Holistic healing and moose stew Drinking for two Free P samples The future of New Zealand’s needle exchange

Pain, pot and politics Is fear, prejudice and ignorance denying suffering New Zealanders relief? Contents

matters of substance February 2007 Features Regulars Vol 17 No 1 ISSN 1177-200X 02 Cover Story Pain, pot and 18 Calling time on self interest 01 The Director’s cut matters of substance is published by the politics The government’s review on Drug Foundation Exective NZ Drug Foundation. All rights reserved. alcohol advertising controls Director Ross Bell welcomes Neither this publication nor any part you to the first new look of it may be reproduced without prior is expected out soon. Will permission of the NZ Drug Foundation. the alcohol industry be Matters of Substance quarterly. required to make some matters of substance invites feedback changes to the way it 01 Key Events and Dates and contributions. If you’re interested in advertises its own products? What’s on in 2007? We help contributing a guest editorial or article Leigh Sturgiss outlines the please first contact us: you fill in those blank pages Drug Foundation’s position. [email protected] in your brand new diary. p +64 4 801 6303 The Misuse of Drugs (Medicinal Cannabis) 19 Light on truth Amendment Bill would 08 Guest Editorial Brand Development/Graphic Design We all know that smoking The vanguard of harm Origin Design +64 4 801 6644 allow doctors to prescribe light cigarettes is better [email protected] reduction: The future of cannabis to patients with for you, don’t we? Those New Zealand’s needle specific serious medical lighter-coloured packets exchange NZ Drug Foundation conditions. But is fear and and lower tar yields are 3rd Floor, 111 Dixon Street Needle Exchange Programme PO Box 3082, Wellington, New Zealand prejudice likely to deny somewhat re-assuring. Leigh p +64 4 801 6303 many New Zealanders Sturgiss presents some bad National Manager Charles the help they need? Sarah news in this regard. Henderson writes about the Daniell looks at the issue. programme’s current status www.drugfoundation.org.nz 20 Holistic healing and and what should happen to ensure its future. 07 “I think we’re stuck moose stew with 18” Keriata Stuart attended Become a member The bill to return the legal the fifth Healing Our Spirit 25 Mythbusters: The NZ Drug Foundation has alcohol purchasing age to Worldwide Gathering in P and tinny houses been at the heart of major 20 was roundly defeated in Edmonton in 2006. She Stories about P being alcohol and other drug policy Parliament. Ross Bell writes found it a rich, varied and pushed at tinny houses are debates for over 18 years. about what that bodes for enlightening experience now regular media fare. Just During that time we have future liquor laws. and shares with us her how true are such claims? demonstrated a strong impressions. Mythbusters pick away at commitment to advocating 14 Party pills in the headlines the fictions. policies and practices based 22 Drinking for two on the best evidence available. – again More than half the women Newsg You can help us. A key strength of the who gave birth in the last NZ Drug Foundation lies in its diverse five years in New Zealand 11 New Zealand news membership base. As a member of the drank while pregnant. NZ Drug Foundation you will receive From drug driving tests to information about major alcohol and A significant proportion exploding volatile substances; other drug policy challenges. You can also drank to excess on at least what’s happening in our get involved in our work to find solutions one occasion. Keriata Stuart little corner of the globe? to those challenges. writes about fetal alcohol Associate Health Minister spectrum disorder Our membership includes health 12 World news promoters, primary health and Jim Anderton is currently in New Zealand. community organisations, researchers, taking advice from Chocolate dope, pickled students, schools and boards of trustees, manufacturers, retailers, 23 Making a hash of it? Finns and English snow; policy makers, and addiction treatment researchers and the NORWAY we bring you up-to-date on agencies and workers. community on whether to drug stories from overseas. SCOTLAND

EDINBURGH DENMARK make party pills illegal. We North Sea Membership and subscription enquiries N.IRELAND Atlantic Ocean [email protected] tell you what we told him. BELFAST Quotes of Substance EUROPE UNITED or visit our website. IRELAND KINGDOM

ENGLAND WALES NETHERLANDS Things people have said, CARDIFF LONDON

16 Opinion Same as it ever GERMANY BELGIUM and a few things that they 0 100miles English Channel was: drugs past, present FRANCE 0 100km shouldn’t have. and future We examine the UK Drug Doug Sellman explains why classification controversy drugs have always been and its relevance to important to humans, and New Zealand where why the future is likely to be national drug policy no different. development is continuing. matters of substance February 07 www.drugfoundation.org.nz The Director’s Cut Key Events & Dates

Thinking Drinking II: judiciary, criminal justice workers, From problems to solutions UN officials, members of national 26-28 February, Melbourne, and international NGOs, Australia and members of drug user Welcome to 2007 and the A conference for those wanting organisations. first edition of our new to develop solutions to the risky www.harmreduction2007.org look Matters of Substance drinking culture in Australasia. quarterly. Focus will be on how to transform Youth Week attitudes, customs and policies 21-27 May, Nationwide in order to create sustainable A celebration of young people, It’s no secret that alcohol In our first edition change. and drug issues are we take a look at the Youth Week is about encouraging www.adf.org.nz young people’s participation complex, and policy medicinal use of cannabis in and connections to their responses and solutions in New Zealand, the legal Social Marketing Down Under communities. aren’t always simple or status of party pills, drug 8-9 March, Wellington www.youthweek.co.nz palatable. In keeping classification in the UK, A conference for social marketers with tradition, Matters and the Mythbusters unpick and people working in related Te Törino – Re-imagining of Substance aims to be ‘P-laced pot’. We have briefs industries in New Zealand, Public Health Australia and the Pacific. Speakers an honest broker in those on the regulation of alcohol 4-6 July, Auckland will address key social marketing The 2007 Public Health Association policy debates while advertising, a possible fair issues relevant to our region. conference themes are urban remaining staunchly trade breach by Big Tobacco, www.socialmarketing.co.nz committed to the Drug alcohol and pregnancy, design, food matters and voices. Topics will include kaupapa Mäori, Foundation’s fundamental and the Healing Our Spirit Central Region Addictions Forum 18-19 April, Palmerston North systems and structures, workforce, principles. Worldwide gathering. inequalities, determinants of This means we will Charles Henderson outlines This is an opportunity to meet with colleagues working in a health, and globalisation. advocate for drug policies his vision for the future of rapidly changing alcohol and other www.pha.org.nz and practices based on the needle exchanges, and Doug drugs scene and to benefit from best evidence available Sellman pulls no punches in networking with others while Oceania Tobacco Control which promote harm his essay on the human and learning about new services and Conference minimisation and reduce social reasons why drugs talking with consumers. 4-7 September, Auckland inequalities. We will publish are always likely to have a www.alac.org.nz This conference promises to be arguments, discussions and ‘bright future’. both exciting and informative. Working Together Conference Confirmed keynote speakers new evidence on current Matters of Substance 3-4 May, Christchurch include, Cynthia Callard of and emerging alcohol and invited Doug’s contribution Celebrating 10 years of positive Physicians for a Smoke-Free drug policy issues to that after seeing him present partnerships and shared outcomes, Canada, Shu-Hong Zhu from the end, and we won’t apologise similar thoughts to the the 2007 Working Together University of San Diego, California for taking a strong editorial Interagency Committee on Conference is aimed at police, and Professor Melanie Wakefield position. Drugs as they considered public health representatives, of The Cancer Council Victoria Matters of Substance their strategic plan for district licensing inspectors, in Melbourne. researchers, trainers, council will include local and implementing the new www.smokefreeoceania.org.nz planners and policy makers, international stories written National Drug Policy. councillors, Mäori wardens, Mäori by Drug Foundation staff, While the new policy Rugby World Cup game one: health providers, safer community All Blacks vs Italy freelance journalists hasn’t been released yet, co-ordinators, and those working 8 September, France in injury prevention. and others with topic- it appears its priority plans The All Blacks will begin their www.alac.org.nz specific knowledge. We’ll will include a focus on assault on the Rugby World Cup include regular features, drug education, updating by meeting Italy in the second 18th International Conference such as guest editorials, the alcohol strategy, and match of the tournament, on the Reduction of Drug and introduce new ones. developing a Drug Harm Related Harm 1.45 pm in Marseilles. Mythbusters, for example, Index for New Zealand. 13-17 May, Warsaw, Poland www.rugbyworldcup.com will regularly unpick the Matters of Substance will This annual international hype, hysteria and fictions keep you updated on those conference, attended by more Two nations, ten cultures? often found around drug projects. than 1300 people from over The Combined APSAD and Cutting Edge Addiction Conference policy debates (especially Happy reading, 60 countries, is a key forum 4-7 November, Auckland those covered in the press). Ross Bell for the dissemination of harm reduction ideas and practice. It The main theme of the Combined brings together frontline workers, Conference is Two Nations, Ten Matters of Substance invites feedback and contributions. If you’re keen researchers, policy makers, Cultures? We know which are the to contribute a guest editorial or article, please first contact us: members of governments, officials two nations, but what is ‘culture’? [email protected] from law enforcement, the www.twonationstencultures.co.nz

www.drugfoundation.org.nz matters of substance February 07 0 Cover Story

Pain, pot and politics Is fear, prejudice and ignorance on the part of our decision makers denying many suffering New Zealanders the help and relief that medicinal marijuana use could provide? A mere whiff of the term seems enough to scatter the herd in the political fraternity. The Misuse of Drugs (Medicinal Cannabis) Amendment Bill sponsored by Green Party Associate Health Spokesperson Metiria Turei would allow registered medical practitioners to prescribe cannabis to patients with specific serious medical conditions. The bill is due to be heard in Parliament in May. Sarah Daniell looks at the issues around the legalising of medicinal marijuana and the arguments put forward by both advocates and opponents.

