War and Disintegration, 1914-1950 Jari Eloranta* and Mark Harrison** This is a draft chapter for Unifying the European Experience: An Economic History of Modern Europe, edited by Stephen Broadberry and Kevin O’Rourke, in preparation for publication by Cambridge University Press. * Department of History, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA. Email:
[email protected] . ** Department of Economics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK Email:
[email protected]. War and Disintegration, 1914-1950 Introduction Between 1914 and 1945 Europe’s economic development and integration were interrupted and set back by two world wars, and its regional patterns were brutally distorted by combat, exterminations, migrations, and the redrawing of borders.1 World War I (the ‘Great War’ of 1914-1918) set more than thirty countries into conflict with each other and led to ten million premature deaths. It was dwarfed only by World War II (1939-1945), in which more than sixty countries waged war and the war prematurely ended the lives of more than 55 million people (Broadberry and Harrison, 2005b). As for who fought whom, there were limited continuities: in both wars, Germany, Austria, and Hungary fought Britain, France, and Russia for much of the time. Other allegiances changed. For ease of reference, Table 6.1 lists the European countries that were in or out of each war and, if in, on what side. Table 6.1 Although punctuated by an ‘interwar period,’ the two wars can be understood as a single historical process. The process was global but the European dimension was fundamental to it.