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Assessment of Variability in the Quality of an Acrisol Under Different Land Use Systems in Ghana

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Assessment of Variability in the Quality of an Acrisol Under Different Land Use Systems in Ghana Open Journal of Soil Science, 2012, 2, 33-43 33 http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojss.2012.21006 Published Online March 2012 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/ojss) Assessment of Variability in the Quality of an Acrisol under Different Land Use Systems in Ghana Emmanuel Osadu Ghartey, Gabriel N. N. Dowuona*, Eric K. Nartey, Thomas A. Adjadeh, Innocent Y. D. Lawson Department of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana. Email: *[email protected] Received November 10th, 2011; revised December 20th, 2011; accepted December 30th, 2011 ABSTRACT Three land use types (natural fallow, Leucaena leucocephala woodlot and cultivated plots) on a Ferric Acrisol in a semi-arid tropical zone of Ghana were compared to assess their effects on variability in selected soil properties and plant biomass accumulation. Organic carbon accumulation in the representative natural fallow profile was 22.7 g/kg, followed by 16.5 g/kg for the Leucaena woodlot and lastly 11.8 g/kg for the cultivated site. The mean bulk density of the natural fallow, Leucaena woodlot and cultivated sites were from 1.36 Mg/m3, 0.92 Mg/m3 and 1.33 Mg/m3 with corresponding range in mean weight diameter of 0.5 mm - 1.2 mm, 0.6 mm - 1.2 mm and 1.0 mm - 1.2 mm, respec- tively. The lower bulk density observed for the woodlot corresponds to increased total porosity, aeration, and root pro- liferation due to the stronger and extensive rooting system. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in bulk density, mean weight diameter (MWD), clay content, organic carbon and total nitrogen existed among the land use types. Variability in pH and bulk density of the surface soils was less than 15%, in the three land use types. Generally, clay content and exchangeable Na recorded the highest variability (≥36%). For the surface soils, exchangeable Na was very variable in the natural fallow. Exchangeable Na, Ca and K and total nitrogen were very variable in the Leucaena woodlot and the cultivated sites. Variability in clay content was very high in the cultivated soils only. The order cultivated land > Leu- caena woodlot > natural fallow was noted for properties with high variability (CV ≥ 36%). Plant biomass accumulation was 1834 kg/ha (natural fallow) and 830 kg/ha (Leucaena woodlot) indicating that natural fallows do not only maintain soil quality but they also decrease variability in soil properties which is desirable for soil productivity and quality. Keywords: Aggregate Stability; Bulk Density; Land Use; Mean Weight Diameter; Soil; Organic Carbon; Soil Variability; Woodlot 1. Introduction creases in cultivated soils due to limited rooting system and increased biological activities [3]. Soils are characterized by a high degree of variability due Acrisols, which are low activity clay soils, are the most to the interplay of physical, chemical, biological and an- cultivated and dominant soils in the coastal savanna zone thropogenic processes that operate with different intensi- of Ghana [4]. The organic matter content of some of these ties and at different scales [1]. These processes in turn in- soils tends to decline rapidly under continuous cultiva- fluence the nature and properties of soils. Therefore, know- tion [5]. Linked with the loss of soil organic matter, is the ledge of soil properties is important in determining the decrease in some soil nutrients such as nitrogen and phos- best use to which a soil may be put [2]. Conversion of a phorus. In this respect, most land use systems in Sub-Sa- native land use system to an agricultural system may cause haran Africa can be described as unsustainable, owing to drastic changes in the soil properties. These changes, low nutrient resources and negative nutrient budgets [6]. either upgrading, sustaining, or degrading are dependent Various land management systems have been proposed on land use as well as management practices. Also, some to address the low nutrient levels in tropical soils. Agro- soil physical and chemical properties are adversely af- forestry, a land use system which utilizes perennial woody fected by the conversion of a particular land use system leguminous tree species to produce biomass and recycle to another. For example, bulk density tends to increase nutrients, is among the methods proposed for the impro- significantly while plant available water capacity de- vement and maintenance of soil quality [7-9] apart from other traditional practices such as manuring, cover crop- *Corresponding author. ping, mulching and shifting cultivation [10]. Evidences Copyright © 2012 SciRes. OJSS 34 Assessment of Variability in the Quality of an Acrisol under Different Land Use Systems in Ghana from research indicate that agroforestry