Ancient medicine, anecdotal evidence 3000-signature petition organised by “I defy anybody to and widespread consensus suggests NORML in support of a law change to that medicinal cannabis has value in allow the use of medicinal cannabis. compare or put the treating people with serious conditions In a survey of 225 doctors in 2003, morality of medicinal who may not respond to other drugs. 32 percent indicated they would It is known to have benefited people consider prescribing medicinal marijuana up against who have cancer, HIV/AIDS, MS and cannabis products if it were legal. other neurodegenerative diseases. Six percent said they had prescribed the pain and suffering Studies have shown it also helps medicinal use of cannabis. that people have.” paraplegics prone to body wasting, The biggest obstacles to medicinal and sufferers of Tourette’s syndrome, cannabis, according to advocates, are Bruce Kilmister epilepsy and motor neurone disease. politicians and prejudice. New Zealand may lead the world Bruce Kilmister, of Body Positive, in many areas, but advocates of an organisation which supports people legalising medicinal marijuana say we suffering from HIV/AIDS, has had lag behind the rest of the world on the many years at the coalface of the issue. issue. In Canada, the United States, “Over probably 20 years I have the Netherlands, Germany and New watched as the AIDS pandemic has South Wales in Australia, it is legal raged through various countries, to use cannabis for strictly medicinal including New Zealand. I’ve lost a purposes. Despite its C-class status partner to AIDS, I’ve seen many people here, prosecutors take a tough line on die from AIDS and I have questioned cannabis which is supplied to relieve the legitimacy of withholding what pain. In just one high profile case in could be a comfort to those people 1998, Neville Yates, was convicted of suffering the physical effects of AIDS. using medicinal cannabis. I’m referring to nausea, body wasting The law may be emphatically in and pain – pain through every part of favour of teaching medicinal users the body from cancers or pneumonia. a harsh lesson, but it would seem “I defy anybody to compare the public of New Zealand is behind or put the morality of medicinal Turei. In July 2006, a 3 News/TNS poll marijuana up against the pain and showed 63 percent of New Zealanders suffering that people have. This is would support a law change allowing not for recreational or social use. doctors to prescribe cannabis as a I’m advocating medically prescribed painkiller. And on 22 November 2006, marijuana for a medical situation for Turei herself tabled in Parliament a which there is no other form of relief.”

0 matters of substance February 07 www.drugfoundation.org.nz “The opposition to the use of cannabis is not based on research or evidence, it’s based on prejudice and that cannot be justified in a so-called modern, democratic, liberal society.”Metiria Turei

www.drugfoundation.org.nz matters of substance February 07 0 “I’m advocating medically prescribed marijuana for a medical situation for which there is no other form of relief.” Bruce Kilmister

Metiria Turei believes prejudice is Turei also refuses to accept that had its own endocannabinoid system at the heart of the issue. the issue is too ‘hard-basket’. which helps regulate pain, hunger and “We have a potentially useful “We’ve been through these kinds anxiety. Medicinal cannabis interferes medicine here and we are denying sick of debates before. Abortion is one with that system. people because we have a prejudice example, homosexual law reform is Kilmister rejects the notion that about the nature of cannabis and another. We’ve just had the civil medicinal cannabis is a blunt tool. recreational drugs. The opposition to union debate. We can tackle these “Where HIV/AIDS people are the use of cannabis is not based on issues sensibly. concerned we have always been on research or evidence, it’s based on “Hopefully the bill, or the the cutting edge of science. I can’t prejudice and that cannot be justified discussion around the bill, will help begin to tell you the number of people in a so-called modern, democratic, people see these issues more clearly.” who have died more from medication liberal society.” But proponents of medicinal in the very early days, than the virus She says scientific evidence marijuana may not only be up against itself. They became the willing guinea increasingly supports the benefits politics and prejudice. In July last pigs of the pharmaceutical industry in of medicinal cannabis. year, New Scientist reported that while an attempt to stay alive. “It’s been demonstrated in a there was clear anecdotal evidence “All I can say is I see what actually number of studies to be useful for that medicinal cannabis works in some works. I do see people who are using some conditions, particularly muscle cases, results of clinical trials have marijuana for medicinal reasons and spasm control for those who are been mixed. The problem is there’s it works where everything else has paraplegic, and control of nausea and no way of targeting the drug to a failed. Most of the physicians we work maintenance of appetite for those who particular place, it said. with have no difficulty seeing their have cancer or HIV, or who are taking Experts at the Federation of patients use marijuana when they other drugs that are causing those Neuroscience Societies meeting in have identified nothing else seems kinds of symptoms.” Vienna last July said the human body to work.

0 matters of substance February 07 www.drugfoundation.org.nz Billy’s Story

Billy is 52 years old and uses medicinal cannabis.

“They will simply turn a blind AT 20 he had just earned his trade certificate Under the current Misuse of Drugs Act 1975 eye or even sometimes suggest to the and started a well-paid job when his vehicle the Minister of Health can grant exemptions person, ‘Have you tried this?’ knowing was rammed by a drunk driver. His right for medicinal use where a doctor is supportive leg was shattered and he spent a year in and cannabis has been the only effective full well that it is illegal and knowing hospital and several more rehabilitating medicine. Billy has applied for an exemption full well it could be the only form of before constant pain led to the decision and been turned down three times. In fact relief for that person.” to amputate. no application has ever been successful. Currently in Britain the only This improved things at first, but over The usual grounds for rejection are cannabis-based product which can the years the pain worsened and was either that cannabis has not been sufficiently legally be used is a treatment for MS compounded by discomfort from using a clinically tested here, that the applicant has convictions for possession, or that it is an - a nasal spray called Sativex. Cannabis prosthetic leg. Having to use a wheelchair and crutches has now led to pressure sores unsafe medicine because it is smoked. derivatives supplied in a synthetic on his back and legs, and repetitive strain Billy says this would be amusing if it form may be the ultimate compromise injury to his hands. wasn’t so tragic, and that the hassles that for those in the medical community Billy describes the pain as being like a come with medicinal marijuana use mean who cannot countenance patients severe toothache, or like wearing shoes that people wouldn’t use it unless it was truly smoking it for medicinal purposes. are too tight with a stone in them, and he effective. “I can get really strong painkillers A spokesperson for the New Zealand says no one should have to live with that. from my doctor for free. Why would I put up He believes he will only be free when he is with the fear of prosecution or burglary and Medical Council said it supported dead, and the pain’s unrelenting persistence, the incredible amount of trouble and expense research and debate on the issue, but combined with loneliness and the frustration needed to buy or grow it unless I had to?” didn’t support people being allowed to of immobility, has brought him to the brink Billy’s doctor is concerned about smoke the substance as that came with of suicide on a number of occasions. potential lung damage from smoking other health issues. The opiate-based painkillers doctors marijuana, but Billy, who doesn’t smoke But the problems with synthetic prescribed for Billy dulled the pain, but cigarettes, says any damage that may result from the few tokes he takes each day pales in derivatives, says Turei, are the expense they also made him moody and depressed. He would sleep for long periods and awake comparison to the way the prescription drugs and time involved in research and the feeling un-rested, de-motivated, nauseous knock his brain and body about. “I’m grateful issue of efficacy. and like he had a severe hangover. Dosages that everyone’s concerned about my lungs,” “My concern is that the kept increasing to keep pace with the pain he says, “but does nobody see the irony in government may be committed to and eventually Billy faced the additional what they’re asking me to live with instead?” looking at pharmaceutically tested burden of overcoming painkiller addiction. Matters of Substance thanks Billy for his generosity of time and for sharing his products as opposed to whole plant He now refuses prescription drugs, even though they’re free, in favour of story publicly. extracts, and I think that’s a real shame cannabis which costs him about $50 per because the whole plant extract is week. It isn’t a miracle cure either, but it shown to be more effective, and we does allow him to get natural sleep which end up with a system where medicinal makes him stronger and better able to cope cannabis is made really expensive and with the pain during the day. He takes it really difficult to access.” as little as possible, and not at all when his In The Netherlands there is a pain is manageable. Billy’s doctor is supportive, and has given strictly regulated system where agents him a statement to that effect in writing. grow cannabis. It’s tested to make He is also an active co-ordinator for Green sure it’s clean and doesn’t contain any Cross, a web based support group which asks contaminants and the genus of the police to use their discretionary powers in plant is assessed. They know through cases where a medicinal cannabis user is testing and anecdotal evidence what being questioned. While he says many amongst the police kinds of plants are suitable for certain are sympathetic, the fact that medicinal use conditions and supply them on is illegal has left him without protection or that basis. recourse. His home has been invaded or Kilmister says if the public needs burgled on more than twenty occasions and reassurance, it needs only to look to his cannabis and valuables stolen. He says the United States. this is common amongst medicinal users “If ever there was a bastion of who feel unable to report this sort of crime for fear of legal repercussions. conservative attitude in terms of He no longer locks his doors or windows the medicinal or morality aspects of when he goes out as they just get smashed. marijuana, the United States would He lives with the constant fear of a home invasion at a time when his children are visiting. continued on page 06 www.drugfoundation.org.nz matters of substance February 07 0 Quotes of substance

