Harashim

The Quarterly Newsletter of the Australian & New Zealand Masonic Research Council

ISSN 1328-2735 Issue 54 January 2012

Vale V.W. Andy Walker KL, FANZMRC.

Andy will always be fondly remembered by those who knew him. My association with Andy commenced at , the second conference of the AMRC. Like Andy I have been to every Conference of the AMRC and then the ANZMRC apart from the inaugural one in Melbourne. Since then we shared many a tale, a joke and also some serious moments when we would reflect on aspects of and the Scouting movement both of which we held very dear. Andy’s pet topic in Masonry was Masonic Research and at every opportunity he promoted the necessity of providing Masonic education to the brethren. His mentor in this regard was the remarkable RW Bro Harry Kellerman an Icon in freemasonry in Australia. The birth and the development of the “Breakfast Creek Club” will always be remembered. His jovial nature, his love of a chat and the perpetual smoke that used to emanate from him will always bring a smile to the lips of those who had the pleasure of knowing him. In February he was called to the Above, he is gone to meet his Creator but he shall always be remembered fondly by those who knew him. Graham Stead

I corresponded with Andy Walker for some time before I actually met him. I joined Freemasonry on the Mid North Coast twenty years ago, and soon found out about the of . I wanted to know more, and my lodge secretary told me to write to Andy, who soon had me signed up as a Correspondent Member. So that is how the relationship began. As I was keen to learn as much as I could about the Craft, Andy sent me a lot of resources, especially copies of papers and lectures on my particular subjects of interest. If I raised a question, he was happy to answer it—at length, even by snail-mail! When I returned to to live in 1996, I visited the Research Lodge for the first time. Andy was glad to see me, and I rather tentatively enquired about joining as a full member, since the lodge was now within the length of my cable tow. I got a very detailed account of the membership requirements—how the number was strictly restricted to no more than 40, that it was open only to Masons of special merit and ability, and that it would be highly irregular to admit someone who wasn’t a Past Master. Besides, affiliation was but sparingly offered by invitation. ‘Never mind all that, though,’ he said; ‘you’re invited. I’ll get you a paper.’ Andy and I worked alongside each other in the Research Lodge since that time, and I well remember the sly smokos outside the Sydney Masonic Centre that occurred religiously before each meeting. Later on, he Issueroped 54 me in to help another of his pet projects, Lodge Baden Powell. As the years went by, both lodgespage 1fell About Harashim on hard times. Baden Powell The following item is taken from eventually closed, much to the Craftsman, a newsletter by Harashim, Hebrew for Craftsmen, is a VW Br Tony Tabrett Grand quarterly newsletter published by the Andy’s regret; but the other— Australian and New Zealand Masonic Librarian of UGLQ. Research Council (10 Rose St, Waipawa 4210, largely through his efforts—was New Zealand) in January, April, July and eventually reborn as the October each year. Landmarks of Freemasonry: It is supplied to Affiliates and Associates in Discovery Lodge of Research, Our ritual includes charges in hard copy and/or PDF format. It is available which is now lively and thriving. worldwide in PDF format as an email regard to the Landmarks of attachment, upon application to the Asst. Perhaps my warmest memory of Freemasonry for example in the Secretary, [email protected]. Usually Andy is the Masonic Scout final charge of the Second Degree the current issue is also displayed on the website of the Grand Lodge of Tasmania Retreat he ran at Bundilla we find the statement that the WM http://www.freemasonrytasmania.org/. several years ago. It turned out “will guard the Landmarks against Copyright and reprinting to be a fairly small affair, as encroachment” – but what are the Copyright is vested in ANZMRC and the Landmarks? A number of books author of any article appearing in Harashim. there were only four campers: Affiliates and Associates are encouraged to Andy, myself, Kendall Merrick have been written on this subject reprint the entire newsletter (at their own including those by the authors – expense) and circulate it to their own members, and the late David Coburn. George Oliver, , including their correspondence circles (if any) David, I remember, insisted on and to supply copies to public and Masonic Silas Shepherd and Elbert Bede. libraries within their jurisdictions. private accommodation, and The Library holds copies of the Individual items from any issue may be reprinted brought along an extensive by Associates and Affiliates, provided:  The item is reprinted in full; range of personal supplies,  The name of the author and the source of the including cologne, tinned paté article are included; and  A copy of the publication containing the and cognac. This caused Andy reprint is sent to the editor. some angst, for, as an old- Anyone else wishing to reprint material from Harashim must first obtain permission from the fashioned Scout, he thought we copyright holders via the editor. ought to be roughing it! Unless otherwise specified, authors submitting original work for publication in Harashim are Nevertheless, we had a great deemed to grant permission for their work to be time revisiting our childhood— published also on the Internet websites of ANZMRC http//anzmrc.org and the Grand whittling sticks, building fires Lodge of Tasmania: and learning to tie knots. The http://www.freemasonrytasmania.org/. liquid refreshments around the Contents Affiliate and Associate members are encouraged fire at night were liberally to contribute material for the newsletter, shared. At the end of the retreat, including:  Their lecture programs for the year; Andy solemnly administered the  Any requests from their members for Scout Pledge to us in a information on a research topic; ceremony that was as sincere as latter two books:  Research papers of more than local interest * The Landmarks of Freemasonry that merit wider publication. it was makeshift. I’m still not The newsletter also includes news, reports from sure about the constitutionality by S H Shepherd - Label M13SHE ANZMRC, book reviews, extracts from other * The Landmarks of Freemasonry publications and a readers’ letters column, from of making Scouts ‘at sight’—but by E Bede – Label M32BED. time to time. it meant a lot to Andy and to us. If the source of an item is not identified, it is by the editor. Opinions expressed are those of the During his last illness, I visited The concept first appears in the author of the article, and should not be attributed Andy in hospital several times. to the Council. General Regulations incorporated Material submitted for publication must be in a He was gravely ill, and I was into Anderson's 1723 digitised form by email at somewhat surprised by his rapid Constitutions‟ written by George [email protected] or mailed on a CD or DVD, or Memory stick recovery. It did prove, sadly, to Payne (Grand Master 1718, 1720) addressed to the editor, Harvey Lovewell 33 be the last flare of the flame in the 39th article: Wattle Street Millaa Millaa Queensland 4886 “Every Annual Grand Lodge has Australia. before it was extinguished. I was grateful to assist Andy when his inherent power and authority to Clear illustrations, diagrams and photographic wife Val died, by leading the make new regulations, or to alter prints suitable for scanning are welcome, and these, for real benefit of this most computer graphic formats are acceptable. prayers at her funeral. I was Ancient Fraternity: provided Photos of contributors (preferably not in regalia) again grateful, and honoured, to would be useful. Contributors who require always that the old Landmarks be mailed material to be returned should include a lead them for him. stamped, self-addressed envelope. carefully preserved”. Andy—Walker the Talker—was Neither the Premier Grand Lodge General correspondence All other correspondence, including about a friend, a mentor and a brother nor the Antients Grand Lodge purchase of CDs and books, should be directed to me. attempted to define exactly what to: The Secretary, ANZMRC Tom Hall these landmarks were and nothing page 2 Harashim really changed under the United Grand Elbert Bede believes that if a analogy with the working tool Lodge of England. custom or usage is being generally symbols in Roman times as Elbert Bede begins Chapter 1 with used in a manner that characterises illustrated by this tombstone, dated these words “The Landmarks probably and distinguishes us and seems to from the first century A.D. are the most intriguing subject in be a vital part of Freemasonry, Reference: Freemasonry, a subject that has been “that custom or usage is a www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/ discussed with fervour by many Landmark to me”. He offers a few ltar_Statius.html recognised masonic authorities and suggestions on omissions from It is the funeral Monument of Lucius remains as devoid of solution today as Mackey‟s list: the Lambskin Alfius Statius, found in Aquileia, when the discussion started”. Apron; our archaic and peculiar North East Italy, along the ancient There have been numerous attempts to language; only Master or Warden Roman route - Via Petrada (made of reach a definition for “Landmarks of may open lodge. stones). Presumably he was master Freemasonry” and the following points Other enumerations of landmarks mason or builder, and underneath the are noted from a perusal of the include „a belief in TGAOTU‟, „a inscription are his working tools: literature: belief in after-life‟, „the use of the #The two roman feet gauge (regula) * There is no universally agreed set of VSL‟, „the legend of the third #A setting level landmarks, there being no universal degree‟ (as above), „obligatory masonic authority. secrecy‟, „the foundation of the * One definition is that landmarks must speculative art‟, and the have all these - (a) exist from time „qualifications for admission to the immemorial (b) express the form and Craft‟. essence of the Craft and (c) can never There is also the view that one of be changed. the landmarks is the ancient charge * Landmarks are most often connected “not to make innovation in the with the Ancient Charges and the old body of masonry”. Hence if we Manuscripts. „Legends of the Craft‟ were to derive our own set of can be found therein, thus Legends can landmarks (interpreting our also be viewed as landmarks. masonic heritage), then this would * The best known list of landmarks be regarded as an innovation and appears in “An Encyclopaedia of thus not acceptable. Freemasonry” by Albert Gallatin #A line with a plumb bob Mackey (1807-1881), where he lists 25 On a more positive note I found (perpendiculum) landmarks, the first four being: these comments by R W Bro H #The compass (circulus ) 1) The modes of RECOGNITION are, Kellerman (UGLNSW) in a 1979 #The square (norma ) of all the Landmarks, the most discussion paper - “Although many #The setting maul (malleus) legitimate and unquestioned. societies and organisations teach #Five chisels (scalpra) 2) THE DIVISION OF SYMBOLIC morality, employ symbols, enjoin MASONRY INTO THREE DEGREES secrecy, and support charity, etc., Masonic Blue is a Landmark that has been better Freemasonry is unique in that it is By Harvey Lovewell preserved than almost any other. ancient, and claims its antiquity 3) The Legend of the THIRD DEGREE despite absence of historic proofs, At a recent Proclamation of our is an important Landmark, the integrity relying on its Landmarks to provide District Grand Master I observed the of which has been well preserved. the evidence of its ancient origin. It blue and gold that abounded in the There is no rite of Masonry, practiced is only by preserving these apparel of my brothers. I said to in any country or language, in which Landmarks can Freemasonry myself why blue? Why not green or the essential elements of this legend are maintain its individuality and prove brown, what is the origin of the Blue, not taught. its antiquity. Like physical lodge and apron? What Blue, light 4) THE GOVERNMENT OF THE landmarks, Masonic Landmarks are blue and/or dark blue? FRATERNITY BY A PRESIDING not made, they occur. Without them During a drive from a Lodge meeting OFFICER called a Grand Master, who the essential nature of Freemasonry I asked the question. Why blue?, to is elected from the body of the Craft, is would cease to exist”. my traveling companions and did not a Fourth Landmark of the Order. Masonic Symbolism: An integral get any satisfactory answer, so I set Albert Mackey's 25 landmarks tend to part of Freemasonry is the use of out to find out if there were an divide into 4 groups (i) those of the symbols, which practice is a rather answer and if so what was it. fraternity & essence of the Craft (ii) of unique feature of our Craft, and So what do we know of what we the Grand Master (iii) of the rights of a could be considered as a Landmark. perceive as the colour blue? Brother and (iv) of the duties of a Its origins are lost in antiquity, lodge. though some see a surprising In science blue has a wavelength of

Issue 54 page 3 between 450 and 495 nm. A Queensland sky, or something in it is derived from a root signifying nanometre is a unit of length equal to between? perfection; now it is well known that, one billionth of a metre. Our Ritual makes references to the among the ancients, initiation into You are no doubt aware. there are heavens. The Blue Lodge is a place the mysteries and perfection were many hues of this colour, where the three degrees of Entered synonymous terms; and hence the In the metaphysics of the new age, Apprentice Fellowcraft and the appropriate color of the greatest of Prophetess Alice Bailey in her sublime degree of Master Mason all the systems of initiation may well system called Seven Rays which are conferred. What then is the be designated by a word which also classifies humans into seven history of the use of Blue in signifies perfection. different metaphysical and Masonry? psychological types, calls the first Our Ritual is largely based on King From this quote Albert Mackey, ray “will power” and it is represented Solomon and the Old Testament Freemason, historian and scholar by the colour Blue. and Judaism. This, I thought is used the Hebrew word tekelet to The theory of the Seven Rays is that where to start. describe Blue. He notes that the blue of the original divine qualities of the of the Old Testament is a translation Absolute. Each individual human The sky is blue. The sun's rays are of the Hebrew “tekelet” which is soul is an essential part of one of the gold in color. Therefore, it is easy derived from a root word signifying Seven Rays, and through a to see why the colors blue and gold “perfection.” He develops the idea succession of lifetimes the qualities have historically been associated that blue was anciently, and of that Ray are developed and with Deity or the G A O T U. universally sacred. refined, to further the evolution of Albert Mackey in his Encyclopedia Tekhelet is one of the colors Humanity. says this about Blue. mentioned in the Torah, traditionally It is a metaphysical concept that has associated with a shade of blue. It is appeared in several religions mentioned frequently alongside and esoteric philosophies since at This is emphatically the color of gold, silver and silk as a precious least the sixth century BCE, in both Freemasonry. It is the appropriate commodity. There is a Biblical Western culture and in India. tincture of the Ancient Craft commandment to tie a thread of In the west, it can be seen in Degree. It is to the Freemason a Tekhelet around the tzitzit (fringes) early western mystery traditions such symbol of universal friendship and on the corners of some garments. In as Gnostism and the Roman Mithraic benevolence, because, as it is the addition, Tekhelet is required in the religion; and in texts and iconic art of color of the vault of heaven, which garments of the High Priest, as well the Catholic Church in early times. embraces and covers the whole as for the coverings of the holy

globe, we are thus reminded that in vessels. In India, the concept is part of Hindu the breast of every brother these religious philosophy and scripture. virtues should be equally as The Torah (our old testament) states In Hinduism Blue is used to extensive. It is therefore the only in Numbers 15:38: "Speak to the symbolically represent the fifth or color, except white, which should children of Israel, and say to them, throat chakra. The Throat Chakra is be used in a Master's Lodge for that they shall make themselves associated with the color sky blue. decorations. fringes on the corners of their This chakra is our will center. The garments throughout their healthfulness of the fifth chakra is in generations, and they shall put on relation to how honestly one Among the religious institutions of the corner fringe a blue (tekhelet) expresses himself/herself. Lying the Jews, blue was an important thread." violates the body and spirit. We color. The robe of the high priest's Many of the Appendant orders of speak our choices with our voices ephod, the ribbon for his Masonry use Blue in their rites and (throats). breastplate, and for the plate of the regalia. Blue also being a symbol of miter, were to be blue. The people heaven in some of these orders. Psychics, who claim to be able to see were directed to wear a ribbon of a person’s aura say that a blue aura this color above the fringe of their Down through not just the centuries around a person represents garments; and it was the color of but thousands of years, we see spirituality, one of the veils of the tabernacle, evidence of blue as denoting many I started with the question. What where, Josephus says, it sacred attributes. blue? We use a light blue for the represented the element of air. The Man’s earliest forms of worship craft lodge and a dark blue for grand Hebrew word used on these were of the sun and fire. The sun lodge, what do these colours occasions to designate the color rose up against a blue sky, traveled represent? blue or rather purple blue, is and set in a realm of blue; so to The clear blue of a summer’s day, tekelet; and this word seems to associate the color with Deity is as the dark blue you see before a storm? have a singular reference to the obvious today as it was, then. Is it the royal blue of a Tropical symbolic character of the color, for page 4 Harashim The Egyptians, too, believed that the fidelity. While Gold or Yellow 1346 near Crécy in northern France, color blue was a sacred color. Their signifies generosity. Both can be and was one of the most important god, Amun, was painted light blue. related to our craft. battles of the Hundred Year’s War The combination of new weapons The ancient Babylonians clothed In painting, the color, blue, is and tactics have caused many their Pagan idols in blue, frequently used in ethereal settings, historians to consider this battle the such as of clouds and angels. Thus, beginning of the end of chivalry. In mystical Chinese philosophy, blue blue signifies humility, fidelity as represented the symbol of the well as hope and faith.  French forces numbered Deity. They believe blue to be approximately 36,000. We sometimes call Craft Lodges composed of black and red which  English forces numbered “blue" lodges. We are taught that represent the male and the female approximately 12,000 of which the covering of a Lodge is the and the active and passive principles. approximately 7,000 were archers. clouded canopy or starry decked Blue relates to the earth element  The battle line was heaven. For hundreds of years all wood-east and the spring. approximately 2,000 yards wide. over the world the colour blue has Blue is a magnificent feng shui color.  The total number of arrows shot It ranges from gentle aqua blue to the universally signified, Truth, Faith, Hope as well as: Peace, humility, during the battle is estimated at a blue-green of the ocean to deep half million. indigo blue. In feng shui, blue is fidelity, chastity, purity, eternity, immortality, beauty and wisdom. The English won Casualties were associated with the clear sky and the estimated from 5,000 (low) to healing, refreshing waters. Blue is a And of course, in Australia True Blue denotes loyalty. Don’t you 10,000 or more (high) for the French popular color choice in Feng Shui Knights and Genoese crossbowmen. decorating. Using blue or blue think that these attributes are held to be the very teachings of English casualties were several accents in a Feng Shui room will hundred. help activate and enhance much Freemasonry? positive energy. These energies help Of the origin of the Most Noble So what is the connection between bring about wealth, success, good Order we know little. According to this battle the Noble order of the health, recognition, and knowledge. its historian, Elias Ashmole, some Garter and freemasonry? The The Hindus believe that their God, sources say that he is the first connection with the first degree you Vishnu, who is represented by a recorded speculative Mason. all know. celestial or sky “blue,” symbolizing “Ashmole included in his diary, The Garter is blue and it was the wisdom which emanated from reference to his having been a instituted at this time in history. God. Kali is another Hindu God member of a . The We use Sacred Writings in our who is Blue as is Mahashakti dates for these meetings are placed ceremonies, earlier I mentioned that Mackey had used the Hebrew word Jacob, Abraham's grandson, saw a at 16 October 1646, and again on 11 March, 1682”. tekelet, this word has been translated ladder ascending from earth up into to mean blue and violet and blue/ the blue of the He spent a lot of time in tracing the purple. My research into Jewish heavens. Henceforth, it has been history of the Most Noble Order of writing shows that it makes use of known as "Jacob's Ladder". the Garter, The Order this term to mean Blue. Among the Druids, (wise men and commemorated an occasion when In Old Testament times the dye for philosophers) blue was the symbol King Edward III of England had this blue was made from a gland of truth and the candidate, in the "given forth his own garter as the from a sea snail, initiation into the sacred rights of signal for a battle," which Ashmole Tekhelet, is a blue dye mentioned 48 Druidism, was invested with a robe takes to be Crécy. The Garter, times in the Jewish Bible (Torah or composed of the colors, white, blue itself is worn on ceremonial Tanakh) Its uses, include the occasions around the left calf by and green. clothing of the High Priest, the knights and around the left arm by tapestries in the Mishkan, and the Blue is not only the color of the sky, ladies. It is a buckled, dark tassels (known as Tzitzit) to be but of the oceans, of pure mountain blue which was originally a light affixed to the corners of one's streams and lakes. It is an emblem blue, velvet strap and bears its garments. Detail of how this was to of purity and beauty. motto in gold letters in Latin: be done is written in these writings The color, blue, has long been held The English translation of the Latin and formed part of the religious to signify eternity and immortality; is "Shamed be the person who observance of the Jews. pale blue is especially associated thinks evil of it." What then, have we learned so far with peace. The UN peace keepers about what I have called Masonic use Blue on their uniforms. The Battle of Crécy (occasionally Blue? In royal heraldry, blue or azure called the Battle of Cressy in We have learned that the color blue symbolizes chastity, loyalty and English) took place on 26 August has been a sacred color over many Issue 54 page 5 thousands of years: The colour Blue: What then of Masonic Blue? whether the above regulation Blue as the color for Ancient Craft should be agreed to. 1. Signifies the color of Deity Masonry is accounted for by two schools of thought on its origin. Both “And it was carried in the 2. Mentioned repeatedly in the Holy can show considerable evidence. One affirmative. Nemine Con.” (Which Books. believes that the symbolism of the is Latin meaning unanimous). color, like that of the square, comes to 3. Robes worn by Jewish priests had us from “time immemorial” and that But why did the Grand Lodge adopt, Blue on them. the color must have been adopted or permit, “blue” in 1731, when 4. Coloured different regalia worn by because of its meanings as explained “white” was specified just four years royalty. before; the other demonstrates that blue previously? as a Masonic color is not as old as the

5. Worn by many members of Mother Grand Lodge, and that it was diverse religious groups across the adopted for other than symbolic The sanest theory seems to be that globe. reasons. proposed by the noted Masonic Two extracts from the minutes of the scholar Fred J.W. Crowe, He wrote 6. Druids used Blue in their ceremonies Grand Lodge of England (1717) are what is considered a classic book in and they date before the Common Era. explicit upon the matter of color: 1897 Masonic Clothing and

