FOR AID USE ONLY AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT WA5HINGTON 0. C. 20523 BIBLIOGRAPHIC INPUT SHEET SA. PRIMARY

1. SU1BJECT E~conomics CLASSI- FICATION e EODR Agricultural Marketing 2. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Study of the Tunisian Grain Marketing System

3. AUTHOR(S) Pfost, Harry B.; Dahl, Reynold; Thornburrow, William; and Steinke, Keneth

4. DOCUMENT DATE NUMBER OF PAGES 16. ARC NUMBER August 1974 loop. ARC T -5& .II hI--I 7. REFERENCE ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS Kansas State University Food and Feed Grain Institute Manhattan, Kansas 66506

8. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (Sponsoring Organlzation# Pubilahet, Availability)

9. ABSTRACT The Kansas State University team studied the grain storage and marketing system from the timc of harvest through the point of processing for food or feed.

Storage facilities for grains at the buying centers of the Office of Cereals are inadequate and much grain is stored outside where it is subject to weather damage. The construction of an estimated 100,000 tons of additional bulk storage is recommended; the cost would be approximately 1,400,000 Dinars. Storage facilities through the remainder of the grain marketing system appears adequate.

Storage facilities at the local level for seed and fertilizer are inadequate. The additional storage recommended above should provide facilities for storing agri­ cultural inputs.

An oversimplified grain pricing structure which does not reflect storage and transpor­ tation costs leads to inefficiencies in the over-all marketing system. For example, flour mills have much empty storage space which is not utilized because there is no price incentive to store. Transportation from point to point within the country may not reflect the cheapest routing because of oversimplification of cost for trans­ portation.

The problem of supplying farm inputs, handled through the grain marketing centers, should be studied to determine if the system could be improved to provide farmers with seed and fertilizer at the time when needed.

Other recommendations are covered in the Section IX. PRICE OF DOCUMENT 10. CONTROL NUMBER 11. PN-AAB - / 5-2

PROJECT NUMBER 12. DESCRIPTORS 13.931-ii-190-786 Costs, Trans- 11COTAC -UME Storage Facilities, Seed, Fertilizer, Flour AID/CSD-1588 portation, Farm Inputs, Grain Marketing Centers, Mills 15. TYPE OF DOCUMENT Research Study

AID 590.1 14"74) Grain Storage, Processing and Marketing

Report No. 47 August 1974

Stidy of The Tunisian Grain Marketing System

FOOD & FEED GRAIN INSTITUTE KANSAS STATE IUINIV IItSITY MANHATTAN, KANSAS 66506 STUDY OF THE TUNISIAN GRAIN MARKETING SYSTEM

by Dr. Harry B. Pfost, Agricultural Engineer Dr. Reynold Dahl & William Thornburrow, Consultants Kenneth Steinke, Graduate Student

Prepared for the AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AID/csd-1588 Technical Assistance in Food Grain Drying, Storage, Handling and Transportation at the FOOD AND FEED GRAIN INSTITUTE Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas 66506

Dr. William J. Hoover, Director Dr. Leonard N. Schruben, Associate Director Dr. Richard Phillips, Agricultural Economist Dr. L. Orlo Sorenson, Agricultural Economist Dr. Harry B. Pfost, Agricultural Engineer Dr. Do Sup Chung, Agricultural Engineer John R. Pedersen, Entomologist PREFACE

Following a preliminary visit of about one week by Dr. Orlo Sorenson

of Kansas State University in April 1974, USAID/Tunisia requested the

assistance of a team to study the grain storage and marketing system

in Tunisia.

Team members included Dr. Harry Pfost, (Agricultural Engineer and

Professor), Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State

University, Dr. Reynold Dahl, Professor of Agricultural Economics,

University of Minnesota, Mr. William Thornburrow, Vice-President,

Manhattan Milling Co., Manhattan, Kansas, and Mr. Kenneth Steinke,

Graduate Research Assistant, Kansas State University.

The team arrived in Tunisia on August 1 and left on September 7.

Most of the interviews with farmers were conducted by Mr. Steinke.

Mr. Thornburrow conducted a survey of the commercial grain storage

facilities. Dr. Pfost visited flour mills, the railroad office and

contractors. Dr. Dahl worked closely with the Bureau of Plan and

Agricultural Development to collect and analyze data on production, marketing, and prices.

The team is greatly indebted to many agencies and persons for assistance in providing support for this study. Particular thanks are due Dr. Buford H. Grigsy, Acting Senior Sector Advisor, USAID/

Tunisia for his logistical support and professlonal gul(lance. Mr.

Johnson l)ouglas, CIMMYT, provided support durlng thv tudy of the

input sector regarding need. 'runistlan agencieI which w, re partic­ ularly helpful included the Office of Cereals and the Bureau of

I Plan and Agricultural Development (BPDA) in the Ministry of Agricul­ ture. The University of Minnesota Team is attached to the BPDA and we acknowledge the assistance and cooperation of all members of the team. We are particularly indebted to Mr. Mansour and Mr. Saidane of the BPDA who assisted in the field work and analysis. We also acknowledge the cooperation and assistance of the two grain market­ ing cooperatives, Cooperative Centrale des Grandes Cultures (CCGC) and Cooperative Centrale de B16 (COCEBLE).

Much of the critical data required for a complete comprehensive analysis of the grain and marketing system could not be obtained.

These included: seasonality and location of grain purchases and sales, flour and semolina production and sales by area, and costs of handling and storing grain using the existing marketing system.

LI TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Preface ...... i Executive Summary ...... vii I. Introduction ...... 1 A. Importance of Agriculture in Tunisia ...... 1 B. Farm Size, Land Tenure, and Land Use ...... 4 C. The Price of Cereals in Tunisian Agriculture . 4 D. Nutrition ...... 8 E. Weather ...... 12 F. Transportation ...... 14

II. Development and Present Status of Tunisia's Grain Marketing System ...... 17 A. Background of the Grain Marketing System ...... 17 B. Production and Trade of Cereals ...... 20 C. Supply and Distribution of Cereals, 1973-74 ...... 24

III. Farm Storage ...... 27

IV. Commercial Grain Marketing Channels ...... 31 A. Collection Centers ...... 31 B. Terminal Elevators ...... 34 C. Port Elevators ...... 36

V. Grain Processing ...... 37 A. Flour Mills ...... o ...... 37 B. Manufactured Animal Feeds ...... 40

VI. Agricultural Imputs ...... 43

VII. Economics of Cereals Prices In Tunisia ...... 47 A. Cereals Prices and Marketing Margins ...... 47 B. Price Structure for Cereals ...... 50 C. Pricing Efficiency in the Tunisian Cereals Sector ...... 55

VIII. Recommendations ...... 58 1. Farm Storage ...... 58 2. Collecting Centers ...... 59 3. Terminal Elevators ...... 0.. . . 60 4. Flour Mills ...... o. ... 61 5. Analysis of Overall Storage Requirements #so# 62

iii iv

Page

VILL. Con' t. 6. Analysis of Bag Versus Bulk Handling and Storage Systems...... 62

7. Transportation...... 66 8. Feed Mills ...... 66 9. Cooperatives ...... 67 10. Farm Inputs ...... 67 11. Subsidies ...... 67 12. Base Farm Prices ...... 68 13. Timing Announcement of Official Prices ...... 68 14. Marketing Margins ...... 68 15. Storage Use ...... 69 16. Training ...... 69

Appendix ...... 70 Table AI-I Temperature, Humidity, and Expected Grain Moisture June-August 1970-71 ...... 71 Table AI-2 Temperature, Humidity, and Expected Grain Moisture November-March 1970-71 ...... 72 Figure Al-I Major Cereal Production Areas in Tunisia ...... 73

Figure AI-2 Railroad Map of Tunisia ...... 74 Figure AI-3 Major Paved Highways in Tunisia ...... 75

Table A II-I Quantities of Cereals Purchased by the Office of Cereals in the 1973-74 Crop Year ... 76 Table A 11-2 Quantities of Cereals Purchased by COCEBLE in the 1973-74 Crop Year ...... 77 Table A 11-3 Quantities of Cereals Purchased by CCGC in the 1973-74 Crop Year ...... 78 Table A 11-4 Estimates of the 1973 Cereals Crop Marketed through Commercial Channels, Used on the Farm Where Grown, or sold through the parrellel marketing ...... 79 Table AIV-1 Location and Storage Capacity of Grain Storage Facilities of "COCEBLE"...... 80 Table AIV-2 Location and Storage Capacity of Grain Storage Facilities of "CCCC" ...... 81 Table AIV-3 Local Receiving and Sales Centers of the Office of Cereals and Their Storage Capacities (1974) ...... 82 Table AIV-4 Summary of Field Observation of Grain Storage Facilities ...... 83 Table AIV-5 Grades and Price Premiums for Barley .... 87 v

Page Table AIV-6 Grades and Price Premiums for Bread Wheat ...... 88 Table AIV-7 Grades and Price Premiums for Durum Wheat ...... 89 Table AIV-8 Terminal Elevator Capacities ...... 91 Figure AIV-l Collection Center Questionnaire Sample .. 92

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Kansas State University team studied the grain storage and

marketing system from the time of harvest through the point of proc­

essing for food or feed.

Grain Storage is not difficult in Tunisia due to the dry climate.

Grain is harvested at a low moisture which inhibits mold growth and

insect reproduction. Rodent and bird damage is not serious.

Adequate farm grain storage may consist of simple structures of

indigenous materials. Materials for insect treatment are available

to farmers if needed in the spring.

About 50% of the cereal crop is used on the farms where grown

for food, feed and seed. The Office of Cereals and two cooperatives

have a large number of buying stations which provide easy access to

a point of sale for almost all farmers. Few farmers should be beyond

the limits where grain could be transported to market by animals

although few farmers use such transport.

Much of the grain marketed by smaller farmers (those marketing

less than 20 Quintales) probably moves through local public markets.

This parallel market appears to provide an economic advantage to both

the farmer and consumer.

Storage facilities for grains at the buying centers of the Office of Cereals are inadequate and much grain is stored outside where it

is subject to weather damage. The construction of an estimated

100,000 tons of additional bulk storage is recommended; the cost would be approximately 1,400,000 Dinars. Storage facilities through the remainder of the grain marketing system appears adequate.

vii Storage facilities at the local level for seed and fertilizer

are inadequate. The additional storage recommended above should

provide facilities for storing agricultural inputs.

The system of price supports for grains insures farmers a

guaranteed price. However, this price is now below world market price and farmers are not profiting from higher wheat prices as much as farmers in many other countries. Also the narrow price spread be­ tween durum and bread wheat does not reflect world demand. Tunisia might profit from growing and exporting durum wheat and importing more bread wheat.

Prices of wheat to the flour mills are subsidized and benefit urban consumers more than farmers and other rural people.

An oversimplified grain pricing structure which does not reflect storage and transportation costs leads to inefficiencies in the over­ all marketing system. For example, flour mills have much empty storage space which is not utilized because there is no price incen­ tive to store. Transportation from point to point within the country may not reflect the cheapest routing because of oversimpli­ fication of cost for transportation.

The problem of supplying farm inputs, handled through the grain marketing centers, should be studied to determine if the system could be improved to provide farmers with seed and fertilizer at the time when needed.

Other recommendations are covered in the Section IX.

viii I. INTRODUCTION

A. Importance of Agriculture in Tunisia

Tunisia is the smallest North African country and is situ­

ated in a favorable position near the center of the Mediterranean

Region. In mid-1971 it had a population of 5.2 million with an est­ imated annual population growth rate of 2.6 percent from 1966 to 1971.

Agriculture is a very important sector in the Tunisian economy. In 1972 it contributed 19 percent to the GDP and provided

employment for nearly half of the labor force.

Tunisia's agricultural resource base is not large. Rainfall is extremely variable, both within and between crop years, and crop and livestock production varies substantially from year to year. In only two years out of five can rainfall be expected to be adequate for good crops. In general, only the Upper Tell Region can expect a reasonably regular production pattern. The Tell is the region of Tunisia that lies north of the southern dorsal of the Atlas Mountains. It comprises about one-fourth of the country and contains the produc­ tive valleys of Tunisia's principal river, the Medjerda. Average

annual rainfall in this area is 400-600 mm (16 - 24 inches).

The central region is a plateau whose climate is a mixture of Mediterranean and desert climates. It is best suited for grazing and olive production; the latter is concentrated in the coastal areas. Dryland cereal production also occurs here but yields are lower and considerably more variable than in the North. The southern half of the country is arid and has few agricultural resources.

I -2-

During the decade 1962-1971 agricultural production in Tunisia

had a relatively slow annual growth rate of 1 percent. This slow

growth rate was due principally to annual declines in the sub-sectors

of cereal crops, tree crops (fruits and olives), and forest products

of -1.3 percent, -0.5 percent, and -0.8 percent respectively. These

negative annual growth rates were offset by positive annual growth

rates of +3.9 percent in vegetable crops, +2.9 percent in livestock

and livestock products, and +6.4 percent in fish production.-! / The

importance of these sub-sectors and their contribution to the gross

value of agricultural production is shown in Table I-i.