We do not want our be the absolute heart of it. Yet the US marijuana is for and the name of the brands or brand imagery has accepted the legitimate, legal use prescribing doctor. depicted in movies and of marijuana. It is prescribed with a “That information is all passed TV shows. health card that allows the patient, on to the police so they know who under the very strictest control, medicinal users are. If the person is Philip Morris promotes its new message to secure marijuana for medicinal unable to grow the plants themselves, after recent studies show that smoking in purposes – much to allay some of they can designate someone to do movies is the number one factor prompting the concerns I briefly mentioned, that for them and that agent becomes young people to take up smoking. One particularly pain. registered with the Ministry and the can only wonder then, who is behind the “It helps a great deal with other police as well. ‘Marlboros in movies’ phenomenon? things such as appetite. Nausea “The card provides protection destroys appetite and causes body but only to the level specified. It must

wasting – all of those things which be done under medical supervision. Looking back I contribute to the on-march of the The patient can access the plant very would have done things AIDS virus through the body could easily and cheaply because they can be allayed with the use of medicinal differently. grow it themselves.” marijuana. National Party’s Associate Health Turei accepts that some doctors are “When you are taking a barrage of Spokesman Jonathan Coleman, punched against people smoking cannabis, but medication, morning, noon and night, after smoking a cigar in tobacco giant says there are other alternatives, such just simply to stay alive, that affects BAT’s corporate box, while enjoying a as a tincture, a vaporiser or ingesting. the whole psychology of a person. free invitation to an Auckland U2 concert. Bruce Kilmister says he is And to simply shift aside from that Hindsight is a wonderful thing, but unconvinced by pharmaceutical briefly, with the support of medicinal a modicum of insight would have derivatives. marijuana, not only defers the been better. “We’ve looked very closely at the symptoms they’re suffering at the time but also gives them some slight relief.” [cannabis derived] pill but our concern is that it takes too long to work. When It is very tragic, but So what’s the guts of Turei’s Bill? “The Bill is set up to allow a doctor a person needs relief they need it I am surprised it hasn’t to decide whether a patient would be immediately. You don’t want to take a happened sooner. helped by cannabis. They decide the pill and wait for an hour when simple An Australian resident comments on best dosage and the patient applies to marijuana provides instant relief. the recent break-in into a meat works the Ministry of Health for an ID card “If Turei’s Bill is adopted it would factory by four youths to sniff petrol. which has dosage, how many plants reduce the abuse of our members, Two were found dead in the warehouse, they can grow, what condition the many of whom are already living in while the other two are in hospital, one poverty, purely on a pension. They in critical condition. cannot absorb the exorbitant costs that fuel the profits of the inappropriate growers and dealers. If legislation was It’s ground-breaking passed that allowed for medicinal use legislation…. I believe we only, and it was strictly controlled, I should be tougher. think it would improve the situation for many so that they would not be put Australian Opposition Police and further into the clutches of poverty, Corrective Services Spokesman Rob or risk real violence in dealing with Messenger raises the matter of drink people they would never normally driving after a public poll reveals more than 75 percent of Australians supported associate with. stripping repeat offenders of their vehicles “The biggest obstacle is finding and licences for life. sufficient politicians with the fortitude and moral responsibility to meet this debate honestly and sincerely.”

Sarah Daniell is a freelance journalist based

continued on page 17 in Auckland.

0 matters of substance February 07 www.drugfoundation.org.nz While there was no “I think disagreement from MPs during the parliamentary we’re stuck debate about the need for us to do something about with 18.” our drinking culture, there was little consensus about what that something might be.

Ross Bell comments on the defeat of Martin Gallagher’s Sale of Liquor (Youth Alcohol Harm Reduction) Amendment Bill, and expresses concern for future liquor law proposals before this Parliament.

Associate Health Minister Damien Green MP Metiria Turei argued Maybe those of us fighting to O’Connor predicted Parliament would for better and tougher enforcement raise the age blew it. With more reject the bill seeking to raise the alcohol of existing law, while national MP than 70 percent of the population purchasing age to 20 years. He was David Carter said the alcohol industry supporting the age increase we should right, and the vote wasn’t even close. needs to have a greater role in finding have done better. There must be On 8 November 2006, 72 members solutions. lessons in this defeat for us. Were our of Parliament voted down the bill, and So why did the bill fail? arguments weak? Was the evidence only 49 supported it. The previously Some commentators and MPs say poor? Could we have been better ‘undecided’ MPs, including Health last minute lobbying by the industry networked with other supporters Minister Peter Hodgson and Prime and the political party youth wings’ (including youth organisations)? Minister Helen Clark, had the final ‘Keep it 18’ Coalition clinched the deal. Damien O’Connor was also correct and decisive say in its defeat. Many suggest that the Justice in pronouncing, “We’re stuck with 18.” The defeat wasn’t surprising and Associate Health Ministers’ The drinking age vote has been lost but the margin was, and it raises announcement of a bigger review of and the matter is likely to stay off the serious concerns about how this New Zealand’s liquor laws on the day parliamentary agenda for a long time Parliament might vote on future of the vote effectively killed the bill, to come. alcohol law changes, especially as even though no terms of reference we’re anticipating possible legislative or timetable for the review were However, the community proposals stemming from the liquor announced. now has heightened expectations law and alcohol advertising reviews. There was also a suggestion by that Parliament will demonstrate While there was no disagreement many MPs that the bill as reported greater leadership and indeed do from MPs during the parliamentary back from the select committee was something about our drinking culture. debate about the damage alcohol does a mess and that its exemptions would That something should come out or the need for us to do something prove too difficult to enforce. Indeed, of the liquor law and advertising about our drinking culture, there the creation of the new legal status reviews. Greater efforts will be needed was little consensus about what that ‘former guardian’ solely for this (including better work by us) to ensure something might be. legislation did appear ridiculous. Parliament gets it right next time. www.drugfoundation.org.nz matters of substance February 07 0 Guest Editorial

The vanguard of harm reduction: the future of New Zealand’s needle exchange In 1987 New Zealand established its Needle Exchange Programme (NEP), perhaps the first country to do so on such a comprehensive scale. Now, 20 years on, there are 212 outlets operating nationally and 17 dedicated exchange outlets utilising a peer service model. There are 182 pharmacies and health related organisations providing new, sterile injecting equipment and collection of used items. In our Guest Editorial, Needle Exchange Programme National Manager Charles Henderson writes about the programme’s current status and what should happen to ensure its future.

It needs to be understood right from users are forced to act covertly; often through which drug users can be the outset. Drug use has always been resorting to unsafe methods in their educated, informed, and assisted part of the human condition, and will attempts to remain hidden. Even with access to treatment options. be for the foreseeable future. Even though we have been authorised to Individuals often turn to drug use as in our distant past, we used drugs supply clean injecting equipment a way of coping at a particular point ranging from alcohol to opiates and since 1987, NEP clients still must run in their lives. They should not then hallucinogens to induce altered states a legal gauntlet because possessing the be condemned to a life of despair of mind or assist in spiritual quests. very equipment we supply is against and worthlessness. The majority get The grim reality of harmful drug the law. This has huge implications through it with the right assistance use is apparent to NEP workers on a on the personal and public health and continue on the path as productive daily basis. Regardless of our opinions objectives of the NEP as we attempt and participating members of society. or world view, illicit drug users to minimise the spread of blood borne One of NEP’s greatest strengths continue to risk ill-health, addiction, viruses (BBVs) within the IV drug is its emphasis on peer service. disease and prosecution. Those using population, and from there to the Dedicated exchange outlets are run who have become dependant have a wider community. and staffed largely by people who career of narrowing choices. With the This is why New Zealand’s Needle have themselves been injecting users. knowledge and understanding we now Exchange Programme has always taken They understand the lifestyle and how have about drugs and what they do to the pragmatic approach of reducing the best to impart information by showing people, it is an oxymoron to say that harm that can result from drug use. genuine empathy and understanding, those dependant on drugs lack will- Providing clean needles and de- and by taking a non-judgemental power or could stop if they wanted to. circulating contaminated ones is not approach. More than 75 percent of the Ongoing prohibition has had many condoning drugs. It’s a way of reducing national distribution of sterile injecting implications in our society. Fear of suffering and loss of life, and it often equipment is through the 17 outlets prosecution means that illicit drug provides the only point of contact using the peer service model.