The following is taken from Regalia. He also wrote when That this blue derives its name from the the Grand Lodge of England. Master of “Quatuor Coronati word "tekhelet", which is Hebrew for MINUTES, of 24th JUNE, 1727 Lodge of Research in the "perfection". In addition the dye was Transactions for 1909-10 the obtained from a marine snail Murex “Resolved, that in private following. trunculus . The Talmud's description of Lodges and Quarterly this snail is of the Chilazon in its natural Communications and General habitat. ”The color of the Grand Lodge Meetings, the Masters and Officers clothing was adopted Wardens do wear Jewells of from the ribbon of the Most Noble In ancient times purple and blue dyes Masonry hanging to a White Order of the Garter. The Grand derived from snails were so rare and Ribbon. That the Master wear sought after that they were literally Stewards from the second the square, the Senr. Warden National Order - the Most worth more than gold. These precious the Levell, the Junr. Warden the dyes colored the robes of the kings and Honourable Order of the princes of Media, Babylon, Egypt, Plumb-Rule.” Bath. The Scottish Grand Lodge Greece and Rome. To wear them was to undoubtedly copied the ribbon of be identified with royalty. Common And this also from Grand Lodge. the Most Ancient and Most Noble people caught wearing these colours Minutes, of 17th March, 1731. Order of the Thistle, and the resulted in their death. “Dr. Desagulier taking notice of Tyre, situated in Southern Lebanon on some irregularities in wearing anticipated the formation of the the Mediterranean coast was the center Most Illustrious Order of St. of the dyeing industry in the ancient the marks of Distinction which world. Its flourishing maritime trade and have been allowed by former Patrick in 1788 by selecting light its dye and glass industries made Tyre Grand Lodges. “Proposed, that Blue - thus accidentally very powerful and wealthy. Also from none but the Grand Master, his completing the series, although I the VSL Chronicles 2: 13-14 tell of Deputy and Wardens shall wear would suggest that light Blue Huram-abi skilled in crafts bronze and their Jewels in Gold or Gilt may in all probability have been dying. pendant to blue ribbons about chosen merely to mark a Freemasons will be familiar with Tyre, their necks and white leather difference from the English as it was from the King of Tyre, which Aprons lined with blue Grand Lodge. In like manner I King David received the building silk. “That all those who have believe the light blue of our own materials to build the Temple, and the private Lodge clothing was, by a help of Hiram Abif. Could he be the served any of the three Grand Biblical Huram-abi? Seems reasonable. Offices shall wear the like natural sequence of ideas, Aprons lined with Blue Silk in all adopted to contrast with the The Talmud, the record of rabbinic Lodges and assemblies of deeper colour of Grand Lodge discussions pertaining to Jewish law, Masons when they appear attire, and not very long after the ethics customs and Jewish history, asks clothed. “That all Masters and last-named became the rule.” the same ancient question about Tekelet Wardens of Lodges may wear that we ask about Masonic blue...and In 1814 the Blue of grand officers their Aprons lined with White was described as being Garter Blue that is: "Why blue?" Silk and their respective Jewels The answer is, from the (Talmud: Men. or Oxford Blue. The blue for 43b) with plain white Ribbons but of standard lodges sky or Cambridge "Because this color resembles the sea, no other color whatsoever. Blue. the sea resembles the sky and the sky “The Deputy Grand Master No doubt you have heard the resembles the Chair" of Glory". accordingly put the question following words. page 6 Harashim In Freemasonry Blue is the colour of 10.Encyclopedia of Freemasonry” politicization of this very theme. The universal brotherhood and friendship by Albert G Mackey McClure School of Ukrainian Masonic study was and “instructs us that in the mind of Publishing Co Philadelphia 1917 not created yet. That is why scientists a Mason those virtues should be as who have strong interest in this get extensive as the blue arch of heaven some questions on socio-political and religoius issues, the answers can be itself” News from the top half of the given only by the future researches. But, I don’t know if all that I have put world. From an email sent to it is necessary to note that that this here is a satisfactory explanation but Tony Pope. situation is not only in Ukraine and in there is food for thought and brethren the whole Eastern Europe. I challenge you to search for more Good day! The lack of dictionaries, handbooks, answers yourself. encyclopedias, compiled documents, Bibliography: and Glossary. system and complex, active common For the goal of filling the gap in the 1.Seven Rays of Life” by Alice Ann work of Ukrainian, Russian, and other scientific study of freemasonry in scientists acts as a brake on this Bailey Ukraine, Russia, and the Eastern initiative. The great problem is that 2.“Encyclopedia of Freemasonry” by Europe as a whole, for encouraging of there was no conference on masonry in Albert G Mackey McClure freemasonry study and providing the post-Soviet territory and Ukraine as Publishing Co Philadelphia 1917 society with the impartial information, well. In addition, the lack of particular in Ukraine was created the Institute for 3.The Torah is the most holy of the masonic archives, funds, libraries, Freemasonry Study of the Eastern sacred writings in Judaism It is the exhibitions on freemasonry, lectures Europe (IFSEE). first of three sections in the Tanakh creates stable stereotypes in the The Institute for Freemasonry Study in (Hebrew Bible), the founding consciousness of the people. Sure, the Eastern Europe (IFSEE) is the first religious document of Judaism, and immensity of the problem foresees organization of this kind in the post- is divided into five books, whose titanic, long, hard work work on it, and Soviet territory. We work in the the presence of strong partners as within names in English are Genesis, format of public, non-government, non the country and abroad. Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and -profit organization and seek for For realization of full value researches Deuteronomy. uniting of scientists in the Eastern on freemasonry it would be great to 4.“The Jerusalem Bible” in the The Europe, Europe, the US, the Grand have a cooperation between Ukrainian Lodges of different jurisdictions, Pentateuch. In the “Torah” the Law and foreign scientists. The effectiveness specialized mass-media for the 5.Mishkan, The (Tabernacle): a) the of this has already been proved, common working in the sphere of the tabernacle or temporary Sanctuary in regrettably not in Ukraine. The first study and popularization of which the Divine Presence dwelled steps were made by the Russian freemasonry, to create extensive during the Jews’ journeys through scientists. The creation of thoughtful collection of scientific, publicistic and the desert; b) the portion of the scientific reconnoitre by the American informative resources on the scientist Douglas Smith on the history of tabernacle and the Temple building freemasonry (in English, Ukrainian, the russian freemasonry of 18-th century before the Holy of Holies which Russian) that may give a strong was due to cooperation with such contained the inner altar, the table for impetus to the development of the Russian scientists as Andriy Serkov, the showbread, and the menorah freemasonry study in the post-Soviet Oleg Solovyov, Olga Varyash. territory and the Eastern Europe as a 6.The two most important works of We want to cooperate with high- whole. post-biblical Jewish literature. ranking scientists, journalists, and There was not such pilot projects in the The Babylonian (Bavli) Talmud, freemasons of different degrees. We post-Soviet territory, that is why lack compiled around AD 600, and the propose strong partnership and of experience, informational, financial, Jerusalem (Yerushalmi) Talmud, cooperation which will give an and organizational support in the compiled around AD 500, provide a opportunity to exchange with important countries where freemasonry is not information ( freemasonry in the Eastern compilation of ancient Jewish law well known, creates some problems Europe, especially in Ukraine is not and tradition. and simultaneously indicates to wide explored at all), to establish 7.Chilazon: The aquatic or semi- perspectives. The durable absence of international connections, to provide aquatic creature that is the source of conditions for the legal existence of the people with the information on history, Masonic lodges and caused by this the Techelet, the beautiful sky-blue dye philosophy of freemasonry, to create inclination of the latter to secret forms mentioned in the third paragraph of effective team for the common work- of activities, scarcity and Kriat Shema, as the color to apply to researches on freemasonry and its inaccessibility of the proper sources, at least one thread on each corner of popularization. censorship-all of these has slowed the four-cornered Tzitzit. Sincerely yours, Rostislav Galelyuk. down and almost made it impossible The Director of Institute for the scientific activity of their Freemasonry Study in the Eastern 8.Short Talk Bulletin - movement in Ukraine, that created Europe (IFSEE) Vol.XII July, 1934 No.7 author prejudiced attitude to this historic unknown. phenomenon of many

people including historians, 9.Masonic Clothing and Regalia Fred politologists, lawyers, culture experts, J.W. Crowe, 1897 and finally led to ideologization and

page 7 Harashim membership of approximately 20,000. Tony Pope is in an excellent position to provide a thorough and authorita- tive review of the organisation of freemasonry among black Ameri- cans because he has studied the sub- ject in depth over a long period and Book Review has the confidence of many leading Freemasons. Freemasonry and Brother- has written extensively on the his- hood (A review) by Murray tory of freemasonry. During the last twenty years many mainstream American Grand Lodges Yaxley (Tasmania) It is reasonable to suppose, that have established working relation- towards the latter part of the 17th ships with their Prince Hall counter- In October 2009, an international century, parts. Following on from this, other symposium was hosted in Ankara by some of the operative lodges were Grand Lodges have officially recog- the Grand Lodge of Turkey to coin- receiving non-stonemasons into nised the Prince Hall Grand Lodges. cide with its Centenary Celebrations. their ranks. These speculative ma- This means that in that region of the It was styled as the First International sons included learned members of United States where Prince Hall Masonology Symposium. I will not the Royal Society. The opportunity Grand Lodges have not been recog- dwell on the semantics of the title for an amalgamation of the two sets nised by the mainstream Grand except to say that the word masonol- of interests therefore presented it- Lodge, the PHGL is not recognised ogy has been defined as “researching self. It is unlikely that we will find abroad. However, the PHGL of Masonry with all its aspects, by sci- documentary evidence to verify Georgia made a case for foreign entific methods.” The word exactly how this happy conjunction recognition notwithstanding its local “masonology” was first used in 1970 did in fact occur. situation. Three Australian Grand and has not resonated well with na- Lodges have recognised the PHGL tive English speakers. Brothers under the Skin Our own Tony Pope opens his pa- of Georgia on the basis of its regu- Six of the papers presented at the per, “ Brothers Under the Skin” larity. symposium have been published in a with this provocative sentence. book titled “Freemasonry and Broth- Anyone wishing to become ac- The brotherhood of Freemasons is erhood.” It is a worthwhile collection quainted with “the Prince Hall story” not identical with the brotherhood of papers ranging from the philo- would do well to start by reading of humankind. Humanity includes sophical and historical through dis- Tony Pope’s paper. But note that as everyone, but freemasonry ex- cussions of some current issues to the well as the two rival groups of cludes all persons who are not of implications of present trends for Prince Hall related Grand Lodges, mature age, sound intellect and freemasonry in the future. It is hoped there are many, perhaps two hun- that the book offers a worthwhile good character. dred, stand alone and bogus groups contribution to Masonic knowledge Freemasonry is not unique in estab- that claim to be Masonic in nature. and culture and that it might inspire a lishing criteria for membership but Belief spark that leads to new research. this paper is concerned with the manner in which Freemasonry has The question of the relation between Origins evolved in North America where freemasonry and religion was bound The first paper is a lengthy discourse those who shaped a new society to become a subject for discussion at on the origins of Freemasonry. The created more problems than their this symposium. The question is ad- author, Fabio Venzi, an Italian phi- descendants have been able to dressed in a joint paper of two dis- losopher argues that the fact that Ma- solve in more than two centuries. tinguished Turkish scholars, Celil sonic brotherhood aspires to the After reminding his audience of the Layiktez and M Remzi Sanver. The achieving of a progressive degree of origins of former was for a time the Grand ethical perfection means that it is he makes a clear distinction be- Representative of the Grand Lodge firmly based on an esoteric philoso- tween the two major rival groups of of Tasmania near to the Grand phy. He sees symbolism as being Prince Hall related freemasons. Lodge of Turkey. valuable because it widens the choice Those Grand Lodges referred to as Speculative Freemasonry, from the of ways that can lead to an under- having Prince Hall Affiliation num- outset, demanded Belief but it did standing of what is otherwise a deep- ber 47, with about 180,000 mem- not incorporate religious dogma or ly intellectual subject. Venzi is high- bers worldwide. The National religious ceremonies. Nevertheless it ly critical of everything that has been Grand Lodge with 24 state Grand became a subject for discussion and written by Dr Margaret Jacob who Lodges of Prince Hall Origin has a negotiation during the period of the

page 8 Harashim Ancients and Moderns in England. Grand Lodge is autonomous it is Books on Freemasonry not a simple matter to resolve dis- Following the Union of 1813 the you will find interesting putes, particularly when the preser- emphasis on the Saints John was re- vation of territory is instinctive ra- duced and the attention to King Solo- ther than reasonable. The Antimasonic Party mon was upgraded. The current fiasco in France consi- in the United States A Template for Researchers dérable désordre obédientiel and 1826-1843 The paper which is most eye - the refusal of the members of the by William Preston catching for anyone interested in pri- French hierarchy to listen to their Vaughn (1983) mary Masonic research is that by concerned neighbours does not lead well known historian and Masonic one to believe that all Grand Lodg- Follows the rise and fall of the anti- researcher Trevor Stewart who was es have taken the allegorical use of masonic movement, as well as the Prestonian lecturer for 2004. His pa- the builder’s trowel seriously. Bel- political party that developed from per, ”The curious Case of Brother ton makes a case for Grand Lodges it. Gustav Petrie” is in two parts.. Stew- to review their attitudes and rulings art describes several methods of con- concerning recognition and rights A Pilgrim's Path ducting Masonic historical research. of visitation. The restrictions that Firstly there is the exhaustive, objec- have their genesis in imperial times by John J. Robinson (1993) tive examination of all available are no longer justifiable in this cen- An insightful account of his ques- documents and a resulting account tury, particularly when the Europe- tions and experiences in becoming a that shows no evidence of bias or an Convention on Human Rights, Mason, with a frank and open dis- self interest on the part of the re- with a membership of 47 countries, cussion of the attacks being made on searcher. Then there is the research has ruled against their validity. Masonry today. in which the investigator becomes an Turkish Problems interpreter who interacts with the information that he has uncovered. There is also a paper in which Ya- Black Square and vuz Selim Agaoglu candidly dis- Compass Stewart then proposes a model that cusses a period of unrest, rupture involves peeling away the outer skin and reconciliation within Turkish by Joseph A. Walkes, of primary evidence to consider con- Jr (1981) freemasonry in the 1960s. The first textual evidence so that relation- half of the twentieth century was a The formation of Prince Hall Ma- ships, implications and consequences difficult time for Turkish freema- sonry is explored in considerable are revealed. sons. In the beginning it inherited detail. Updated in 1994. The second part of the paper relates a an authoritarian style of govern- case study that is fascinating. It is the ance. Also it was too closely con- story of an Austrian man whose nected to political groups and be- Prince Hall Masonic work in the coal trade placed him in came embroiled in the tensions pre- Quiz Book, A north eastern England in 1914. He vailing in Europe where freemason- by Joseph A Walkes, was “required” to return home at the ry was banned in a number of coun- Jr (1997) onset of World War I hostilities. tries. Stewart traces his Masonic connec- Follows the development and sur- Eventually Masonic values and tions in pre-war England, during the vival of Prince Hall Masonry and the brotherhood were re-established. war in Germany and after his return experiences of its members. The was to Sunderland in 1920. On the one the principal catalyst that enabled hand it is a splendid piece of re- Turkish freemasonry to regain its Freemasonry Univer- search and on the other hand it pro- rightful position on the internation- sal: A New Guide to the vides a memorable example of the al scene. Masonic World mystic tie in action. Postscript by Kent Henderson and Tony .An International View Pope (2000) The unusual aspect of this book is This contribution is from John Bel- that it is not readily available. It is This exploration of lodges around ton, well known to readers of Hara- “For members only. Not for sale.” the world is a new edition of their shim and to those familiar with the A copy of it was sent to the Grand 1985 book that was titled Masonic work of Internet Lodge #9659 EC. Lodge of New Zealand and each World Guide. He discusses a number of controver- Australian Grand Lodge so if you sies concerning regularity, recogni- wish to refer to it, contact your tion and territorial claims. Each has Grand Lodge Library its own peculiar origin. Because each

Issue 54 page 9 know that the successful candi- dates for Kellerman Lecturers President’s Corner will be worthy representatives and we look forward to your presentations in 2012.

To those that have not been successful this time I extend my sympathy. We all know t6hat researchers make excep- tional efforts to achieve their end results. In many instances it is a hard decision for the ad- judicators to separate excellent work where there is only a very fine line to give the nod to one and not the other.

It will be my pleasure to wel- come you to New Zealand in November 2012 for the 15th biennial meeting and presenta- tion of the 2012 Kellerman Lectures at Wellington.

We have an eager team in the capital working hard on this project and the results of their labour will be seen probably mid year when the application forms for accommodation etc. Brethren all, I wish you and enjoy the holiday season to the best of your ability. will be promulgated. I look your families, partners and ex- forward to meeting you in No- tended friends a Merry Christ- In retrospect the 2011 tour by vember. mas and a Happy New Year. I I also extend my salutations to know both our countries have Rodney Grosskopff was over- all vary successful. In New the Breakfast Creek Brigade had more than a fair share of without whom a biennial con- natural disasters in the last Zealand it was the first time a lecturer had been billeted ference is lacking t6hat little twelve months and even be- extra. yond our shores. throughout the country. There were instances where things Fraternal regards, Our 2011 Travelling Lecturer did go wrong – we cannot de- Rodney Grosskopff together ny this. The feedback after the with Irene had their tour of tour has made us aware of Charles Miller where we have erred. The ex- Thailand curtailed by the flood- ing there. ecutive have noted these in- stances and they will be recti- For those who may not be in fied for future occasions. the best of health we earnestly hope that you may be able to Looking forward to 2012 we

page 10 Harashim Your letters: From the Editors Desk

his AQC paper, I am a member of mean for Research Lodg- CC also. I enjoyed the book review This letter is my view and not the which reminded me of research I es? Are not all Research view of any of the members that I am did for an article of mine 'The Col- secretary for. Lodge members part of our Purple'. Congratulations once

more - keep it coming! the Craft fraternity? Is Don Barkman Secretary The Re- S&F search Lodge of Otago 161 there a role for Re- Bro. Ken Jack. search Lodges to find

It seems to me that the name that we Thanks Ken, in this issue out ways of assisting? operate under does not give a clear there is an article on the A message just received understanding as to who we are or Colour Blue. what ANZMRC stands for. In fact from Ed Robinson. we do not have a name rather a col- Greetings to all Affiliate and Associate members, lection of letters. For me personally I would like to take this I always have to stop and think what I want to say, let alone what the 6 opportunity to wish you Please would you urgently advise letters stand for. any of your members who may have all the very best, safest been thinking of attending the A look at where our research lodges ANZMRC Conference in Welling- are situated in the world, makes holiday season. ton, New Zealand in 2012 of the fol- some of them suffer from a sense of A very merry and happy identity. lowing: Change the name to what you ask? Christmas and a pros- Due to a double booking of the origi- nal lodge rooms, it has been neces- How about The Southern Constella- sary to move the ANZMRC confer- tion Research Council. perous new year. ence one week later: It will now start This will mean that we are more wel- coming to all the research lodges in on Thursday 15 November 2012, the Southern Hemisphere. Have a Well I have not re- finishing on Sunday 18th November. more meaningful emphasis on one of This is one week later than previous- ceived much news from ly planned and advised our liberal arts and sciences. Identify The organisers apologise for the us in a more positive way rather than members. It would be need to make this change - it was ANZMRC does. nice to know why, surely Our research council still has a lot to unfortunately unavoidable. We do offer. The Southern Constellation communication between hope that this does not cause prob- lems for travel plans. Research Council is my sugges- all Research Lodges is The Conference will now be held at tion. What is yours? Brooklyn Freemasons Centre, 383- Don Barkman Secretary The Re- vital for our continued 401 Ohiro Road, Brooklyn, Welling- search Lodge of Otago 161 existence and at least ton

to enable all to know This is quite close to Wellington Are there any comments City; transport will still be needed to out there? what is going on. accommodation. Recommended accomodation is Dear Bro. Harvey, close to being finalised, and will be Congratulations on your editorship It would seem that the advised as soon as possible. of above ezine. I had been wonder- very nature of Craft The draft programme remains as ing where it had been. I am a Scots previously circulated, except one Mason but have a number of rellies Lodges is changing and week later For any queries, please contact the in Brisbane some of whom are in the sadly some are not cop- Craft. I enjoy Masonic research and Conference Convenor, Ed Robinson publish regularly in Masonic mags, ing well with these at [email protected] Once again we apologise for this particularly the Scottish Ashlar. changes, what does that Please congratulate Bob James on change of dates.