Since the internal demand for food in Tunisia has increased

more rapidly than production, its agricultural trade position has

shifted from a net exporter to a net importer of food over the past

decade.

Agricultural exports exceeded agricultural imports through

1966, but in most years since then imports have exceeded exports.

Tunisia's principal agricultural exports are olive oil, fruits, and

vegetables. Its largest imports are cereals, fats and oils and live­

stock and livestock products.

1/ Plan Quadriennal 1973-76, Note de Synthese Relative 9 la Produc­

tion Agricole, Rdpublique Tunisienne, Ministdre de l'Agriculture

March 1973. -3-

Table I-i Sub-Sectors of Agriculture and the Contribution of Each to the

Gross Value of Agricultural Production, 1962-1971.

Average,

Average, 1965-66-67 : Average, SUB-SECTOR : 1962-63-64 : 68 1969-70-71 Million D.*: % Milln D. % Milli D.: %

• • • .. Cereal Crops : 25.9 : 23.4: 20.3 : 17.5: 23.0 19.5 Fruit Tree Crops, Wine : 29.6 : 26.8 30.0 25.7 27.9 23.7 and Olives : : : . 2 Vegetable Crops : 14.3 : 12.9: 16.3 : 14.0: 18.3 : 15.6 Livestock and Products : 34.9 : 31.5: 42.4 : 36.4: 41.2 : 35.0 Fishing : 3.7 : 3.3: 5.1 : 4.4: 5.2 : 4.4 Forest Products 2.3 : 2.1: 2.3 : 2.0: 2.1 : 1.8

Total Gross Value : 110.7 : 100.0' 116.5 :100.0: 117.8 :100.0

Source: Plan Quadriennal 1973-76, Note De Synthese Relative 6 la Production

Agricole, Republique Tunisienne, Minist~re de 1'Agriculture, March

1973.

• In August 1974 1 Dinar = $2.30 -4-

B. Farm Size, Land Tenure, and Land Use

In late 1969, the Tunisian Parliament passed a law which

committed the Government to promote the co-existence of private, state,

and cooperative ownership of agricultural land. At that time, all

production cooperatives that had been formed on private land were

dissolved. The private sector now includes 321,000 farms covering

4.5 million hectares out of a total cultivable area of 5.3 million

hectares (Table [-2). Public land controlled by state organizations

consists of 814,000 hectares. Included in the public land are 218

Production Cooperatives (210,000 ha.), 25 agro-combinates (118,000

ha.), and 446,000 hectares reserved for sale or rent to private

farmers.

Table 1-2 shows that most of the private farms are less than

50 hectares in size. It is significant that 400 large private farms

of 500 hectares or more in size include 271,000 hectares which is

nearly as much land as included in 131,600 farms of less than 5 hec­

tares each (304,000 hectares). It is this latter group that uses

traditional methods and produces mainly for home consumption.

C. The Place of Cereals in Tunisian Agriculture

Tunisian agriculture has been heavily dependent upon cereals

for many years. As shown in Table 1-3, 1,245,000 hectares were

planted to cereals in 1971. If pasture land is excluded, nearly half

of Tunisia's cultivable land is planted to cereals.

Durum wheat (bld dur) is the most important cereal produced both in terms of area planted and quantity produced. Durum is widely

cultivated throughout the Mediterranean countries. To the wheat mar­ -5-

Table 1-2: Land Tenure in Tunisia, 1970

Land Tenure Agricultural Land Number Area Private of Farms (000 ha.)

1-5 Hectares 131,600 304 5-10 Hectares 72,300 507 10-20 Hectares 63,300 879 20-50 Hectares 41,500 1,287 50-100 Hectares 8,000 541 100-200 Hectares 2,600 372 200-500 Hectares 1,150 356 500-up Hectares 400 271 Total Private 320,850 4,517

Public

OTD Agro-Combinants 25 115 Production Coops 218 210 Land to be sold (large units) 255 Land to be sold (small units) 115 Other 30 Total 725

OMVVM & P.P.I. Agro-Combinants 3 Production Coops 10 Other 76 Total Total Public Land 814

Total Private & Public 5331 Agricultural Land -6-

Table 1-3: Agricultural Land Use in Tunisia. 1971

Land Use

Name of Crop. Ara :North Centr& 000) ha. : : South

Cereals Hard Whoat 683 :56 157

Soft Wheat 225 176 : 9

Barley 337 16: |6P

TOTAL s1,245 * 361

I a

M 60

__r_ t.1).7 67

Total AjrTradtural Land4_j -7­

keit, durum to a unique commodity uued primarily for pasta produtt

(m4raront and spashottt); for those± product# it h4m no roaily Koo4

substitutes. This to ovidenIwtd WY11w fact that diortm prh'cro %tm

timta riso to substant ial pream~u tove~r 1ftr4LJ wvt-4t pricro In wtorIlI

imarkoto diuring ptoriodo 41f ahrtr4gt. It to the preterre-4 w~a (tot

coo* coo%, 4 ntaplo In the TunitIn die.,

Nr.ead wheast (416 tondrt) to the )ieadi Iujtrtont in terso il quantity produced ani 4Yse4plontc4, It w4w Introduced Into~ lnii

by the~ frcnd. Tf1w moot ttarwon Y~rl.a1y vas tjrnvAorirr untl

frtet~ yearsnc V o Oaithor0 yI&c14Itv it t Yfetakn vvc init, tiii cC

Whi tt lit fle lwFItI* breti4cj lit (i att-Cglw Uadoti ctaOCq, 1P*t o

Ite ha c4 Vb*ti*h ft44C0laifht tic ht& 00*tv fcob 4c4hj laffer

toi*I h "oth e qht*1o#'i4 5t4aicioI so bf4 vtw4 ahv1 fal.