0 matters of substance February 07 www.drugfoundation.org.nz amongst injectors attending the NEP in the world. HIV prevalence of 0.3 percent is an outstanding result! No blood tests were positive for Hepatitis B, but Hepatitis C results were more concerning. It is a difficult virus to control and is easily transmitted via shared injecting equipment. Seventy percent returned positive, and the longer a user had been injecting, the more likely they were to carry Hepatitis C. Of note was that the prevalence amongst injecting drug users under 25 was less than 30 percent, indicating that early education and intervention may reduce the overall pool of Hepatitis C infection amongst them over time. There is no doubt in my mind that we have saved the country millions of dollars in disease prevention and downstream health costs. This is endorsed by the 2002 NZ NEP Review which stated that New Zealand’s NEP is both effective and efficient, particularly with respect to prevention of HIV infections among injecting drug users and every dollar spent on the programme between 1988 We have to recognise illicit drug The study consisted of an anonymous and 2001 avoided $20 in lifetime use as a health issue if we’re serious questionnaire completed by 412 treatment costs. about minimising its related harm people and a finger-prick blood test. However, it also seems clear that - from a Government and policy We were able to compare results with the programme must be maximised level through to doctors, pharmacists two more limited studies done in the so that it reaches a greater proportion and public attitude. Treatment must late 90s. Many of the results were of injecting drug users if we are acknowledge that drug addiction is robust, indicating that drug users are to effectively reduce Hepatitis C a chronic relapsing condition which changing their behaviours. transmission and prevalence in may require several interventions over Needle exchange was instigated the future. a lifetime, but that there are many early in New Zealand, mainly as a So what is the future for NEP? ways of reducing its harm. Longer response to the potential HIV/AIDS While needle exchange must prison sentences and harsher penalties epidemic. As a result we have the remain is core activity, NEP must also only further prevent these individuals lowest rate of HIV transmission continue to develop to incorporate from receiving a health based solution. continued on page 10 So where is NEP now? Over the last 20 years we’ve 1997 1998 2004 had some very real and measurable Re-use of someone else’s needle 19% 21% 15% success. In 2004 I personally headed Use of new needle each time 40% 48% 50% a study into the prevalence of HIV, Sharing spoon – 50% 25% Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C amongst Sharing tourniquet – 31% 21% injectors attending the programme. We examined trends in their injecting Sharing water – 22% 11% practices, sexual behaviours and other Sharing filters – 23% 6% risk factors associated with BBVs. The table above compares risk behaviour survey results for 1997, 1998 and 2004. www.drugfoundation.org.nz matters of substance February 07 0 ancillary services via the dedicated that do not accept harm reduction impossible to learn about the outlets. These should include Hepatitis programmes such as the NEP, HIV/ help available. C clinics, vaccination programmes, AIDS rates of over 50 percent have A trial mobile needle exchange provision of food, and more education been reported. has recently begun operating on the on sexual behaviour, injecting Household Drug Surveys indicate West Coast. This service makes contact techniques and wound management. two percent of New Zealanders inject with those in the injecting community NEP needs increased national or have injected drugs in the last who are well-placed to publicise its awareness to encourage participation, 12 months. This means 85,000 people availability to their peers. It’s another particularly amongst young people and are potentially susceptible to blood- example of the sorts of effectiveness those in more remote areas. borne viruses from drug use, and these only possible through the ground- We’ve made a definite start with all people will have contact with other level, evidence-based approach the of the above, but the future will largely New Zealanders. We cannot ignore peer-based dedicated exchanges can be determined by two things: funding these issues and hope they will provide. The service is currently and targeted interventions based on go away. being evaluated and it is hoped it can best evidence. Increased funding is needed to be rolled out to other areas as part In terms of funding, we simply improve the outreach capabilities of a broad range of interventions to cannot allow NEP to be seen as a of the programme. Outreach is maximise NEP’s effectiveness now poor cousin to other approaches in fundamental to the successful future and into the future. our national drug policy. The recent of NEP, yet it is relatively ignored While many New Zealanders, National Drug Policy 2006-2011 as attention and resourcing is including many politicians, remain consultation document has relegated concentrated on law enforcement and blissfully unaware or perhaps a little our approach of harm reduction to border interdiction. fearful of NEP, its importance as an “problem limitation” thereby lessening Outreach takes the concept of harm effective means of minimising harm its importance in respect to the minimisation to the most isolated and to all New Zealanders cannot be internationally accepted three-pillar vulnerable users around the country, underestimated. The 2004 survey approach of supply, demand and harm often providing a lifeline for those indicates that on the whole we are reduction. Internationally, in places who would otherwise find it near getting it right, and we are making an incredible difference. The introduction of a free one-for- one (new for old) distribution scheme in 2004 is an example of the continued investment and support NEP does receive from Government. Removing the economic barrier (previously distribution of injecting equipment was on a user-pays basis) is crucial if we are to reduce the sharing and re-using of injecting equipment. Such behaviours are devastatingly efficient ways of transmitting BBVs, and other ways may arise in the future. The future of the Needle Exchange Programme must be centred on consolidating its ground-level approach, providing solid scientific evidence, and through this expanding the service’s reach and effectiveness. This will take increased funding, continued strategic management and planning and robust evaluation of any targeted intervention that is implemented. Money well spent in my view.

10 matters of substance February 07 www.drugfoundation.org.nz New Zealand News

Doubts about drug members Alick Shaw and two teenagers died and parents who are dealing driving tests Robyn Northey. The new two others were critically with their children’s members bring to the table injured after breaking into drinking and drug taking, New Zealand legislation a vast array of knowledge, a warehouse to sniff a or have had to do so in the permitting roadside drug skills and experience from 44-gallon drum of petrol. past. A 30 minute DVD and driving tests may soon come a variety of health fields, Another young man workbook complete the pack. into effect. A draft bill is all of which will contribute of 19, and a boy, 15, died The absorbing DVD set to go before Parliament towards the progression of from ‘huffing’ just before shows five parents and two this year which would make ALAC’s key objectives. new year 2007. The mother teenagers taking viewers it illegal to drive while of the 19 year old from with them on their journey, impaired with illicit drugs. Masterton said, “You can’t openly welcoming parents Police will have the power Out with the old, and caregivers in similar to test suspect drivers with a in with the new ban everything. But you can try and reach the kids situations into their lives. series of roadside impairment After 12 years in the job – warn them. We had a look The real life experiences tests including walking in ALAC Chief Executive online and the gas usually include dilemmas, tips, a straight line and pupil Officer Mike MacAvoy has stops their hearts after acceptance, and the future. size. Drivers who fail will stepped down from his role. setting it racing. The worst The workbook helps be required to undergo a Mike MacAvoy’s career thing is that it’s a 15-minute parents and caregivers blood test taken by a doctor. commitment to the drug and high and then they feel sick address and work through A failed blood test could alcohol field will continue afterward.” their situations. The incur penalties similar to as he leaves to share his resource is not intended those for drink driving. expertise as the head of to be the final solution. Doubts regarding the Drinkwise, an Australian New CAYAD for Rather, it encourages each accuracy of the impairment liquor industry initiative Christchurch reader to reflect on their and blood tests have based in Victoria. Gerard In July 2006 a new personal circumstances sparked debate. Critics say Vaughan has been appointed Community Action on within a holistic framework. roadside impairment tests as ALAC’s new CEO. Gerard Youth and Drugs project Free copies can be ordered are subjective, and blood has extensive knowledge (CAYAD) started in from ALAC and the Alcohol tests would only confirm and managerial experience Christchurch, bringing the Drug Helpline. the presence of a drug type, within the health sector in a total number of CAYADs not the amount or time variety of sectors and fields. to 24. Key objectives Speed use slows taken, nor whether the He was recently the project shaping the Christchurch A report on the National driver is impaired by the manager for the Like Minds, CAYAD’s values and Household Drug Surveys drug. Certain drug types Like Mine programme. services include support of conducted in 1998, 2001 can stay in the blood for young people, partnership and 2003 into recent several weeks. However with key stakeholders ‘Huffing’ and population trends in Government is confident the and the community, puffing and blowing amphetamine use was tests will be accurate and and the development, yourself up published in 2006. able to detect the presence implementation and In 2004 volatile substance The findings indicate of most illicit drugs support of effective harm abuse found its way into a general levelling out in including cannabis and media headlines as six minimisation policies and usage prevalence and a amphetamines. people died from ‘huffing’ programmes. Christchurch decrease in numbers who volatile substances CAYAD coordinator Leanne had used amphetamines. New ALAC Members prompting the Wellington McTear is looking forward There was a mixed response Three new ALAC coroner to advocate for to getting out into the regarding the availability council members have an anti-drug education community in 2007 to of amphetamines from been appointed replacing campaign. further develop the service. those surveyed and chairman Andrew Hornblow, Debate dwindled until evidence suggests little or and members Monica 2006 when a young Nelson Bewildered no change in price or harm Stockdale and Dr Gillian man died after a LPG bottle In late 2006 ALAC launched from use since 2003. The Tasker. Peter Glensor he and his mates were Bewildered for parents and decrease in use is likely will take up the new role inhaling from exploded. caregivers. This powerful to be attributable to law of chairman alongside Weeks later in Australia resource tells the story of enforcement legislative www.drugfoundation.org.nz matters of substance February 07 11 World News changes beginning in hosted by the New Zealand Jury not sweet on of 4.4 million people the 2002 which focused on Prison Fellowship. chocolate defence highest execution rate in the domestic methamphetamine The Fellowship also world relative to population. British multiple sclerosis manufacture and use. joined with the Salvation For more information see sufferers Mark and Lezley The 2003 respondent Army to lead Rethinking The death penalty: A hidden Gibson and Marcus Davies sample was somewhat Crime and Punishment toll of executions - have been found guilty of less than the 1998 and (www.rethinking.org.nz), web.amnesty.org supplying more than 20,000 2001 surveys which can a project aimed at increasing cannabis laced Canna- to some extent affect public understanding Scientists hope for biz chocolate bars to MS the reliability of the about crime reduction and booze buzz blocker sufferers worldwide. The comparisons. Researchers promoting alternatives to bars contain about 3.5g If scientific practice can believe that the increased current models. of cannabis and are only treat infection, then why exposure, classification, Another significant step available to those who not addiction? Scientists and stigmatisation of has been the Department provide a medical note at Melbourne’s Howard methamphetamine may of Corrections’ decision confirming their condition. Florey Institute may have have contributed to the to allow people who The jury rejected their cracked the code for treating lower response rate in 2003. enter prison on opioid defence claim that the bars alcohol addiction. Orexin substitution therapies to is produced by brain cells are a ‘medical necessity’. Drug problems in the stay on those therapies. during the ‘high’ felt after On 27 January 2007 each criminal justice system This move is part of the drinking alcohol or taking defendant received a - a year of action 2005 agreement between drugs. Dr Andrew Lawrence Corrections and the Ministry nine-month jail sentence 2006 saw real progress from says that if a drug can be of Health to improve health suspended for two years. several sectors in addressing developed to block orexin services for people in the the problem of alcohol and production in humans, criminal justice system. More casualties in the other drugs in prisons. we should be able to stop The Drug Foundation has War on Drugs Corrections Minister an alcoholic’s craving for been active since holding Damien O’Connor led In January, Singapore alcohol as well as prevent its Reducing Crime Through a delegation to study executed two Africans on relapses once the alcoholic Best Practice on Alcohol corrections policy on harm drug trafficking charges has recovered. Tests are and Other Drugs in Prison reduction and treatment despite pleas for clemency currently underway to Settings workshop in July services in Britain, Finland by Nigeria’s president, the develop orexin blocking 2005. We also identified and the Netherlands in United Nations and human drugs safe for humans. treating offenders’ drug January 2006, and has rights groups. problems in reducing crime committed his department Nigerian Iwuchukwu The last US anti-NEP as a priority in our briefing to increasing the number Amara Tochi, 21, was bastion caves to the incoming government of treatment places in hanged at dawn in the city- Until recently, New Jersey New Zealand prisons to 550, state after being convicted was the only US state double the present number, Census reveals of trafficking 727 grams of with a law prohibiting by 2009. smoking’s down heroin – nearly 50 times drug users from access to A report on the initiative According to the the 15 grams that draws a clean needles. The needle Effective Interventions, 2006 census 597,792 mandatory death penalty exchange bill (Senate Bill announced by Government New Zealanders aged 15 in Singapore. Okeke Nelson 494) was adopted on in August which reviewed years and over, describe Malachy, a 35-year-old 11 December 2006. State the interface between themselves as regular stateless African, to whom health officials applauded mental health, addiction smokers, compared with Iwuchukwu was supposed the vote, which concluded treatment services and the 609,297 in 1996. This to deliver the drugs, was 13 years of bitter debate criminal justice system, will represents a 2 percent also convicted and executed about research findings be released early this year. decline over 10 years. The Some 420 people have on needle exchange and Alcohol and other drugs smoking question has not been hanged in Singapore the effects such programs were also on the agenda appeared regularly in the since 1991, mostly for drug have on individuals and at the Beyond Retribution Census. It was first asked in trafficking, an Amnesty communities. Supporters - Advancing the Law and 1976, then again in 1981, International 2004 report anticipate that the bill Order Debate conference, 1996 and 2006. said. That gives the country will impact positively