Issue 54 page 11 I found this article at http:// sor's death and subsequent funeral achieved a remarkable degree of masonictimes.blogspot.com this is a and burial. It was the site of the last identification with the secular life of website for Masonic Times. coronation prior to the Norman their times, and particularly with conquest of England, that of his upper-class life", Barbara Harvey Westminister Abby– The History successor Harold II. From 1245 it concludes, to the extent that her de- of a Masonic Cathedral. was rebuilt by Henry III who had piction of daily life provides a wider selected the site for his burial. view of the concerns of the English The Westminster Abbey was built by gentry in the High and Late Middle operative Freemasons, being now The only extant depiction of the Ages. part of UNESCO's World Heritage. original abbey, in the Romanesque According to a tradition first reported style that is called Norman in Eng- The proximity of the Palace of West- by Sulcard in about 1080, the Abbey land, together with the adjacent minster did not extend to providing was first founded in the time of Palace of Westminster, is in the monks or abbots with high royal Mellitus (d. 624), Bishop of , Bayeux Tapestry. Increased en- connections; in social origin the on the present site, then known as dowments supported a community Benedictines of Westminster were as Thorn Ey (Thorn Island); based on a increased from a dozen monks in modest as most of the order. late tradition that a fisherman called Dunstan's original foundation, to Aldrich on the River Thames saw a about eighty monks. The abbot remained Lord of the vision of Saint Peter near the site. The abbot and learned monks, in Manor of Westminster as a town of This seems to be quoted to justify the close proximity to the royal Palace two to three thousand persons grew gifts of salmon from Thames fisher- of Westminster, the seat of govern- around it: as a consumer and em- men that the Abbey received in later ment from the later twelfth century, ployer on a grand scale the monas- years. In the present era, the Fish- became a powerful force in the tery helped fuel the town economy, monger's Company still gives a salm- centuries after the Norman Con- and relations with the town remained on every year. quest: the abbot often was em- unusually cordial, but no enfranchis- ployed on royal service and in due ing charter was issued during the The proven origins are that in the course took his place in the House Middle Ages. The Abbey built shops 960s or early 970s, Saint Dunstan, of Lords as of right. Released from and dwellings on the west side, en- assisted by King Edgar, installed a the burdens of spiritual leadership, croaching upon the sanctuary. community of Benedictine monks which passed to the reformed Clu- here. A stone abbey was built around niac movement after the mid-tenth The Abbey became the coronation 1045–1050 by King Edward the Con- century, and occupied with the ad- site of Norman kings, but none were fessor as part of his palace there and ministration of great landed proper- buried there until Henry III, intense- was consecrated on 28 December ties, some of which lay far from ly devoted to the cult of the Confes- 1065, only a week before the Confes- Westminster, "the Benedictines sor, rebuilt the Abbey in Anglo- page 12 Harashim It suffered damage during the tur- ster, London, England (UK), located French Gothic style as a shrine to bulent 1640s, when it was attacked just to the west of the Palace of honour Saint Edward the Confessor by Puritan iconoclasts, but was Westminster. It is the traditional and as a suitably regal setting for again protected by its close ties to place of coronation and burial site Henry's own tomb, under the highest the state during the Commonwealth for English, later British and later Gothic nave in England. The Confes- period. Oliver Cromwell was given still (and currently) monarchs of the sor's shrine subsequently played a an elaborate funeral there in 1658, Commonwealth Realms. The abbey great part in his canonisation. The only to be disinterred in January is a Royal Peculiar and briefly held work continued between 1245 and 1661 and posthumously hanged the status of a cathedral from 1546 to 1517 and was largely finished by the from a nearby gibbet. 1556. architect Henry Yevele in the reign of Richard II. Henry VII added a The Abbey's two western towers Westminster Abbey is a collegiate Perpendicular style chapel dedicated were built between 1722 and 1745 church governed by the Dean and to the Blessed Virgin Mary in 1503 by Nicholas Hawksmoor, con- Chapter of Westminster, as estab- (known as the Henry VII Chapel). structed from Portland stone to an lished by Royal Charter of Queen Much of the stone came from Caen, early example of a Gothic Revival Elizabeth I in 1560, which created it in France (Caen stone), the Isle of design. Purbeck marble was used as the Collegiate Church of St Peter Portland (Portland stone) and the for the walls and the floors of Westminster and a Royal Peculiar Loire Valley region of France Westminster Abbey, even though under the personal jurisdiction of the (tuffeau limestone). the various tombstones are made of Sovereign. The members of the

different types of marble. Further Chapter are the Dean and four resi- In 1535, the Abbey's annual income rebuilding and restoration occurred dentiary Canons, assisted by the Re- of £2400–2800[citation needed] in the 19th century under Sir ceiver General and Chapter Clerk. (£980,000 to £1,140,000 as of 2011), George Gilbert Scott. A narthex (a during the assessment attendant on portico or entrance hall) for the One of the Canons is also Rector of the Dissolution of the Monasteries west front was designed by Sir Ed- St Margaret's Church, Westminster, rendered it second in wealth only to win Lutyens in the mid 20th centu- and often holds also the post of Glastonbury Abbey. Henry VIII had ry but was not executed. Images of Chaplain to the Speaker of the assumed direct royal control in 1539 the Abbey prior to the construction House of Commons. In addition to and granted the Abbey cathedral sta- of the towers are scarce, though the the Dean and Canons, there are at tus by charter in 1540, simultaneous- Abbey's official website states that present two full-time minor canons, ly issuing letters patent establishing the building was without towers one precentor, the other succentor. the Diocese of Westminster. By following Yevele's renovation, with The office of Priest Vicar was creat- granting the Abbey cathedral status just the lower segments beneath the ed in the 1970s for those who assist Henry VIII gained an excuse to spare roof level of the Nave completed. the minor canons. Together with the it from the destruction or dissolution Clergy and Receiver General and which he inflicted on most English Until the 19th century, Westminster Chapter Clerk, various Lay Officers abbeys during this period. Westmin- was the third seat of learning in constitute the College, including the ster was a cathedral only until 1550. England, after Oxford and Cam- Organist and Master of the Choris- The expression "robbing Peter to pay bridge. It was here that the first ters, the Registrar, the Auditor, the Paul" may arise from this period third of the King James Bible Old Legal Secretary, the Surveyor of the when money meant for the Abbey, Testament and the last half of the Fabric, the Head Master of the Choir which New Testament were translated. School, the Keeper of the Muni- is dedicated to Saint Peter, was di- The New English Bible was also ments and the Clerk of the Works, as verted to the treasury of St Paul's put together here in the 20th centu- well as twelve Lay Vicars and ten of Cathedral. ry. Westminster suffered minor the choristers and the High Steward The Abbey was restored to the Bene- damage during the Blitz on Novem- and High Bailiff. dictines under the Roman Catholic ber 15th, 1940. Mary I of England, but they were There are also forty Queen's Schol- again ejected under Elizabeth I in In the 1990s two icons by Russian ars who are pupils at Westminster 1559. In 1579, Elizabeth re- icon painter Sergei Fyodorov were School (the School has its own Gov- established Westminster as a "Royal hung in the Abbey. On September erning Body). Those who are most Peculiar"—a church responsible di- 17th, 2010, Pope Benedict XVI directly concerned with liturgical rectly to the Sovereign, rather than to became the first pope to set foot in and ceremonial matters are the two a diocesan bishop—and made it the Westminster Abbey. Minor Canons and the Organist and Collegiate Church of St Peter (that The Collegiate Church of St Peter Master of the Choristers. is, a church with an attached chapter at Westminster, popularly known as of canons, headed by a dean). The Westminster Abbey, is a large, last Abbot was made the first Dean. mainly Gothic church, in Westmin- Issue 54 page 13 Harashim

The Quarterly Newsletter of the Australian & New Zealand Masonic Research Council

ISSN 1328-2735 Issue 55 April 2012

Masonic Education.

In This Issue Editorial: Page 1 Editorial I am prompted to write about Education. Masonic Education in particular. This months Harashim has content pertinent to this subject. It seems to me that just Page 2 The Role of the Ma- about all Masons believe that the subject is important but in my experience few if sonic Research E Library. any actually take it on board. Attempts are made to provide some form of education but there does not appear to be any follow up. If you study the writings Page 4 Freemasonry in the of any jurisdiction you will find something on Masonic Education. Many good Life of Augustua Alt, Aus- Freemasons have put together courses, seminars and an enormous library of tralias First Survey General writings which are freely available to anyone who cares to study them. This is Part 1 demonstrated by the various Lodges of Research and their willingness to assist any brother or group of brethren. Page 9 Rodney Grosskopff in Townsville. There is something missing. The will to take the subject seriously Page 10 Book Reviws. Two by So, what do I think Masonic education is? I think that there are three vital Tony Pope. components to the subject. They are 1. Ritual and ceremony. 2 Lodge administration. 3. Esoteric understanding of the craft. Page 12 Presidents Corner

Ritual is a vital part of our fraternity. From this we are taught the lessons that Page 13 Letters. Look Here the Craft offer us. The ceremonial components of our ritual also have lessons from which we can learn to understand freemasonry better. In addition the Ritual Page 14 An International and Ceremony are an important attractant to many freemasons. Our ritual also Comparison of Some Aspects entreats us to make a daily advancement in Masonic knowledge and how do we of Freemasonry gain knowledge? Why certainly one way is through Masonic Education Page 19 Carl Claudy If we are to succeed as a viable organisation within our jurisdiction it is vital for us to know how best to administer our Lodges, Districts and Grand Lodges, if we don’t we will fail. A similar corporate body to freemasonry, and let us understand that we are a body similar to a large corporation, would no more neglect such a vital part of their business as training (education) of their members than they would neglect the payroll department.

It would seem to me that as Masons we are seeking, something which we refer to as LIGHT. The light of knowledge, of understanding of purpose, if you like, some sort of spiritual journey. Many clever Masonic writers have written on this subject and we as researchers refer to them often. How can we spread the enthusiasm for Masonic Education to Freemasons everywhere? Issue 55 page 1 In view of the work done and the declining membership. About Harashim Unfortunately, that ignorance is Harashim, Hebrew for Craftsmen, is a being done by Ed Robinson on typical of all the . quarterly newsletter published by the our Digital Library I thought this Australian and New Zealand Masonic Consider the price; count the empty Research Council (10 Rose St, Waipawa 4210, article most appropriate and seats in the typical Masonic meeting New Zealand) in January, April, July and interesting. I have made some – of any Masonic body! The problem October each year. slight changes to fit the is easily quantified. It is supplied to Affiliates and Associates in The answers to the more popular hard copy and/or PDF format. It is available Australasian way of doing things worldwide in PDF format as an email questions point to the relative non- attachment, upon application to the Asst. and included links. The concept availability of pertinent Masonic Secretary, [email protected]. Usually of the paper and the message it information, compounded by a the current issue is also displayed on the website of the Grand Lodge of Tasmania brings are, to my way of prominent apathy toward any http://www.freemasonrytasmania.org/. thinking something that we as particular Masonic culture. That, of course illustrates the demand for Copyright and reprinting Masons should seriously Copyright is vested in ANZMRC and the Masonic education – add author of any article appearing in Harashim. consider Ed. entertainment and the cultural features Affiliates and Associates are encouraged to of the Craft. Masonry has its art, reprint the entire newsletter (at their own expense) and circulate it to their own members, THE ROLE OF THE poetry, music, entertainment and including their correspondence circles (if any) MASONICRESEARCH “E- certainly its history. Where is it to be and to supply copies to public and Masonic readily discovered? There’s the libraries within their jurisdictions. LIBRARY” challenge. Individual items from any issue may be reprinted By Ralph W. Omholt by Associates and Affiliates, provided: History is vital to any group, in terms  The item is reprinted in full; Courtesy of the Phoenixmasonry of “He who knows and understands  The name of the author and the source of the Masonic Museum and Library at the past; knows the future.” The article are included; and http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/main constancy of human nature dictates  A copy of the publication containing the that truth. The technology and reprint is sent to the editor. In the first decade of the 21st Century, Anyone else wishing to reprint material from monuments to history change; the Harashim must first obtain permission from the the world cultures are facing the importance of history does not. copyright holders via the editor. requirement of a new discipline – Recombine the culture and history of Unless otherwise specified, authors submitting “Information Management.” the Craft; and you have a winning original work for publication in Harashim are Freemasonry is as challenged in that deemed to grant permission for their work to be combination – with appropriate published also on the Internet websites of regard, as any institution. But, where adjustments for social alterations, ANZMRC http//anzmrc.org and the Grand does one even begin? such as the prejudice against smoking Lodge of Tasmania: There is a certain demand/mandate for and drinking; add the ‘substitutive’ http://www.freemasonrytasmania.org/. the electronic archiving of Masonic nature of modern television and the Contents records; an ambitious and laudable Internet. The mandate is to leave Affiliate and Associate members are encouraged task, to be certain. With the marvels of to contribute material for the newsletter, anyone in contact with the Craft with including: the computer age, such a monumental the persuasion, “I go there, because I  Their lecture programs for the year; task is achievable. Yet there is a more feel so good when I leave!”  Any requests from their members for immediate demand – primary Masonic The value of Freemasonry is to be information on a research topic; education. In modern times, that task discovered in its past. With regard to  Research papers of more than local interest mandates the formation of Masonic “E- that merit wider publication. the successful fraternity of The newsletter also includes news, reports from Libraries;” accessible through the Freemasonry, the descriptor “…. Back ANZMRC, book reviews, extracts from other Internet. The immediate question goes to the future” is a vital concept. publications and a readers’ letters column, from to the priority of such material. Masonic history betrays a success time to time. As has been said in so many ways, few If the source of an item is not identified, it is by formula; if it can be discovered. Yet the editor. Opinions expressed are those of the members know very much about the there is an impending dilemma – the author of the article, and should not be attributed Craft, beyond the routine of the ‘ritual.’ information is contained within a to the Council. The Craft is losing both participation broad expanse of libraries, which are Material submitted for publication must be in a and membership, as “Masonry” is digitised form by email at typically locked up, with few local typically identified by rather routine members or officers in possession of [email protected] or mailed on a CD or DVD, or Memory stick ritual and the conduct of Lodge significant Masonic education. There addressed to the editor, Harvey Lovewell 33 ‘business.’ The term “boring” is often is where electronic access to Masonic Wattle Street Millaa Millaa Queensland 4886 employed in that regard. Where is the history truly becomes a “mandate.” Australia. excitement which once crowded History and its functioning knowledge

Clear illustrations, diagrams and photographic Masonic events of all types? That are that important. Add intuition to prints suitable for scanning are welcome, and excitement has to be resurrected; fitted knowledge, one then encounters what most computer graphic formats are acceptable. to a nearly radically evolved society. is routinely referred to as “wisdom.” Photos of contributors (preferably not in regalia) Freemasonry is desperate for a The Masonic fraternity brags of tens would be useful. Contributors who require mailed material to be returned should include a renaissance – but, what would that look of thousands of books, yet few know stamped, self-addressed envelope. like? If one knows nothing of what the approximate quantity of books, let General correspondence once created a world-class excitement, alone the topics and titles of such All other correspondence, including about what ‘change’ can be anticipated? Too works – add ignorance of the purchase of CDs and books, should be directed few members appreciate the magnitude contents! Imagine trying to make to: The Secretary, ANZMRC of Masonic ignorance; and its role in Freemasonry attractive to a doctor, page 2 Harashim lawyer or professor. What can be employed Master Masons a “Blue Lodge?” electronic availability of Masonic books as the critical message, within an Nobody knows – they didn’t bother is increasing. The obvious immediate anticipated 20-second attention span? Think looking for the answer! (Coil’s advantage to electronic information is to the enticement of offering to E-mail him Encyclopedia for starters.) Except for that the content can be very easily the appropriate book(s). Imagine that, “E- the general non-availability of the printed. Many of the ‘key’ texts are Mailing” a person a book – we’ve come historical literature, the situation could available as re-prints, however lacking in that far! be called “incredibly absurd.” Yet, if quality and somewhat expensive. Freemasonry even offers ‘Hollywood” nothing changes, the situation will “More” electronic conversion is needed. excitement in such movies as “The Man continue to be “undeniably absurd.” Most importantly, more “access” is Who Would be King” and “National In a world of PC-induced social needed; be it research computer stations, Treasure.” The movie, “The DaVinci catatonia (shutting down), what of or books downloadable from the Code,” prominently illustrated some of the Masonic fellowship? No one seems to Internet. Masonic history. The movies, “Angels and even have an operating definition of It is academic that the ‘modern’ Demons,” and “The Lost Symbol” Have “fellowship,” with the solution being in generation of Masons demands ‘Point-‘n increased the interest in Masonic history. the , begging re -Click” access to Masonic information. Masonic history should be a nearly infinite -discovery and adaptation to modern Beyond raw ‘convenience, electronic source of excitement for Masons, in cultures. (“Fellowship” – The giving files can be converted to any form, particular – add potential members. As of and sharing of tangible and including language translation and ‘text- late, it’s not. The ‘peak experience’ of intangible ‘gifts’, as well as resources, to-speech’ conversion, for the sight Masonic excitement should be discovered among a number of people.”) {One impaired. Eventually, that can be in a Lodge room, not a commercial theatre viable definition.} translated into a human voice or from a DVD of fiction. As the greatest of Masonic books production, on par with regular audio E- The movie, “Angels and literally decay in locked libraries and Books. Demons,” addressed the association of the book cases, there is a fear, nigh unto It must be mentioned that the enterprise “Illuminati” to the Craft. The movie “The threat, of a permanent loss of of scanning of books into text-files (not Lost Symbol” created even more Freemasonry’s literary and fraternal PDF files) has its share of ‘secrets.’ excitement among Grand Lodges who leapt greatness. Now, given the wonders of They are few and easy – but powerful. It onto Dan Browns letter re Masons, even computers, it is possible to re-print is possible to easily scan 150 pages per though the movie content was obviously those same books, on fresh hour – assuming a hymnal sized book; fiction. There is hardly enough association paper. Much is yet to be done. The versus a 12” X 18” book. The key in history to talk about, yet, who is prepared Craft can recover; all it takes is a set of resource is the element of manual labour to authoritatively answer the obvious adaptation measures for the current and the associated persistence and/or questions? And, those questions will arise. culture. It starts with researching the devotion. The currently available How many Masons are remotely prepared past – if one can! electronic files represent some of the to offer accurate information? If there is a Being both responsible and objective, best volumes available; ranging from single ‘treasure’ to be had in Freemasonry, it must be acknowledged that there is Anderson’s Constitutions through, the element of “passion” is that treasure; the that certain “gray shield,” which slows Preston, Webb, Cross, the Mackey history books clearly leave that legacy. Yet, the progress of the Craft into the Encyclopaedia and Mackey’s history. without access and investment into the 21st Century. In the last three years, Add some of the works of modern Masonic literature, the Lodge and Chapter advance copies of the E-Library, listed British writers, such as Bernard Jones meetings are nominally beyond a structured below, have been given to Grand and Harry Carr. The range of topics and boring business meeting. ‘Excellence in Masters of the U.S. and Canada – but, extends into the concordant bodies, as ritual’ is one source for that passion, who has heard of these files? Among well. education, research and ‘discovery’ add to Masons, ‘change’ is regarded as almost The electronic files, listed below, have the experience. In that process, the element a reference to an obscenity. Ironically, been produced in the hope of a higher of “fellowship” must be there. the Masonic academicians know that quality environment for the modern Studying the past will yield the future; the Craft has been in a constant state of Craft; certainly the future of no information + no study = no future! ‘change,’ since its beginning. Perhaps Freemasonry demands it! It must be It’s that simple. the adaptations of the Craft have mentioned that in the USA, material Read Masonic history! The Craft used to be occurred so slowly, that the ‘change’ is used for legitimate research (not for a major source of entertainment, little noticed; and not regarded in the commercial sale) is free of copyright excitement, social opportunity, career stereotypical perspective of ‘change.’ protection, regardless of its copyright opportunity, public recognition and Given modern technology, the required date. Certainly, the pre-1923 books are personal pride. People threw major educational adaptation is both long free of copyright restrictions. percentages of their income into the Craft – necessary and easy. http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/main/ the payback was worth the investment. It is highly doubtful that computer index.php? Then, over time, something changed. In the screens will ever be an effective option=com_content&view=article&id= modern world of high-quality television and substitute for ‘hard-copy.’ (That’s what 44&Itemid=186 the Internet, Freemasonry competes for the the ‘print’ button is for!) As it stands, The following list is a reasonably discretionary time of an entire populace. when it comes to Masonic literature, complete account of Masonic books, The Craft can still be an exciting and the availability of the hard-bound which have been scanned into ‘MS entertaining place – but how would anyone volumes is limited by the quantitative Word’ files. In all, there are know? survival of the oldest of the Masonic approximately 80 titles, composed of Masonically, the color “blue” is associated books; and their physical access. The approximately 120 volumes. The with ‘fidelity.’ Why do they call a Lodge of good news is that, slowly, the selection of the titles was made on the