~I-* the tatsi&- e Cthc4 .lacft4 ticcd Vol",94i kast,41k1 iI.vlc

~~~f011404 *OGtf folftf,*1ai tItiJ,A i 1"I (Oif $k oit ti a

*aI'iiit 0,6401h QFqoit *o #IIil' il fwo vlhd' ote~q s ilk fall,

Ucl onl't~tat 0-4-01-o "r4#1w~A-,4#4#. 4*;'4 (*1ai j 754w ablo emphaisis has been placed promoting technological improvements in rial prodosItion.

ItoIat vo Iy I t t 1 a tivet( t oun4b been givhen it) vemrs.4I* oi $r­

4ilo 4mi mrkvttng jprobeoa. Lttl is kown reMgrding Ow 44oquorIy ait edliT4ge fsttltll~ On t.1 t-Orm. at cotloction centers, or at tbe termtf4l lo.iI Vorther. no itu~re4tlinn #*tot* rog.rdtas loss#* that1 awy occur 44 to10 ftaiveta. 001,16i. 4t%4 rodionts. vfnlly, or*4ls mar­

~ilena C~it 4ts4 ottitwivai h~va not Won .ftalYO0s

1). 041 if 0I 1on

I'tW 1411t f loVE4V4 ald4Y Of Owe ntrition l.vel in ftustit

W46 0,4V in P166, Thi6 6(AJV 66*4#*4 t pC114, 1*444,000 of Owifc damilholif pjAt In the 41cl, P~siy A 14ftf fate in hnJ19iEI5 44qp1ly tianwtql to wha 1oa ii ftwite o*tR~t4vowcod iigall., It

%oo zatswinO~ 141 ev-11,*Iu a(l*intP4 lat ' i1 at itc t(*4 -olutt

,*4101* of it $A#*,

Ila 1=4 otd 1= alo ilos * twtlfa him~~f~b #f4 tvUb

AW~ C*V. 41114ic. tNiie 4,04. 104 1=4~. *UO~w 0 40 II-lowbrV

~.fL3*5 In5lab. 01-4 4 &gffAA1* 4451u1 Pftjolo 4'otT10itta P"ImC1.fiev

f '0 f #1#4' tot lc4-W I i" 1. mAIA 1 4&# fI4 Isal.4*4i

U 4t 100,0,60I-t11044 II 46 tiM"**0 k** itff !,L:4: Favtimtd Ave~rage Daily Nutrient Intako Per P.oraonTunitA, Mid-1960's

Rural UrbanTo4

Protitn (A.) 63 4

A (UD ,60t0) .6

fea Ofe.)A.J

fo I n i1

4"ImI

4or-ilw 4o. I-s tkflflf #

pp, -1O-

Thble 1-5: Estimated per Capita Food Consumption and Expenditurux by Type of Product, Tunisia

Tpe of Product C fExpto ture (1968) (1965-68)

Cer#4ls #nd Cpre@1 Products 145.0 kX, 32.8% V#Kvt blv" 86.5 9.0

Fruit* 65.0 4.3

Milk 62.0 3.5 Suit,4r Is,)i 4.9

4 f'*t 15.4 14.6

KOfbropl !5.0 2.4 oiil aOd Vii 14., to's

!ibit $, 1.

4PiI x Nei NA0 ,

r',t 41,. , 100

41e P14' 0 4 1 jrI')W0 oIIlo*40If!t, Vol, tov#i-*A.of 1940), pp. 1111,

A

I1youtock numbers are now at a rvesit~ve1y high level. IWccet animali

populaisIon 1141 iai cs NhQW 4s higheir numbe r or vatle in'dd Ftit-t-tp thand

prt'viouuly thought. A concurrvnt utudy by John Lstien of USDJA Indi­

ritv red moatu production of abhout lO1(g/capltalyr.

Ono relaistvely negl.eted are~a I* thte product ion of plant

protinu~a, bo~ino and pul**v* (lumin'us). Little attention istitit

he de~voted to oeod toprovrow~nt. development of improved4 cultursl

pr4t.ticiea 4nd improved misrketing. Thte Office,of Corttala rtemovvd 411

rewtti 10 on prico1tnb wstrketi tg In 1971,

(Cerrsil produrtii 4r0 conouaw In three maijor tore&;

I. lth r4itionsl f 01 ti 1404tl li14 rou Coo* IN I is*

Wiro'a 0h14 4wr) lui ctois..ly ground tit litowr. avi it .*

Ittii 1 twV4a4 Wih vvgc1 4bjrv. pulbe 'Ii' W41-u

IW40;i 4k li)o UIpf 44ti t& V4 tt a qv ttfir I It (It~ cs jit)

tjic-t4 tMtt. t) tt,. It 1*ti41c I ;' o t h l",~iba1~4IVit is t a (&V4o i

LIItie r 1Iilof otc? 114(4 apt*Itoi hC 10 J cf ?* 3iIIr

4va it 4t) vhs- 4t V4# let Sea tJcee tovr-4 by C 1.1Y lizivc IVC0c PP1t~i r-1.

1. Nola4 It*4twviM (Uma4Ioti on4 bpoettti) ore pr**4ueo4 ftto.a

4t, - 4I~ 14 4J04lo tsao rhf4 tsisd In aop

orttivof s' hv I"r'vv tit9wor1a 4 in (ho diet. pf.'go atw it,

0144Y fts *4orot- Ott* y'oiti ftrtltlcmiwit*tit weIdhc pfoilw~to 1 I* in

#',m~wA" 0 itoit4 Irnivtoty woo4r tho opooooirohip ot VIO. tour­ tttur *llq ltfritnI' isrv proufIi# Iyotnoi isnMlor atiWr4 (ortittP4 -12­

flour and semolina which im being tsted in the southern, wheat

deficient, region. Test group.. in.ludt' a control group, a group

receiving lysine fortified cereal l4)d4 and a group receiving lymint.

and mineral fortified cereal toxAo.

E. Weather

The climate of Tunisia vartes from a relatively high rain­

fall area in the north to a deaert area In the south. Tunis, in the

north. receiveN about 600 a of rain per year. Rainfall begins &en­

vrally In Septraber and ends Ill abott Kay, Table 1-6 shosthe date

of trat r4infall of 10 m or mrr at -ertain selvet"d cties in the

cereal graing area. by t1e vod of kiotber 01ougth ranall aa1teen

ruoveve to plant twat and barly, "ott of the tw4t varitivei arc

recomn~ridd for platting during the firot h41 ( ti Koveabor.

Corval harvest '#vtin* to June and 1. about t4*Vilvtv, bsy thv

first half at Au u t. ~rint tht4 perI0 4lut no raint-frall Oteusr

and harvest rondit iono 4r ieal.

Tablo Al-I otevo the relative hmidity .#d teIeqr4ttovp 4ur­

£04 th Jme-Autout perio at *everal sta|tion. o the xpoctod !g4tain

Oitutrv A t4 n lrom *qullibr1t soliOure tableoo. TVPIv# f n4*

gAint matOPle. avverage 9.91 mo.1titras,

01~of" tho low Wotitisfrootomt of thW jrain. (twor

*should Ibe tu ptolms Pt *44 4vvoiapinent 0#4 insert damage *hYuld W~ minwl. (lo inta 4o 0o4 repro,4,# in gr4in of toa than 10 to tli

VrN*4. Amo)rA Society of Agri).ltural MAginro. IbOW 0#44f 44tto

Ig 4f M4#C -14-

RalatiLv humidity inrav during tho Winter iaid 16041 m"Ild

devolopownt might occur. Table At-2 ohowa towperaturv, relative

humidity and mototure equilibrium data for the periodi tuvosbor through

HArdi fr 1970 And1 1971. itelatiV@ humtiditiesl are hilh OnOUgh to MI1OW

Ssoild grtit but toperitturvo -are low enough to prevent any rapid

gro)wt h.

A. *6kiln 4o wormer vo4thcer 4frives. the grain~ which migh~t have

#,tnx4 w'idturv 4torint iorag prob,*ty drie ataio to is 6sfe level

00tI proAjlft6 ii WUml sight eveluip ucCatonally, G~rain iimParte4 Itow

v~foaeo ot 14 to 151 witr ht. I,* too illoil quickly to prevoni aa014

k~ait~ivflo f#*MYdsr to yeor and the 1140 tov yooto

~Ir~~~Al4 4 1 4hI** Ih lof4tto* of V(fl10444* *fw41coj'f

t'q~co4 hIiv4jo, Me **)o~f (etaoI gPt&*4#rt1O"i 4(r.4s** to O s olot tA

(14#ft*qtf, 01*4 i tcj~jo qllt 4,1*4W0ti of fftJ*t *.'

44AII weqI 'M~ 0,il W4 #,i' tfiots*Io4i * ~tI) t-w*4 6.pt

Itoo te, fa J*ik tq.,at 10i c$, jus t* t*414 Uotn (04 Iii

i~t~b iat"410g -*410ts 1.winao ;o"O toof YOs.uhs of vh kh $ dl 4reiO

fl~iMthe(,"i1- ti otttoight 4" -25­

Tobi1:i Grain Movw.at by Railroad During 1972 as Reported ly the Office of Railroads

"MYAm!unI- To.nu Juno $4,000 July 100,000

August 70,000

Slpte br 39,000 Wwv'sr )44.000 D* *4.*r 41 ,000

ToLul for Lur 500,000 -16-

Railroad lines south of Tunis are narrow gauge and freight through Tunis must be unloaded and reloaded.

Trucks are used extensively to haul from farms to collection centers, from terminal elevators to flour mills and to bakeries and stores. Adequate trucks seem to be available in the rural areas, but shortages of trucks to service flour mills in Tunis were reported. II. DEVELOPMENT AND PRESENT STATUS OF TUNISIA'S GRAIN MARKETING SYSTEM

A. Background of the Grain Marketing System

Before one can analyze the grain storage and marketing sys­

tem, its efficiency, and adequacy, the present system and its opera­

tions should be understood.

Previous to its independence in 1956, the commercial grain

marketing system consisted primarily of two large cooperatives that

had been created by the French colon farmers and a few of the larger

Tunisian farmers. The Cooperative Centrale de B16 (COCEBLE) and the

Cooperative Centrale des Grandes Cultures (CCGC) had country elevators

in the principal wheat production areas and terminal elevators at Tunis

and Bizerte. After independence they continued under Tunisian owner­

ship and control as a very important part of Tunisia's grain storage and marketing system. However, they now must follow the policies, directives, and pricing procedures as established by the Office of

Cereals.

The Office of Cereals is a state organization that was created by the GOT in 1962 and given monopoly power over the grain marketing system. The Office of Cereals took over the functions of the Soci~t4

Tunisienne de Prevoyance which has been created earlier by the French to market grain and assist small Tunisian farmers.

The principal functions of the Office of Cereals are:

1. To organize, control and improve the production of

cereals, cotton, and nutritional legumes.*

-17­ -18­

2. To maintain a balance between supplies and needs of these

commodities through purchasing and selling operations.

3. To organize and control the marketing of the commodities

cited in (1) above.

4. To organize and control the production and distribution

of livestock feed.

In effect, the Office of Cereals made private trade in cereals

illegal and it is said to have "defeated the middleman." This Office

administers the price policies for cereals as established by the GOT.

The price of durum wheat, bread wheat, and barley to the farmer is

fixed each year. Prices and marketing margins are administratively determined from the farm grain price through to the pri e of bread and semolina at retail.

The Office of Cereals has established regional purchasing and storage centers for cereals throughout the country. Farmers can sell cereals directly to Office of Cereals purchasing and storage centers or to the purchasing centers of the two grain marketing cooperatives whose basic buying and selling prices they control.

Since COCEBLE and CCGC do not publish annual reports of their operations, it is difficult to tell whether they operate according to conventional cooperative principles as we know them in the United

States and Europe. Coordination between the grain marketing facilities and operations of COCEBLEand CCGC and the Office ef Cereals may be an important problem in Tunisia.

Often times all three marketing facilities are in the same rural town. How they relate to one another is difficult to under­ stand. The larger commercial farmers probably utilize the marketing fleIllttiom of COCMEin4 CC to 4 fvorar t! eat jj,4n 4'A WOW farmoro who may sell through the uft'ctit cfcl24t ul i t j,*catfjc1

market.

The two coo)eratives cc zI ciftiuit vitc.e t tu tofc# .4cDcot cj j i need. They haell mainly to the casioscet 1 Iiii Mojn*it kit #

must pass through the Office of Ce' esb,

The Office of Cere4lu reportr thtt it wisM t ! .ib ,iti€ of wheat directly to conattarra or torwf6 tot hcv t,hAui,,iU­ 'at their regional centers. In areas eVhc titey 4oio htvi c

centers, they may aloo sell to 6&11 wercehtaia.

While private trade In cvere4)o ,miliki4, of Ithc ,fitizii iLa1i*C4-

Ing channels as establishe4 or 4tintrilkJ4 hy thc offitU A. (rfr.2.4

is illegal, in practice, Ouc.h tr,-dd Ib tolctalr-, ;1Olfic 1;30i4s tait

pay a tax on wheat they mell to thr (if fie tif Larc4l* -it mc tv,, cooperatives, they c4n often obtain 4 higher not ptit5 t*4oi~jc (tic. official marketing channels. tenc., 4 "P41r11l *4qt" h,=oa ­ through which sizeable quantItIvs of whoat m4y NVV.

In addition to providing grain marketing wnl' btagrf aVlfvitc the Office of Cereals and the two cooper4tivoo play qo ifbporfohI t-i in advancing credit to farmer, at their reglonl4 collit'. orencrot. for the purchase of seed and fertililer whilh 4ro sar oeld 4t isa centers.

The marketing and pricing of nutritional legunws (('.ln=.e.) were recently removed from the control of the Oftiro 4of C40fo.t ., Consequently, the marketing of broad beano, chick peas, rA odhp edible legumes is now mostly Iandled by private morchanto and thetf prices are free to fluctuate with vAriationm in supply and demthd, 4 It4 't.4 X0 'i~,-A4.44.44 g: .4-!!4t'± t 44. 44~i~.

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The use of fumnglants Is widespread ind generally well understood. one tarmer omplaiiied of a Ikirgt, loss due to inseels, btit altrIhited

It to th lI mpropvtrI use of I Irn Ig iti. In pas t years lit h;dn't had any signif i lant loatsesi. In tie ltimld parts of the country farmers watch for signsaa of £nhet'c Is and ipply I n gantsI if needed. Most farmers in tlw dryer region -.,id thtirt, w,.,i't a need for fumigants If the grain was dry when storv.dI. lIt fii.IInsect and moilstuirc damage to stored lgr winw tn't htith .itproblvie that f*ritirs ,'anlnot cope with It either in the tf,ilitIa ial w.ivts or withI tho Alid of chemicals .

(raltle titit ftarn htor.igv I,', milnlv 1for andieed food. Some jsanul f.armr,, (J-li hue4 tar-c ) had4 !,r1AIl ,mounts bting, h(eld to sell

I11th wet-kiv ir-itkttt . By doing t i icy(hiotld reailize approximately oro ditear pur qx. "wit for the r wlw.it and Aso spred their incomes over a loivt period. ..aa gr I.iirr ganaer~ally sell their surplus gr Lit +ahliatly Ate r l.rvemt. Often thlsc was done to pay back credits, but Ato l,,4ie,a. thr,- wasitn invviaailve to store their crop on the farm iat ,.s l.t .r.

Tratinportat lota vairled contsiderh bly. Most farmers use their trac­ tor (or tiil ) ,'at hi re, titne, to hatl grain to the huying station. One

-hIwtlt, lsit.'- list til|. glilt,, .a sck at a time on his donkey, ab.meI I uth , lit we,,4 Iv inllavt. Anoth, r 10 lectare farmer uses his dtitokey ,.tu .sit tit I.itl 1,iKne to s buying station If the work is caught up 4lW ,.u0mkls.t I0. te". IV. COMMERCIAL GRAIN MARKETING CHANNELS

A. Collection Centers

Tables AIV-1, 2 and 3 show location and capacity of collect­ ion centers of CCGC, COCEBLE and the Office of Cereals. The total storage capacity is 1,691,800 Qx. at the collection centers. A survey was made of 15 collection centers and 6 terminal elevators. Data collected is summarized in Table AIV-4. Most grain, 80 to 100%, is transported to the centers by

trucks and tractor-drawn trailers.

The 140 collection centers of the Office of Cereals are widely dispersed throughout the wheat production area. All but one center reported an effective operating radius of less than 30 Km. This indicates that most grain could be delivered by animal transport if necessary. The Office of Cereals has done an excellent job of pro­ viding large and small farmers with conveniently located marketing points. This also provides consumers with convenient sources for grain to be processed for home consumption.

Receiving of Grain by Collection Centers -- From 5 to 7% of in­ bound grain is transported by donkey, horse or animal drawn carts. El Hamma had 70% inbound by animals from up to 30 Km. From 93 to 95% of inbound grain is transported by trucks or farm­ tractor trailers. All inbound grain is in burlap (jute) sacks, 80 kilograms per sack.

-31­ -32-

These sacks are randomly sampled and randomly weighed, 4 or 5

'sacks per load, as the producer has previously weighed the sacks be­ fore loading.

The samples are graded using a standardized grading chart furn­ ished by the Office of Cereals, Table AIV-5, 6 and 7. The producer is paid on the day of delivery, if the quantity is less than 100 Qx.

If more, a statement is sent to the Office of Cereals at Tunis where payment is processed, usually involving 7 to 10 days before payment is made to the producer.

Inbound grain is unloaded by the receiving center and stored in the original sacks or dumped into bulk storage facilities.

A large amount of grain is stored outside in sacks (with no cover) due to insufficient storage space. Structural Types of Storage for Collection Centers -- Most centers are concrete or stone and used for both sack and bulk storage. Some centers are steel framed, metal roof structures with open sides for sack storage. Most of these buildings are 30 to 40 years old. There is one new bulk corrugated steel upright storage in Ebba Ksour con­ sisting of 12 silos (14250 Qx. each); this represents good current practice for bulk storage.

Some of the collection centers of the cooperatives are of more modern bulk design; most of these are very well designed structurally, and have good operating equipment. Facilities of the cooperatives appeared to have ample storage as there were no grains stored outside.

Purchases and Sales at Receiving Centers -- Most grain is pur­ chased during June, July and August. The quantity purchased for 1973/

1974 crop year was 2,911,569 Qx. by the Office of Cereals and Co-ops. -33-

Grain is available at most Office of Cereal Collection Centers

for local sale to consumers for an average of 6.600 1)per Qx. A

maximum of 3 Qx. may be purchased at one time and a record is made

of each sale; a minimum of 5 kg may be purchased.

Shipping of Grain by Collection Cent-e-rs -- Grain is shipped to

terminal elevators upon request from the Office of Cereals.

Grain is transported in sacks by truck and rail by the Office of Cereals.

COCEBLE and CCGC own 20 bulk hopper cars each. They also

transport bulk grain in open gondola cars and transport in open and

covered cars in sacks.

Labor Utilization -- Labor seems to be utilized fairly efficiently

in the collection centers.

Some of the centers are having problems hiring labor as the work

is very tiring, carrying 80 Kg per sack, and wages usually low, approx­

imately 300 D per yr.

The young men are not interested in this type of work. This is

a prime factor in favor of a bulk system as new storage facilities are

needed.

Storage Losses -- Flooding occurred at a few storage locations

in 1969 and 1973. Some substantial losses were Involved.

Some centers experience moisture damage from faulty roofs, im­ proper roof spouting, drainage, and sacked grain stored outside. It is highly questionable that all sacked grain stored outside is shipped before the fall rains begin.

A moderate amount of insect damage occurs from weevil and other grain insects. ow tot$t4 Ceoo O 4I#41e tu-aitcN AW146a 44wI~tii

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*dTi. t %1440 f~pft4gy tv bv oqtp& wth.~ja eb4i*t ~ i~fw)a

Me . (I v#fiie. e ' (at~4 iof.t4 *d* thot the

I Ats& " a froaik NA4 t-egu vlitsc4 vith fiefie

4,asap4e umI~ voi i"t £oit cv jpf~qw 34tIQ, a~ir~4Iw(# *ff' a 01A

O#f4#fri uIts-ti#fo f10 '1W1*d d til at Cor i h#, j j;*,r

m3031 4 10if w*I4*4Ol*4I h -lwio feg6

Of*401i 4ft P*4hz'* **, 4 £aiiI I

t~ *~4 h~ti.tE~i44l 44~* 41f If41 I * 0t 4 twfor

f4~I 14'4 s4bfr 443p~~t4,3a bAU ofII4 4*4 t ',f ShW*(11 6 I~w **:1 -45­ has psawfd. They can process about 800 Qx/day, so 100 days would be required to provesni the ntock of 80,000 Qx. which they reported.

No seed Is carried over from year to year. This may leave a sertum seed del I- It I n t h. utiitv I I aevere drought occurs. Clean­

|ulls from the h t-d plait are told Ior ail mal feed. Seed price Is oubsidletd h.lihtly by tj'. OI( v of (t-real..

The dlbtibutlon of fe.rtilizer follows the saine general pattern as for beed, Sver,s oilecttn (.t-ittrs,; did have ,ome fertilizer on kard but, it pt-tt-ral. hfic huipply ,at the local ,ve I will probably not be adquate at Iliuti g tinle. Son. farmer. reported difficulty in obtainitig it wheti nere-d. A titudy by a TVA tearn will be avallable

4Ofn whitct will tov.r th, ItIlt 1l zer sittuation In detall,

Tho two talor dllt It-tit ilri itol.d o(0both ted ind tertl1 zer are:

1. It in prol.ily oe etut.sr y to maintain Inveotor len of need

and (crtill r at tti- colle ction ,,nt,.rs 'a the Office of

Corv4 1 is. ( 1)A-111 an (:lI( ,4 t Iltat tiuppi IIt'i ire ivai lable to

14ravru wh-t deunirtd. oth4-twinv many larmern will not use

thoir injoisin tite tt poo plif.irlln.,

2. ULck o aiuragtr fat lilt ii-i at the local collection center

lovol 4rP !,tovtt Itp, tfige t lmely distribution of these

impotrt4ti Itpul . VII. ECONOMICS OF CEREALS PRICES IN TUNISIA

A. Cereals Prices and Marketing Margins

In June 1974, the Government of Tunisia increased the base farm price to farmers for all cereals by one dinar, or about 20 per­ cent. The new base prices for cereals are shown in Table VII-I. Farmers do not receive the full base price because they must pay taxes when they sell their cereals through the Office of Cereals, COCEBLE, or CCGC. These taxes amount to about 7 percent of the base prices,

so farmers now re-eive TD 5.662/Qx. for durum, TD 5.102/Qx. for bread wheat, and TD 3.701/Qx. for barley, after taxes. The taxes levied on cereals are regressive, that is, since tLay are a constant amount per quintal sold, the taxes amount to a higher percentage of the small farmer's income than of the large farmer. The taxes also provide an incentive for farmers to sell outside the official marketing channels. When the Government of Tunisia increased the farm prices for wheat, it did not increase the price of wheat to the flour mills to avoid increasing flour and semolina prices and, hence, bread and cous cous prices. As a result, it is now paying a subsidy to commer­ cial mills of TD 1.519 per Qx. of durum and TD 1.404 per Qx. of bread wheat (Table VII-2). The Government also did not increase the price of barley to feed manufacturers to avoid increasing the price of commercial livestock feed. In fact, the subsidy on barley is TD 2.295 per Qx., which is larger than that on wheat.

At the same time the above price policies were made, the GOT, through the Office of Cereals, placed a subsidy on durum, bread wheat

-47­ -48-

TABLE VII-l BASE FARM PRICES AND TAXES TO FARMERS ON DURUM, BREAD WHEAT, AND BARLEY IN TUNISIA, JULY 1974

Bread Barley Durum Wheat

TD/Qx.

Base Farm Price 6.100 5.500 4.000

Less: Taxes 0.438 0.398 0.299

Net Farm Price* 5.662 5.102 3.701

* Excluding transportation cost from farm to collection center. -49-

TABLE VII-2 BASE FARM PRICES, MARKETING MARGINS, AND PRICES TO MILLS FOR DURUM, BREAD WHEAT, AND BARLEY - JULY 1974

Durum Bread Wheat Barley

Dnarp/Qx. Base Farm Price 6.100 5.500 Plus: Marketing 4.000 Margin .440 .380 Transport Cost .345 .250 .250 .250 Normal Selling Price of Office of Cereals 6.790 6.130 4.595 Price Paid by Mills 5.271 4.726 2.300 Subsidy 1.519 1.404 2.295

Source: Office of Cereals, Circulars, June 24, 1974 and July 4, 1974 4nd barley to be sold to farmers tr weed or iti 4nyoov for tru

sumption. Table VII-3 shov tht tlw.r bo tollea t to 10,40

per Qx. on durum, TO 0.430 per Qx. on bre44 tw4t, aMTd O,)1 per

Qx. on borley. Since thveue aublli 4re a'notdorably lv.a Ikcih tifooti

paid the conorcial mills. 4 (4rtvr wtuj porhr~t~a 4urto irt 4it

(ffce of Cereais c'ollection center for aiev% or him coiobtRio %u-*

pays T) 6.050 per Qx.. while j cowwwril seeolinta will poym 11, ,

A farmer who purchasou barley trt 4 V1l1Cctloft Cent-er toF be"I Of

home vonuumption pays TO .95O per Q&,. whtle th co drs-ri terA (cift

utacturer pays TD 2,)00 p-r M.

The price differenti 1 s even jitraerr It the *ot1wtNtiehte*

the, grain at other than thr 1rolt of origin btCeisuae tIha (4forof *ft

then ahbtorb the tr nnpi'rtat t-n i-oat Iro tho callc4 o ro-itgr 140 lutuu

and from Teats to the point ti tiae (toluan 2 in tt4ci V,!-),

The new pricing poi)Idei (avor thw mmillA=s*1 o 4 hWidtlt

cistomers (motly urhan). I ltir tort mAy be t o tt-r(e 1Wfc guoin t -A

be ntwrktvted thrtuKh tlie isftidalc 14 Ihfl ahM lnst uIMa hr PttItvtr

market and millet It omall ills,

The now price poltvila 4l*o r4ls to rl qto.Iios- fqq4r

ing their Impact on Incoe diltribition between th torhon anJ ftib

pc pulat ion. In a.ddi ion. the rol thot price ploy 1"t provi4Ina i­ cent West ir 14rm-ro tois imim~l output ohoolJ nt b ov oo,4.

Th ie' qiuet'tion morit cairetful study and a41yoo.

ht. Price fStrtcurts ("r Coro= li

Cereals prIC0s are adminiotrati vlwl dtormins4 it. 1iotioit and th (overnmett. throuKh the Offilee of Cereal. rontro!* careilis exports and Imports. Priem andI awrkpting rgin arv ealablisho by .1its!.

NO 14 t QuoA

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4 Ai 4 Ik. I, .16i4 !to * c I A,.l 4 . 4 J f.kc a lu OWd044w-i AflIt.wit 4 a a4 ulI op 4 a 4 a1C ca.I- t it 04 t k4i.4I 'tic 4 4 14 4c V4&4&IJ ~r.Vj C10 B'*. it ft At-a

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* a 4 il a C11 4 4 1 4 .4 a. 2 1 ~.z' Ok.,,

.- ~ -" caz, a a --.C.4f', 1 1; i"i , 11 VZ .'1a 2, C6-cA~2,til.A 4IE

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Of , I~ 4b4 9: C','Wf~t ~Iajc &dt I hbc *J tfb

aw* 4c.IjoA r 4fp*J; I5eIf pffs4 ~f t~t*~c ow*t

40)MecIc~ I4tOaEi I"O(t~rt **4fv$! I "&KfJ. ('ulfc*f I t a, icr~ c

*,Ci"(u ($tsiatizAA(U I J QiI -)0g q IIUgk4 I , o,

LkqI u~4# (A a A*, Uitut $.tltes-A TiC ~f t c 4 c IL U (4t*w, 16-se* If Vo (0* Aclkwit I . w

'IZIt fuow A I oi ~ if *1polifi f. luii 5'fvz1I t atc5 *.i awfo1

t !U tf l aCtC~h-1tic 4ho u~ w o ..,i4it *:t'jk~ ff iv- Afc

ff, 1I~no t 5*c&5~i tkgi$c lotmt cia ,f~c Wov lflt cft