12 matters of substance February 07 www.drugfoundation.org.nz on the number of HIV/AIDS Plenty of snow in gaining favour most sharply several thousand dollars cases in which New Jersey England among 25-34 year olds - the at a time, though her only nationally ranks fifth. so-called ‘dinner party regular income was US$275 To date throughout Europe monthly welfare support. nine million people have cocaine set’. Alcohol finishes Finnish used cocaine, but Britain is A recent study revealed that now officially its cocaine Bingo gran jailed Aussie youths fair alcohol is now the leading capital. The blow blizzard An Arizona grandmother dinkum drinkers killer of Finnish adults with avalanched into Britain who ran drugs to support Statistics reveal that an consumption reaching an all in the mid-1990s and has her bingo habit has been average of 522 Australian time high in 2005. More yet to thaw. Ten percent of fined US$150,000 and youths needed paramedic than 2,000 people between those experiencing chest sentenced to three years in attention for excess alcohol the ages of 15 and 65 were pain are found to have the prison. Police found 96.3 consumption each year, and killed by alcohol poisoning or drug in their system, and kilograms of cannabis in over 60 percent of these illness, and nearly 1,000 were one leading expert has said the boot of her car. Leticia require hospital treatment. killed by alcohol-related that a healthcare disaster Garcia said she often played This figure has remained accidents or violent incidents. is inevitable The drug is bingo, occasionally winning stable since June 1998.

www.drugfoundation.org.nz matters of substance February 07 13 Party pills in the headlines – again

Party pills are back in the news as Associate Health Minister Jim Anderton considers their legal status.

In 2006 Mr Anderton asked the Expert The release triggered extensive The Drug Foundation congratulated Advisory Committee on Drugs (EACD) media coverage. National MP Jacqui Mr Anderton for resisting pressure to review recent New Zealand research Dean urged the Minister to act to make a hasty decision, and for on benzylpiperazine (BZP), the main immediately. Matt Bowden, on behalf reviewing all the evidence and ingredient in most party pills. The of the New Zealand Social Tonics consulting with the public before official EACD report was released by Association, said that while the making a recommendation to Mr Anderton on 20 December 2006. EACD report had focused on risks, it Parliament. It recommended BZP be classified lacked analysis of the benefits of safer, The Drug Foundation supports as C1 under the Misuse of Drugs Act regulated alternatives to illegal drugs. retaining party pills in the Act’s alongside drugs such as cannabis. The stories also triggered restricted substances category, but It is illegal to possess or sell Class C correspondence from the public. with new and stricter regulations drugs. A common thread amongst comments and enforcement, arguing tighter Mr Anderton says he is still from current and former users was and improved regulations will allow considering advice and options that while party pills have risks, they Government greater control than for controlling BZP, as required by are no more dangerous than alcohol an outright ban. the Misuse of Drug Act. He aims to or tobacco. Many correspondents complete this consideration by March argued for stronger regulation such Information on the Minister’s consultation and is currently seeking advice from as raising the purchase age to 20, process and media coverage of party pill issues can be found on our website: manufacturers, retailers, researchers or selling party pills only through www.drugfoundation.org.nz and the community. licensed retailers.

14 matters of substance February 07 www.drugfoundation.org.nz From Nemesis to sleeplessness: a history of party pills

PARTY pills first entered the New Zealand and availability which indicated one in five market in 2000 as a product called Nemesis New Zealanders had used party pills. Most produced by the Stargate company. of these were aged between 18 and 24. A number of industry players are now Many had experienced minor health competing in this market, and claim to problems, especially inability to sleep. have sold more than 20 million pills. Most As Minister Anderton was announcing contain benzylpiperazine (BZP) and many are his consultation, Janie Sheridan and a team mixed with trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine of Auckland University researchers released (TFMPP). their qualitative research on party pill use. More recently, New Zealand companies Their report confirmed party pill use have begun exporting to the United Kingdom was mainly a social, shared activity, although where BZP and TFMPP are unclassified. The some were using the drugs to stay awake products are sold as ‘pep pills’. The UK boom longer for study or work. Young people has reached the attention of New Scientist commonly said they used party pills instead (Legally high, 30 September 2006) and of illicit drugs. Most knew about negative The Guardian (Exotic, legal highs become big effects, and those who had cut down or business as ‘headshops’ boom, 9 January 2006). stopped using reported no difficulty. In a recent development, the UK’s Despite the media hype, the Wilkins Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs study found only 1.2 percent of users had started an inquiry into BZP. This followed injected BZP; none of those in the Sheridan an earlier investigation into whether the study had tried injection. Both studies found pills should be licensed under the Medicines that almost all users were using alcohol with Act, given piperazine is a licensed veterinary party pills despite advice and packaging worming medicine in the UK. information to the contrary. Knowledge Until 2004 there were less than half a about the products they were taking or how dozen studies on BZP or TFMPP. In 2006 to use them safely varied. Mr Anderton funded several research projects A Medical Research Institute’s study to get better information on how party pills led by Richard Beasley found that party were being used and how they affect users. pills improved users’ driving. However, Paul Gee and Tania Nicolson published the researchers aborted their trial when papers in the New Zealand Medical Journal participants began to suffer nausea, dizziness on party pill effects among people presenting and hallucinations. to emergency departments. The papers As Matters of Substance was going indicated problems such as agitation, to print, a 23 year old was in a medically insomnia and seizures among some users. induced coma in Christchurch Hospital Chris Wilkins and a research team at after collapsing with breathing difficulties the Centre for Social and Health Outcomes at a rave. His collapse was blamed on party Research and Evaluation produced an pills. The full toxicology report had not yet extensive report on levels of party pill use been released.

www.drugfoundation.org.nz matters of substance February 07 15 Opinion

Same as it ever was: drugs past, present and future

Drugs have played an integral part in human experience from the long distant past to the present. Doug Sellman explains why the future is likely to be no different.

Following a lifetime of research into helping our early ancestors cope methamphetamine and the psychoactive substances, the famous with the nasty, brutish and short life hallucinogen mescaline, providing a German research pharmacologist, of a hunter-gatherer. compelling ‘love drug’ hallucinogenic Louis Lewin (1850-1929) wrote Currently, drugs are divided stimulant experience for users. the following in his often quoted into the following seven categories: The main reason there is a great Phantastica, Narcotic and Stimulating depressants, stimulants, cannabinoids, future for drugs in the human world is Drugs: Their Use and Abuse: “From opioids, hallucinogens, inhalants, the same as it ever was - the ability for the first beginning of our knowledge and other. This categorisation is people to short-cut pleasurable of man, we find him consuming made largely on the basis of the rewarding experience. Apart from the substances of no nutritive value, different target receptors in the effort of procuring the drug, no work is but taken for the sole purpose of brain that these substances attach to required to have the emotional high. The producing for a certain time a feeling towards releasing dopamine from different types of euphoria produced of contentment, ease and comfort.” the nucleus accumbens, the common by the different categories of drugs Taking drugs for their psychoactive neurobiological process that underlies provide people with a variety of options. effect is not unique to human beings, all hedonic experience. Vulnerability to addiction to a particular but securing a steady supply for In the future, these seven drug has been shown to correlate with regular use is. Drugs are an integral categories could very well expand the degree of pleasure that a user aspect of the technology of homo to incorporate new ‘designer drug’ derives from it (as well as the lack of sapiens and can be thought of as just categories such as hallucinogenic negative effects from taking that drug). as important to the global culture of stimulants, stimulant opioids and/or There are at least four major the species as clothing. In fact, drugs opio-cannabinoids. In fact, ecstasy concerns for the West over the next may have been an important element (3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine), 10-20 years: of the adaptability of early humans; one of the most popular recreational 1. Increasing anxiety about global providing emotional and psychological drugs in the Western World at present, conflict over diminishing natural comfort similar to that derived from is a synthetic, psychoactive drug resources and increasing influence belief in supernatural gods, and chemically similar to the stimulant of human pollution;