Issue 55 page 3 basis of the most historically prominent proceed? Where would an ‘outsider’ planning, properties and patriarchy texts of the Craft. researcher begin and proceed? of Surveyor-General Augustus Alt’, Most of these titles are ‘research’ It must also be addressed that the published in 2008.[1] Alt’s military quality, meaning that they are in raw-text typical mindset quickly goes to the career has been addressed in form, containing a small percentage of value of these electronic files. Beyond various talks by the author over the spelling and formatting errors. They are inherent ‘data’ content, the key value is past few years and is intended to be highly valuable for electronic ‘searching’ that of time; cash-value is a distant published later in 2012. The current and ‘cut-‘n-paste’ citation. With third. Estimating the probable time article explores esoteric ideas and patience, they are reasonably easy to span, which a committee would practices that surrounded Augustus bring up to ‘near-perfect-reproduction’ require, the value is self-evident - which arguably led him to standard. (Volunteers welcome!) instant results versus _____ . incorporate symbolic ideas in the Such titles as Mackey’s Encyclopaedia As to monetary value, a conservative planning of the first of the three and his 7-volume history have been estimate of these files is 24,000 pages. towns of the new colony, Albion taken to a ‘near-perfect-reproduction’ At the ‘Kinkos’ rate of five dollars per (Sydney). standard. The various Monitors (Ritual page, the ‘scanning’ value starts at Books) have also been taken to a ‘near- $120,000.00! Add a labour estimate for By way of summary, the time frame perfect-reproduction’ standard. editing, considering that the text for this article on Alt’s career begins It should be mentioned that along with scanning takes approximately 12 with his enrolment on 1 October the ‘text’ of these files, much of the seconds per page. Next, consider the 1755 as an Ensign with the Eighth finest historic Masonic art has cash-value of the restoration and (or King’s) Regiment of Foot, based been restored, not just ‘included.’ The insertion of the artwork. Again, it’s not in Liverpool, England. From this Craft is typified by its artwork being the monetary value; it’s the instant point onwards his career is more or largely ‘pen-and-ink,’ versus colour. availability which makes such files less as sketched in his Memorial of Much of the art is found in the various truly a treasure. Most importantly, 1801, the Australian Dictionary of ‘Monitors,’ of various titles. It is where should the Craft proceed, from Biography [ADB], Mollie Gillen’s appropriate to comment that few Masons this point? That trail is yet to be Founders of Australia, and a number know the history of the evolution of the broken! of the author’s own papers.[2] Yet in modern Monitor, let alone that the **************** certain respects it starts even earlier history - with associated personalities - than 1755, if we consider the is intriguing. influence of alchemy in Great Britain Admittedly, there are thousands of The following paper is published in and Europe from the middle ages, Masonic books in print; these electronic three parts. Part one is in this issue the dissemination of Emanuel files are only a small percentage. Again, the other parts will follow. Ed Swedenborg’s writings during the many of the hard-bound titles are so eighteenth century, the rise of and aged, that their physical survival is in FREEMASONRY IN THE LIFE OF split between Masonic Antients and question. Certainly access to such titles AUGUSTUS ALT, AUSTRALIA’S Moderns in England during the same is quite limited, whether a Grand Lodge FIRST SURVEYOR-GENERAL period, and the germination and Library, or a limited Lodge collection of Part 1 acceptance from the mid- titles. Usually, such volumes are located seventeenth century of hermetic – and kept - behind locked doors; or in Dr Paul-Alan Johnson ideas in the Landgraviate of Hesse- locked book cases. Still, the currently Senior Visiting Fellow Cassel, Germany, among which available electronic files represent Faculty of the Built Environment Rosicrucianism is pertinent to this several lifetimes of Masonic education, The University of New South Wales article.[3] Consideration of the and certainly a valuable research matters raised here could easily be platform. Most importantly, they extended well beyond Alt’s arrival in represent “availability.” Introduction New South Wales with the First A handful of these titles are to be found After a life in Great Britain spanning Fleet in 1788 and at least up to his on the Internet, however, those are over fifty years, most of his maturity death in 1815, by which time generally in PDF (locked-up) format. being spent in the military, Freemasonry, for example, had The available Internet text-files are Australia’s first Surveyor-General, been operating in the colony for at usually ‘raw’ scanned-only. There are a Augustus Theodore Harman least twenty years on my reckoning. few titles which approach “near perfect (Herman) Alt, went on to live a reproduction;” in text-file format. Those further quarter-century in the penal Nevertheless, while Freemasonry is are on the increase, but it takes great colony of New South Wales, initially not explicitly mentioned in the few persistence at the keyboard to discover as its first Surveyor-General. He chronicles we have of the , them. It must be noted that with the was appointed in 1787, sailed with or does not become evident in the increase of Masonic electronic the First Fleet for Botany Bay, young settlement for some years, it information, traditional research is helped establish the colony early in was a significant undercurrent to transforming from time-consuming 1788, then continued in his official political, civilian and military life keyboard labour to “research guidance.” capacity until his retirement in during the eighteenth century and There is a current demand for a book, 1801. After this he followed a more does appear to have been a force at essentially titled, “The History of the or less domestic path until his work in Augustus Alt’s career. As History of Freemasonry.” Given what death in 1815, aged 81. His life in will be shown later, there is also is available, where would a new Mason New South Wales was covered in a pictorial evidence that a Masonic begin his education; how should he paper by the author entitled ‘The lodge was operating by the mid- page 4 Harashim 1790s in Parramatta, one of the Craft lodges meeting at the Goose at Freemasonry in those countries in small settlements of the new colony and Gridiron, Crown, Apple-Tree, which Augustus Alt’s father, Jost thirty kilometres west of Sydney. and the Rummer and Grapes Heinrich Alt, spent his diplomatic Furthermore, there was another taverns. There is evidence that service for Hesse-Cassel, or with esoteric influence at work from the Masonic lodges began operating which he was associated because of start of the early settlement – a after the formation of the London it, namely, Germany and Sweden, consignment of books by Emanuel Masons Company in 1356, notably with an overview of France because Swedenborg on the First Fleet in Scotland in the late 1600s.[4] many Continental lodges were flagship Sirius, in the care of its Historian Francis Yates mentions initially formed through French Assistant Surgeon, John Lowes. three early inductions, Elias agency, and Switzerland, because From the mid-eighteenth century, an Ashmole into ‘a masonic lodge at Augustus Alt spent some time there, interconnection also existed in Great Warrington in Lancashire on 16 possibly through Masonic Britain between Swedenborg and October 1646’, as well as his connections. To distinguish Jost Freemasonry through the cousin, Henry Manwaring, and Heinrich Alt from his eldest son, Just idiosyncratic adaptations of his ideas Robert Moray into ’a mason’s lodge Alt, I will continue to refer to him by by certain of his followers. As a of Edinburgh… on 20 May 1641’. his German names. result, Augustus Alt cannot be Ashmole had Rosicrucian ignored in relation to either subject, affiliations and both were Continental Freemasonry especially since there appears to be foundation members of the Royal Looking at Germany first, the earliest an mysterious side to him that Society in 1660.[5] Scottish lodges Masonic lodges appeared as reflects aspects of both, whether by continued to operate under a ‘assemblies’ from the 13th century, choice, circumstance, or constitution that was entirely though it took several centuries coincidence. Nonetheless, because separate from the lodges of before formal organizations emerged the evidence linking Alt to both England well into the eighteenth from 1717 following the Swedenborgianism and century, forming their own Grand establishment of the London Grand Freemasonry is tenuous, what Lodge of Antient, Free and Lodge in England. The first German follows about the influence on Alt of Accepted Masons of Scotland in lodge established at Hamburg in Freemasonry and its connections, 1736. Individual lodges became 1733 was probably Lodge No. Rosicrucianism, theosophical ideas, sovereign bodies and retained their 124/108 (later Lodge Absalom) or mystical symbolism, is necessarily own traditions, procedures and raised by eleven German speculative. I would like to review rituals. Scottish Freemasonry also Freemasons deputed by James some of these next. had strong associations with Lyon, 7th Earl of Strathmore. From French Masonry that lasted for 1717 it is fair to say that the Eighteenth-century Freemasonry many decades and provided a pedigree of all Freemasons living on As its title suggests, this article is haven for Jacobites in exile after the Continent began in Great Britain, intended for a specific readership the rebellions of 1715 and 1745. as did their Fraternities, and never and so we begin with a brief review was ‘any connexion with the building of Freemasonry, continue into the Masonic lodges were meeting in trades of the Continent ever claimed Rosicrucian movement, and then Ireland from the early sixteenth by the first Freemasons of Europe’, examine more closely how century, and the formation of the according to Gould. Indeed, Freemasonry and certain other Grand Lodge of Ireland in 1726 Continental Freemasonry ‘was esoteric ideas impinged on Augustus makes it the second oldest in the confined entirely to the upper Alt’s life. Without elaborating too world. The Irish constitution classes without the least admixture much on the basic history of the exercised authority over the of artisan’, he asserts, and ‘even in Craft though, it is useful to look at the formation of lodges in both its own Germany the language of the spread of Freemasonry in England territories and among parts of Fraternity was French, being that of during the early to mid-eighteenth Scotland and Northern England. the court and of diplomacy’. Gould century, emphasizing those Because it did not authorise civilian comments: ‘In the electorate of moments and places that warrants, the Irish Grand Lodge Hesse-Cassel the first lodge was conceivably had some connection soon became the provider of choice constituted at Marburg in 1743 and with Alt (which will become clearer for regimental warrants, its others [such as the ‘Three Lions’ of as we proceed). With Freemasonry numbers far exceeding those of 1745] soon followed. The Strict there is a substantial literature that is England and Scotland.[6] The Observance in due course swamped accessible, if not always reliable, but earliest travelling warrants the Craft and, on its subsidence, the still much that needs to be compared attaching to military Masonic lodges preponderating influence was that of and sorted to gain a consistent and were issued, for the most part, the Grand Lodge Royal York. In coherent insight into its history and under the Irish constitution. As we 1794, however, the Elector development. shall see, the New South Wales suppressed all the Lodges in his colony was one place where a dominions.’[7] According to most sources, Masonic regimental warrant was Freemasonry in England became a sought and eventually gained from German Freemasonry was to formally constituted organization in Ireland. become aligned with Illuminist ideas 1717 with the formation of the limited of Johann Adam Weishaupt (1748- -jurisdiction ‘Grand Lodge’ of London Turning away from the Britain Isles 1830) over those of Strict and Westminster, formed out of four for a moment, I want to briefly look Observance later in the eighteenth Issue 55 page 5 century, notably after the 1782 English Grand Lodge of France, French. The French Scots Directory at Wilhelmsbad Convention held at the with the Duke of Wharton as its first Lausanne, the German Scots dictory at castle of Meyer Amschel Rothschild Grand Master. Its first French Zurich, under their respective Grand (organized by French Freemason Grand Master, the Duke of Antin, Masters were to be subordinate to [Diethelm] Lavater as Sub-Prior. and Marinist, Jean-Baptiste was installed in 1738. Other Willermoz (1730-1824) at which These two Directories attended the histories maintain that the first Convent des Gaules in 1778, where Weishaupt’s ideas were presented French Masonic lodges were the Strict observance system was by Baron von Knigge), when Baron consolidated out of Freemasons modified. Both were then raised to the von Hund’s Rite of Strict Observance among the Scottish and Irish rank of Sub-Priories, Helvetia to that of was suspended. Thereafter German guards of the Stuart family in exile a Prior of the Vth Province with Lavater Freemasonry thrived in a climate of at St. Germain en Laye, the very as Grand Prior.[11] mystical and secretive practices. first French lodge being formed ‘The two leaders of German there during the late 17th century. The dates of the rise of German, freemasonry, Duke Ferdinand of The English Grand Lodge became Swedish and French Freemasonry Brunswick and Prince Karl of Hess, the Grand Lodge of France in the fall within the span of Jost Heinrich joined the order, thus bringing the 1750s then the split between the Alt’s career such that we can say whole of German freemasonry, the Ancients and Moderns in England that he had opportunities to engage German Grand Orient, in particular, precipitated a division in France in with at least one of the three, the under the control of the 1773 with the Grand Lodge most probable being German, even Illuminati…’[8] The earlier Masonic following the Antients and Scottish though specific detail about lodges convention organized by Willermoz traditions, while the newly-formed and locations is now lacking. It is at Les Gaules in 1768, sowed the Grand Orient of France followed also likely that Jost Heinrich had seeds for this transformation. Jost the Moderns.[10] formal Masonic allegiances in Heinrich Alt, who died the same year England, though just where and as the Les Gaules convention, would Finally, to Switzerland. Geneva when would only be educated have been aware of the formation saw the establishment of the first guesses. Since the history of Swiss and rise of German Freemasonry Masonic lodge in 1736 under Freemasonry is too late for Jost and, as a career diplomat for the George Hamilton as Master who, Heinrich, I will refer to it again in Landgraviate of Hesse-Cassel at the even though forbidden by the passing when discussing Augustus Court of St. James for over forty Republic to initiate Swiss nationals, Alt, even though his connection too years, he was clearly one of the was appointed Provincial Grand is fraught with difficulty. The broader ‘upper class’. Master by the Grand Lodge of issue of these histories is that the England in 1737. For the next eight rise of Freemasonry brought Turning to Sweden, the first Masonic years, lodges came and went in exposure to and involvement with a lodge in Stockholm is claimed to Geneva with great frequency. 1739 wide range of philosophical, have been established by Count Axel saw an English lodge formed in theosophical and esoteric, ideas, Eric Wrede Sparre not long after his Lausanne (Vaud), the Perfect everything from the pragmatic to the own initiation in Paris in 1731. In Union of Strangers No. 187, with hermetic, from quite early in the 1738, the other lodges being formed shortly eighteenth century. Earlier than for Sweden was a Count Count Carl after. However, the Bernese eighteenth-century Freemasonry, yet Fredrik Scheffer, about whom little is authorities decreed against the parallel to it and intertwined with its known. A royal edict of 1738 Craft in 1745 and the lodges were later development, was the rise in forbidding Freemasonry on pain of closed, which precipitated another the late-seventeenth-century of what death closed this lodge down, fifteen years of antipathy to has been termed by some writers although the edict was withdrawn Freemasonry throughout the ‘Rosicrucian impulse’. shortly afterwards and the Craft Switzerland. While Masonic activity Rosicrucianism comprised radical slowly regained momentum in the reappeared after 1760, it was not ideas and revolutionary thought that early 1740s. By 1746, the St Jean until 1775 that Berne fully withdrew governments and institutions were to Auxiliare Lodge existed in Stockholm its edicts, only to renew them in find more subversive and and by 1753 Freemasonry was firmly 1782 and forcing Lodges to close threatening than they ever did later established. A succession of Lodges there for another four years. A with Freemasonry. So it is to this quickly followed and by 1759 there number of these were Strict that we now turn. were at least eight throughout Observance Lodges. From the Sweden, with a Grand Lodge being 1760s short-lived lodges appeared The Rosicrucian manifestos and formed under Count Karl Fredrik in Basle, Freiburg and Neufchatel Eighteenth-century Eckleff.[9] over the next decade or so until, as Rosicrucianism Gould remarks: Like Freemasonry, the literature on French Freemasonry began with Rosicrucian thought is plentiful but, English merchants bringing with In 1778 therefore we have Strict unlike the Craft, is far less reliable. them the ideas and rituals they Observance Lodges in Vaud, Zurich While Freemasonry certainly practiced in England and Scotland. and Basle [and] no others in intersected with people and events Official history has it that these Switzerland proper. In that year involved in Augustus Alt’s life and nominal ‘speculative’ lodges were Lausanne and Zurich agreed to divide ancestral family, the same cannot as the country between them accordingly united eventually under a French easily be said about Rosicrucian as the Cantons spoke German or Masonic body formed in 1728, the thought, as expressed in the two page 6 Harashim original ‘Rosicrucian Manifestos’, or informed Rosicrucian thought were (1558-1614 and circulated by Adam indeed in the revived forms of such circulating in Germany in Haslmayr (1588-1602) and Benedict thought that were to be better known manuscript for five years or more Figulus ((1567-1624), according to in later in the seventeenth and into before 1614 when they were the online entry in Answers.com. the eighteenth century. However, consolidated in the manifesto Fama The entry continues: ‘These three given the emergence of Rosicrucian Fraternitatis published in German appear to have played key roles in thought in Cassel, the ancestral by Wilhelm Wessel in Cassel. A codifying the fundamentals of home of his father Jost Heinrich, and year later it was republished in Rosicrcuianism from the the printing there of its two major Frankfurt-am-Main and a second philosophical and theological ideas manifestoes, it is worthwhile for this manifesto, the Confessio of the German reformer Paracelsis connection alone exploring briefly the Fraternitatis, was published in Latin [1493-1541], but drawing on material ideas that informed the ‘movement’ at the same time. Rosicrucian from John Dee (1527-1608), and its subsequent spread. It needs writer Paul Foster Case comments: Cornelius Agrippa (1486-1535), and to be said at the start though that, other “Hermetic” authors’. The entry despite its declaration about being a The Fama and the Confessio tell also offers that a nearly ‘brotherhood’ constituted by a dozen the story of the Order and its contemporaneous treatise, the 1516 mysterious Founder and set forth its or so unnamed members, Secretioris Philosophiae principles and philosophy. These Rosicrucianism during the Consideratio Brevis (‘Brief seventeenth century was never a tiny volumes aroused great interest. Alchemists and Qabalists, Consideration of the Very Secret formally constituted movement or magicians and astrologers, kept the Philosophy’) by Philip a Gabella, society, as best we can tell. It is German presses busy with letters which is declared ‘a pseudonym, better described as a confluence of and essays addressed to the possibly for Raphael Eglinus or Christian-orientated notions, mysterious Brothers. For six or Johannes Rhenanus’, and that the encapsulated in the manifestos, that seven years the Rosicrucian treatise was ‘largely extracted from found favour among certain question engaged the minds and works by John Dee, Sendivogius pens of European occultists.[14] members of the intelligentsia in (1556-1636), and other Paracelsian