~~~*c.~~Zf'" 1 5J~ E~* tc4~vt C, 5fvA "RI h~ o*ur U'aq#~~ 554I$~5acpiiII~ q4 , ij t *~t~~i

tod tvfglb Me,~ fl.uh ,o* brall o*M o( fwlaIB.III#tiptj "j~ Ug$,4p of owft 'a IvaC V>1I V I4 2( C (A2N ( .A tibitC.I4 c~ 44o 2 1 4 U'iJ I *t 1

*c abRc 4 2 i£4 ufb *# W(he$ 11"kof e2 f~w("A c 4 tj I ,cc ui. kA2 ~otIfc i

tI1J Iic (hc 6c CM I I cy a~ c 4 k, u124e I I t..

-2*1 1i- f l 1, U~i~i*l 4C I aiiIca at.2 o4.A - N41 244e * c

I fc;.ttI cita*4,c4 0 11t it f2I I t Ifu--4 f I wo c , a tI(her ' I~,kt c

(I,& I iuf,-4 I*'e~owiua4J 4 tt f ie ti ci jatC 1 4 #4 4 ha( 2444fC1jj1

4 . £-%i1 4 1 F A*ir cf a **Aol #Pi'*l .' v) C IVt, A iw f .c1i 4, ('11 rbo~A.~.1

0*~~ 4 Ct.%#4g% e tA14Viek f0+4 cf oft Ut * i 1b 0k1 lbAVZca4ftR I4kof4I t*1r, aItsf 31 .= w

$v*o *Alot at Wood~ 4tfit" potlic. Fo okmwl4 fo

1#tc E*kcaIi twvilY *c04b4t0.UcOw t~ro *yo 4-- tiwlbwiW 14

4~ %it * 4 *.WY I dtOa *41 (0 OW '14f t4 elytmrm on AA cc 4iaJ,~ftwow'rt' ;*of*A1* viv kt tA4f c-t441*I$lfIa ?ruk seat@s or@ AlrE.4d avatilo In alas vitiotp . pwh 4*to

swale At 1th# tonwit prtosolt. Iida ij ""la ki 141, 0*04 OK1

44 $$O1cut 'Wvt%*1J *ef~c0 *j4 i o h 14 4&)k#Iht11I5

Otw ild Ichoiu~c I I(L't (, u11* e tw 1 h ~(, tIfil iWv*ujl hv4zl c O't i tth bisutIV

t& "lt - Vg 20 ICU theufi C&IIa t-s 11,4ii i

#W~ dlA& C(c It-SJf cwcihl v'c~iict .iawcafe~ 4 " 41"fcj r0.41*.

iial dIa *.' Iceh'c I ..JJ&ci +hCcj f .. U I tticr zC J

ret"1I" C' 1,~~*~cc;TJ tF~ licJ ir.c "thct 12ec 1-4i *

few~A at£b& -60-

It cleaning In done, the nut rit ion value of the cleanings should be chckvdt1 ,ndi ut ilied Ii anlti I I ,ed to a greater extt'nt than at proent . htiurnds of t ont of valtiabl, Ie'ed are apparently being throvO 44y.

Some t talialti I tived better tianitatton, such as bird protection, as ovidtinttl it JAwhl .Jaloud where many windows were broken out. 4. fl,,.ur il ltin

The .ti~il1 cutstom flour milln serve a valuable economic function.

They lstild tie cnicouraged by making repairs and other equipment for

odrnt,4at on readily avallablt.,

$Wiitc I1lur mill s irv now working at lIu ll caIpIacity, new mills

Iuot be biolil It% the 1 titit, ttn de rat iOn io)id (he given to loca­ ti|ntg otc of "itr it rs - rn wet ah ,ir,e tic h as, Le Ke f. This would

.oltini4t the, m-1at ot ah pp ing w.it to i*un and f liour and semolina b" k.

Nov I oto tissII a alatild h lt at 'd on risl Iroads.

fiII*I . hI I,I -nt Y Il!isur tir tit-)til inn or which divide produc- t Ion 14t itI-* ao t tie e,at I 14 I-it iqra! Ion can be obtained, Ith"Old te C-fi, ,,€.-t

IAir ft l.tit m l 1 atittild be ront oursaged to carry larger grain

Ilvoti-ftrt - fhi* will it- .ve npme tit t ie at orage' problems at

(ill !to1., rt-, It tin tie enrouraged by providing storage mar­ iInm lin fur$7htit it qerm.

-t,,vctl.in t gt to hulk handling and storage should be

Oopfu4go4, 11l . c~n prottably bo done In mny flour mills by con­ vottln isiti baA olorage to bulk flat storage. Flour mills -61­

should be encouraged to blend wheat from different areas so less

grain will have to move through terminal elevators. This conversion,

bag to bulk, can be encouraged by price differentials based upon the

savings from handling and storing bulk grain through the collection

and storage system.