16 matters of substance February 07 www.drugfoundation.org.nz Quotes of substance

2. Increasing anxiety, anger and pain the most common yet most neglected Low-risk drinkers and in an expanding, disenfranchised, drug addiction. Louis Lewin again: infrequent or occasionally poor underclass; “The use of tobacco, which has made risky… drinkers 3. Increasing tiredness and stress its way thanks to the spirit of imitation accounted for 49 to 66 as well as to its peculiar effects, has as people feel they need to percent of alcohol-related work harder to get ahead in a vanquished humanity and will absenteeism. consumption-obsessed economy; continue to reign until the end of the and world.” Nicotine is here to stay. The Dr Kennith Pidd, Research Officer at 4. Increasing meaninglessness as challenge is to develop safe nicotine the National Centre for Education and Christianity further dissolves into products that will trump cigarettes. Training on Addiction at Flinders University the secular world. Swedish snus may be such a product. (Australia) reports on his study which In relation to these four groups, Finally, it is clear that there is revealed infrequent drinkers rather than I would predict that our favourite drug an ‘unholy trinity’ operating in the alcohol abusers take more alcohol-related ethanol (alcohol), with its powerful market-driven, consumption-obsessed, sick leave due to hangovers. anxiolytic effect involving a relaxed freedom economy that we all enjoy euphoria, will continue to find great so much which will continue to drive favour for those in the first group along regular, heavy use of drugs and other The young were with those who have anxiety over addictive products. forgoing wines, health more immediate concerns. First are the highly effective, benefits and tasting Opioids such as morphine, with financially powerful, psychopathic pleasure with a desire for business corporations: the alcohol their analgesic properties underlying higher alcohol content. a ‘warm heavenly comfort’, provide industry, the tobacco industry, the illicit drug industry, the gambling Suggestion to Government by French MPs solace in a chronically miserable world industry, the food industry, and the representing constituencies in Burgundy for those in category two, who are also retail industry. These corporations and Champagne that French youths’ binge often dealing with pain from the past. know that a good proportion of their drinking culture could be curbed if schools Stimulants have a great future profit is derived from customers taught children the health benefits of with modern people stressing out who exhibit unwanted compulsive drinking French wine. to get ahead. Caffeine, BZP-based behaviour around their product and party pills and methamphetamine are suffering because of it. will all continue to be sought out Second is the complicit political for the purpose of staying alert with I would drink and pragmatism of government and an energised euphoria, although the drive again with just me opposition, who not only know there negative effects of BZP will be a self- in the car. are billions of dollars of tax revenue limiting factor. that flow from the ‘addictionogenic A 16 year old comments to the media just Finally, for some, the industries’ but that the economy as a days after he was supplied alcohol by his meaningfulness of a drug-induced whole is somewhat dependent on their mother, drove drunk at very high speeds spiritual experience will help them activity. and crashed leaving his girlfriend critically to find God (or something), and derive Finally, there is the relatively injured in hospital. Days later he retracted comforting meaning from the random ineffective, under-resourced and his statement. If only his mother had complexity and essential emptiness of poorly organised public health introduced him to French wine! life in this universe. advocacy sector. The millions of There is one drug that needs dollars of marketing invested by special mention - nicotine. Bontekoe, the ‘addictionogenic industries’ to The primary focus a Seventeenth Century Dutch physician, perpetuate their market share casts a of the test is random. said, “Nothing is more necessary and dense dark shadow over any light that John Brady, Spokesman of the NRL beneficial to life and health than the is shone by us ‘do-gooders’ in health comments on the proposed drug testing smoke of tobacco. It gladdens the heart promotion. policy where players under suspicion for in solitude and relieves a sedentary using illicit drugs can expect a knock on life of all discomforts.” Even though Doug Sellman is the Professor of Psychiatry the door from drug testers at anytime. the current medical profession has a and Addiction Medicine at the National somewhat different attitude towards Addiction Centre, Department of Psychological cigarette smoking compared with 400 Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences. years ago, nicotine addiction remains continued on page 21 www.drugfoundation.org.nz matters of substance February 07 17 Calling time on self interest The government has been reviewing alcohol advertising controls and is expected soon to announce plans for their tightening. Leigh Sturgiss takes a look at the review, and outlines the recommendations made by the Drug Foundation.

While the sale of alcohol has been sponsorship, saying, “What is of most tenable. It’s not about the control of controlled by legislation since 1842, concern is the subtle and damaging advertising content; it’s about the its advertising and marketing has underlying message in today’s alcohol pervasiveness of alcohol marketing largely been left in the unregulated advertising. A key strategy of the messages via so many media: hands of the advertising and liquor industry is to present alcohol as an television, radio, websites, cell phones, industries. integrated and normal part of our lives. even the jerseys of our young people’s During 2006 a steering group of Although this appears to advocate for sporting heroes. policy, public health and industry responsible drinking, the underlying The Drug Foundation has proposed interests undertook a review into message is that not consuming alcohol a solution to this problem based on the whether voluntary industry control is abnormal.” French alcohol advertising law (known adequately protected young people by New research from Massey as the Loi Evin). We recommend minimising their exposure to alcohol University shows strong support comprehensive and strong government marketing. The group heard over 250 for a ban on alcohol advertising policy and regulatory control over submissions and is due to report its (44 percent support, 26 percent oppose), alcohol advertising and marketing, recommendations at the end of March. while support for an alcohol sports including a ban of sponsorship of There has been strong interest in sponsorship ban is evenly split sports and cultural events. the review and in wider issues around (35 percent for and against). The Drug Foundation’s new and how advertising and marketing help Further focus has come on the expanded website contains a summary create and reinforce New Zealand’s issue in Parliament. Green MP Jeanette of evidence on alcohol marketing, and drinking culture. Fitzsimons’ member’s bill to severely a copy of our submission to the review. Alcohol Healthwatch hosted restrict alcohol advertising was It also provides more information on international alcohol policy and pulled from the ballot in June and the Massey University research and the marketing forums in Auckland and the Law and Order Committee split Loi Evin. Please visit Wellington in September featuring the advertising provisions in Martin www.drugfoundation.org.nz. presentations by international experts Gallagher’s drinking age bill into a who were also able to spend time with separate bill. Both bills have been Leigh Sturgiss is the Drug Foundation’s review group members. placed on hold pending the review’s Programme Development Manager, and has Michael Ludbrook, Chair of the recommendations. been supporting other organisations making Waikato District Health Board, called The Drug Foundation’s view is that submissions to the review. for a ban on all liquor advertising and voluntary industry control is no longer

Drug Foundation recommendations ■ Discontinue alcohol advertising on television, radio, cinemas, and to the alcohol advertising review in print. ■ Discontinue alcohol company and brand sponsorship of sporting and other cultural events. ■ Introduce offences and penalties for breaches of advertising and sponsorship bans. ■ Empower a government agency to monitor other and new forms of marketing which could be used by the industry (e.g. viral marketing). ■ Extend the function of the Health Sponsorship Council to include transitional support for clubs and events that currently receive alcohol sponsorship.

18 matters of substance February 07 www.drugfoundation.org.nz Light on truth Light or mild cigarettes are not what Big Tobacco would have us believe. Leigh Sturgiss takes a look at tobacco descriptors and whether the industry has breached the Fair Trading Act.

pay AU$9 million to the ACCC towards a consumer education campaign informing the public that low yield cigarette brands have no health benefits over ‘regular’ brands. However, health groups in Australia were not happy with the result. Quit Victoria’s Executive Director Todd Harper stated that an AU$200 million campaign would be needed, and that the industry should not have any say in how the education campaign was produced or screened. Health groups in New Zealand When we see a product labelled ‘light’ inhale more deeply, hold the smoke in believe the best outcome would we tend to believe that in some way it the lungs for longer, cover ventilation be the prosecution of the tobacco will be less harmful than the ‘regular’ holes with the fingers, or simply smoke companies for deliberate deception version. Perhaps it will be lighter in fat more frequently; behaviours which and that they be required to remove or contain less sugar, toxins or calories. actually increase the harmful effects misleading descriptors and fund a Recent research by Janet Hoek of of smoking. similar campaign to educate the public Massey University has shown that The tobacco industry has long about the ‘light’ and ‘mild’ myth. terms such as ‘light’ and ‘mild’ create known about smokers’ compensation Strict regulatory measures should considerable confusion amongst and that it delivers the body higher also be developed to prevent further smokers. Many believe that the risks levels of tar, nicotine and carbon deceptions by the tobacco industry. of harm and addiction are reduced by monoxide than those produced by A seminar to help encourage smoking cigarettes with such labels. testing machines. further debate around this issue was Tobacco companies in New Zealand In July last year, the Smokefree held in Wellington, during November market a wide range of tobacco products Coalition, with the support of under such branding, providing plenty many health and tobacco control 2006. Experts from New Zealand and of choice for the health-concerned groups, lodged a complaint with overseas (including Tim Dewhirst, smoker seeking a safer alternative. The New Zealand’s Commerce Commission Associate Professor, Management and 2005 Tobacco Return filed by British under the Fair Trading Act about Marketing, University of Saskatchewan American Tobacco New Zealand, for tobacco companies misleading and Anne Jones, Chief Executive example, listed 53 product variants smokers by implying that there were Officer ASH Australia) presented on labelled as either ‘light’ or ‘mild’. health benefits from smoking ‘light’ the advertising depths to which the The words ‘light’ and ‘mild’ are used to or ‘mild’ cigarettes. The Commerce tobacco industry will stoop to keep describe tobacco products where lower Commission has agreed to investigate. smokers addicted. levels of tar, nicotine and/or carbon In Australia in 2005, a similar Anne Jones warned, for example, monoxide are emitted during machine complaint to the Australian that in Australia, the industry simply testing compared to ‘regular’ brands. Competition and Consumer began using ‘smooth’, ‘natural’, colour- However, smokers of ‘light’ and Commission (ACCC) resulted in coding and numeric sequences instead ‘mild’ cigarettes tend to engage in what undertakings from Imperial Tobacco, of the terms ‘light’ and ‘mild’. is known as smokers’ compensation in Philip Morris and British American This is reason enough to seriously order to derive the amount of nicotine Tobacco Australia to remove such consider plain generic packaging and their addiction requires. They may descriptors from its brand names and under the counter sales. www.drugfoundation.org.nz matters of substance February 07 19 Holistic healing and moose stew - Healing Our Spirit Worldwide Gathering report