Germany and France who professed writers’. Rhenanus was connected such ideas as they saw fit. Any In 1616, one year later again, Johan Valentin Andreae (1586- with Landgraf Wilhelm IV of Hesse- secrecy or elusiveness about such Cassel, as we shall see shortly. people, and hence their consignment 1654) published his Chymische Hochzeit Christiani Rosencreutz, or by critics to a ‘secret society’, was However, there is an alternate view necessarily the result of fear of Jesuit The Chymical Marriage of Christian Rosenkreutz, from which arose the that, whoever the authors of the persecution – they could only Fama and Confessio were, the promulgate these ideas when they supposition that the Rosicrucian Order was founded by Christian manifestoes were not literally true were able. but, rather, were intended as a Rosenkreutz, ‘or by one who adopted that name as a mystical ludibrium, either as a derisive farce, According to historian Francis Yates, a joke, or occult spoof. In a more the preface to the Fama (see below) title’ as Case would have it. He goes on to state that Andreae only respectful theatrical sense, they are ‘suggests that the Rosicrucian better characterised as ‘some manifesto is setting forth an acknowledged his authorship years later and said ‘it was a revision of allegorical presentation of a complex alternative to the Jesuit Order, [and religious and philosophical is] a brotherhood more truly based an alchemical romance he had written in his youth, long before the movement having a direct bearing on the teaching of Jesus… [which upon the times’.[16] Whatever their has] an intention of associating the publication of the Fama and the Confessio’. Case then continues: actual intent was, the Manifestos first Rosicrucian manifesto with anti- gathered substantial momentum Jesuit propaganda’.[12] She The style of this work is altogether over the five or six years following maintains its ‘more secret different from that of the two their publication and became philosophy’ was based on that of manifestoes… He was interested accepted as valid among certain John Dee, as expounded in his in schemes for universal learned groups in Protestant Monas hieroglyphica of 1564, which reformation… Like many others of Germany at that time. According to contributed to the movement to that period, he was familiar with the Yates, ‘the Rosicrucian movement in install Frederick, Elector Palatine, as literature of alchemy, and his Germany was the delayed result of romance shows that he had more the King of Bohemia. Indeed, Yates Dee’s mission in Bohemia over than a smattering of occult learning. hypothesizes, while also cautioning twenty years earlier, influences from not to over-emphasise, that ‘the Yet the assertion that Andreae founded Rosicrucianism has no which became associated with the manifestos represent… the mystical support in fact. Arthur Edward Elector Palatine’.[17] background behind this movement, Waite has dealt adequately with this an intensely religious, hermetic, question in his Brotherhood of the It is understandable then that, with magical, alchemical reforming Rosy Cross.[15] such a reformist agenda, movement such as Dee had Rosicrucian ideas in their original propagated in Bohemia’.[13] There is no consensus as to who form were seen as subversive, even the author(s) of the Fama and heretical, to the prevailing Catholic Even though esoteric alchemical and Confessio actually were, although order and were soon suppressed. other ideas had circulated for many the Fama may have been written This was just one outcome of the decades, the specific ideas that as early as 1608 by Tobias Hess page 7 Harashim short-lived rise of Frederick V, Cassel was to maintain such Architectural History: Papers from Elector Palatine, as the new King of interests until well into the the Fifth Annual Conference of The Bohemia from 1619-1620 (whose eighteenth century, up to and Society of Architectural Historians marriage in 1613 to Elizabeth, including the period of Jost Australia and New Zealand 1988, Heinrich’s service? The short Canberra, pp. 12-19. daughter of James 1 of England, 3. Swedenborgianism is mentioned was intended to cement the answer is ‘perhaps’. A longer here because it appears to have Protestant alliance), in his attempt to answer will require a few more had a parallel impact on Alt’s life. help resist Hapsburg domination of paragraphs and will involve a shift My paper entitled Europe under Ferdinand II. The from Rosicrucianism to ‘Swedenborgianism and Augustus rebellion of the Protestant estates of Freemasonry. Alt, Australia’s First Surveyor- Bohemia against the Catholic King General’ is published in the Annual from 1618, and their choice of Journal of The New Church Society Frederick as King, precipitated the Endnotes for the year 2010, pp. 23-51, which see. Thirty Years War which brought an 1. Johnson, P-A., 2008, ‘The planning, properties and patriarchy 4. For a summary, see the website of ignominious end to Frederick’s short the Wasatch Lodge #1 Free & reign and consigned him to exile of Surveyor-General Augustus Alt’, Journeys, History No. 17, Ashfield accepted Masons of Utah at http:// from 1623. The War eventually and District Historical Society, pp. www.wasatchlodge.org/publish/brief devastated Bohemia and much of 25-62. For a brief review of Alt’s -history-of/. Protestant Europe and involved life and his time in NSW along with 5. Yates, Frances A, 1972, The Catholic France in a prolonged citations of some of my writings, Rosicrucian Enlightenment, London: territorial conflict from 1635 -1648. see the sections ‘1786-1867 Routledge & Kegan Paul, ps. 210, Background’ and ‘Herman 185. With the suppression of Bohemia Theodore Augustus Alt’ in Terry 6. For a brief history of Irish and the Palatinate completed by Kass, 2008, Sails to Satellites: The Freemasonry, see the Munster 1623, as well as the publication of Surveyors General of NSW (1786- Freemasons site at http:// 2007), Bathurst NSW: NSW www.munsterfreemason.com/ Rosicrucian ideas being effectively Department of Lands, pp. 2-3, 7, 49 Freemasonry_in_Ireland.htm. abandoned, the movement shifted -59. 7. Gould, R F, Gould’s History of to France. There it almost instantly 2. See ‘Surveyor General Alt’s Freemasonry Throughout the World, became demonized and the subject Memorial to his Grace the Duke of revised by Dudley Wright, New of an organized ‘witch-craze’ – they Portland’, 27 April 1801, Historical York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, were a secret society of ‘Invisibles’, Records of New South Wales 1936, Volume 3, pp. 88-89, citing used sorcery, tempted the curious, [HRNSW], Mona Vale NSW, William Preston’s Illustrations of and made wicked ‘predictions’ – so facsimile reprint, 1978, vol. 4, pp. Freemasonry, 1821 (originally pub. scared had the Catholic orthodoxy 347-8. See also Bernard Dowd’s 1772), p. 213. For other quotations ‘Augustus Alt’ in the Australian in this para. see ps. 2 and 156. become of rebellious influences in Dictionary of Biography, vol. 1, Book scan online at http:// any form.[18] The near thirty-year Carlton: Melbourne University www.phoenixmasonry.org/ hiatus imposed by the War meant Press, 1983, pp. 11-12; and his goulds_history_volume_3.htm. that any Rosicrucian documents ‘Augustus Alt, first Surveyor- 8. Samuelson, Eric A, 2006, ‘The 1782 were no longer publicly printed and General of New South Wales’, Congress of Wilhelmsbad: The distributed under their own name. Journal of the Royal Australian Illuminati Takeover’, for which see Instead, the movement shifted Historical Society [JRAHS], vol. 48, online at http:// ground to private circulation and to pt. 5, 1962, pp. 360-369; ‘Augustus www.biblebelievers.org.au/ veiled references in allegorical Alt’ in Mollie Gillen, 1989,The wilhelms.htm. Founders of Australia: A 9. Gould, 1936, op. cit., pp. 221-223. works by others, not least being Biographical Dictionary of the First 10. Janaux, Bro Laurent, of the Regular Francis Bacon’s New Atlantis: A Fleet, Sydney, p. 7. To these may Grand Lodge of Belgium, 2009, Work Unfinished of 1627. This was be added my 1988, ‘Augustus Alt: ‘Birth of French Freemasonry’ at an English example of a pseudo- The Life of Australia's First http://www.masonicnetwork.org/ Rosicrucian text that was widely Surveyor-General to 1788’, blog/2009/concise-history-of-the- read even though the significance of JRAHS, vol. 74, pt. 1, June, pp. 11- french-regular-freemasonry/. its allusions might not have been 21; my 1988, ‘Albion: Phillip's Town 11. Gould, 1936, op. cit., p. 236. fully understood by everyone who at Sydney Cove’, Australian 12.For a detailed study of the perused it. Planner, vol. 26, no. 3, September, Rosicrucian ‘movement’ see Yates, pp. 7-8; my 1991, ‘In the Beginning 1972 – this particular reference, p. 42. – From the First Fleet to The question here though is: how 13. Yates, 1972, pp. 47, 50-51. Macquarie’, proceedings, 14. Case, Paul Foster, 1953, The True does the rise of Rosicrucianism, its ‘Unfolding Australia': A meeting of and Invisible Rosicrucian Order, rapid isolation and then its later the International Map Collectors York Beach, Maine: Samuel Weiser, revival relate to Jost Heinrich Alt? Is Society and the Australian Map 1985, p. 3. there any evidence of a long-term Circle, Sydney, 17-19 November, in 15. Case, 1953, pp. 3-4. Waite’s connection between its original The Globe: Journal of the Brotherhood… was published in manifestation and the sentiments Australian Map Circle, Special London by William Rider & Son, and culture of Hesse-Cassel, or Issue, no. 37, 1992, pp. 38-44; and 1924, and is cited at p. 4, fn.1. my 1988, ‘Sydney Cove: South 16 Yates, 1972, op. cit., p. 50. those in its service, over a century from Stowe or Adam's House in later? Is it enough to merely claim 17. Yates, 1972, ibid., p. 40. Arcady’, in S. Fung and T. Turner, 18. Yates, 1972, ibid., Chapter 8. that the ruling family of Hesse- eds, 1990, Australian Studies in

page 8 Harashim 19. Ambelain, Robert, c2005, Templars lounge chair how the problems seem paradise and it was to be the day when and Rose Croix, tr. Piers A. Vaughan, so easy to solve. we drove to the old gold mining town of 2005, ps. 11 & 20, at http:// Charters Towers. I arranged with Wor digidownload.libero.it/ Tuesday morning with cloudless blue Bro Robert Crow to open the Charters iniziazioneantica2/Ambelain/ skies and the mercury rising Les drove Towers Masonic Centre and show our Templars_and_Rose_Croix- Ambelain.pdf. Rodney and Eileen around and showed guests around. This heritage listed them some of the attractions of building is a must see for any one Dr. Paul-Alan Johnson may be Townsville. After a very pleasant travelling north. We then preceded to contacted via the Editor at lunch enjoyed by all Les returned the Venus Battery a relic from the gold [email protected] over any home and Rodney and Eileen had a mining days and had a very interesting issues raised in this paper. rest to prepare for the gala event. tour through the complex. After a pleasant lunch we drove back to Hibernia and Albion Star Lodge hosted Townsville to prepare for the tour Rodney Grosskopff in Townsville the evening for the presentation of the dinner. It was on a typical spring day that Paper. The District Grand Master with Graham and Helen Stead and Les and his processional entry entered the The tour dinner held at the Aqua Irene Keane were at the airport to Lodge room and after a short period Restaurant, Jupiter’s Casino was a welcome the ANZMRC Tour Lecturer Rodney proceeded to entertain the smorgasbord with plenty of prawns, to Paradise. Rodney and Eileen looked gathering. Meanwhile not to be fish, hot and cold dishes and of course refreshed and it was a pleasure to renew outdone Helen, Irene and yes Eileen those decadent sweets – bad for the diet acquaintances again. The famous line prepared the supper. It was a spread but excellent on the taste buds. “age shall not weary them” was certainly that would satisfy the most discerning applicable to our guests. palate and was worthy of capping a Thursday morning saw us once again at most enjoyable evening at the Masonic the Townsville airport when after a We then proceeded to our place where Centre. leisurely cup of coffee and another chat the six of us enjoyed a scrumptious Rodney and Eileen boarded the plane lunch prepared by Helen. After lunch When we arrived home the ladies for Cairns. It was nice to renew our Les and Irene tendered to business made their way to bed whilst Rodney friendship and we look forward to the whilst Rodney and Eileen were shown and I conducted the usual post mortem next time when they will come to some of the delights of Townsville. and discussed more on Freemasonry. It “God’s Country”. was a wonderful finish to a most After dinner it was a pleasure to sit back enjoyable day. Graham Stead and discuss the affairs of the world. It is marvellous when you are relaxed in a Wednesday arrived, another day in

Issue 55 page 9 count of the formation of the Nation- al Grand Lodge and subsequent dis- putes as to its regularity. The author cites material from both sides, in- cluding an article by Cedric Lewis from the NGL website, and Round- tree & Bessel’s Out of the Shadows Book Reviews (reviewed in Harashim #40), but comes down in favour of the PHA version of Joseph Walkes and his ‘American’ Masonic disciple, Ralph McNeal. Of course, principle of exclusive Bro Buta had not had the opportuni- territorial jurisdic- ty to study the evidence in Alton tion . . . This is the Roundtree’s monumental The Na- story of a struggle tional Grand Lodge and Prince Hall against brutality and Freemasonry—the untold story , and racism that has gone it would be interesting to learn if this on for over 225 years. book causes him to change his The book, like the cur- mind—and the syllabus. riculum, covers primari- ly the period 1775 to Subsequent chapters would endear 1990, but with a brief themselves to Bro Bob James (They update to the beginning call each other Brother, reviewed in of 2009, as indicated in Harashim #51) and others who es- Black Freemasons, White the preface: pouse the belief that Freemasonry should be recorded and interpreted in America It is a sad fact that in 2009 in a the context of social history. The Prince Hall’s 225 year fight for appropriate chapters include back- equality country which just elected its first African-American President, 50% ground material on events prior to, Jack Buta of Black Freemasons cannot sit in during, and after the American Civil a mainstream Lodge with their War, and general biographical notes Sheridan Books, Michigan 2012 white Brethren. on some prominent African- Hardcover, 22.5 x 15 cm, 230 pp, This is a useful book, outlining the American Freemasons. illos development of Prince Hall Free- ISBN 978-0-9841-1-4 masonry, its main internal battle of But perhaps the strongest reason for Retail US$24.95 + p&p, check dis- PHA versus PHO, and its external students of Prince Hall Masonry to counts from Amazon & author struggle against bigotry and indif- add this book to their collection is to ference to gain recognition from be found in chapters nine and ten. Amazon Kindle edition $2.99. mainstream grand lodges. It gener- Here we find a description of the push-me-pull-you events in Wiscon- True to his stated belief that it takes ally follows the modern PHA writ- sin from 1972 to 1990, and a fully but one Mason to make a significant ers, but the book is enlivened by documented, step by step, account of change in Freemasonry (Harashim additional material from sources the landmark exchange of recogni- #46, ‘How many Masons . . . ?’), not usually referred to. tion in Connecticut in 1989. These Jack Buta gathered a few brethren are given in greater detail than is from far and wide, and founded the For example, chapter two includes generally found elsewhere, including on-line Freemason Academy a biographical note on Haitian sol- firsthand accounts by participants. dier-statesman and Freemason Jean (see Harashim #50). Pierre Boyer, who is commemorat- All in all, this book is a must for all

ed by Boyer Lodge (1812) and sizeable Masonic libraries and for The courses available include one on Boyer Grand Lodge (1845) in New every serious student of Prince Hall the history of Prince Hall Freemason- York, and it also provides infor- Freemasonry. ry, and the curriculum of this course mation on the ancestry of the rival forms the basis of his book, Black grand lodges in Pennsylvania, as Tony Pope Freemasons, White America. recorded in volume 1 of Scharf & As this straight-shooting Arizona Westcott’s The History of Philadel- Mason says in his preface: phia 1604–1884. This is not polite discussion about Masonic doctrine or the so called The chapter concludes with an ac-

page 10 Harashim Tongeren, Neil Wynes Morse and Graeme Love. It also marked a change of name, from Lodge of Re- search to the Victorian Lodge of Research. The following year the lodge commenced an electronic ‘Bulletin Board’, precursor to mod- ern websites and chat rooms. In 2004 the lodge held the first of several untyled meetings to accom- modate academic and other non- Mason speakers, of whom the first was Mrs Margaret Chapman, speak- ing to her Master’s thesis of some years previous, as ‘Freemasonry & Community in 19th-century Victo- ria’. She was followed by Mr Guy Featherstone in 2006, on the subject of Henry Melville. The following year the lodge provided the venue for Dr Bob James upon his return from speaking at the second Interna- tional Conference on the History of Freemasonry.

Centennial History (1911–2011) of In 2009 the lodge was obliged to the institution known as the Victo- Thoughts for the Enquiring Mason, change its meeting place from East from 1987. rian Lodge of Research No.218 Melbourne to the suburbs. The com- The lodge has been active in oth- piler notes that the lodge has re- tained only three ‘old active’ mem- Graeme Love, compiler er ways in promoting Masonic edu- cation, with the creation of a two- bers, Graeme Love (joined 1974), Michael Moore (1977) and Sandy Victorian Lodge of Research, Mel- year correspondence Diploma Course in 1997, and ten years later Kahn (1989). Sadly, that number has bourne 2011 been depleted since publication, by Paperback, 24 x 17 cm approx, 102 supplemented by a shorter Certifi- cate of Masonic Studies course re- the deaths of WBro Sandy Kahn, and pp, 19 appendixes, no index the compiler, VWBro Graeme Love, ISBN 0-90836-9-3 quiring personal attendance. It has been innovative throughout PGIW, Fellow of 218 & Kellerman A$20 + p&p (Aust $1.80, NZ Lecturer (2002). A$5, elsewhere A$7), from the its existence, with some members lodge restructuring a Chinese Triad Rite This small book (102 pages), his last . (1935 onwards), others supporting published work, comprises a narra- a research lodge in northern Victo- tive history of 24 pages, plus a series The Victorian Lodge of Research has ria (Chisel, 1927), the suburban of lists, a copy of the first paper de- much to be proud of. Although not Holden Study Circle (1945) and livered in the lodge in 1912, and oth- the first research lodge to be formed Kring Nieuw Holland (1993). er appendixes. It is a pity that the in Australia, it has the longest con- table of contents, although it lists the tinuous record as a functioning re- In 1991, the lodge hosted the first of a series of overseas speakers, 19 appendixes, does not allocate search lodge, with papers dating page numbers to them. More im- from 6 March 1912 to the present. It John Hamill. In the same year, for the first time, a Grand Master cen- portantly, the book lacks that most has been publishing individual pa- essential tool—an index. pers since 1918, and annual transac- sured a paper delivered to the tions from 1988. It did not form a lodge, that of PJGW Peter Green. Nevertheless, this work deserves a correspondence circle until 1990, but The following year, the lodge was place in every antipodean research quickly gained a worldwide follow- host to the inaugural meeting of the library, not merely as a memorial but ing, in conjunction with the annual Australian Masonic Research also for the valuable information to transactions, both thanks to the pro- Council. be gleaned within. motion and untiring efforts of Grae- The year 1994 saw the commence- me Love and Kent Henderson. Grae- ment of a series of demonstrations Tony Pope me also initiated a one-page monthly of obscure or foreign rituals, nota- supplement of research notes, bly at the instigation of Hank van Issue 55 page 11 sorrows, yea, even in their sins- knowing that each man fights a President’s Corner hard fight against many odds. When he has learned how to make friends and to keep them, A member of our executive whom and above all how to keep friends you will no doubt be aware is most with himself. When he loves specific in his communications. He flowers, can hunt birds without a begins with “Omnes” which means gun, and feels the thrill of an old to us all and he ever reminds me forgotten joy when he hears the that when he has finished he con- cludes with “... Australia, far away laugh of a little child. When he from the chief centres of Masonic can be happy and high-minded life and learning' - CWL, 1926 ” I amid the meaner drudgeries of often wonder whether he regards life. When star-crowned trees and where he lives as “the back of be- the glint of sunlight on flowing yond”. His message is a good re- waters subdue him like the minder to us that even eighty odd thought of one much loved and years later the necessity for com- long dead. When no voice of dis- munication is a vital part of surviv- tress reaches his ears in vain, and al. The methods, once of sema- no hand seeks his aid without re- Welcome to 2012. phore flags and tom toms has long sponse. When he finds good in been over taken by electronic me- every faith that helps any man to The ANZMRC are making the effort dia even to reach “the back of be- to get Harashim back on track for our yond.” lay hold of divine things and sees regular four issues per year. majestic meanings in life, what- ever the name of that faith may Charles Miller President This is not a knee jerk reaction to be. When he can look into a way- recent questions that have been side puddle and see something raised by Research Lodges in both From the Editor: A Masonic au- beyond mud, and into the face of Australia and New Zealand we are thor that is prolific and whose the most forlorn fellow mortal fully aware of our commitment to words are an inspiration, is Joseph and see something beyond sin. our associates and affiliates. Fort Newton. I think that this ex- When he knows how to pray, tract from his writings is one such, how to love, how to hope. When As ANZMRC we do not ask for re- piece. he has kept faith with himself, ports from our member lodges as a I put it here for your edification. with his fellowman, and with his right. This may be the case within God; in his hands a sword for their individual jurisdictions. Howev- In his poem, "When is a Man a er we would always appreciate and evil, in his heart a bit of a song- Mason?" the Rev. Joseph Fort glad to live, but not afraid to die! accept an account of your memorable Newton captured the essence of or unusual meetings that will be of what it means to be a Freemason: Such a man has found the only interest to others. real secret of Masonry, and the "When he can look out over the one which it is trying to give to These accounts will always be print- rivers, the hills, and the far hori- all the world." ed if space permits. It would also be zon with a profound sense of his prudent to bear in mind that our pub- Is there a poem or a piece from some own littleness in the vast scheme lication is quarterly and they roughly Masonic writer that you like and equate to an issue every three of things, and yet have faith, would like to share with your broth- months. Therefore subjects that can hope, and courage-which is the ers? date quickly should be dispatched root of every virtue. When he promptly on the other hand there knows that down in his heart If so then please send it to the editor may be some items of interest that every man is as noble, as vile, as so we all can share it. could be published at any occasion. divine, as diabolic, and as lonely as himself, and seeks to know, Harvey at Communication and your input is to forgive, and to love his fel- important and we look to you to as- lowman. When he knows how to [email protected] sist us in providing a publication well sympathize with men in their worthy of our organisation. page 12 Harashim Your letters: From the Editors Desk

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Issue 55 page 13 An International Comparison of Some (Appendix B). The comprehensive- Aspects of Freemasonry ness of the answers varied, but was 1[c] Are there any appeal mech- RW Bro Neal Hewton PJGW enough to at least give an indica- anisms if an applicant for mem- tion of practices. bership is rejected prior to the (Sec of Baron Barnett Lodge of Research Lodge deciding suitability. in Brisbane, Queensland)

Analysis of Responses Introduction Usually there is no appeal against a While researching international prac- 1. Pre-entry assessment decision not to ballot, but in France tices in connection with testing Can- 1[a] If a potential member is no application can be rejected prior didates for proficiency, it was known to a Freemason, how is his to a ballot in Lodge. In England and thought that comparisons of other suitability assessed. Ireland the applicant can try another aspects/practices would be of inter- Lodge. In Luxembourg if the reason est. The assistance of the United In general practice, information for rejection is minor, the applicant Grand Lodge of Queensland Office about Freemasonry is provided and can be advised to re-submit when it was sought in April 2008 in relation the potential candidate and partner is rectified. to introductions to some selected rec- are interviewed. The interview may ognised International Grand Lodges. take different forms and by differ- 1.[d] What method is used within Those selected are detailed in Appen- ent panels. It appears that the ob- the Lodge to accept or reject a po- dix A. The Grand Lodge of Georgia jectives of the interviews are uni- tential candidate e.g. secret ballot, was the only one which advised it did versal; to establish a belief in a Su- show of hands. not wish to participate, while others preme Being, financial ability to be indicated they would but no infor- a member, family support, past un- While a secret ballot using white mation was forthcoming despite re- desirable activities such as irregular cubes and black balls is common, minders. Most of those approached Masonry or criminal, community some Jurisdictions employ a show of did not acknowledge the invitation to standing, reasons for wanting to hands. This is so in The Netherlands, participate. The Grand Lodges which join. Some jurisdictions require a and India if the candidate is well participated were Chile; Israel; Chi- formal Curriculum Vitae from the known. It is usual with the Secret na; Philippines; Ireland; Sweden; applicant. Additional information Ballot for two black balls to reject, Greece. That is seven out of twenty provided from Chile indicates that while in Luxembourg five is outright five approached for assistance. An the panel is made up of three Mas- rejection. However in the same juris- Australian Mason living in Europe ter Masons who report separately in diction if one black ball is found the sought clarification that the infor- writing. In Sweden the judgment member who voted that way is ex- mation he had provided to his Grand of the Proposer and Seconder are pected to confer with the Master and Lodge was satisfactory. When he all that is required. In addition to present his reasons. If these are was informed that his Grand Lodge the Lodge undertaking interviews judged to be valid, further investiga- had not forwarded the information, to establish a position, the applica- tion is carried out. If not considered he asked whether information sought tions are more widely circulated. In valid, the application is accepted. In from his wide range of contacts Chile, The Netherlands and Bel- Ireland one black ball excludes. In would be useful. He was informed it gium, the application is forwarded Belgium the Grand Lodge regula- would be most welcome. A total of to all Lodges for report prior to tions require a 90% approval vote, seven responses were received as a Ballot. In Chile the period allowed however Lodges can decide their result of his efforts. They were from for this is sixty days, in Belgium own standard of a higher percentage. Lodges affiliated to, or active in, six weeks. All Grand Lodges ap- France, England, Scotland, Luxem- pear to have a veto over balloting. 1.[e] If a candidate is rejected bourg, India, Belgium and Nether- within the Lodge, is there an ap- lands. However, they will not be for- 1[b] If a potential member is peal mechanism in place and how mally acknowledged as they did not not known to a Freemason, is his does it work. have the approval of their Grand suitability assessed differently Lodges to participate. and if so in what way. While there is no formal appeal A questionnaire was prepared and mechanism in place for rejection by forwarded to the Grand Lodges and The practice is generally the same ballot, most jurisdictions permit a re- the resulting individuals for comple- as 1(a) except the examination in presentation to the same Lodge after tion, covering the following aspects interview would be in more depth. varying periods of time, usually of Freemasonry; Pre-entry assess- In Chile and one District in India twelve months. In Israel this is six ment; Preparation of Candidates; under the Grand Lodge of England, months. In England and Ireland the Testing Proficiency; Education/ all applicants must be known to a applicant can try another Lodge Mentoring; Moving through Office; Freemason. without a time frame, but in England Social; Benevolence and Charity. he must advise of the rejection of his

page 14 Harashim the Candidates about the Degree twelve weeks and Grand Lodge does application at the other Lodge. In conferred. Candidates in Israel may not require proficiency testing. Some Greece and some Indian Districts, present a Paper about the Degree Lodges implement their own. No the rejection is final. experienced. appeal mechanisms exist.