5. Analysis of Overall Storage Requirements

Table VIII-I shows the estimated storage based upon our survey,

which showed about 29% of the grain stored out-of-doors in sacks. On

the basis of these observations, about 50,000 tons of additional stor­

age is needed at the collection centers for grain storage only. At

least an additional 10,000 tons of storage is needed for seed, and

probably a similar amount for fertilizer.

Table VIII-2 shows the estimated storage shortage based upon

grain movement and total storage capacity of collection centers and

terminal elevators. The storage deficit is about 70,000 tons, which

is surprisingly clo3e to the deficit obtained by observation.

6. Analysis of Bag Versus Bulk Handling and Storag6 Systems

The present system of grain handling and storage is a mixture of

bag and bulk handling. Much grain is sacked, transported and emptied

into bulk storage as many as three times. Either a complete bag sys­

tem or a complete bulk system would be cheaper.

Table VIII-3 shows the investment and operation cost for a bag

and a bulk collection center of 100,000 Qx. capacity. It is assumed that the grain would move directly from collection center to flour mill, as we have recommended above. -62-

TABLE VIII-1 ESTIMATED STORAGE NEEDS BASED UPON OBSERVATIONS OF COLLECTION CENTERS

Outside Storage Total Warehouse Location Qx. Capacity -Qx.

Ebba Kasour 2,500 295,000

Mejez El Bab 80,000 6,000

Mateur 20,000 90,000

Le Kef 18,000 75,000

Tabarka -0- 10,000

Nefza 200 5,000

Le Krib 600 17,000

Testour 52,000 -0-

Teboursouk 8,000 32,000

Jendouba 8,000 23,000

Gabes -0- 100,000

Gafsa 2,000 15,000

El Hamma 120 500

191,420 668,500

Outside storage represents 29% total warehouse capacity in Tunisia. Extending this to the entire system indicates a need for:

1,700,000 X .29 = 490,000 Qx. -63-

TABLE VIII-2 GRAIN STORAGE REQUIREMENTS BASED UPON MARKETING STATISTICS FOR THE 1973-74 CROP

(1) Carryover 3,550,000 Qx.

(2) Purchases 2,911,000

(3) Total (1) and (2) 6,461,000

(4) Less 90 days consumption, (2) * 4 750,000

(5) Storage required, Sept. 1, (3) - (4) 5,711,000

(6) Storage Available 5,027,000

(7) Storage Deficit (5) - (6) 684,200 Qx. -64-

TABLE VIII-3 ANNUAL COST AND COMPARISON OF A 100,000 Qx. SYSTEM BAGS VERSUS BULK

Bagged Bulk Source of Expense Systm. System TD TD

Cost of Facility_ 300,000 1342500

Depreciation - 30 years 10,000/yr 4,483/yr

Insurance, 1% - Grain 6,000 6,000 Building 3,000 1,345

Interest Buildings) 6-1/2% on half of Sacks ) investment 9,750 4,370

Electrical Power Costs 50 500

Repairs and Maintenance 500 1,000

Quantity Grain Loss (2% bagged, 1% bulk) 12,400 6,200

Quality Loss (1% more in bagged) 6,200 -0-

Transportat ion Costs same same

Sack Costs - 1/3rd or 3 year usage - 125,000 @ TD 0.450 18,750 -0- SUB-TOTAL 66,650 23,898

Farm Labor Costs - I man combine sacker @ 1 TD/day 600 -0- Farm Labor Costs - 3 men loading sacks from field 1,800 -0- Farm Labor Costs - 3 men unloading trailer, weigh- Ing and loading truck 1,800 -0- Labor costs at Collection Center ­ 10men -it TI) 300 per year 3,000 900 Labor Costs at Flour Mill ­ 10men for 60 days 600 200 TOTAL COST WITH LABOR 74,450 24__998 The office and receiving scales have not been included as they are needed in both facilities. Administration and transportation are excluded because they should be about equal for both systems. Movement is directly from collection center to flour mill, movement through a terminal storage would increase savings for bulk. The invest4nl cot 4t t41.ollctiton eantr would ho approx-

LaatOly TD 300,000 or 1 tajtg war.hooumr ct'ompatd with 1-I 10,000 for

a bulk nt-o alg (tiritialat i t)tt -iti |lilty -it W .t Kanotir),

dt tt Mattd 11114- tt $111! 4t t, till . VOt+ b ulk tr m are rt­

spectlvely.: 0,8011 it,,. kirid 0.10 D/ox.

In thi t.aw li. bulk uynttrm 1 Indicated rvi-n thougi all labor wasn retailid.

I'101MilMy O)OUt 10 of thrbe ic11tLtUd Vould be ued in h4jr wheat product ion areari. Only a htidy ot gra ini purclsebe and Inven­ toriv* :at tolli ction t t er:ie 4,1i1 dibhel 's. exel|t SlTt and location.

The invet tmerit to, t woulid 1we of the orde'r of 'I1) 1,345,.00) to meet

Immedlate stoI'aI evs Ir n

7. Transport21.t.l-mi

Incre,.td ttsragv .iparcity at the collection centera will allow for a Unli formn rovti t ol grain. Iliet railroad system slhould benefit from a mort- tinitorri fre Ig it tovTensnt,

Bulk hopper .iw,. hou(ld hi- tonsidered If a tih ift were made to bulk. If 802 (d th rhr ln were moved by railroad, 30-ton cars+were used and 0110 romid trip wa,,, nad#, Iwpr wevk, then 15M carpi would be required. h itt would require 120 additional c'ars wtich would coaot about 'D 2,800,0010 ,ut presele prices+. 'Tfis Investment should prob­ ably be iiprt,,ld vr ,a fve to tenl year period.

8. Feed MIl]

The c(apavcity for feed manufacturing in now being fully utilized.

New feed mills wIll have to be constructed to expand animal livestock product ion. Re*Cnt *urveya Of an04l pPs41l410n, nOt yet pulI1shld, Can furllsh lt|da t,t rte'rdili. lscit I1,

At I Itl,-4 It whit h I;iVt h. humiii, I soil oouhl d W, uurvey41 to4 duter­ mine it visluable by-producta 4re brinK watied.

Since the two grain marketilng cooperattves, COCEBLE and CCGC. are regulated by the (;overnment. a titudy hthould he made to find means to betler coordin te the market ing ,t tivitlets and t lisilities of theme coopert ive's and th,,.t. of Ilh ( I Ice of tC r,i I.

If I.lie I hree orgati at ion,, cantsupp'H I y dat a on I het Ir purchatieti and NlVh At iooet ti on ienter!, ind tevrmInal I locat jont, market Ing economist s in I ht, IhI)A ain makv ,in nt lyi niIof t he whole hyitem to minimize trmi!-port a fmi t) ,t . 'lu ia t udy will al! o be helpful In determining the I ,ation of new h(torage a id grin processing facil­ itles or Hit. .xal.nnion of those already in existence.

10. FVi rm jnjutn

The Of IIce of Cereals, COCEBLE and CCGC play a very important role in supplying fIarm inputa such as seed, fertilizer and feed to farmers. An analysis should be made of the Inventory requtrements of farm suppI ien -it the col lect ion centers ilo that they are available to farmers when needed. A pol'icy of placing orders for farm supplies after farmers have ordered them may restuIt in costly delays.

11. Sub Ild lvn

The (overnm nt of Tuniia Is currently paying sizable subsidies to commercial mills that manufacture flour, semolina, and livestock feed. Its subsidies on the sale of durum, bread wheat and barley for sale to farmers for use as sed or for home consumption are less than

to the mill. udo f4rmerd must pay higher prtce's thn conmerceil mills.

This policy ,ppert to ta vor urb,n c.onsumers who tlre.,dy may have

hither In'onlet, th.,1 falmt. henve , it bhouIdhe r e-exelmined.

12. h1itie Fairm Pricet,'

Bast farm pri'eti to a.urmwrri ,.ititt by the (overInmeutt on durum,

bread wheats, and harley arv cons idet a lhiy l ower thin worl d Prices. In

the cane of dt urm, the intni Iian h.ni . fiarm prie it only about hal f of

the estimat id trpot prItt- ,t durom it Europe..n port... he4n'ce-, there

is likely tont ldrib 1 loci.e tivIe to txp,rt fun iiin duanlrumi or siemolina

to take advaintage of higher world pritici. Since tihe prl( e dilfferential

between Tunistialn prices adt world pr i s iti so great. the Government

should consider in(ra.,ming it-, base pr ices to farmers. Duruin prices

should probab ly b Inc reased nore than bread wheat prIce to bring

the price relatlonshitp between the two wheats Into closer harmony with

the world market.

13. Timin Announcement of Official Prices

It would also be advantageous to farmers in production planning

if the Government would announce its official prices to farmers at

planting time rather than at harvest.

14. Marketing Marjpinns

Since marketing margins for cereals are administratively deter­

mined in Tunisia, the Government should encourage studies to analyze

how closely present margins conform to actual costs. Price differ­

entials between surplus and deficit areas should reflect minimum costs of transporting cereals from surplus to deficit areas. Marketing economlsts in the BPDA should be encouraged to make studios of market-

Ing margins and costs. The results should be useful in simulating an

efficient privc it ructurv for cereals. is Stora~yU

Governrment hoyig pritem from (fnriwrs or melling prices to mills do not refl ect titorage costs. lienc, there is little I.flentlve for farmers or mills to store grain. Since this may result In unused stor­ age capatlc y, an ,ittempt shuuld be made to build storage margins into the pricet.tru'ture. 16. T raitntitL}

Training of technicians and operating personnel was discussed at many level.. This area should be considered in Tunisian and All) plans.

Some suggeut 'd progryis i nlode:

a. It would he dtisiraleu (icr tho (oflfice of C,.rals to have an

annual (')lti1rencl, l or ,1ll tLieir collection center managers to

discuss vur ivrt proble m,.

b. Short course progr .Wim. for technical and operating personnel

are availalel thruough AlI). One short course Is the annual

one at Kansa,-. State Univre rsity. This six-week course Includes

engineer i g, vntom(ology, conomics, and genera l problems of

operat ing a grauin 'torigv and marketing system. A similar

course in seed proces',ln, 1,, Iavallable at Mississippi State

University. (The )irecotr of CC(;C 'Xpressed a strong inter­

est In sending two ifen to the KSU Short Course.)

c. The flour mills have made little use of the excellent flour

milling school in Paris for training technicians and head

millers. APPENDIX -70-

TABL[ Al-I TEHPERATURE, HUMII)ITY ANI) EXPECTD (RAIN IWISTURK JUNE T!IIOUC(I AUGUST, 1970

• Expected

STATiON June : JuIy ' Augut Ave. : Grain

Jendouba Ri : 60 :54 52 : 55 : 13 T : 4825 : 26 29 :271(:1) (81): Kairounn 48 K o26 : 2849 5810 :28 (82)52 : 12

L Ke f 40 37: - 39 : 10 23 : 24 24 (75): $ 3 :

Teboursouk - 57 48 :53 12 21 : 24 26 :25 (77):

Tozeur 39 : 39 38 9 30 : 31 : 33 :31 (88):

Tunis-Carthage : 50 : : 13 23 : 25 27 :25 (77):

TEMPERATURE, IIUMIDITY AN!) I.XITCTED CRAIN MOISTURE .JUNE THlROUGH;l AtICUST, 1971

: "Expected STATION June : July August Grain Molture %

Jendouba RH : 63 : 53 : 47 : 54 : 12 T : 23 : 27 : 30 :27 (81):

Kairouan 48 49 : 44 : 47 : 11 26 : 28 : 30 :28 (82):

Le Kef : 37 : - : 38 38 : 10 23 : - : 30 :27 (81):

Teboursouk 2 55 : 55 : 51 : 54 : 12 21 : 25 : 28 :25 (77):

Tozeur 2 35 : 38 : 37 : 37 : 8 30 : 32 33 :32 (90):

Tunis-Carthage 2 59 : 60 : 59 : 59 : 13 23a : 26 : 29 :26 (79): m"rn

JA [2. TKMfl IURK, HUNIPITY, AND UfPlCT5 GRAIN HOISiUIS WWVFOO THWWH HAICH 1970

STATION J4n Yob ?Iar Nov Dee Ave. cr41.