has beneficial is worthy of note that information on variability in phys- effects on the physico-chemical properties of soils [11,12]. ico-chemical properties of soils under different land use For example, soil organic carbon content of 25.6 g/kg systems in Ghana is limited [16]. It is therefore impera- was reported for a Ferric Acrisol under an 8-year-old tive that the gaps and inconsistencies in knowledge are Leucaena leucocephala woodlot compared to 15.6 g/kg bridged if the productive capacities of soils are to be im- for similar adjacent soil under a Chromolaena odorata proved. Towards this end, the objectives of this research fallow [7]. were to examine the extent to which different land use For most natural environments such as soils, it is known systems influence some selected soil properties and their that quantitatively soil properties within a site on the land- variability in an Acrisol in the coastal savanna zone of scape are relatively similar. It is noted that spatial char- Ghana, and determine whether the rate of biomass turn- acterization of soil properties is necessary in order to lo- over in the soils varies significantly under a natural fal- cate homogenous areas to be carefully managed for agri- low system and a Leucaena leucocephala woodlot. cultural sustainable development [13-15]. In this regard, the major problems are how to identify some of the fac- tors which influence variations in soil properties and use 2. Materials and Methods this knowledge to design agricultural management prac- 2.1. Site Characteristics, Soils and Sampling tices that would be both environment friendly and highly productive. Thus, full characterization of soils requires The study was conducted at a site located within the coas- the exploration of soil properties at different depths for tal savanna zone of Ghana (Figure 1). Mean total annual proper management of water and nutrient in the root zone rainfall is about 800 mm and is bi-modally distributed. and in a broader perspective, for modelling of environ- The mean annual temperature is about 27˚C with vegeta- mental processes. This could provide relevant informa- tion consisting of scattered trees and grasses. The soil tion on patterns of nutrient accumulation and redistribu- (Ferric Acrisol) is a sandy loam derived from weathered tion at both surface and deeper layers of the soil, as well tertiary sands [17] and is among the dominantly culti- as the rate of net losses. vated soils in this part of the semi-arid tropics. Morpho- In some studies conducted on soil characterization, spa- logically, the soil is well drained and its colour varies tial variations in soil properties were not addressed [7]. It from red to brown. Figure 1. Map of Ghana showing the location of the study site. Copyright © 2012 SciRes. OJSS Assessment of Variability in the Quality of an Acrisol under Different Land Use Systems in Ghana 35 Three land use systems all situated on the same soil and twigs collected at each respective site was weighed were selected. These were 1) an over 60-year-old natural and biomass accumulation on a hectare basis was calcu- fallow site with indigenous plant species and a soil sur- lated as: face covered by a fairly thick layer of residue of leaves Biomass weight of litter and twigs; 2) an adjacent plot with a history of continu- (1) ous cultivation using conventional methods of farming 100 m 100 m area of litter box for more than five decades; and 3) a 20-year-old Leu- Data were not collected for the cultivated site because caena leucocephala woodlot adjacent to the cultivated of the regular removal of vegetation during tillage in the field but originally cultivated before its conversion to a cropping season and bush burning in the dry season. woodlot for the collection of fuel wood (firewood); the surface was covered with a thin layer of leaf litter. One 2.3. Variability in Soil Properties representative profile was dug on each land use system and characterized. A grid plot (10 m by 10 m) was de- Coefficient of variation (CV) was used to estimate the marcated on each land use system and samples from the extent of variability in soil properties within each land 0 - 20 cm depth were collected at 2 m along the vertical use system. This was calculated as: and horizontal axes. CV % s z 100 (2) where s is the standard deviation and z is the mean of 2.2. Laboratory and Field Investigations population sample (36 samples for each study site). Ana- Selected soil properties analyzed included particle size lysis of variance using the GenStat software package (ver- distribution, bulk density, aggregate stability, pH, orga- sion 9.0) was employed to assess significance of variabi- nic carbon, exchangeable bases and acidity, total nitrogen, lity among the land use systems. The LSD procedure was and available phosphorus. Data on plant biomass were conducted to compare the means of the soil properties at also collected in the field while mineralogical composi- a probability level of 0.05.
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