In August 2006, the fifth Healing Our Spirit Worldwide Gathering returned to its first host city, Edmonton in Alberta, Canada. Keriata Stuart attended, presented her own research, took part in workshops and met with other health workers and researchers. She shares her impressions.

Healing Our Spirit Worldwide time a gathering for young indigenous Healing Our Spirit Worldwide is an international movement aiming to bring (HOSW) isn’t so much a conference as people was also held. New Zealand’s together indigenous peoples “to share a full-on experience. Each day begins rangatahi group, brought together - holistic healing experience… in the with drum calls, prayer and smudging from Maori organisations and health movement toward healthy lifestyles.” - the burning of herbs for ritual services and supported by ALAC, It originated with the efforts to identify cleansing. Clinical research papers are was active and highly visible. Daily and share indigenous ways of addressing presented alongside personal stories workshops for children included addiction issues by Dr Maggie Hodgson, of abuse, recovery and cultural renewal. learning waiata, action songs and of the Carriere First Nation of Canada, Presentations mix data analysis with traditional Ma-ori games. Since the first Healing Our Spirit Worldwide music and traditional storytelling. The main gathering was Gathering in 1992, the movement has grown to encompass related health and For many of the 120 or so challenging in scale, with about 2500 wellbeing issues such as mental health, New Zealanders who went to participants, and more than 15 streams traditional medicines, indigenous health Edmonton, one of the most energising of presentations at any one time. There management and governance. experiences was an informal welcome were films, cultural demonstrations to Ma-ori visitors at Lake Wabamum and an indigenous craft marketplace. in the Edmonton countryside. The The presentations I attended had some ceremony was followed by an informal common themes with implications CANADA feast of traditional food, which for New Zealand, including the EDMONTON included smoked moose stew. effectiveness of cultural renewal in

OTTAWA Atlantic A parallel gathering of elders from healing addictions and the value of Pacific Ocean Ocean UNITED STATES the participating nations has long been indigenous groups and university part of HOSW, but this was the first researchers working together on

20 matters of substance February 07 www.drugfoundation.org.nz Quotes of substance

I should have planned ahead for a ride. For years, I’ve advocated the responsible use of our company’s products. I am sorry that I didn’t follow it myself. A contrite Pete Coors, beer magnate and failed Republican U.S. Senate candidate, after his arrest on a drunk driving charge

Anything we can do to create a good environment for students to learn, I’m all for it. USA, Cullman County school board member applauds government funding that will help begin random drug testing for those students who wish to drive to school and those who participate in school extracurricular activities.

These drug testing programs are ineffective and harmful, deterring students from joining extracurricular activities, substance use initiatives. sunrise - rebuilding the warrior code eroding relationships of There was lot of interest in dealing also attracted significant interest. with substance use among indigenous New Zealand’s contribution trust at school, creating offenders. I was particularly interested to HOSW was significant and bizarre incentives to binge in Canada’s Aboriginal Offender appreciated. There was a lot of positive drink or switch to harder Substance Abuse Programme. This comment about Barry Bublitz’s work drugs that leave the body blends traditional healing models, as New Zealand’s representative on the quickly, and perniciously such as the medicine wheel, with international Council. Paraire Huata’s undermining our most best practice on motivating and moving keynote speech on healing intimate notions of privacy engaging offenders to reduce their journeys, was extremely well received, and basic rights. substance use. and New Zealanders’ collective Jennifer Kern, the Drug Policy Alliance’s It is a joint project between staff support for their speakers was noted Drug Testing Fails Campaign Coordinator, of the Canadian Correctional Service, by many. is less than enthusiastic about drug testing First Nations, Inuit and Métis elders, The next Gathering, in 2010, will be in US schools. and researchers from the Addictions hosted by Hawai’i, so an even stronger Research Centre. The programme has New Zealand presence is expected. been shown to be very effective, and should be implemented nationally in Keriata Stuart is the Drug Foundation’s Senior 2007. A presentation by New Zealand’s Policy Analyst. For more information about Healing Our Spirit Worldwide contact Keriata Paraire Huata and Claire Aitken on - ([email protected]) or visit their work with Maori men just out www.hosw.com of prison and entitled Vikings of the continued on page 24 www.drugfoundation.org.nz matters of substance February 07 21 Key points from the Drug Foundation’s policy position on alcohol and Drinking for two pregnancy

A national public health action plan to reduce FASD should be To avoid the risk of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder the a priority and include: ■ clear and consistent evidence- Ministry of Health recommends women stop drinking based messages about alcohol alcohol if they know they are pregnant. Despite this, and pregnancy for women and New Zealanders as a whole more than half the women who gave birth in the last ■ resources appropriate for Ma-ori, five years in New Zealand drank while pregnant. Pacific Islands people and other A significant proportion drank to excess on at least New Zealand populations ■ training for midwives, GPs, and one occasion. Keriata Stuart looks at issues around other maternity carers to deliver fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in New Zealand and clear and consistent messages outlines the Drug Foundation’s policy position on and provide appropriate support to women alcohol and pregnancy. ■ health promotion information for young people in educational settings When a pregnant woman drinks most New Zealand women were aware ■ timely, accessible and alcohol, so does her baby. The alcohol that alcohol could have damaging appropriate treatment services absorbed by the developing fetus can effects, 28 percent thought that for pregnant women who need cause cell mutations in the developing some consumption was safe during support to give up or reduce brain and body, especially during early pregnancy. The women least likely to drinking stages of development. The resulting identify any consumption as unsafe ■ working with professional range of problems is called fetal were those aged over 35, with some medical groups to ensure alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). tertiary education. Over half (53 percent) evidence-based guidelines Depending on when and how much of women who had a baby in the last on drinking during pregnancy alcohol is consumed, the effects can five years had drunk alcohol while ■ health advisory notices on include: pregnant, and nearly 20 percent had alcohol containers ■ moderate to severe intellectual binged at least once. ■ research into the best ways disability The new Ministry of Health Food to deliver messages and ■ learning and behavioural problems and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy maximise behaviour change ■ growth deficits Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women in New Zealand. ■ heart, lung, and kidney problems concluded, “On current evidence, ■ visual impairment. there is no safe limit for drinking Copies of the Drug Foundation’s alcohol FASD is a serious problem. A during pregnancy, nor any point and pregnancy policy paper and the 2001 study estimated that around 10 during the pregnancy at which it is supporting evidence review are available percent of New Zealand women drink safe to drink.” This statement has been from the Drugs Debate section of our at high-risk levels when pregnant. welcomed as a clear recommendation website: www.drugfoundation.org.nz Although no research has been done which should avoid the often conflicting to determine how common FASD is in advice New Zealand women have been New Zealand, estimates are that two or given to date. three out of every thousand children The Alcohol Advisory Council has born will have the most severe recently applied to Food Standards condition, fetal alcohol syndrome Australia New Zealand for mandatory - about twice as many as Down’s labelling of all alcoholic beverage syndrome. Another six to 10 will have containers advising women of the other FASD effects. potential danger of consuming alcohol A 2006 report by University of while either planning a pregnancy or Otago researchers found that while during pregnancy.

22 matters of substance February 07 www.drugfoundation.org.nz How drug classification came about

Making a hash The UK and New Zealand drug classifications both draw on the of it? The UK international system established under the United Nations drug conventions, and these legally binding agreements drug classification create the model for classes and schedules. Signatory countries, such as New Zealand, are required to change controversy their legislation to make it consistent with changes to the UN conventions. The UN conventions also criminalised and set penalties for producing, supplying and possessing drugs such as heroin. The subject of drug classification may not immediately The notable exceptions to this regime seem exciting media fare, but in 2006 it became a hot are alcohol and tobacco. topic in the United Kingdom. In New Zealand, the three drug classes (A, B and C) are schedules of the Misuse of Drugs Act Amendment

NORWAY Act 2000. The amendment established the principle that “the classification of controlled drugs is based on the risk SCOTLAND of harm that the misuse of the drug EDINBURGH DENMARK poses to individuals or society,” so that North Sea N.IRELAND Atlantic Ocean a Class A drug should carry the highest BELFAST risks of harm.

