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Amphibia: Anura) Julio Sergio dos Santos A ULTRAESTRUTURA DOS ESPERMATOZOIDES DE ALGUMAS ESPÉCIES DA FAMÍLIA LEPTODACTYLIDAE (AMPHIBIA: ANURA) Campinas, 2015 i ii iii iv v vi RESUMO Os anuros da família Leptodactylidae estão alocados em três subfamílias: Leiuperinae, Leptodactylinae e Paratelmatobiinae. Com o auxílio da microscopia eletrônica, foram observados os espermatozoides de 23 espécies de leptodactilídeos buscando-se contribuir com elementos para o entendimento de incertezas filogenéticas. Em Pseudopaludicola, gênero alocado em Leiuperinae, foram comparados os espermatozoides de representantes do grupo P. pusillae de espécies dos quatro clados recuperados na filogenia molecular, os quais correspondem aos grupos cromossômicos 2n=22, 20, 18 e 16. A análise das espécies de Pseudopaludicola mostrou que as cabeças dos espermatozoides são semelhantes e contém a vesícula acrossomal cobrindo o cone subacrossomal. Já as caudas dos espermatozoides de Pseudopaludicola apresentam diferenças marcantes. Nas espécies com número cromossômico 2n=22, Pseudopaludicola sp. 1 (grupo P. pusilla), P. saltica, P. falcipes e P. mineira, as caudas exibem fibras acessórias (justa-axonemal, membrana ondulante e a fibra axial). Essas fibras também são observadas em P. ternetzi e P. ameghini, ambas do clado com 2n=20, mas a sua fibra axial é mais desenvolvida. Nos indivíduos do clado com número cromossômico 2n=18, P. canga, P. facureae, P. giarettai, P. atragula e Pseudopaludicolasp. 2 e com 2n=16, P. mystacalis, a cauda apresenta a membrana ondulante espessa, caracterizando um bastão para-axonemal, o qual é mais curto do que a membrana ondulante da cauda dos Pseudopaludicola com número cromossômico 2n=22 e 20. As diferenças morfológicas ultraestruturais observadas nas caudas dos espermatozoides indicam que esses caracteres podem ser filogeneticamente informativos, quando mapeados na filogenia molecular, pois os perfis ultraestruturais da cauda coincidem parcialmente com a formação dos quatro clados filogenéticos e possibilitam levantar a hipótese de uma progressiva simplificação do espermatozoide durante a evolução do gênero Pseudopaludicola. A análise comparativa de espécies entre os gêneros de leiuperíneos mostra que as caudas dos espermatozoides de Physalaemus (P. albifrons, P. centralis, P. cicadae P. cuvieri), também exibem fibras acessórias, como a fibra justa-axonemal e a membrana ondulante, contudo, a membrana ondulante nesse gênero é mais longa que aquela encontrada em Pseudopaludicola. Além disso, as caudas dos espermatozoides de Physalaemus não mostram fibra axial. Do gênero Engystomops, grupo irmão de vii Physalaemus, foram analisadas E. petersi, E. freibergi e E. puyango, cujas caudas apresentam fibra justa-axonemal, membrana ondulante e fibra axial. Esses gêneros diferem ainda pela membrana ondulante mais curta em Engystomops, corroborando a revalidação do gênero Engystomops.A cauda de Engystomops puyango difere de E. petersi e E. freibergi, clado Duovox, e é igual a E. pustulosus, do clado Edentulus, indicando a necessidade de ampliar os estudos desse gênero. A espécie Pleurodema diplolister, do gênero próximo a Physalaemus e Engystomops, apresenta na cauda do espermatozoide a fibra justa-axonemal e a membrana ondulante, as quais são semelhantes àquelas observadas nas espécies de Physalaemus, entretanto, a membrana ondulante de P. diplolister é menor que a observada em Physalaemus. A comparação dos espermatozoides de representantes das outras subfamílias de Leptodactylidae mostrou que Paratelmatobiinae, representada por P.poecilogaster, apresenta estruturas iguais àquelas observadas nos Pseudopaludicola do clado com número cromossômico 2n=22. Por outro lado, a espécie analisada, Leptodactylus natalensis, Leptodactylinae, apresenta fibra axial bem desenvolvida, diferente daquela exibida nos espermatozoides de Engystomops, Pseudopaludicola e P. poecilogaster. A outra espécie de Leptoctylinae, Adenomeramarmorata, a qual era alocada em Leptodactylus, apresenta apenas o axonema na cauda do espermatozoide. Essa diferença ultraestrutural das caudas de A. marmorata e L. natalensis, corrobora a re-alocação de A. marmorata como espécie válida e diferente de Leptodactylus. As descrições ultraestruturais dos gametas masculinos dos leptodactilídeos mostram caracteres filogenéticos informativos, principalmente aqueles das caudas, contribuindo para o entendimento dos relacionamentos intra e intergenérico. viii ABSTRACT The anurans of the family Leptodactylidae are distributed in three subfamilies – Leiuperinae, Leptodactylinae and Paratelmatobiinae. The spermatozoa of 23 leptodactylid species were analyzed under an electron microscope in order to provide evidence for the better understanding of a number of phylogenetic