Jendouba Im 80 : 17 0 : 71 8" : : I T 10 10 : 13 : 10 :100):

Kairouan : 68 : 69 (17 : : 1i to SIt 11I 11 14 1Z 1"J 04).: 16

Le 85f:5 74 :6 56 ,4:t (9, 16 s 7 : 7 : H : II 9 : ti(46):

Teboursouk 77 82 H0 :70 7 t 77 : is 8 8 : H 11 9 :9(48):

Tozeur : 70 : 54 51 "1 : 7:3 61 : 14 S I1 I 1 I1 (55):

Tunis-Carthae :76 :77 : : 69: 781 : 17 T1II 1 1 : II : 14 11 :11 (5/):

TEMPERATUkE, IIUMIDI Y, AND EXI 1I&ILI) GRAIN MOISTURE N0VEMHERH I (1?(dI AR(HII 1911

: :: : : xpect ed STATION : In Feb Mar : Nov : e Av. Grain S" - ...... _ MoiN tur

Jendouba RH : 80 : 77 : 69 : 76 : 8 : 77 17 T : 10 : 10 : 10 : Ij : 10 :10 (50):

Kairouan : 68 : 69 : 6 6: : 75 : 09 : 16 11 : 11 12 : 14 : 12 :12 (54): Le Kef 85 :74: 6: 6 :64 : 69: 16 7 : 7 : 8 : 11 : 9 :8 (46): $ : : : : : Teboursouk :77 :82 :80 :70 :76: 77: 17 8 : 8 : 8 : 12 : 9 : 9(48):

Tozeur :65 :54 :51 56 73 60: 15 11 : 13 : 15 14 : 12 :13 (55):

Tunis-Carthage : 76 : 77 : 75 : 69 : 82 : 76 : 17 :11 11 :11 : 14 11 :11 (52): Algorta L

TUNISIA

Libya

* barloy

figure Al-1 Major Cereal Producatlon Areas in Tunisia c .

Figurs Al-2 Railroad Hap of Tunisia

-73­ til is

Figure A1-3 Major Paved Ililhwaya in Tunisia

- 74­ -75-

TABLE A II-1 QUANTITIES OF CEREALS PURCHASED BY THE OFFICE OF CEREALS IN THE 1973-74 CROP YEAR

GOVERNMENT Durum Bread Wheat Barley Len Qx en Qx en Qx Tunis Sud 119,399 35,019 226,055 Bizerte 52,516 17,135 705 Beja 171,614 58,387 6,867 Jendouba 59,877 21,340 679 Le Kef 290,427 30,556 32,679 Siliana 194,552 33,399 26,975 Mahdia 86 215 275 Sousse 2,887 3,660 17,158 Manastir 27 5 52 Kasserine 20,944 3,604 12,923 Sfax 2,537 847 210 Kairouan 41,655 46,420 28,811 Gabes 1,072 543 507 Gafsa 147 39 80 Sidi Bou Zid 13,940 10,398 3,319 Medenine 27 TOTAL 971,680 261,567 357,322 , TA3LE A 11-7 QUA TITIES OF CEREALS PURCHASED BY COCEBLE IN THE 1973-74 CROP YEAR

LOARIONHASES LOCATION :- :ALES _____="-- * ~ - :- CLOSING INVENTORY Durum -i~en"&:t'er Sofh P rkr. Durum :Florence'Other Soft:Bail _. IYTAL ::Durum Florence:Other Soft:Barley* TOAL

Megrmz • 32,71C: 7,868 5,670 97. , .: 16,877 : : Jebel 406 17,284 ::15,839 7,868 : 5,610 1,570: 30,889 Ges. : 51,.:," 6,215 17,544 :13,486- . "- 15,733 : : -15,;,3 ::a5,338 6,215 : 17,544, :13,486: 72,584 - : - . :: ::13: 48:7,8 Rue ,r :7. - 7,43 :: : -: : ' : : 43 : 7,443 Hejez E. b- : 16,884- 4 , 736: 26,732 ": 16,88b.. . : 254 : i57 : 736 24,533'-- : 2,198 : : : 2,198 Be4e *) 94- 1.3i 666 : :28,- ::15,947 : : : 15,947 :: : 585 : 11,666 : : 12,251 ou . ,925: 118,8 4 , 54 90 7 q4-,, : 5 772 c :51 2o ":26,.393-. 3 7 . -; :: 7 :26,3932 9 ::: 1,532 4 ' El Aktcuat 18,884 5,772 : 6,943:- ­ 33.132 14,597: 1,4717, 14 97 3- 978 ;,.219 .4076,34S : I ro ,-sa 10,470: 6,72- . :, 514'( ?,205 :O.47 : 1.-,59 .J.545 t5,,7- 6,29 6,729­ 0: " .... 28 '. : 19,695 7o4 2,90 - : - 93,149 :: 16,050 9,827 12,000: : : 878 : 164 2,900 " : 8,948 37,878 .8 5,73 : 6 2,0 4 : . .' t- 4. 1,580 2?7,97 19 . 56,087 :: 25.638 .:: : 6,993 : 106 : 32,828 :: 1,475 1,580 -0-C3 : 23,259 i8,25S: 525 : 9,433 : 74 28,965 18,258 : 52-5 : 9,433 4 : 28,965 i. Sers : 29,81: 745 : 1,079 6,400: " 36,107 :: 11,316 : 745 -A,079 : 1',140 !, ­ 0: 24,966 Le Ket Z1,464: 1,978 : 17 : 620" 2-,080 "21,6 : 1,978 : 11 : 620 -4, -q::: Mateur . 13,043: 551 : 7,573 : 359: 21,528 : 13.013 : 5736 : : 359 13,909 :: 29 15 7,573 : : 7,618 Robaa 7,755: 178 436 8 : ! 173 : ,755 178 : 436 : 8 : 8,378 :: K. Es-senam : 28,348: 237 : 1,617. 34 8 : 30,202 :: 2 : 237 : :1,617.. 30,202 :: TOTALS :394,220: 72,756 1459306 :.1 16 :3,0 9,92 :2,3 ,20{5 ::321,439 5,220 53,31535 :7.217:::: 1, 387,193 ::,72.781 :67,5351.: 91,990 :40.401: 272,708 : , : : : TABLE A 11-3 QUANTITIES OF CEREALS PURCHASED BY THE CCGC IN THE 1973-74 CROP YEAR

LOCATION Amount Qx. Mateur 51,900 Medjez 50,000 Beja 20,000 Bou-Salem 26,400 Le Kef 30,300 Le Krib 22,300 Siliana 46,800 Pont Du Fahs 61,400 Tebourba Oued Zarga 9,500 Ksar Mezouar 8,400 Sidi Small Goubellat 42,700 Gaafour 25,700 Testour Zaghouan 38,300 Le Sers 4,900 Zaafrane 35,500 Ebba Ksour 13,000 Sidi Bou Rouis 6,800 Jendouba 5,400 Oued Meliz 10,700 Bou Arada 4,400 Sidi Othman Zouarines Ben Bechir Sidi Khiar 8,100 Oued Sa Rat 10,200 Ain El Karma 8,000 Makhtar Smindja 5,500 Sbikha SUB-TOTAL AT COLLECTION CENTERS 581,200 Silo Jebel Jelloud Silo Manouba 32,900 Silo Bizerte 40,400 __6,500 TOTAL 661,000

77. TABLE A 11-4

ESTIMATES OF THE 1973 CEREALS CROP MARKETED THROUGH COMMERCIAL CHANNELS, USED ON THE FARM WHERE GROWN, OR SOLD THROUGH THE PARALLEL MARKET.

Commercial Market

1973 Crop Purchases Reported by:

Office of Cereals 159,000 Tons

COCEBLE 66,000

CCGC 66,000

Total Commercial Market 291,000 Tons

Use of Cereals on Farms for Food, Feed and Seed

1. Number of farms in Tunisia which produce cereals 300,000

2. Number of persons per farm 7

3. Number of persons on farms producing cereals (1) x (2) 2,100,000

4. Consumption of cereals per person per year 154 Kg.

5. Total food consumption of cereals on farms where pro­ duced (3) x (4) 323,000 Tons 6. Feed Use 165,000 7. Seed Use 90,000

8. Total Farm Use 578,000 Tons

Parallel Market Total Crop Production - 1973 1,152,000 Tons Less: 1. Amount moving through commercial market 291,000 2. Amount used on farms where grown 578,000

Estimated amount moving through parallel market 283,000 Tons

Total 1973 Crop 1,152,000 Tons

-78­ -79-

TABLE AIV-l. LOCATION AND STORAGE CAPACITY OF GRAIN STORAGE FACILITIES OF "COCEBLE" Location Capacity Qx.

Megrine ...... 120,000

Djebel Ouest ...... 400,000

El Fahs ...... 60,000

Bou Arada ...... 40,000

El Aroussa ...... 10,000

Le Sers ...... 65,000

El Akhouat ...... 40,000

Le Kef ...... 15,000

Bou Salem ...... 110,000

Beja ...... 40,000

1 Silo a Mateur ...... 60,000

1 Magasin a Tunis rue Flatters ...... 60,000

1 Magasin a Transit a Medjez El Bab ...... 10,000

Ousseltia ...... 30,000

TOTAL ...... 1,060,000 -80-

TABLE AIV-2. LOCATION AND STORAGE CAPACITY OF GRAIN STORAGE FACILITIES OF "CCGC'

LOCATION Capacity

Qx.

Djebel Djelloud ...... 700,000

Manouba ...... 600,000

Bizerte ...... 200,000

El Fahs ...... 40,000

Medjez El Bab ...... 5,000

Mateur ...... 5,000

Gafour ...... 8,000

Magasin a Bou Salem ...... 20,000

Magasin a Siliana ...... 8,000

Beja ...... 8,000

TOTAL .... 1,594,000 TABLE AIV-3. LOCAL RECEIVING AND SALES CENTERS OF TIlE OFFICE OF CEREALS AND THEIR STORAGE CAPACITIEN (1974)

PROVINCE OF TUNIS Capacity PROVINCE OF JENDOUBA Capacity PROVINCE OF KAIROUAN Capacity

Tunis P. V C.St 140,000 Jendouba 20,000 Kairouan 21,000 Djebel Djelloud C.St 160,000 Oued Meliz 9,500 S.Amor Bou Ilala 19,500 Bir Kassaa (Silors) C.St 250,000 Ghardimaou 13,000 S.Ali Nasrallah 13,000 Usine de Bir Kassaa C.St 4,000 Bou Salem 15,000 Sbikha 15,0()0 Tebourba 10,000 Ben Bechir 4,700 :OuIssclt1a 20,000 El Fahs 5,000 Tabarka 400 Ilaffotj7 14,000 Zaghouan 10,000 Ain Draham 800 El Alas 17,000 Ennadhour 1,000 Fernana 6_00 :tadjeb El 'Ioun 17,500 BordJ El Amri 1,000 Mornaghia (Provisoire) 500 SUB-TTAL 64,000 SUB-1OTAI 1/,000 Smindia (Provisoire) 1,000 SUB-TOTAL. 582,500 PROVINCE O( D11KI : PROVINCI. OF KASSERINE

Le Kef 23,500 Kasserine 18,000 PROVINCE OF BIZERTE Sakiet Sidi Youssef 10,000 Fertana 11,000 Tadjerouine 11,000 Sbeitla 18,000 Bizerte 500 Rebiba 40,000 Sbba 18,000 Nateur 40,000 Kalaa Djarda 10,000 Thala 20,000 Menzel Bourguiba 6,000 Ebbs Ksour (Silos) C.St 295,000 Ilaidra 600 Ras Djebel 1,000 Le Ksour 18,000 Sedjenane 1,000 Nebeur 22,000 : SUB-TOTAL 48,500 Touireuf 12,000 Sers 40,000 PROVI14CE OF GAFSA El Akhouat (Provisoire) 1,000 -- PROVINCE OF NABEUL Ain Kerma ( ) 1,000 :Gfsn 4,500 Oued Sarrat( " ) 1,000 :ofau 2,00 Nabeul 800 Sers Marja ( " ) 1,000 :l 2,000 Korba 600 Dahmanl Achats 5,00 Et50(1 Menzel Temime 5,000 SUB-TOTAL, 490,500 : 5T. Kelibia 1,000 SUH-TOrAI. 8,000 Houaria 2,000 Grombalia 2,500 PROVINCE OF SOUSSE Soliman 1,000 :-: PROVINCE OF S.BOU ZID Bir Bou Regba 7,000 Sousse Stockage C.St 220,000 SUB-TOTAL 19,900 Sotiqse Achats 3,000 Sidi Bou Zid 8,000 U KalIa Schira 80,000 : jImla 9,000 Enfidha 10,000 Maknaqsy 1,000 PRnVINCE nF BEJA Kalaia Kehlra 18,000 Bir 11 Halley 1,000 : M'Saket, 1,200 :Sid All Ben Aoutin 2,400 Beja 22,000 Bou - (ch, 0,:00 Regueb 3.000 Ksar Mezouar 3,500 Iezzona _7 j0 Sidi Smail 8,000 SUB-TOTAL 338,200 sUB- OTAL 31,400 reboursouk 40,000 Testour 9,000 R C N Nefza 400 PROVINCE OF ONASTIR :PROVINCE OF SFAX Zahret Medien 3,000 Medjez El Bab 14,000 : onastir 700 Sfax Stockage C.St 140,000 Goubellat 16,00 Djemmal 800 Sfax Achats 2,000 SUB-OTAa11 Moknine 1,000 :DJbeniana 4,000 SUB-TOTAL 2,500 Menzel Chaker 12,000 : B.Ali Ben Khelifa 1,500 *Mahrca PROVINCh OF SILIANA :ars 800 0 P PROVINCE OF KAHDIA Ilencha 3,000 Siliana 25,000 : : Skhira 300 Mahdia 3,000 Kerkena 300 Bou Arada 30,000 El Dem 11,000 SUB-TOTAL 170,900 BaouArad 30,000 Souassi 10,000 Galur 20,000 Souk Habira 5,000 EAroussa 5,000 Ksour Essaf 3,000 Makthar 25,000 PROVINLF OF GABES Robaa 8,000 SUB-TOTAL 32,000 : Rohia 15,000 PROVINCE OF MEDENINE C Cages Stockage C.St 70,000 S. Bou Rouls 10,000 NCE EO HaFECa 1,000 : Matmata 400 SUB-TOTAL 157,000 : edenine 12,000 Kibili 600 Djerba 1,500 areth 500 Zarzis 700 500 Tataouine 400 5 Ben Gardane 800 SUB-TOTAL 73,000 Ghomrassen 500 SUB-TOTAL 15,900