Sweden; An EA is expected to re- 2. Preparation of Candidates 3. Testing Proficiency main as such for six months and FC 2[a] What information is a can- 3[a] If there are waiting periods ten months. This period may be didate given prior to initiation and between each degree, what are longer. The Lodge Master of Cere- when and how is it given. they. monies is responsible for the Candi-

3[b] What methods are used to dates knowledge of signs, words and All jurisdictions report that some test the candidate’s proficiency Ritual of the Degrees done. Lodges general information about the cere- prior to him taking the next de- establish their own measures for ad- mony and Freemasonry is given to gree. vancement which include activity in Candidates prior to Initiation. The 3[c] Can a candidate be refused the Lodge and seeking knowledge. extent of this varies. In Chile in addi- advancement until standards are Belgium; While the minimum wait- tion to extensive information, if the met and are there appeal mecha- ing time between Degrees is eleven Candidate is a Catholic, he is in- nisms in place and how do they months, the requirements for ad- formed that he may be ex- work. vancement may vary from Lodge to communicated if he becomes a Free- Lodge. The requirements may in- mason. In Ireland he is informed of While the original questionnaire clude knowledge of words, signs, everything except the means of had three sections with regard to Ritual and attendance at a variety of recognition. It was reported from this topic, it was decided that a bet- activities. The First Degree Profi- India that when informed that he ter comparison would be obtained ciency test of one Lodge is attached would be blindfolded and required to by comparing each Jurisdiction as Appendix C. kneel, the Candidate refused to do so with regard to the whole question Greece; An EA is such for twelve and the ceremony was aborted. This of testing. months and a FC for six months. has happened more than once. Swe- Oral tests are administered to test den uses family sessions in addition Chile; Candidates are expected to proficiency for advancement. to general information. spend two years as Entered Ap- India; The minimum period be-

prentice (EA) and Fellow Craft tween Degrees is one meeting, with 2[b] In what way is a candidate (FC). This may be shortened if he a question and answer test being ap- prepared for each of the degrees, is exceptional. The Junior Warden plied in open Lodge. The Degree in both information provided and is responsible for EAs and the Sen- ceremony may continue even if the the way he is dressed. ior Warden FCs. They are responsi- Candidate is not prepared for the

ble for recommending advancement test. There are no appeals. While it was reported that prepara- to a Master Masons Chamber. If a Netherlands; The usual period for tion concerning dress was in accord- Candidate is refused advancement both Degrees is one year. This can ance with the respective Rituals, it he is advised of the reasons and be shortened if attendance at Lodge was disappointing that more in-depth when they are rectified he can be and Lodges of Instruction is excel- information was not given. However advanced. There are no appeals lent. Question and Answer sessions it is thought that the principles of against decisions not to advance a are conducted in the Lodge of In- dress and accoutrements are Univer- Candidate. struction. Advancement can be re- sal. No information about Degree(s) Israel; There is a three month min- fused if attendance at both Lodges is to come is given but information imum waiting time in each Degree not satisfactory. about the Degree conferred is availa- but some Lodges extend this to one Luxembourg; During a waiting pe- ble. The Questions to which Answers year. Advancement must be ap- riod of fifteen months in each De- are expected also vary in intensity. In proved by the Master and in some gree, the Candidate is expected to be some jurisdictions the Candidate for Lodges, a vote in the Third Degree. a regular attendee at all meetings and the Second Degree answers Ques- There are no appeals. produce an address for presentation tions about the whole of the first De- China; A minimum of one month to the Lodge. There is also a ques- gree Ceremony, including repeating in each Degree applies, provided tion and answer session before ad- the Obligation, the Working Tools the Candidate satisfies his Coach vancement. If poor attendance is due and Secrets. In Belgium a CD is used that he is eligible to proceed. There to work travel the Master may take to explain the Ceremony plus sug- is no appeal. this into account. There are no ap- gested reading. In addition Lodges of Philippines; The minimum period peal mechanisms. Instruction are conducted for Candi- is fourteen days and the Candidate Scotland; A short period of fourteen dates who cannot attend higher de- must pass proficiency exams to a days is the minimum between De- gree workings on the same night. In standard. There are no appeals. grees but the actual time varies be- Sweden Seminars are arranged for Ireland; The minimum period is tween Lodges. The question and an- Issue 55 page 15 swer session as in the Ritual may be Degree; Philosophy of the Degree; 5. Moving Through Office conducted in private. The matter of analysis of opening and closing the proficiency is something of a formal- Degree; Historical Analysis of the 5[a] Are members capabilities as- ity and Candidates are rarely held Degree; The Tylers Book; Regula- sessed to a standard in each office held. Is there a process where they do back except for poor attendance. tions pertinent to the Degree; The not move upward until they meet a England; The minimum period of Work and the FC and his prepara- standard. How is this decided. four weeks can be extended by Lodg- tion for external projection. es. The questions and answers used MM Degree; Symbolism of the A variety of methods are used to deter- are as the Ritual but some Lodges Degree; Philosophy of the Degree; mine suitability for advancement, partic- require the Candidate to recite the Philosophical and Symbolical ularly to Master. There doesn’t appear obligation of the previous Degree or Analysis of opening and closing; to be any particular organized proce- present a paper. There is no appeal Masonic History; Masonic Juris- dures for assessment. All methods are mechanism for failure to advance. prudence and the MMs responsibil- subjective. The office of Master is filled France; While there is no set mini- ities both inside and outside the by election, and other offices by differ- ent methods. Some involve the Master mum, a period of six to nine months Lodge. selecting officers in consultation and is usual. The Candidate recites the others autocratically. Greece has advised Ritual to a Warden in open Lodge. If 4[b] How is the education mate- that the Master must have served a mini- this doesn’t meet the standard, ad- rial used devised. Is it common mum of two years as an officer and had vancement may be delayed. throughout the Jurisdiction or six years since being raised. Other offic- unique to each Lodge. ers must have had a minimum of one 4. Education/Mentoring year since being raised. A successful Generally the material is developed by vote for all is 50% plus one. In Sweden a central body, be it a Grand Lodge or the Master is elected for six years and A wide divergence of practices was other education development body. reported about this topic. While gen- the appointment can be extended for the This material may be more or less ex- same period. Members of the Lodge erally education material is prepared tensive. In some instances research nominate candidates and these are dis- centrally, Lodges appear to have dis- papers and speeches are use in addition cussed by the Provincial Grand Master cretion about its use and may employ to an emulation ritual. This latter may with Lodge officers. He makes the deci- additional measures. only be of use in relation to ritual work sion as to who is to be Master. and not a more in-depth study of Free- 4[a] What on-going education is masonry. The jurisdictions in Ireland, 5[b] How important is each of the provided in each of the degrees. Greece, India, Luxembourg, Scotland following in assessing a member’s and France rely on Lodges preparing ability to move upwards; ritual work; and using educational material. floor movements; compatibility with The use of Lodges of Instruction is common. These may be formally others; outside Lodge charitable ac- 4[c] Who is responsible for devis- tivities or any other criteria. arranged by the relevant Grand ing educational material. Lodge or by individual Lodges to In most jurisdictions Ritual work and cater for candidates who cannot at- Where material is developed centrally, compatibility with others are the most tend the regular Lodge meeting be- a variety of sources are responsible. important attributes assessed. Also con- cause a higher degree is being These vary through Grand Lecturer, sidered important is leadership and over- worked. In most jurisdictions, mate- Grand Wardens, Grand Lodge of In- all contribution to the Lodge and regular rial is prepared and distributed by struction, Committees and Research attendance. Grand Lodges in addition to seminars Lodges. Where individual Lodges are responsible, material is sourced from 6. Social Activities being arranged. In Scotland and Ire- such places as books, the internet and land, the provision of education is at 6[a] What type of social activities Research Lodges. are organized and how frequent are the discretion of the Lodge, while in they. Greece, the Junior Warden delivers 4[d] If a mentoring system is in 6[b] What is a typical response rate lessons to candidates prior to the place, how many mentors are there to social activities. Lodge meeting. An example of the in a Lodge. 6[c] Are social activities [a] used to sort of material provided by Grand raise funds; [b] subsidised by the Lodges follows for Chile. There is consideration underway in Lodge; [c] fully paid for by partici- EA Degree; The symbol; Elements India and the Netherlands to imple- pants. of General Philosophy; Elements of ment a formal mentoring system. 6[d] Are social activities used to There is no formal system in Israel, introduce potential members. General Psychology; Study of the Ireland, Scotland and England. In other Symbols of the Degree; Philosophy 6[e] Are partners usually included places the Lodge mentor can be the in social activities. of the Degree; Masonic History; Or- Master, one of the Wardens, Proposer ganization of Masonry and Masonic and Seconder or a senior Past Master. Cultural differences should be taken into Legislation. account in relation to social activities. FC Degree; Symbols of the Second With this in mind, each Jurisdiction will

page 16 Harashim distribution is made by the Lodge. There be outlined. 7. Benevolence and Charity are a number of desirable projects and Chile; Family and friends are involved 7[a] Is there a distinction between joining with Rotary and Lions is com- in celebrating anniversaries and special benevolence and charity, and if so mon. In the other, central use of monies occasions. Trips into other areas of the how is each defined. from alms collections and donations is country are undertaken and social activi- 7[b] Is support for charitable made. One stream is for non-Masonic ties have a 50% response. Partners are causes decided centrally or locally, Social Service and the other Masonic included and some funds are raised at and how is that done. families, particularly for Medical rea- social activities and some are subsidised 7[c] How are funds raised for sons or educational assistance for chil- by the Lodge. charitable work or other donations. dren of Masons. Social Service assis- Israel; Similar to Chile. 7[d] What are typical charitable tance is provided in kind, not cash. Philippines; As above plus monthly causes which are supported e.g. Greece; Here benevolence is considered fellowship dinner. medical, children, aged etc. to have a broader meaning than charity. Sweden; All social events are paid for The distribution of funds is usually de- by participants. Open house evenings are It will be interesting to consider each cided centrally from donations by mem- held for potential members. jurisdiction separately. bers. Funds for scholarships for poor Ireland; A variety of events are organ- France; No distinction is made be- students is popular, ised by individual Lodges. tween benevolence and charity. Monies Sweden; It is considered that benevo- Greece; A minimum of two social are paid from alms and raffles, and lence is to be directed to Brethren and events are held each year, paid for by recipients are decided locally. Funds charity to wider needs in society. Distri- participants. Partners are included and go towards Doctors without Borders bution is usually decided locally but these can be used to raise funds. and children appeals. international events such as earthquake India; The Master and Secretary have an England; United Kingdom Law pro- or tsunami are exceptions. Funds are effect on social activities. Some Lodges vides for all fundraising to have a de- raised by collections at meetings and have an annual Ladies night. This may fined purpose. If it raised towards a Foundations. Typical causes supported be part subsidised and used to entertain charity, monies must got to that chari- are the medical care of children and the potential members. Other Lodges have ty. If raised for benevolence it can be aged as well as other causes. partners, family and potential members used for that purpose or can also be Ireland; Benevolence and charity is present at cost to members. Ladies donated to a charity. Lodges decide decided by each Lodge. nights have a good response and include where their funds go. Funds are raised Philippines; No distinction is made widows of deceased members. Some through events, bequests or donations. between benevolence and charity. Funds fundraising may occur. The United Grand Lodge of England are raised by alms collection and dona- Netherlands; An annual Ladies night is has its own charity fund which attracts tions and may be distributed centrally held which may raise funds and involve a higher interest rate and a tax rebate. and locally. A wide variety of worthy potential members and partners. Scotland; No distinction is made and causes are supported. Luxembourg; It is not a practice to re- most Lodge benevolent funds are do- China; Lodges do not get involved, cruit through social events. These are nated to the Grand Lodge of Scotland charity being carried out by the Shrine. fully paid for by members and may be or individual appeals. Amounts are Israel; No distinction is made between used to raise funds. Activities include decided by local vote. Funds are raised benevolence and charity. Each Lodge social golf days and visit to Masonic through collection, social occasions has a fund as does the Grand Lodge for events or locations. An adequate re- and sale of a variety of items. The which a committee decides distribution. sponse is experienced. Scottish Grand charity has widespread Funds are raised through alms collec- Scotland; At least one Ladies night a aims and includes cancer research and tions, donations and social events. The year is held, but more informal events matters to do with children. general use of funds is for medical pur- such as Bar-B-Qs and Burns night are Luxembourg; All funds collected in poses and the needy. also popular. Partners are included in Lodge meetings are remitted to Grand Chile; Again no distinction is made be- some activities and activities are gener- Lodge where the Grand Master decides tween benevolence and charity. Each ally paid for by participants. Lodges may distribution. Other funds raised are Lodge has its own causes and Grand pay for small gifts to Ladies and distin- discussed and recommendation made Lodge becomes involved with interna- guished visitors to the Lodge. by the charity Steward. Approval is by tional causes such as earthquakes and England; An annual Ladies night is the the Master. Lodge funds go to local tsunamis. In these cases funds are sent to usual social activity, but some Lodges causes as well as internationally to the relevant Grand Lodge. Funds for will hold other events. Funds may be third world countries. these purposes are raised by a levy on raised from social events and Lodge Netherlands; Benevolence for poor membership. Assistance for children is funds cannot be used to subsidise those and distressed Brethren is decided lo- popular with local distribution. activities. Some Centres organise events cally. International assistance goes for all Lodges meeting there. Partners towards assistance to women in poor Conclusions; and potential members and partners are countries and medical research. included. India; Different approaches are made A copy of these results has been for- France; Ladies are welcome at Installa- in different areas. In one, the view is warded to those who participated. It is tion and one or two ladies nights a year. taken that benevolence is directed to interesting to note both the similarities Social meetings at a Brothers home are members and charity to outside the and differences reported across the sub- well attended. All events are paid for by Lodge. Money is raised through volun- ject matter. It appears to be a matter of participants and potential members and tary donations from members, there is process and culture and not differences partners are included. no public fund raising. The decision on in Masonic Philosophy that gives rise to Issue 55 page 17 these differences. It is hoped that Archipelago [EC] unique to each Lodge. those exposed to these differences Grand Lodge of the Philippines 4[c] Who is responsible for devis- may appreciate that others do things Grand Lodge of China ing educational material. differently to them for good reason Oceania 4[d] If a mentoring system is in and perhaps their methods could be Grand Lodge of Hawaii place, how many mentors are there copied or improved upon. in a Lodge.

Appendix B 5. Moving through office to Wor- Appendix A Questionnaire shipful Master Grand Lodges Approached to Par- 1. Pre-entry assessment 5[a] Are members capabilities as- ticipate 1[a] If a potential member is sessed to a standard in each office United States of America known to a Freemason, how is his held. Is there a process where they Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted suitability assessed. do not move upward until they meet Masons of California 1[b] If a potential member is not a standard. How is this decided. The Grand Lodge of Georgia, Free known to a Freemason, is his suita- [b] How important is each of the and Accepted Masons bility assessed differently and if so following in assessing a member’s The Grand Lodge of Free and accept- in what way. ability to move upwards; ritual work; ed Masons of the State of New York 1[c] Are there any appeal mecha- floor movements; compatibility with The Most Worshipful Grand Lodge nisms if an applicant for member- others; outside Lodge charitable ac- of the Ancient and Honorable Frater- ship is rejected prior to the Lodge tivities or any other criteria. nity of Free and Accepted Masons in deciding suitability. the State of New Hampshire 1[d] What method is used within 6. Social Activities Canada the Lodge to accept or reject a po- 6[a] What type of social activities The Grand Lodge of Alberta, An- tential candidate e.g. secret ballot, are organized and how frequent are cient, Free and Accepted Masons show of hands. they. The Grand Lodge of Quebec, An- 1[e] If a candidate is rejected 6[b] What is a typical response cient, Free and Accepted Masons within the Lodge, is there an appeal rate to social activities. Southern America mechanism in place and how does 6[c] Are social activities [a] used The Grand Orient of Brazil it work. to raise funds; [b] subsidised by the The Grand Lodge of Ancient, Free 2. Preparation of Candidates Lodge; [c] fully paid for by partici- and Accepted Masons of Chile 2[a] What information is a candi- pants. The Most Worshipful Grand Lodge date given prior to initiation and 6[d] Are social activities used to of Panama of Ancient, Free and Ac- when and how is it given. introduce potential members. cepted Masons 2[b] In what way is a candidate 6[e] Are partners usually included The Grand Orient of Haiti prepared for each of the degrees, in in social activities. The York Grand Lodge of Free and both information provided and the Accepted Masons of Mexico way he is dressed. 7. Benevolence and Charity Africa 7[a] Is there a distinction between The Grand Lodge of Gabon 3. Testing Proficiency of Candi- benevolence and charity, and if so The Grand Lodge of South Africa dates how is each defined. District Grand Lodge of Nigeria [SC] 3[a] If there are waiting periods 7[b] Is support for charitable caus- Europe between each degree, what are es decided centrally or locally, and Grand Lodge of Ancient, Free and they. how is that done. Accepted Masons of Ireland 3[b] What methods are used to 7[c] How are funds raised for Grand Lodge of Sweden, Swedish test the candidate’s proficiency pri- charitable work or other donations. Order of Freemasons or to him taking the next degree. 7[d] What are typical charitable Regular Grand Lodge of Belgium 3[c] Can a candidate be refused causes which are supported e.g. Grand Lodge of Ancient, Free and advancement until standards are medical, children, aged etc. Accepted Masons of Germany met and are there appeal mecha- Mediterranean nisms in place and how do they Grand Lodge of Ancient, Free and work. Accepted Masons of Greece Grand Lodge of Ancient, Free and 4. Education/Mentoring Accepted Masons of Turkey 4[a] What on-going education is Grand Lodge of the State of Israel provided in each of the degrees. Asia 4[b] How is the education materi- al used devised. Is it common District Grand Lodge of the Eastern throughout the Jurisdiction or

page 18 Harashim was twenty-five dollars. I asked him about it, and it heartens him. Carl Claudy as most of you would him where the holes were. 'What "I was one visitor and a streetcar know was a prolific author who in holes?' he asked. motorman was the other on duty last the early part of the twentieth centu- I told him I meant the holes for the week. We visited an ill banker, pres- ry wrote a series of short articles ears of the jackass who would pay ident or director in half the compa- espousing various Masonic princi- twenty-five dollars for that hat. If nies in town. You never saw a man ples under the headings “Old your cars are long enough, maybe more pleased than Mr. Rich Man. He Talks” These talks were usually di- you can hear about our sitting up had us shown to his room and talked rected to answer a new Masons com- with our sick friends. But I presume lodge and asked questions and want- ment. you are hard of hearing? "In small ed information about the fellows just "The Old Tyler" first appeared in towns a few decades ago, nurses as if lie was a poor man like the rest print in August, 1921 when the first were few. When a brother was sick of us. of four hundred and fourteen "Old we often sat with him, hand him Tyler Talks" were printed in the Fel- water or medicine, doing what we He happens to be a real Mason as lowship Forum, a fraternal newspa- could. In modern days there is less well as a wealthy man. He wrote a per published in Washington, D.C. need for such help. But don't think letter to the Master and said our visit In 1925 the publisher asked the au- we never do. Last month the Master had done him more good than his thor to select a few of the best of the called for volunteers to stay all doctor, and wouldn't he please send talks and thirty-one were accordingly night in a house where an old lady us or some other brethren again. made into a little volume, copyright- was dying. Our brother from that ed that year. The book, which sold house was out of town. The old "I called on a sick brother too ill to for a dollar, ran into two editions of lady had a daughter and a nurse, see me. I saw his wife and his home five thousand copies each. but daughter was afraid to be alone. and it was easy to see the brother By the time they were all sold the needed help. He was too proud or his Fellowship Forum ran head on into We had sixteen volunteers, and wife didn't know enough to ask for the depression and disappeared and every night for a week two did their it. So I reported and we sent our own with it the Old Tyler. part. All they did was sit there and doctor and nurse and paid some bills His homely philosophy, sharp tongue read, but who knows what comfort and generally managed until the and common sense, however, had they were to that distracted daugh- brother got well. He has paid back made a place for him in the hearts of ter? The old lady finally died and in every cent, little by little, but he says readers; demand for the book has the day time. It looks as if what we he can never repay the kindness. never ceased, although it has less- did was wasted effort but the old ened in the twenty-four years since lady might have died in the night. "Sitting up with a sick lodge mem- the Old Tyler first spoke from be- our brethren were there to help if ber' may be a good alibi for the pok- tween the covers. she did. The daughter knew her er player; I don't know. I have read it Carl Claudy was Born in 1879 and husband's brethren were within call in joke papers. But I never thought it died in 1957. ED. so she slept secure in the protection funny, because I know how well Ma- Masonry threw about her. sonry does care for her sick, and "You say 'we don't sit up.' Don't how much it means to an ill man to “Joke” Old Tyler Talks confuse 'sitting up' with actually have his brother take an interest in by Carl Claudy resting erect in a chair. No brother him. If you know any sick, tell us. If I never saw much point in this joke of Ellis or any other good lodge is you hear of any, tell us. And if . . . about 'sitting up with the sick,'" be- reported sick but he receives a call say, did you ever visit a sick broth- gan the New Brother to the Old Til- from Master, Warden, chairman of er?" er, "but since I joined the lodge I do. the committee on the sick, or some brother. "I never had the chance," defended I used to think it was a pretty idea; It makes no difference whether the the New Brother. "You mean you that a lodge member should sit up brother is wealthy or poor, we see never made the chance!" countered with a sick brother seemed real what we can do. Most members of the Old Tiler. "Will you go to the brotherhood. Now I find we don't so the lodge are fairly prosperous citi- sick committee and ask for duty, or I see the joke." "Do you, now! How zens, able to look after themselves, will I report your name for that duty keen is your sense of humor?" an- but even So a sick member is hu- to the Master? Or do you want to go swered the Old Tiler. "Who told you man enough to value the interest on thinking it's a joke?" we didn't sit with our sick friends?" the lodge takes. Knowing that his "Why, no one. But if we did, I'd have mighty brotherhood is anxious "I got an earful, didn't I" responded heard of it, wouldn't I?" 'Depends on about him acts as a tonic. the New Brother." You tell me to the length of your ears. whom to go!" Yesterday I tried to buy a hat. The The sick man may be too ill to ad- salesman showed me one and said it mit us to his bedside, but they tell Issue 55 page 19 Harashim

The Quarterly Newsletter of the Australian & New Zealand Masonic Research Council

ISSN 1328-2735 Issue 56 July 2012

Masonic Education.