EUROPE UNITED IRELAND KINGDOM The Act set up the Expert Advisory

ENGLAND WALES Committee on Drugs (EACD) and CARDIFF LONDON NETHERLANDS identified criteria to help decide GERMANY BELGIUM classification, such as a drug’s likelihood 0 100miles English Channel FRANCE of abuse, its dependence potential and 0 100km its associated public health risks. EACD recommendations are presented to the “Clearly not fit for purpose,” and damage) of legal and illegal drugs, minister with responsibility for drug “Riddled with anomalies.” This is and concluded the top five most how British MPs described the UK dangerous drugs were heroin, policy who decides whether to propose drug classification system in a recent cocaine, barbiturates, alcohol and changes to classification. This process has review by the Science and Technology amphetamines. Tobacco was the recently been followed with the drug BZP. Select Committee of how scientific ninth most dangerous drug, ahead of See “Party pills in the headlines - again” evidence is provided to and used by cannabis and other illicit substances. on page 14. the government. The Guardian science The EACD is also going through a One of the anomalies pointed out correspondent James Randerson noted process of reviewing how each scheduled by the report was that ecstasy and that in the UK the unclassified drug drug is classified, so that drugs classified heroin were both categorised as Class alcohol contributed to around 1.2m before 2000 are reviewed against the A drugs, despite research findings that assaults a year, while classified tobacco post-amendment criteria. This should ecstasy was “several thousand times killed 130,000 people. In Randerson’s mean that drug harms are considered less dangerous than heroin.” view, such anomalies show The report included a scientific classification to be “an antiquated relatively. review of the dangers (addictive system that has utterly failed to qualities, social harm, and physical prevent drug use from rocketing.” www.drugfoundation.org.nz matters of substance February 07 23 Quotes of substance

…I would look very Similar views came from many seriously at the list to take NGOs submitting to the select off what I believe are some committee. For instance, the Transform of the social drugs. Drug Policy Foundation argued that UK drug policy had been defined by UK Sports Minister Richard Carbon “political forces, international and stunned MPs by proposing that athletes domestic, rather than rational analysis at the London Olympics should not be of evidence.” In its analysis deaths banned for taking recreational drugs. He further suggested that cannabis is from alcohol and tobacco were around just one of the many social drugs that 40 times those from all illegal drugs should be removed from the list of banned combined. substances for competitors. The report also looked at whether the classification system achieves its aims, such as deterring people from - and of the ACMD for not speaking out

using drugs by “sending out signals” against such failures of due process. Lois: Uh, and here we about their dangers. Research found no The MPs concluded that “the ABC thought the weed was convincing evidence for any deterrent classification system does not reflect inspiring us. effect. The report also noted that the accurately harm associated with Chris: Well, that’s a government had never established misuse of illegal drugs,” and also that popular misconception, any evidence base from which to “the UN drug control treaties do not Mom and Dad. But the fact determine if such signals had any pose a major barrier to reform of the is the chief ingredient in effect. The committee condemned UK system of drug classification.” They recommended the classification marijuana is THC, a mild many classification reviews as “knee-jerk responses to media storms.” system be replaced with a more form of acid, prolonged scientifically based scale of harm, usage of which can cause Phil Willis MP, the committee chairman, said, “How can we get the decoupled from penalties. adverse effects to your message across to young people if While the report itself had sexual potency, short what we are saying is not based on extensive media coverage, another term memory loss, and the evidence?” media storm broke in October 2006 can also severely damage The UK classification system is when the Home Office Minister said your brain tissue, central similar to New Zealand’s, dividing the government would not carry out nervous system and basic drugs into three classes with penalties a previously announced review of the motor skills. To put it varying accordingly. The UK’s key classification system. The full report, Drug classification: simply, Mom and Dad, advisory group is the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD). Making a hash of it? can be found at there’s a reason they call www.publications.parliament.uk it ‘dope’. The House of Commons report was very critical both of the government American cartoon series Family Guy, More detail on New Zealand’s framework can changing classifications without Season 4, Episode 23: Deep Throats. be found on the National Drug Policy website consulting the ACMD - such as making at www.ndp.govt.nz ‘magic mushrooms’ a Class A drug

These people are interested in making Differing aims revealed in report A research report for the UK review compared approaches to drug money and don’t really control in the US, the Netherlands, care about people’s and Sweden. One major difference well-being. was in the aims of drug policy. The Associate Health Minister Jim Anderton US aim is summarised as “to cut has no doubt about the motives of off the supply of drugs to users.” the (currently legal) party pill industry after it’s disclosed they have developed By contrast, Sweden’s focus is on and stockpiled thousands of non-BZP “creating a drug free state,” and the alternatives in preparation for an Netherlands’ is “to reduce harm to expected ban. NETHERLANDS SWEDEN USA individuals and society.”

24 matters of substance February 07 www.drugfoundation.org.nz MythbustersMythbusters

Substance and substantiation

from the personal market. ‘Tinny’ house cannabis buyers also did not P and tinny houses appear to have any higher levels of other drug use than personal market buyers, except in the case “Drug users are giving free samples of P with marijuana teenagers of high potency cannabis.” bought.” NZPA, 29 November 2006 “Tinny houses are one of P-laced weed? Are you serious? the main methods of cannabis distribution to young people and Claims that gangs are lacing police have previously voiced concern that other drugs such as cheap cannabis deals with methamphetamine, known as P, have been pushed through their methamphetamine are widespread established channels.” New Zealand Herald, 5 August 2006 “The among police, and a former user discovery of gangs selling cannabis laced with P to teenagers has made this claim on TVNZ’s One spurred on Auckland police in the war against the cannabis drug News in 2004. However, as yet trade.” New Zealand Herald, 2 March 2006 Mythbusters has been unable to find any case where a drug seller or someone running a Stories like these have been cropping West Australian Superintendent Fred tinny house has been charged up regularly in the New Zealand media Gere at the 2003 New Zealand Annual or convicted of selling cannabis since United Future MP Judy Turner Police Conference in 2003. However, mixed with methamphetamine, issued her Tinny houses offer ‘free’ P Dave Montgomery, the chair of the or with giving away samples of samples media release in 2003. The New Zealand Police Managers’ Guild methamphetamine. We have also November NZPA story was widely Trust, has written that, “Overseas been unable to find any case where reported, and led to considerable suppliers have made links with ethnic samples of laced cannabis have discussion around the sector (well, and motorcycle gangs in this country been produced. around Mythbusters’ water cooler, at who handle the local distribution. Sceptics about these claims, least). Just how true are such claims? These drugs are not likely to be sold including drug treatment workers, Are tinny houses selling at ‘tinny houses’ but by people who have noted that cannabis and methamphetamine? know people, just like cannabis used amphetamines have significantly Since 2003, Social and Health to be.” different effects. Cannabis is Outcomes Research and Evaluation has What about the freebies? smoked as a relaxant, while been tracking changes in drug use and As yet no research has addressed methamphetamine is valued as a selling by interviewing key drug scene the specific question of free hyper-stimulant. In his Hard News informants including users, treatment methamphetamine being offered to blog, Mythbusters’ favourite media workers and enforcement staff. those purchasing cannabis. However, commentator Russell Brown also According to its 2004 report, a number drug surveys have asked current pointed out that methamphetamine of informants did say that some tinny cannabis buyers whether their dealer is not actually smoked like cannabis houses and cannabis dealers were now had encouraged them to buy other but is gently heated to release vapours. selling methamphetamine. drugs. Around a quarter of users The result of smoking would be to The 2005 Illicit Drug Monitoring (1.4 percent of the overall sample) said System survey asked regular drug they “knew or thought they knew that burn most of the methamphetamine users where they bought drugs. their dealer sold other drugs,” but only for little or no effect. Only 2 percent of methamphetamine 9 percent of these (0.5 percent overall) Similar stories have circulated users reported buying it from a tinny said their supplier had encouraged for decades, with opium and house in the previous six months. them to buy other drugs. heroin taking the place of Most had bought it from a friend’s Wilkins, Reilly and Casswell methamphetamine. An analysis of house, at an ‘agreed public location’, reviewed whether buyers from tinny cannabis samples which regular or in a nightclub. houses were more likely than other users considered produced unusual Many of the claims have come cannabis users to use multiple drugs. effects found no evidence from unnamed police and are difficult They concluded, “Those buying of adulteration. to substantiate. Even when assertions cannabis from ‘tinny’ houses did not For a full list of research and media can be attributed they appear to appear to be subject to any additional references used by Mythbusters, visit represent differing views. Claims about persuasion to purchase other drug www.drugfoundation.org.nz P and tinny houses were made by types than those purchasing cannabis www.drugfoundation.org.nz matters of substance February 07 25 www.drugfoundation.org.nz

A one stop shop for all your drug information needs. You’ve probably already noticed the New Zealand Drug Foundation now has a new website. It’s been made possible thanks to the brilliant and professional efforts of our web developers Signify (www.signify.co.nz) and designers Origin Design (www.origindesign.co.nz).

The site has been launched to coincide drug policy and research. It includes our - local and international events, and with this, our new look Matters of own policy work and opinions (policy the ability to submit your own Substance, and is designed to make positions, submissions, media statements), - employment opportunities in the information readily available to visitors. as well as the dope on local and addiction sector, and the ability to The homepage carries breaking news, hot international drug policy debates. submit vacancies. topics and direct links to the site’s three Reducing the Harm You can email your feedback on the new main sections: This is a collection of resources including site to [email protected] or click on the email link on the Contact Drugs in New Zealand information, guidelines and advice for us page. We tell you everything you need to health promoters, families, teachers and know about the various drugs used in students. New Zealand including their health effects, Other bits and pieces include: legal status, usage trends and safest use - a quick and accurate search function procedures. to make your visit easier The Drugs Debate - an archive of all our earlier stories, This section canvasses many views about policy work, submissions and media