-01­ TANZA V

SUMMARY OF FIELD OBSERVATIONS OF GRAIN STORAGE FACILITIES Total Molds Labax Inbound Out-bound OCAON QuntalesCapacity Quintales Stored Stored Structural Handled Outside Inside RodentsInsects Require- Transport- Trucking Inbound Transport­ ments ation in an Anuually Quintales Quintales BirdsEtc. & Cost % % Producer lometer Workers Animal Mech. Truck Rail Bela 35,000 35,000 None 35,0002 Concrete None 7 Medjez El Bab 60,000 16,000 men 0% 1007 I.000/T 17 Km. 22 98% 8,0001 8,0001 OpenMetal Sides 60 Rats 0.000/yr*10 men 0 100 1.00/T. 18 Km. 5 95 Grombalia 3,000 5,000 None 2,500 Metal Rodents 2 men 2A;n / ­ 20 8.6 /T ' 5 to 310 9 Jebel DJeloud 160,000 480,000 None 160,0002 Concrete Birds 30 men From Insects 180.00/yr*Recg St. Sousse 300,000 300,000 None 300,0002 Both Concrete Insects - 100 From Rec'- tn. Both Zaghouan 10,000 10,300 3,300 7,0002 Stone Insects 8 men Coceble .... 1% loss 54 0.O00/yr* 0 100 20 Km. 100 0 Diebel Ouest 500,000 500.000 None 500,0002 Concrete Insects ---­'- Matuer 80,000 3 95 20 to 25 0 100 85,000 30,000 500,0002 Stone Problem 240.000/yr* 5 95 ----­ 2 S El Kef 28,000 tone Insects 45,000 18,000Concrete Rodents 3 0100 men .000/yr* 10 90 1.000/T. 30 Km. 20 5) Ebba Ksour 143,000 New Not Operational 2 Steel/Tanks N0 men 100,000 243,000 None 100,000 Concrete None 420.000/vr* Open Le Krib 17,00 40,000 600 16,000 MetalSides InsectsRodents 144.000/yr*7 men 20 80 1.000/T. 25 Km. 0 :o Testour V1 Sacks Outside 1136039210 SoftHard 11,36039,210 None Insects 5 men Concrete Rodents 300.000/yr* 99 1.000/T 25 Km. 100 0 Tabarka 10,000 3,000 ---- 3,000 Concrete .. ...----­ Nefza 5,000 2,500 200 200 Concrete Rodents 120O0/ r* 10 90 20 Km. 20 Teboursouk S0 32,000 70,000 8.000 10,000 Concrete Rodents 7 men00.00 3 6 0.0OO/yx* Jendouba 10 9 80T* 23,000 36,000 8,000 20,000 Stone 2 m Insects 9 men 10 90 1.000/T 15 Km. Bizerte 1 300.00/yr* i0 -----­ Grande Culture 200,000 12 lod170men0. ---- 200,000 Concrete Insects 00000/yr* 0 100 Alsorby i p Other 60'0As 'zCh-z--1 Djebel Djelloud - - - ­ ------­ -- - - Grande Culture 650,000 300,000 ---- 300,000 Concrete Insects Receiving Gafsa 15,000 20,000 Points X X 2,000 2,000 Rodents 2 2 7 men SubsidiesZ lnse~ts 0.000/yr* 1 for fuel El Hamman 800 700 120 300 Insects 2 menmen 70 30 30 Km. 18O.000/yr*70 330K. Gabes 100,000 ____ 150,000 ---- 12,000 Birds 42014 . O00/ yr * men 00 100i 0! ----- Inon A3LE AIV-4 Con't. SUM IARY OF FIELD OBSERVATIONS OF GRAIN STORAGE FACILITIES

LOCATION Flooding Inventory Use of Sell Grain Disposition Truck Problem PoaliesOwn-sellHousekeeping Seed Fumigants LocallyDurham Wheat OfO Scalecl Andn Fert. Own-sell Prham Screening Needed Suggestions Beja To Farmers Prices None Poor None Yes No Yes Thrown Away Yes More Storage Needed Medjez El Bab 2 Good 80T Ordinary 400TI~p'd Yes les les None Yes More Storage Needed Grombalia None Good Shortage or Ma,..Q\. csLow Wages Nitrate _ Ics Jebel Djeloud More Storage Often Poor Ordinary Yes ______70O000/Qx. No No Thrown Away LowInetsRace Wages

Holes in Roof Insects-Roaches None Pousse Poor Y toxinFhos­ Zaghouan None Fair None Yes None ---

Coceble ------

Diebel Ouest None Excellent Yes No ? Owned 20 Hoopers Cars 150Qx. Each Matuer 2 Good 6000 Qx. Yes HCB Yes None --- Yes

Yes Yes Ebba Ksour None Good Ample Yes 6.500 Sell some ? Modernize the old Yes Thrown Away Facility 50 T/yr Le Krib None Good Ample Fert. Yes No 6.500* None --- Yes Testour None ---- No Wheat Yes les 6.800* None No Loss of grade ­ bad Yes Conditions of Fard. Tabarka None Good Yes None --- Nefza None Fair Ample Yes No Yes None Poor Location of Facilities Tecoursouk None Good Ample Yes No 6.300* None Yes Lack of Transpor­ Yes tation Jendouba Loss 400Qx Fair Ample Yes No 6.800* None 1 Poor Drdinage Yes System dizerte

Grande Culture None Excellent Good Yes No No Some -- Thrown Away Djebel Djelloud ---- Clean Out 5-6% Wheat Grande Culture None Excellent Good X No No SoldYearly & 600T -_­

Thronw Away Gafsa Yes --- Ample Yes No 7.035* None --- Modernize System Yes El Hamman Yes -- Ample Yes No 7.470* None -­_ Relations Between Yes Farmer & Office of Cereals Gabes None - Ample Yes Yes Thrown Away Yes Shortage of Live­ stock feed TABLE AIV-4 Con't. SUMXARY OF FIELD OBSERVATIONS OF GRAIN STORAGE FACILITIE.S

Ilectare Seed LOCATION Yield Qx. Hail Truck Purchased Wheat Service Service Locally General Comments Hard-6oft (Ordinary)

Beja 15 to 25 Qx. Good Limited Yes ------ltedjez El Bab 20 - 30 20 - 30 24 fIrs. Yes Total 60 durum 4 soft 200 Customers Grombalia 15 11 24 IUrs. Ihru Coo ) ------Jebel Djeloud Roac hes (,ood Yes

Sousse Good __-

Zaghouan

Coceble -- - Diebel Quest -- - Hatuer Good 5-6000 Q Sold for IO~al ______,___l. ,! fc'ed ,,_! I.I bh.olonuml-t-ion . ,at ' . El Kef 5 10 Poor Limited Yes

Ebba Ksour 15 12 ---- Yes

...... Le Krib 20 ----­ --- o k%k I,-t l-* SYeI Anoun of soft wlvatj rowlI Testour 15 15 - 20 Limited Yes 11000 M.l. Annually Tabarka -- Yes Sells barley locally Nefza 15 -- Yes Teboursouk 11 18 Poor Poor Yes Loss of 1800 Qx. Annually Jendouba 15 20 Yes Bizerte ....

Grande Culture

Djebel DJelloud Rail car They own 20 bulk hoppers cars @ 30 T. each -- They Djebel n~jelloud Clean out turn about have In permanent qtations 5-6% Wheat 2 days & 48 temporary stations. excel lent Constructed 1952 -- largest in Africa -- Very modern Grande Culture --- -

Gafsa 10 5 ---- Yes ------El Hamman 10 10 ...... - Yes ...... Gabes ...... - ... Yes ------­

-84­ FOOTNOTES FOR TABLE AIV-4

I Sack storage inside and outside 2 Bulk storage outside

ADDITIONAL COMMENTS: Grombalia -- Producer payment less than 100 Qx. same day. More goes thru Tunis. Truck .152/Qx. Transportation costs to Tunis Rail .169/Qx. Wheat Fert. Rail .157/Qx. Rail wheat .334/Qx. Cost Tunis to Sfax: Truck wheat .590/Qx. - 20 T. or more Truck wheat 1.400/Qx. - 5 Tons.

Ebba Ksour -- New corrigated Butler Steel Tanks 1425 M.T. each - 12 Tanks at a cost of D 230,000.00 or D 1.345/Qx.*

Grande Culture -- S of Tunis has 65,000 M.T. and 600 Tons screen­ ings annually 1/2 yearly turnover

Nefza -- Visit souk - florence wheat selling for 4.200/Qx. wheat taken for wages

Teboursouk -- Constructed new sack facility 18,000 Qx. for D47000.000

* 1 Dinar = $2.31

85­ TABLE A IV-5 GRADES AND PRICE PREMIUMS FOR BARLEY

PREMIUMS DOCKAGES

Specific Weight Premium/Ql :: Specific Weight Amount/Ql (Millimes) (Millimes) 59 - 59.499 12 ::58.499 - 58 -12 59.500 - 59.999 24 ::57.999 - 57.500 -24 60 - 60.499 36 ::57.499 - 57 -36 60.500 - 60.999 48 ::56.999 - 56.500 -48 61 - 61.499 60 ::56.499 - 56 -60= 61.500 - 61.999 72 ::55.999 - 55.500 -72 62 - 62.499 84 62.500 - 62.999 96 ::12 m dockage for each 500 grams decrease 63 - 63.499 108 :: in specific weight. - - - - 63.500 - 63.999 120 : ------­ - - 64 - 64.499 132 64.500 - 64.999 144 IMPURITIES 65 - 65.499 156 65.500 - 65.999 168 ::Tolerance: 66 - 66.499 176 Inert materials and grains of no 66.500 - 66.999 184 value : 1% Foreign : 1% 67 - 67.499 192 67.500 - 67.999 200 :: Dockage for value above tolerance. 68 - 68.499 208 68.500 - 68.999 214 :: Inert Foreign 69 - 69.499 220 Material Grains 69.500 - 69.999 226 (Millimes) (Millimes) 70 - 70.499 232 ::1.001 - 1.500 =f 12 6 Premium increases by 6 m. for ::1.501 - 2 = 24 12 ::2.001 - 2 =3 18 every 500 spcfcwih.:2.001grams increases in - 2.500 fi 36 18 ::2.501 - 3 f 48 24 ::3.001 - 3.500 = 60 30 ::3.501 - 4 - 72 36 ::4.001 - 4.500 = 84 42 ::4.501 - 5 = 96 48 ::5.001 - 5.500 = 120 60 ::5.501 - 6 = 144 72 :: 6.001 - 6.500 = 168 84 ::6.501 - 7 = 192 96 From here on for a .5% increase in a :500 gram sample dockage is: Inert ::material --- 24 m foreign grains -- 12 m :: Dock 12 m for each infected grain in ::500 gram sample.