Masonic Digital Library In This Issue

Does your research lodge library have shelves of past transactions from yours and Page 1 Editorial other lodges? They can be hard to search, and are seldom read, but they were written by people like us – researchers making discoveries and telling others Page 2 Freemasonry about them. in the Life of Augus- The Masonic Digital Library promoted by the ANZMRC is making a lot of tua Alt, Australias transactions available on an exchange basis between research organisations – the First Survey General library is accessible through www.anzmrc.org , and enables searches by word, Part 2 author or subject, and easy download of selected files to your computer. Currently there are over 3,100 files Page 6 A Short Essay (10 million words); shortly it on Time and how we will be updated to over use it. 4,200 files (13 million words). Page 7 Freemasonry in Afghanistan. A research organisation participates in the library by Page 8 Masonic Medi- sharing files of transactions, cal Research. and their members have access through a personal Page 8 The Symbolism user name and password. of the Goat. For technical reasons access has been restricted to a Page 10 Book Reviews. relatively small number of A Lodge: a members from each Page 16 Building, an Organisa- participant, plus a smaller tion or People? number from those evaluating whether their Page 19 Some links to organisation wishes to participate. Those technical problems are being resolved; web sites you may find we are now able to give access to a few more people. We are confident of a interesting. launch in less than a year.

If you would like to have access, then find out if your lodge participates, or has a team evaluating participation. There are no costs (and we want to try and keep it that way), and little work – most research organisations now prepare transactions electronically for printing.

Make a daily advancement in Masonic knowledge – contact the library through Issue 55 www.anzmrc.org page 1 About Harashim Continuing from Harashim 55 Cassel cover the period of Jost Heinrich Alt’s diplomatic service in Harashim, Hebrew for Craftsmen, is a London. quarterly newsletter published by the FREEMASONRY IN THE LIFE OF Australian and New Zealand Masonic AUGUSTUS ALT, AUSTRALIA’S Research Council (10 Rose St, Waipawa 4210, FIRST SURVEYOR-GENERAL Looking again at the Rosicrucian New Zealand) in January, April, July and Part 2 connection, from almost the October each year. beginning of the largely Protestant It is supplied to Affiliates and Associates in hard copy and/or PDF format. It is available Hesse-Cassel and Hesse-Cassel, the study and worldwide in PDF format as an email Rosicrucianism refinement of esoteric thought attachment, upon application to the Asst. The history of the landgraviate of became a tireless pursuit within Secretary, [email protected]. Usually the Cassel ruling family. Landgraf the current issue is also displayed on the Hesse-Cassel (Hessen-Kassel) is website of the Grand Lodge of Tasmania rather complicated, so a brief Wilhelm IV was an enlightened http://www.freemasonrytasmania.org/. account will have to suffice here. In sovereign who was remarkable for Copyright and reprinting 1568, after the death of Philip 1 his ‘broad and extended Copyright is vested in ANZMRC and the (Philip the Magnanimous), the knowledge, above all in the realm author of any article appearing in Harashim. largely Protestant Landgraviate of of occultism’ and Moritz founded a Affiliates and Associates are encouraged to Hesse was divided into two chapter of the ‘Fraternity of the reprint the entire newsletter (at their own Rosy Cross’ at Cassel in the early expense) and circulate it to their own members, reichsfreie principalities of the Holy th including their correspondence circles (if any) Roman Empire, Hesse-Cassel 17 century.[19] He ‘procured the and to supply copies to public and Masonic being the larger northern half, the services of Rosicrucians and libraries within their jurisdictions. Alchemists such as Johannes Individual items from any issue may be reprinted remainder being broken into three by Associates and Affiliates, provided: cadet lines – Hesse-Marburg, Rhenanus and Michael Maier’.  The item is reprinted in full; Hesse-Rheinfels and Hesse- Rhenanus is mentioned above and  The name of the author and the source of the Darmstadt. The princes of the new was deeply embedded in the article are included; and prinipalities set about pursuing their hermetic Paracelsian movement.  A copy of the publication containing the Maier was court physician to reprint is sent to the editor. own political and cultural agendas. Anyone else wishing to reprint material from The first landgrave of Hesse-Cassel Landgrave Moritz from about 1614 Harashim must first obtain permission from the was Wilhelm IV (1532-1592; and ‘was well-connected with copyright holders via the editor. Landgrave: 1568-1592), also many of the leading nobility of Unless otherwise specified, authors submitting Europe and other famous original work for publication in Harashim are known as ‘William the Wise’, deemed to grant permission for their work to be reigned for over thirty years. His occultists such as Robert Fludd’. published also on the Internet websites of successor, Landgraf Moritz [20] In his 1618 book Atalanta ANZMRC http//anzmrc.org and the Grand (Maurice, 1572-1632; L: 1592- Fugiens Maier showed the Lodge of Tasmania: oroborus, or serpent/dragon eating http://www.freemasonrytasmania.org/. 1627), also termed ‘Maurice the Learned’, had a similarly long reign its own tail (adjacent), the Contents significance of which is discussed Affiliate and Associate members are encouraged and expanded Hesse-Cassel when to contribute material for the newsletter, he inherited Hesse-Marburg from below. Thus it is inconceivable including: his uncle, Landgraf Louis IV (1537- that Landgraf Moritz was unaware  Their lecture programs for the year; 1604), who died childless. This of the Rosicrucian manifestos and  Any requests from their members for incorporation produced a fairly their subsequent iterations in information on a research topic; manuscript and published form,  Research papers of more than local interest unstable union for many years. that merit wider publication. Moritz abdicated in favour of his and suggests that this impulse and The newsletter also includes news, reports from son Wilhelm V (William, 1602-1637; other hermetic ideas encircling the ANZMRC, book reviews, extracts from other L: 1627-1637) who was in turn Hessian ruling family for several publications and a readers’ letters column, from generations were not trifles that time to time. succeeded by Wilhelm VI (William, If the source of an item is not identified, it is by 1629-1663; L: 1637-1663) under could merely be cast off. the editor. Opinions expressed are those of the the guardianship of his mother who author of the article, and should not be attributed ruled as Landgräfin (Regent) until Given that Hesse-Cassel had to the Council. been and was still by the mid- Material submitted for publication must be in a he came of age in 1650. Then digitised form by email at or mailed on a CD or followed Wilhelm VII (1651-1670), 1700s a prime centre for hermetic DVD, or Memory stick addressed to the editor, under the guardianship of his thought, it is most probable that Harvey Lovewell 33 Wattle Street Millaa Millaa mother as Regent until 1670, then Augustus Alt’s father, Just Henry Queensland 4886 Australia. Or email to Alt, as its ambassador in London, [email protected] his brother Karl I (Charles, 1654- 1730, L: 1670-1730) who was the was at least aware of certain Clear illustrations, diagrams and photographic first landgrave to hire out his esoteric ideas extant in Germany prints suitable for scanning are welcome, and soldiers as mercenaries to improve in the eighteenth century, even if most computer graphic formats are acceptable. he was not familiar with their detail Photos of contributors (preferably not in regalia) his finances. Charles was followed would be useful. Contributors who require by Frederick I (1676-1751, L: 1730- or aligned with the varying forms mailed material to be returned should include a 1751), who also became King of of Rosicrucian impulse there and stamped, self-addressed envelope. Sweden by marriage, then by his in France. In England, where he General correspondence brother Wilhelm VIII (1682-1760, L: spent so much of his career, there All other correspondence, including about 1751-1760) and then by Frederick II were certain publications that purchase of CDs and books, should be directed reflected Rosicrucian thought in to: The Secretary, ANZMRC (1720-1785, L: 1760-1785). The 10 Rose St, Waipawa 4210, last four landgraves of Hesse- veiled form throughout the century New Zealand. and into the nineteenth. This was page 2 Harashim necessary because of its fall from grace mostly missed the connection devotion – reflects not only personal and the overwhelming rise of scientific because Rosicrucianism is not aspirations and desires, but thought, exemplified in England by the recognized as legitimate history in necessary attributes and diligence in formation of the Royal Society.[21] The the study of Bacon. She cites one pursuing the Hessian cause. The resurgence of the Rosicrucian impulse near-contemporary, occult entwined serpent is a symbol of during the later seventeenth century philosopher and Rosicrucian John protection, while the greyhound was partly a result of the translation into Heydon (1629-1667), as one writer represents nobility or gentility. English of the Fama and Confessio by who read ‘Bacon’s work as the Welsh Theologian and philosopher practically the same as the The author saw and photographed Thomas Vaughan (1621-1666), the Rosicrucian manifesto’ because his an Alt family seal wax impression, most likely contender for other tracts The English Physitians Guide: or a depicting the demi-greyhound with under the pseudonym Eugenius Holy Guide of 1662 is quite clearly entwined serpent, in the possession Philalethes, and published in 1652 as an adaptation of New Atlantis.[24] of an Alt descendant. The eternal The Fame and Confession of the oroboros was sealed on some Fraternity of the R. C…, although other Why is this emphasis on the eighteenth-century Hessian English translations appear to have metaphorical or submerged manuscripts sighted by the author existed before 1633.[22] He aspects of Rosicrucian thought in during 1994 in the Marburg corresponded with the German-English contemporaneous literature Staatsarchiv. Given the Hessian polymath Samuel Hartlib (c1600-1662) significant? In relation to this Landgraves’ interest in hermeticism around whom the reformist scientific article, the Landgraves of Hesse- over several generations, the serpent and philosophical Hartlib Circle Cassel were particularly associated symbol in the Alt family Arms and operating between 1640 and 1656 with the occult during this period. Crest would appear to implicate the which assisted in part the wider Their interests continued more-or- family in similar arcana too. dissemination of Rosicrucian ideas. less privately during five or six generations, following the embrace The oroboros (uroborus, ouroboros) Another influential publication is cited of the Rosicrucian impulse by is a symbol of continuity and eternity by historian Frances A. Yates who sets Landgraf Moritz, until another which, as well as being an ancient out a persuasive case for a parallel Hessian Landgraf openly embraced symbol that arose with Pythagorus, between the ideas informing Freemasonry and, as a result, once was revived again in the alchemical Rosicrucianism and Francis Bacon’s more confirmed Cassel publicly as literature of the Middle Ages relating allegorical utopia ‘New Atlantis’, a centre for esoteric thought. to the relentless cyclical pursuit of described originally in an incomplete the philosopher’s stone. It also and undated essay. Printed in 1627, a Alt family arcanum? features in some Masonic literature year after his death, New Atlantis sets As a prime Hessian diplomat in associated with the highest degrees. forth in both process and form an London legation for more than forty [26] idealized society, the structure and years, half way through that period organisation of which has many there is a clue to something arcane The use of the oroboros in Masonic similarities to Rosicrucian themes and surrounding Just Henry Alt. On 6th images, though scarce, ay be found ideas, from which Yates deduces: November 1749 he and his on the Internet, discounting those descendants were granted arms in sites that condemn Freemasonry as …though the name Rose Cross is England by the College of Heralds, evil. One of these is shown nowhere mentioned by Bacon in adjacent, although how early the the New Atlantis, it is abundantly the description of which reads in clear that he knew the Rose Cross part: symbol was used in relation to the fiction and was adapting it to his Craft is not known. Certainly the own parable. New Atlantis was …the Arms and Crest coat of arms of Le Grand Orient de governed by R. C. Brothers, hereafter mentioned that is to France, founded from 1771 to 1773, invisibly travelling as ‘merchants of say Or a greyhound currant of ‘depicts an all-seeing eye, 40 five- light’ in the outside world from their a Dove colour in base a pointed stars, a hammer (against invisible college or centre, now Serpent embowed swallowing enemies) and a snake biting its own its tail proper on a chief Azure called Salomon’s House, and tail’. By the early nineteenth century following the rules of the R. C. a Sun and for his crest out of a the Grand Orient had ‘assumed the Fraternity, to heal the sick free of wreath of his Colours a demi charge, to wear no special dress. greyhound erect of a Dove 33-degree system by joining with the Moreover, the ‘cherubin’s wings’ colour entwined about his Scottish Grand General Lodge of seal the scroll brought from New body with a Serpent the tail France’.[27] There are, moreover, Atlantis, as they seal the Fama. reflexed over his back the allusions to the serpent biting its own The island had something head returning behind his tail in the Rosicrucian literature angelical about it, rather than Neck.[25] dealing with alchemical matters – magical, and its official wore a red termed there ‘Nehushstan’ and cross in his turban.[23] The Alt family Arms and Crest, representing the ‘Symbol of Creation’