uncertainties. In the case of the leiuperine genus Pseudopaludicola, the sperm of the representative of the P. pusilla group and those of four clades identified in the molecular phylogeny, which correspond to well-defined chromosomal groups with 2n=22, 20, 18, and 16, were compared. The analysis of the different Pseudopaludicola species found spermatozoa with heads of similar shape, which contain an acrosomal vesicle covering the subacrosomal cone. However, the tails present marked differences. In the species with 2n=22, that is, Pseudopaludicola sp. 1 (P. pusilla group), P. saltica, P. falcipes and P. mineira the tails present accessory fibers (juxtaxonemal fiber, undulating membrane and axial fiber). Fibers of this type are also observed in P. ternetz and P. ameghini (representatives of the 2n=20 clade), although the axial fiber is more developed. In the specimens of the 2n = 18 clade (P. canga, P. facureae, P. giarettai, P. atragula and Pseudopaludicola sp. 2) and the 2n=16 clade (P. mystacalis), the tail has a thick undulating membrane, characterized by a paraxonemal rod, which is shorter than the undulating membrane of the tail of Pseudopaludicola (2n=22 and 20). The ultrastructural morphological differences observed in the tails of the spermatozoa indicates that these traits are phylogenetically informative, given their partial correspondence to the four clades identified in the molecular studies, and provide evidence of a progressive simplification of the spermatozoa during the evolution of the genus Pseudopaludicola. The comparative analysis of the leiuperine genera indicates that in Physalaemus (P. albifrons, P. centralis, P. cicada and P. cuvieri), the tail of the spermatozoon also shows accessory fibers, such as the juxtaxonemal and the undulating membrane, although in this genus, the membrane is longer than that observed in Pseudopaludicola. In addition, there is no axial fiber on the tail of the spermatozoon in Physalaemus. In the case of Engystomops, sister group of Physalaemus, the species E. petersi, E. freibergi, and E. puyango the sperm tail presents all three types of fiber (juxtaxonemal, undulating membrane and axial fiber).The tail of these two genera also differ each other for the shorter undulating membrane in Engystomops, ix corroborating the revalidation of the genus Engystomops. Additionaly, the tail of E.puyango differs from E. petersi and E. freibergi, Duovox clade, and it is similar to E. pustulosus, Edentulus clade, indicating the need of more studies in this genus.In Pleurodema diplolister, representing the genus closest to Physalaemus and Engystomops, the sperm tail has a juxtaxonemalfiber and undulating membrane, which are similar to those found in Physalaemus, although the membrane observed in Pleurodema diplolister is shorter than that observed in Physalaemus. Comparisons with other leptodactylid subfamilies indicated that the Paratelmatobiinae, represented by P. poecilogaster, has the same structures as those observed in the 2n = 22 clade of Pseudopaludicola. On the other hand, the leptodactyline species analyzed, Leptodactylusnatalensis, has a well-developed axial fiber, distinct from that found in the sperm of Engystomops, Pseudopaludicola and P. poecilogaster. However, in the other leptodactyline species analyzed, Adenomera marmorata, previously allocated to Leptodactylus, the sperm tail has only an axoneme. This ultrastructural difference in the tails of A. marmorata and L. natalensis supports the status of A. marmorata as a valid taxon distinct from Leptodactylus.Overall, then, the ultrastructural description of the male gametes of a selection of leptodactylid species provided informative phylogenetic characters, especially with regard to the morphology of the sperm tails, contributing for the understanding of intra and intergeneric relationships. x Sumário I INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................................................ 01 1. Os anuros .............................................................................................................................. 01 2. A família Leptodactylidae ...................................................................................................... 02 3. Espermatozoides nos anuros .................................................................................................. 05 4. Justificativa do trabalho ......................................................................................................... 11 5. Objetivos............................................................................................................................... 14 5.1. Objetivo geral ................................................................................................................
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