-86­ TABLE A IV-6 GRADES A!,D PRICE PREMIUMS FOR BREAD WHEAT

Specific Weight PMlumPremium/Ql l : cif Weight Dockage/Ql (Millimes) Spc:i:Wigt(Millimes) : FENUGREC Present (Weed/Seed) 75.500 - 75.999 ...... 20 . 7.499 - 74 ...... 20 76 - 76.499 ...... 40 73.999 - 73.500 ...... 40 (No Tolerance) 76.500 - 76.999 ...... 60 73.499 - 73 ...... 60 1 - 10 Grs. - Dockage 40 m/Q1 77 - 78.499 ...... 80 :. 72.999 - 72.500 ...... 80 11 - 40 Grs. - 80 m/Q1 77.500 - 78.999 ...... 100 72.499 - 72 ...... 100 41 - 100 Grs. 120 I/Q1 78 - 79.499 ...... 120 71.999 - 71.500 ...... 120 101 - 150 Grs. " 160 mIQ1 78.500 - 79.999 ...... 132.50 :. 71.499 - 71 ...... 140 151 - 200 Grs. 200 m/Q1 79 - 80.499 ...... 1.5.00 :. 70.999 - 70.500 ...... 160 201 - 250 Grs. " 240 m/Q1 79.500 - 80.999 ...... 157.50 :. 70.499 - 70 ...... 180 80 - 81.499 ...... 163.50 9.999 - 9.500 ...... 220 Wild Garlic & Foreign Seed Present 80.500 - 81.999 ...... 169.50 6Q.499 - 69 ...... 260 :a F - P 81 - 82.499 ...... 175.50 68.Q99 - 68.500 ...... 300 (No Tolerance) 81.500 - 52.999...... 181.50 ." o...99 - 68 ...... 340 - 10 rs. - Dockage 20 mI 82 - 83.499 ...... 187.50 67 999 - 67 500 ...... 380 11 - 40 Grs. - 40 m/Ql 82.500 - 83.999 ...... 193.50 67.-9 - 67 ...... 420 41 - 100 Grs. - ' 60 mIQl 83 - S.499 ...... 199.50 6elo. thih .alue, wheat is not con- 101 - 150 Grs. - 80 m/Q1 83.500 - 84.999 ...... 205.50 sidered as cood quality and marketdble. 151 - 200 Grs. - 100 m/Ql ------201 - -- - 250 Grs. - 120 mIQl For Low Moisture Content " Consult the Central Service - 2-0---s.---120-----

'loistureMoistur ContentContt Melillot and ______Iraie Present (01xllInes) :. (Toleran, 50 Grs.) 11.5 - 11.99 Z = Bonu b 20 :: 11 - 11.49% = 40 16.51D- D,0 - - D0 2, /Q 10.5 - 10.99% " i0 -O.9% = 6017.010 ­ 17 5'_ =80 m/Ql 151 - 100 Grs. -Dockage 17.51 - 181 " 120 m/Ql 101 ­ 150 Crs. 20 m/Ql 10 - 10.49: = 80 18.01 - 18.5% " 160 m/Ql 151 - 200 Grs. - 6040 m0Q1 mIQl 18.51 - 19', " 200 m/Ql 201 - 250 Grs. - 80 m/Ql 251 - 300 urs. - 100 m/Q1 :bove 19L humidit, the .heat is not : considered as goouqualit, and market- -- etc. able. ------. Insect Damaged (Bed Bug)

Impurities (Tolerance : 2%)

(Tolerance . 1) 2.01 - 2.5% = 40 m/Ql :: 11.01 - 2o42z Dockage 40 M/Ql : --...... 2.51 -3% ...... = 60 m/Ql. . 2.01 - 3 = 80 m/Ql 3.01 - 4' = 120 M/Ql 4.01-5% = 160 m/Ql Insect Damaged (Tolerance 2%.

Foreign Grains (Barley, Oat, etc.) 2.01 - 5 - 20 mQl 5.01 - 10- 40 M/QI (Tolerance ) 10.01 - 3C% - 100 m!Ql 1.01 - 3 = DocKage 20 r/Ql 3.01 - = 40 =/Ql Decayed and Spo.led Grains 4.01 - 5. = 60 m/Ql

Sligntlv ...... 80 m/Ql Broken and Shrunken Grains Moderatel ...... 160 m/Q1 (Tolerance . ) : Heavily ...... 300 m/Q1 5.01 - 6% = Dockage 20 =/Ql 6.01 - 7. = !O M/Ql

7.01 - 8% - 60 =/QI -.-.--- .-.------.-.----. -.-.-.---. TABLE A IV-7 GRADES A."\PRICE PREMILUMS FOR DURUM WHEAT

Premiums :a :: Dockages

Specific keiht -- z- , Specific Weight Dockage/Ql For Sort heat in SampleShrukenKre 76.499 - 76.250a) (Mil111nes) : Shrunke_. n Kernels: If less than 2.5% use scale 77.500 - 76.59077.-74q- 'l-.5 76.250Q 30.50 77.750 for i-nature grains. Mlie -77.75077.999 = -229- 90 7769 999 ­ 75.750 - 6= 106.7510 b) If rore than 2 5' use follow- 78.250 78 7- .i49 6 35 ""75.7-9 - 75.500 152 50 1.511.001 -1.250 1.0 14.03 - 78.- 9 85 80 ing,.9 cl e: 1 . 51 . 0 .O : 78.500 - 78.4'9 scale. 1251 1.50 . - 107 25 ,5-49 - 75.50 152 5 78.50 - . 501 0 5.249 - 75 250 0198.25e ­ 1.750 42.09 79999 0.001 1 751 - 2.2502 56.12 7.750 305.00 - 70.15 79 .01 - 2.750 = 33 55 2.251 7.9 -9 70 500 366.U. 79.250 - 79.- 9 =17 60 " 9 - 74 250 427 00 2.-51 - 3 79.500 36 60 2.501 2.750 - .1=- r3 '5 -.149 74 98.21 Q -.88 01 1l ­ 3 250 .39.65 79.751 70 9 21 50 7 3 112.241751 80 -80 :-, '5 73.99Q -73.750 = 540.00 3.251 - 3 500 -73l73- .4 540"00 0i 3 501 -3.750 -45.75 42 70 3.2513 001 - 35010.0:3 250 126.27 7503 5.7513 3 500 * 140.30 30.'4C 60 zo -5- 473 9 230 = - C0 0 3.751 80.500 - 80 7 4 48 80 3 501 - 3 750 299 3 5 00 -. 001 4.250 154.33 : . 51.85 3 751 - 4- 168.36 80.750 - G " ­ - : - : 00 - 81 - 81.2- _' 7o - .500 54 90 .500 = -501 4.750 - 57.95 For ea h 25. increase the 81-5 - 1 9- - 72.250 = 00 --.4 751 81 500 - 81 --- -5 61.00 dockage i11 be 14.03 (Millimes): 2 9 - 72 .7A 00------. . .­ 81 75C - 8 9; 8o.10 71.499 71.750 )37.00 For above 5% soft grain 82 - 82-9 in j97.80 sample. Be-ord tils Grain 82 250 - 82 Q00 - ' 0.rrics - ,,-a rices Floury :Flour 82.50, - 8:. , 2o are applied (Tlrac 82.750 - 8 '~ ' -3- - 83 - 3 ~ - - -- - ­ ------6- . TlrncO 7% = 183.85122.90 Millimes . Prenium!Ql: 83.50 " - 83 % = 3 a.90 Dockage for icnature (Millimes)" 83.750 - 83. = oft and : 8 - 244.80 .,rains are less than 2.50'. etc. 1.001 - 1.250 9.15 3= . . . 1.251 - 1.500 . 18.30 ------83------: 1.501 - 1.750 Preniums for Duru do not .Millimes . 27.45 : 1.751 - 2 36.60 gon~n39~13.01 Impurities : 2.001 ­ 2.250 go - i. 45.75 83.90 : 13.0 D'.-a_ .93 (Tolerance : 1.5%) . 2.251 - 2.500 54.90 e1.01 - 15 27.8 2.501 - 2.750 64.05 O: 16.01 - 17 If immature kernals are less -:18.01 Millmes30 2.751 - 3 - 73.20 1.0117.01s -- 18I8 31.4ta.10 01 50 51.8 : 11.7511.501 - 21.750 Dockage 364918.30 3351 001 - 3.250.5 - 0.65 = 3660 . 3 251 ­ 3 500 - 91.50 82.35 than 2.5% and soft zrains are :. '.001 - 2.250 as follows: :10.01 . 3.501 -3.750 - 10065 Bewe rnu/l 20.1 - 21 2.3251 - 2.500 = ?renu-,l ""25 -I2.50.7b2 73 20 3 751 - 4 109.80 001 -2 100.b5 2 501 - 2.750 0 1'.I-Cz) = 9150 001 - - 250 - - 23 0 2.7.01.51 118.95: - 3 109.80 4 251 - 12 4 11.01 = Pro. - 500 - 128.10 25.01 - 140 . . . ..------­: .501 - .750 - 137.25 11 & 10.01 1&110-- rm 1- ,. ­ t.Qr : 24.01 - 25 186.05n3 ... 751 10 & 9.0' 2 F 5.001 - 5 = 146.40 - 25.J5 :" 25.01 - o 207C.0 5 250 161.65 For broken and shrunken kerneIs 5.251 - 5.500 9 & below = 33.30 26.01 - 27 - 176.90 231.80 : tolerance - 4% of which 1% can 27 0: - 2 256.20 shrunken grains. be ::6.9 5.501 - 5.750 192.15 5 751 6 aralowFor low impurities (nert :28.01 - 29 280.60 207.40 29.01 - 30 305.00 : material): Millimes For each 25, additional 30.01 ­ 335.50 3.001 ­ 3.250 = 10 98 dockage 111 be 15.25 (Millimes): 31.01 - 32 366.00 : 3.251 - 3 500 = 21.96 : ------I 32.01 33 396.50 : 3.501 - 3.750 = 32.94 (Vill s) 33.01 - -27.00 3.751 - 4 43 92 Pod Grains 0.0 - .500% Prom 91.00 34.01 - 0.501 - .750% 4b.75 3545750 -. 01 ­ 4.250 54.90 4.251 - 4.500 (Tolerance 3,) -- For each 0.751 - 65.88 •1% additio-al dockage will be 1% 32.30 " L-1: .- z-i- : SS -. 501 - 4.750 76 86 1.001 - 1.250% 16.25 :. ('*11i-.s 24 40 (Oilli:oes). 1.251 - 1.500% " Nne . ,. : -.751 - 5 87.84 For each .25% :------increase dockage Insect Damaged Grain

l Rain damage grai- is included. : = l be 10.98 (Mllimes)...... ------(Tolerance . %) -- For each - be.5% 30.3additional. (Mill imes). dockage will TABLE A IV-7 GRADES AND PRICES PREMIUMS FOR DURUM WHEAT (Con't.)

Dockages

Spotted Grain

a) No dockage for slightly infected grains. Decayed grains: Tolerance - .5%; b) If germ is spotted-- dockage is 30.5 (Millimes) for each .5% (Tolerance : 5%) increase.

Premium/Q1

5.001 - 5.250 = 9.15 Insect damaged grains: Tolerance 5.251 - 5.500 = 18.30 .5%. 5.501 - 5.750 = 27.45 Premium/Ql ­ 5.751 - 6 36.60 0.501 - 1% = Dockage 12.20 For each .25% additional, dockage 1.001 - 1.500 = 36.60 will be 9.15 (Millimes). 1.501 - 2% It 73.20 c) If germ crease is damaged-- Dockage is 36.6 (Millimes) for each (Tolerance : 2.50%) .5% additional damaged. Premium/Ql

2.501 - 2.750 = 13.725 Foreign Seeds 2.751 - 3 - 27.450 (Tolerance : 1 gr/Ql) 3.001 - 3.150 = 41.175 3.251 - 3..:00 - 54.900 Premium/Ql 3.501 - 3.750 = 68.625 3.751 - 4 = 82.350 1.01 - 10 Grs. = 30.50 For each additional 11 - 40 Grs. = 61.00 .25%, dockage 41 - 100 Grs. = 91.50 will be 13.725 (Millimes). ------FENUGREC - IVRAIE - MELTLOT - Toler­ ance .05% with maximum of .01% Fenugrec Other Defective Grains and Ivraie together. For .051% in a 50 gram sample with a (Tolerance : 6%) maximum of 10 grams Fenugrec and Ivraie.

Premium/Ql Dockage 6.1 (Millimes). (Millimes)------­ 6.001 - 7% = 4.575 7.001 - 8% = 9_150 8.001 - 9% = 13-725 9.001 - 10% = 18.300

Dockage increases 4.575 per additional 1%. TABLE A IV-8 TERMINAL ELEVATOR CAPACITIES

Operated ob Office of Cereals

Tunis P.V.C. St 140,000 Qx. Djebel Djelloud 160,000 Bir Kassaa 250,000 Ebba Ksour 295,000 Sousse 220,000 Sfax 140,000 TOTAL 1,205,000 Qx.

Operated by Grandes Cultures Cooperative

Djebel Djelloud 700,000 Manouba 600,000 Bizerte 200,000 TOTAL 1,500,000 Qx.

Operateu by COCEBLE Cooperative

Megrine 120,000 Djebel Ouest 400,000 Bou Salem 110,000 TOTAL 630,000 Qx.

Total Terminal Capacity 3,335,000 Qx. -91- FIGURE AIV-1 KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY TEAM - PROJECT 283 COLLECTION CENTER QUESTIONNAIRE SAMPLE

Name of Facility Name of Manager - _

Capacity Total Qx. handled per year ___...... Amount stored outside Amount stored under cover

Structural type

Quality maintenance ­ molds, insects, rodents, birds, etc.

Labor requirements and costs

Inbound transportation: Animal % Mechanical %

Cost of Commercial trucking to producer

Radius of inbound grain

Outbound transportation: Truck % Rail %

Flooding probabilities

Time required to load: Trucks Cars Housekeeping Time of producer payment Inventory control and timeliness: Seed Wheat

Fertilizer Is seed purchased locally (ordinary seed)? Yes No

Use of grain fumigants: Yes No Sales to farmers: Yes No

Will receiving points sell grain locally? Yes No

If so, minimum amounts Do they ever run out? Yes- No Would a truck scale be useful to you or the community? Yes No

What do you do with your wheat screenings?

What are your most important and timely problems?

What are your personal suggestions for improvements?

What are the average yields of: Hard Wheats

Soft Wheats