adoption de la Déclaration Universelle des Droits de l'Homme: évolution conceptuelle, normative et jurisprudentielle Le rôle des organisations internationales dans la protection du droit à la vie The Right to Life in International Law El Hombre Cuestionado ad hoc Jus Gentium in Recueil des Cours de l'Académie de Droit International de la Haye
13
International Human Rights Law right to Law, lato sensu cas d'espèce jus cogens Pueblo Bello Massacre v. Colombia supra full enforcement jus cogens taken as a whole jus cogens jus cogens erga omnes jus cogens "Street Children” (Villagrán Morales et al.) v. Guatemala, Yakye Axa Sawhoyamaxa Communities cas d'espèce Castillo Páez Loayza Tamayo
jus cogens
14
locus standi in judicio locus standi in judicio capitis diminutio of human rights. de lege ferenda droit des gens locus standi locus standi lato sensu (droit au Droit) jus standi historia juris
15
vis-à-vis
in loco Cf Castillo-Páez Loayza-Tamayo
16
jus standi jus gentium
El Acceso Directo del Individuo a los Tribunales Internacionales de Derechos Humanos El Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos in el Siglo XXI in XXVIII Curso de Derecho Internacional Organizado por el Comité Jurídico Interamericano Speech [by the President of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Judge Antônio A. Cançado Trindade], to the XXXIII General Assembly of the Organization Of American States (OAS) (Santiago de Chile, June, 2003) - Actas and Documentos
17
Leitmotiv “Street Children “ (Villagrán Morales et al.) v Guatemala
Children and Adolescents Deprived of their Freedom in the Tatuapé FEBEM Complex v. Brasil
18
locus standi in judicio ius gentium vis-à-vis
in Libertés, justice, tolérance - Mélanges in hommage au Doyen G. Cohen-Jonathan "Juvenile Reeducation Institute" entitlement
19
The Problem of Pain On the Suffering of the World Ibid
20
“Street Children “ (Villagrán Morales et al.) v Guatemala corpus milieu VIII. Final Considerations. 1. The Rights of the Indigenous Peoples in the Formation and the Development of the Law of Nations (Jus Gentium).
Albert Camus e o Teólogo Ibid
21
jus standi jus standi jus gentium Relecciones Teológicas De Indis — Relectio Prior Tratados Doctrinales Relecciones
Towards International Personality: The Position of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples in International Law Ibid inter alia Entre la Ley y la Costumbre - El Derecho Consuetudinario Indígena in América Latina Derecho Indígena y Derechos Humanos in América Latina Human Rights in Cross-Cultural Perspectives - A Quest for Consensus International Law and the Rights of Minorities Indigenous Peoples and Human Rights Muerte and Desaparición Forzada in la Araucanía - Una Aproximación Étnica Indigenous Peoples in International Law Direito das Minorias e dos Povos Autóctones International Law and Indigenous Peoples Régimen de Propiedad de Pueblos Indígenas Análisis Interdisciplinario de la Declaración Americana de los Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas Relecciones del Estado, de los Indios y del Derecho de la Guerra
22
recta ratio recta ratio jus gentium civitas maxima
ibid La Ley De Lege - Commentarium in Primam Secundae recta ratio jus gentium A Humanização do Direito Internacional A Humanização do Direito Internacional in Vitoria et Suarez - Contribution des théologiens au Droit international moderne
23
2. The Great Lesson to be learned from the instant case of the Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community.
Brevísima Relación de la Destrucción de las Indias The Right to Information on Consular Assistance. in the Framework of the Guarantees of the due Process of Law Bámaca- Velásquez v. Guatemala Condition and Rights of the Undocumented Migrants
24
probatio diabolica (Presidente Hayes) Pozo Colorado Concepción
Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa Tierraviva
25
Summum jus, summa injuria sponte sua jura novit curia cas d'espèce
Tratado de Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos Direitos Humanos e Meio Ambiente - Paralelo dos Sistemas de Proteção Internacional in Jornadas de Direito Internacional Revue québécoise de droit international Anuario del Instituto Hispano-Luso-Americano de Derecho Internacional Revista del Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos Revista del Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos in Libertés, justice, tolérance - Mélanges in hommage au Doyen G. Cohen-Jonathan in Les droits de l'homme
26
vox clamantis in deserto
à l'aube du XXIe siècle - K. Vasak Amicorum Liber Revista da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE VENTURA-ROBLES Case of the Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa v. Paraguay Yakye Axa Sawhoyamaxa Chanawatsan ”Presidente Hayes” Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa v. Paraguay 2
Case of the Yakye Axa Community Case of the Sawhoyamaxa Community
3
Villagrán-Morales et al. v. Guatemala Case of the “Street Children” Case of Indigenous Community Yakye Axa v. Paraguay,
Cf. Case of the Pueblo Bello Massacre. Case of 19 Merchants Case of Myrna Mack- Chang Case of Juan Humberto Sánchez Case of the “Street Children” Villagrán- Morales et al .
4
Centro Nacional de Emergencia karanda’y karanda’y izba The Sawhoyamaxa Community lives in extreme poverty. Case of the Serrano-Cruz Sisters v. El Salvador,
Case of the Serrano-Cruz sisters v. El Salvador
5
Case of the Indigenous Community Yakye Axa Case of the Street Children
Case of the “Street Children” (Villagrán-Morales et al.) v. Guatemala.