shown adjacent, carry not only their as a symbol of life[28] – though its Yates maintains that this account would own symbolic significance, but secretive and unpublished nature have been read as Rosicrucian at the something more. The motto makes it difficult to connect directly. time by those familiar with the attaching to the Crest, ‘In manifestos, though its symbolism would Altiora’ (‘To the Highest’) – So, everything that has just been have escaped others. This is not unlike pursuing excellence in values and outlined makes it reasonable to modern students today who have Issue 55 page 3 accept that hermetic, Masonic and being appointed Provincial GM of However, once he was recalled to Rosicrucian forces and influences Denmark and Norway.[29] He was, Hesse-Cassel in 1735 for other swirled around Just Henry Alt for all according to Terry Melanson duties and Jost Heinrich Alt took these years. Equally, it seems (whose accuracy may be suspect), over his responsibilities in London, unreasonable to then not accept, also a member of the Illuminati with the timing of Masonic foundations albeit by inference only, that they the code name ‘Aaron’ and became falls easily within Jost Heinrich’s completely bypassed Augustus Alt, Grand Master of the so-called long period of service. It is worth or his brothers, in every respect. So, ‘Asiatic Brethren’, a secret society stating that during his diplomatic I want to examine a little more that linked together a number of career, Jost Heinrich Alt served closely what we know and can other such societies. Furthermore, under four successive Landgraves of surmise about Freemasonry in Karl’s brother, Prince Ferdinand of Hesse-Cassel: Karl (to 1730), relation to Just Henry Alt and then Hesse-Cassel (1747-1837), Friedrich I (to 1751 – and who, from move on to Augustus. became a Major General with the 1720, was also King of Sweden) – Dutch and entered the Masonic fifteen years with Friedrich I being Jost Heinrich [Just Henry] Alt and Rite of Strict Observance at Cassel after Baron von Diemar departed – Freemasonry in Hesse-Cassel in 1777.[30] Such Masonic ties add then Wilhelm VIII (to 1760) and, Having already mentioned him a few to the depth of esoteric interests lastly, Friedrich II (to 1768, though times, a more detailed summary of within the noble family of Hesse- his rule lasted until 1785). Jost Heinrich Alt’s career is now Cassel. warranted. Born in about 1698, in Given the political turmoil that 1720 he began his service at age Almost a generation earlier, occurred during Jost Heinrich Alt’s twenty-two with the Landgraviate of Ferdinand, Duke von Brunswick diplomatic years from 1725 to 1768 Hesse-Cassel, alongside his father (1721-1792), with whom Augustus and the power and trust that Gerhard Alt. According to family Alt was associated during the necessarily attached to his records, Gerhard had special Seven Years War while ADC to successively responsible positions, qualifications in writing and Lieutenant-General Henry Seymour becoming a Freemason after 1735 arithmetic, was a Writer in Conway, was also listed as would have been a great asset. As government service at Cassel from ‘Aaron’ (Melanson says this is his obligations grew, Jost Heinrich c1713 and by 1733 was an Archivist, guessed) and as ‘Grand Master of became increasingly embroiled in though it is not known when he died. Strict Observance the political intrigues and nuances of Jost Heinrich too started as a Writer Freemasonry’ (this being primarily the various regimes being dealt with assigned to the Hessian Envoy aristocratic in focus). Of by his Hessian masters, the Extraordinary in Stockholm, Major- Ferdinand’s Masonic allegiance rationales and strategies of not only General Baron Ernst Hartmann von Melanson says: ‘that he was a his own superiors but of their allies, Diemar. With the decision to set up member of the Order is never in the demands for secrecy in using a permanent Legation in London in dispute by all sources consulted’. codes to maintain the flow of 1725, key personnel were moved [31] Given these Hessian and information, and the refinements in from the Hessian legation in Brunswick associations, it is diplomacy needed to keep Stockholm, von Diemar and Jost reasonable to suggest that everything in balance. Not only was Heinrich Alt being key among them. Augustus Alt’s family links and his Jost Heinrich privy to the Legation’s After the move Alt became Registrar own military service place him in most guarded and sensitive material, and over the next forty years, the midst of the workings of he was deeply involved in all represented Hesse-Cassel secretive and even arcane forces. negotiations and treaties. To have successively as Secretary, Private More will be raised shortly on been a Freemason would have Secretary, Counsellor, Minister Augustus’s career and possible enabled him to operate at ever Plenipotentiary and, by 1760, Privy Masonic membership, but firstly it is higher levels of statesmanship, Counsellor, a position he held until useful to review his father’s where dependability was everything, his death in 1768. For ease of probable involvement. the more so because his superiors communication in England, he were either German Freemasons or, anglicized his German name to Just If the Hessian Landgrave’s family at the very least, had deep Masonic Henry Alt soon after reaching was partial to such matters, it most connections. Most notable among London, though he continued to likely that his key diplomatic these Masonic connections were speak and write in German, French, representatives would be selected those that surrounded Landgrave English and possibly Swedish. for their parallel sympathies. Given Friedrich II, for whom Jost Heinrich the summary of Masonic history in was Minister in London for eight In 1775, Prince Karl of Hesse-Cassel Germany outlined earlier, the years from 1760 until his own death (1744-1836), son of Landgrave earliest formal Masonic affiliation in in 1768. While Friedrich II was not Frederick II and Mary, daughter of Hesse-Cassel could only have himself a Freemason, as far as King George II of England, became a stemmed from the mid-1730s. This documentary evidence shows, his Freemason. Karl went on to become means that Baron von Diemar, the father Wilhelm VIII, along with many Provincial Grand Master for Denmark head of legation in Stockholm and of those around him who were, in 1786, Grand Master General of then London, could only have been strove to ensure that the Hessian Denmark in 1792 and was a Freemason (Freimaurer) from state remained Protestant in light of recognized by the Grand Lodge of mid-1730 onwards, Which seems Friedrich’s conversion to Catholicism England a year later, as well as unlikely as far as our story goes. in 1749. page 4 Harashim Grosvenor Square. Freemason. Having already served three former Protestant landgraves, Jost Heinrich Listed as ‘ambassador’, General Chesterfield might have been would have been only too aware of von Diemar lived at 9 Grosvenor prompted to voice his concern with the entrees that Masonic Street, on the north side, from 1727 Newcastle about Alt’s integrity over connections offered. Endeavoring to -1741,[33] just around the corner his fears about potential security act in the interests of a Protestant from Grosvenor Square and had a breaches because of Just Heinrich’s alliance at the Court of St. James country house at Sutton Court near late-1720s clandestine marriage into late in his career with his superior Chiswick. We can only assume the Preston family which had being Catholic must have incurred that von Diemar’s residence was Jacobite associations. Chesterfield suspicions, if not deep mistrust at also the official location of the had just emerged from helping put times, amongst those outside the Hessian legation (no other address down the 1745 Jacobite Rebellion so inner Hessian circle. Being a has been found, although there it was quite natural and justifiable for Freemason would have assisted Jost might well have been one). It is him to be suspicious of any potential Heinrich in allaying any such feelings unclear from statutory and other lingering support. Three years later, of disquiet. The pertinent question records whether Jost Heinrich took at around the time of his resignation is, did Jost Heinrich have the over von Diemar’s residence once from political office in 1748, opportunity to participate in the Craft he left London in 1735, or where Chesterfield commenced a house in on a regular basis? If so, where else he lived for much of the forty South Audley Street, London, below might he have done so, especially years he served in London. One South Street and several streets after he assumed responsibility for record lists him at 7 Berkeley from Grosvenor Square.[39] While the Hessian Legation’s affairs in Square from 1745 to 1747, while each of their residences were 1735? Jost Heinrich had held the archived correspondence shows several hundred metres apart, the position of Private Secretary for Bolton Street between 1753 and intimacy of elite London life in the about a year before von Diemar’s 1754 and 22 Hanover Square from mid-eighteenth century meant that departure and then remained in that 1764 to 1766. Audley Street, in the he and Alt would no doubt have had position for five years until promoted north of which Augustus Alt lived informal contact on many an Counsellor of Legation in 1740. for a number of years (of whom occasion, over and above anything While there are no records to verify more shortly), ran north and south arising out of diplomatic affairs. his membership of the Craft, he from the western edge of Nonetheless, Chesterfield seemed could have been initiated into either Grosvenor Square and satisfied enough with Newcastle’s a Swedish, German, French, or conveniently had a Masonic lodge assurances to let matters rest, or not English lodge at any time from 1735, too. to have let any lingering concerns if he was not already a member by intrude upon him, because he then. One almost trivial episode involving obliquely sought the assistance of Jost Heinrich provides a further Jost Heinrich in 1758, albeit more Jost Heinrich Alt and clue to his possible Masonic than a decade later, about his son Freemasonry in London connection. Philip Dormer visiting Cassel. From ‘Blackheath’ During the middle of the eighteenth Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield he writes to his son in Hamburg on century, London was still quite small (1694-1773) and ‘son of the 18th May, O.S.: in size, so travel from one part to morose Jacobite third Earl’,[34] was another was relatively easy. Even ambassador to the Hague from I have told Alt, in the strongest so, close proximity to home, or 1728 to 1732 and a Freemason. manner, your lamentations for between and among venues, was [35] He was made Lord Lieutenant the loss of the House of Cassel, always a factor in choosing where to of Ireland in 1745 and ‘was resident 'et il en fera rapport a son live, dine, worship and socialise. Serenissime Maitre'. When you in Dublin throughout the ’45 are quite idle (as probably you This applied particularly to certain Jacobite rising, offering sterling may be, some time this clubs and societies. From 1733, support to the government in both summer), why should you not there were a number of Masonic Ireland and Britain’.[36] ask leave to make a tour to lodges in the inner London area, as Chesterfield was to express some Cassel for a week? Which well as in outlying towns in the North concern during the mid-1740's to would certainly be granted you and West of England.[32] The more Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of from hence, and which would exclusive lodges were frequented by Newcastle (1693-1768) – known as be looked upon as a 'bon procede' at Cassel.[40] gentry, people of note and a few ‘Hubble-Bubble’ because of wealthy merchants, other lodges hurrying everywhere – a staunch mainly attracted business people and supporter of the Protestant Endnotes the more prominent tradesmen of the succession and also a Freemason, area. The exclusivity of the lodge 20. See Terry Melanson, 2005, [37] about entrusting Jost Heinrich ‘Illuminati Conspiracy Part One: was partly marked by its location, Alt with sensitive intelligence A Precise Exegesis on the although, since development was material.[38] His suspicians were Available Evidence’ at http:// proceeding apace, there were calmed when he was assured by www.conspiracyarchive.com/ pockets of less salubrious dwellings Newcastle that Jost Heinrich was NWO/Illuminati.htm, entry on quite close by. Of significance for ‘one of us’, by which he presumably Maurice the Learned under this discussion is that the ‘Mount’ meant that he was not only pro- ‘Karl, Landgraf von Hessen- Masonic Lodge was located in Georgian, but a Protestant and a Kassel’. Issue 55 page 5 21. Yates, 1972, op. cit., passim. Volume_2_E_to_J.htm, At a recent WHJ Mayers LoR we were 22. Yates, 1972, ibid., Appendix, p. 31. Melanson, op. cit. and entry given a good talk by one of our 237. on Karl in Denslow, op.cit., members on “To mark the sun” this was 23. Yates, 1972, ibid., p. 127. Volume III “K-P”, at http:// based on our ritual. The discussions 24. For an extended account of the www.phoenixmasonry.org/10, following went far and wide and parallels with Bacon, read Yates, 1972, 000_famous_freemasons/ pp. 125-129. Volume_3_K_to_P.htm, reminded me of our concept of time and 26. For a brief description of the 32. See the so-called ‘Picart print’ entitled its measure. I presented a lecture at the apron and jewel for the 25th ‘The Free Masons, with signs for the 2008 conference on “Masonry and the degree, or Knight of the Brazen various lodges, from The Ceremonies of Calendar”. I was also astounded at the Serpent, of the , Religion and Custom', c.1733 ignorance expressed prior to that with online at http:// (engraving), Image ID: STC 88452, the furore on the year 2000 and its dire www.scottishrite.org/ The Stapleton Collection, reproduced in predictions of Armageddon. We now prospectives/aboutsr.html. Also Jeremy Harwood, 2006, The seem to be expecting a repeat in Dec of see Madonna Gauding, 2009, Freemasons, London, Hermes House, The Signs and Symbols Bible: pp.12-13. this year. I thought therefore that a The Definitive Guide to 33. See British History Online, piece of writing I placed in my local Mysterious Markings (New F.H.W. Sheppard (ed), 1980, lodge newsletter may be pertinent here. York: Sterling Publishing), p. 89. ‘Grosvenor Street: North Side’, ED For the adjacent image see Carl Survey of London, Volume 40: A Short Essay on time and how we Teichrib, ‘A Short Guide to The Grosvenor Estate in use it. Occult Symbols: “Strange Mayfair, Part 2 (The Animals – The Unicorn and the Buildings), pp. 35-44. Uroboros”’, p. 4, online at http:// 34. Treasure, Geoffrey, 2002, Probably we have all waited in www.jashow.org/Articles/ Early Hanoverian Britain 1714- anticipation to see the speedos on our _PDFArchives/new-age/ 1789, Mechanicsburg PA, cars change to 100,000. It is good to see NA4W1102.pdf. Stackpole Books, p. 90. all those nines turn into zeroes at the 27. Juri Lina, 2005, Architects of 35. Blanchard, Rae, 1948, ‘Was same time. But it would be pretty stupid Deception, cites Carl Dahlgren, Sir: Richard Steele a for someone to imagine that the stretch “Frimureriet" / "Freemasonry", Freemason?’, Proceedings of of road over which the car is driving at the Modern Language (Stockholm, 1925, p. 114) for that point is somehow special. Sure, the the Scottish reference, and Association (PMLA), Vol. 63, describes the Grand Orient seal No. 3 (September), p. 903 and car has travelled 100,000 kms but so at pp. 281-3. See also, Robert p. 905, n4; and Edgar Istel (tr. what? If you keep driving it, it is bound Macoy, 1873, A Dictionary of Theodore Baker), 1927, to reach that point sooner or later. Freemasonry..., 1989 reprint, ‘Mozart’s “Magic Flute” and If we arranged for all of our speedos to New York, Bell Publishing Freemasonry’, The Musical turn over at the same place then some of Company, pp. 209-210 for a Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 4 us would surely think there was description of the ‘Knight of the (October), p. 515. th something special about that spot, but Sun’ or ‘28 degree of the 36. Stephen Brumwell and W. A. the only thing special about it would be Speck, 2001, Cassell’s Ancient and Accepted rite’, and that that is the spot we decided to have its accompanying illustration Companion to Eighteenth showing the oroboros. Of Century Britain, London: our speedos turn over. And that is course, it could be that this Cassell & Co., p. 83. exactly what was special about the year symbol was not used in the 18th 37. Blanchard, 1948, op. cit., p. 2000: it was the year that we chose to century and adopted only from 911, be the year 2000. The year 2000 was the 19th century. 38. Lodge, Sir Richard (ed.), not the beginning of a new millennium: 28. See anti-Mason author Texe 1930, Private Correspondence as was frequently pointed out, it was Marrs, 2005, Codex Magica: of Chesterfield and Newcastle 2000 years from 1 B.C. not 1 A.D. Not Secret Signs, Mysterious 1744-46, London, Royal that anything of any significance Historical Society – Camden Symbols & Hidden Codes of the happened in either of those two years to Illuminati, Texas, Rivercrest Series [3], Vol. 44, pp. 20-21, Publishing, p. 385, online at 35, 39. count 2000 years from. http://www.scribd.com/ 39. Treasure, 2002, op. cit., p. 91. Let me explain. In the twilight of the doc/3958861/Codex-Magica- 40. Letters to His Son, 1756-1759, Roman empire, a monk called Dionysius Secret-Signs-Mysterious- by the Earl of Chesterfield on (Dennis the small, like humble) Exiguus Symbols-Hidden-Codes-Of-The- the Fine Art of becoming a thought that it would be a good idea if Illuminati-2005-by-Marrs. A Man of the world and a we counted years from the birth of number of other instances of Gentleman. Letter CCXXI. Jesus. At that time, presumably, they Masonic use of this symbol are See the 2004 Project were counting the years from the Gutenberg EBook version on also to be found here. founding of the city of Rome, by which 29. Melanson, op.cit., entry on Karl, line at http:// Landgraf von Hessen-Kassel www.gutenberg.net/3/3/5/335 reckoning that date was 1285 A.U.C. and Ferdinand, Duke of 8/ , produced by David Exiguus calculated, using the Brunswick. Widger. sophisticated methods available in the 30. Melanson, op. cit. and entry on 6th century, that Jesus had been born Ferdinand in William R. Dr. Paul-Alan Johnson may be 532 years previously (in 753 A.U.C.), Denslow, 1957, 10,000 Famous contacted at [email protected] and so 1285 became 532 Anno Domini Freemasons, Volume II “E-J”, at over any issues raised in this (in the year of our Lord). http:// paper. Subsequently it was discovered that www.phoenixmasonry.org/10,00 Herod the Great, during whose reign 0_famous_freemasons/

page 6 Harashim Jesus was supposed to have been born, Unfortunately, the solar year is 11 Freemasonry in Afghanistan. had actually died in 749 A.U.C. or 4 minutes and 14 seconds less than this,

B.C. so Exiguus' calculations were out so that solar events (such as equinoxes Prince Hall military lodges are located by at least 4 years. The Irish Bishop and solstices) kept happening earlier on US bases around the world, and it is James Usher published in 1611 A.D. his and earlier as the years went past. The no surprise to find them in Afghanistan, determination that Jesus had actually winter solstice, which would have been but recently there has been mention on been born in 4 B.C. on December 25 in Julius Caesar's time the Internet and in Masonic magazines Of course Jesus was also supposed to (please note the date) had by 1582 of a Canadian lodge which meets there. have been born during a Roman census crept up to the 11th of December or so. In September 2011 Bro Joseph Curry in Judea. The first such census took The then Pope, Pope Gregory, gave a more detailed account in a paper place in 6 A.D., which suggests that introduced a new calendar which presented to a research lodge in Ontario, Bishop Usher's date is 10 years too early suppressed leap years every 100 years Heritage Lodge #730 GRC. A copy of Mind you the Jews have a totally or so, and jumped 10 days forward, the paper, entitled ‘Canada Lodge UD, different system under which, the year thus making the day after the 1st of GRC: the Craft at work in Kandahar’, is 2000 was about the year 5761 and we October the 11th of October. available in the library section of Dis- have already gone through five millennia But by jumping 10 days he froze the covery Lodge of Research #971 and most of a sixth. This would likely calendar at the point it was at in 301 NSW&ACT, .Bro Curry knew. point it was at in the year 1 he should explains that the initial dispensation was About 90 years after Exiguus the have jumped three more days. for a lodge ‘for the purpose of mutual Muslims started a new calendar dating So, January 1, 2000 was not 2000 support in providing a fraternal environ- their years from the flight of Mohammed years after January 1 in the year 1 B.C., ment for our Masonic Brethren serving to Medina. Their years are less than 365 even. It was 2000 years after January 4 the Armed Forces in Afghanistan’, stip- days long (being based on lunar cycles in the year 1 B.C. The real 2000th ulating that the lodge could only open rather than solar cycles) so by now it is anniversary fell on December 29th. and close in the first degree, and could approximately 1417 A.H. Of course, that is assuming that not confer degrees. Later, the lodge ob- Masons also use a number of different January 1 is counted as New Year's tained a dispensation to perform the first systems for calculating years. Based on day. Under the Romans the first month degree only, and subsequently was au- the pre-Christian legend that the Messiah was March, and thus September, thorised to bestow all three degrees. would be born 4000 years after the October, November and December

Creation of the world we compound were the 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th months Because of operational necessity, the Exiguus's error by making the year of as their names indicate, January was Master of the Lodge was authorised to Creation at 4000 B.C. so we reached the eleventh month and February the appoint the officers of the lodge ad hoc, 6000 A.L in 2000. The completion of twelfth and last. Leap year day was rather than holding elections, and Solomon's Temple was supposedly in the added, reasonably enough, at the end promptly appointed Bro Curry as Junior year 3000 A.L. Cryptic Rite uses this as of the year. So the real 2000th Warden. Meetings often required that its starting date. Royal Arch Chapters anniversary of the beginning of the visitors of other jurisdictions take tem- use the beginning of the second temple year 1 A.D. fell on February 26, 2001. porary office or perform degree work, by which system 2000 A.D. is 2530 A.I. Since Roman times all kinds of days including an Australian, Bro Alex The Knights Templar use the founding have been celebrated as New Year Mearns, who presented the working of their Order in 1118, so by 2000 we including the winter solstice, tools at the initial first degree working. were up to 882 A.O. So "the year 2000" Christmas, Easter, March 1 and March Between October 2010 and September was 882 by the Templar system, 1415 by 25. Pope Gregory, while solving the 2011 the lodge has conducted 21 initia- the Islamic, 2004 (or possibly 994) years problem of the Julian Year's extra 11 tions. after Jesus' birth, 2530 Jewish. None of minutes, also fixed New Year's day at Canada Lodge shares its meeting these is likely to give us much of an January 1 in 1582. In England March place with Widow’s Son Lodge #202, speedo charge and certainly gave no 25 was used until 1750. chartered by the Prince Hall Grand basis for disaster then just because the That's only the Julian and Gregorian Lodge of Oklahoma, and the two lodges date ended in three zeroes. Should we calendars. New Year's day is different frequently exchange fraternal visits. Bro then be concerned by predictions of also in the Islamic, Jewish and Chinese Curry also informs us that a South Afri- December 2012? calendars. These calendars do not all can who attended Canada Lodge, Bro Well, at least we know when the New use the same solar year as the Paul Carr, was transferred elsewhere in Year starts, right? Well if it starts on Gregorian calendar, nor is there any Afghanistan and assisted in forming January 1st, it depends on what calendar particular reason why they should. For another Prince Hall lodge, Pride of Wal- you are looking at. The Julian calendar example, one could easily use the ton Lodge #110, Prince Hall Grand which was started by Julius Caesar and sidereal or stellar year which has a Lodge of Washington, and mentions the was still in use in Russia up to the difference from the solar year of about presentation of a set of square and com- Bolshevik revolution would have 31 days in every 2000. So my brothers, passes, inscribed ‘From the Officers and January 1st falling on January 14 as we our measure of time is what we made Brethren of Canada Lodge, Fraternally know it. This, by the way, is why it. Presented to The Pride of Walton’. "Ukrainian Christmas" falls 13 days after Have any of you heard of the World Canada Lodge has been temporary everyone else's. The reason for the Calendar? Find out more here. home to brethren of many jurisdictions discrepancy is that the calendar, is around the world (including Alberta, exactly 365.25 days long, the quarter day http://www.theworldcalendar.org/ Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Que- adding up to a whole day every 4 years. page 7 Harashim bec, Alabama, Arizona, California, role in the 21st Century. MMRL building as needed. Your Florida, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, There are several aspects to our support is critical to our mission. Michigan, Mississippi, New York, research organization. The one Remember, the life saved may be North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Tennes- obvious factor is that we do cardiac that of your loved one, neighbor, see, Texas, England, Germany, Ireland, research. However, the factor most friend or even your own. Italy, Japan, NSW&ACT, Philippines, people do not attribute to our insti- Scotland, South Africa, Turkey) and the tution is the strong and wide public lodge even ‘borrowed’, temporarily, a relation appeal of our cardiac re- WM from the Netherlands. search. And what of the future of Canada In good measure, we enjoy this Lodge? Bro Rick Fulford, Master of the success due to the leadership of lodge, advises: our Executive Director, Dr. Charles Canada Lodge is so called be- Antzelevitch. The scientific work cause it operates under the emanating from our Institute has Charter of Trent Lodge #38, been outstanding and internation- Grand Lodge of Canada in the ally recognized as being on the Province of Ontario. Member- cutting edge in its contributions to Anthony V. Boccabella, PhD., J.D. ship/visitors however is quite our understanding of mechanisms Richard J. Stewart, Grand Master of the international and at present in cardiac arrhythmias. Grand Lodge of Masons in Massachusetts I want to congratulate Dr. Ant- receives a donation for the Masonic Medical most of the Brothers at a typical Research Laboratory (MMRL) from Tyler W. meeting are US. I am a Canadi- zelevitch for his achievements and Seavey, Worshipful Master of Mount Ho- an civilian still working on KAF the fact that the American College lyoke and intend to keep the Lodge of Cardiology awarded him the Lodge with Ronald P. Kamp, MMRL Director 2011 Distinguished Scientist of Development and Communications look- going for as long as I am here ing and that will be at least until De- Award. on. Donations to the MMRL were also cember 2012. This award, given in recognition of received from the Grand Lodge of Masons in his major contributions to the ad- Massachusetts and the Masonic Leadership Bro Ralph McNeal, a senior officer vancement of scientific knowledge Institute’s Masonic Passport Program at the of the Phylaxis Society, reports that quarterly communication of the Grand Lodge is made to only one individual in of Massachusetts this past December. there are eleven Prince Hall military the basic, clinical and translational lodges currently in Afghanistan, domain. These achievements get eight from Oklahoma (Alpha #195, Liber Capricornus wide coverage in many media ven- Omega #196, Kabul #201, Widow’s ues and in each article it duly Son #202, Middle Chamber #211, acknowledges Freemasonry’s hu- The Symbolism Of The Goat Matthias #212, Ricky Jones #231 & manitarian role. Mt Moriah UD), two from Alaska We are pleased to have the oppor- By Eugene W Plawiuk M.M. (Richard J Watts Sr UD, and a se- tunity to, once again, attend the cond UD lodge), and one from Conference of Grand Masters of Presented to Norwood Lodge Washington (Pride of Walton #110). North America in 2012. We look No.90 A.F.& A.M. G.R.A. [Harashim’s policy is not to specify forward to having the opportunity September 3 1991 C.E. their locations or meeting details.] to inform the representatives of all Tony Pope Masonic grand jurisdictions about Our first experience upon entering the Cardiac Research Institute. the Lodge as apprentices is to be We just learned that the CRI ranks warned about the Goat. Even be- This report is from the Masonic in the top 5%, based on the fre- Medical Research Laboratory quency, in which cardiac research fore we are informed of 'in whom Update winter issue 2012 ED is cited by other scientists and phy- we should put our trust', we are giv- Report of the President sicians in their respective studies. en knowing looks followed by such Anthony V. Boccabella, PhD., J.D. It is noteworthy that every research comments as; " he's going to get the The Cardiac Research Institute paper has a citation listing the sup- goat" or " you are going to ride the (CRI) at Masonic Medical Research port of Freemasonry Our outstand- goat" or even "look out for the Laboratory is completing another ing research not only contributes goat". It is a good thing that we are outstanding year of progress and new scientific facts but also raises informed that we place our trust in scientific accomplishments. It is be- new questions to be solved in or- God, since some poor unfortunate coming obvious that our Institute der to help people with cardiac ar- entered apprentice could under- has not only become recognized as rhythmias. The support of Freema- a world-class cardiac research cen- sonry is a key component to the standably be forgiven for replying; ter studying the causes of arrhythmi- continuity of our research pro- " In the Goat". as but also is being recognized for grams and more. For instance, The origin of this humorous initia- what Freemasonry does for humani- your contributions assist us in ob- tory jest about the Goat is shrouded ty. The Masonic Medical Research taining needed scientific equipment by the veils of time. Several Older Laboratory is becoming the face of that cannot be funded by Federal brethren I have conferred with seem Freemasonry by showing the world grants and such gifts provide the to have no idea of where or when it that Freemasonry is playing a major means to maintain and update our originated.

page 8 Harashim It could have originally been import- daily astrology columns of the lo- again this column which acted as the ed from America by that practical cal newspaper, as representing the corner stone of Greek Architecture joker and fellow Mason; Benjamin astrological sign of Capricorn; Dec. literally holds up the temple; the Franklin. Or it could be a unique 22 to January 22. Capricorn is a very support for the Mountain or recent development of post World combination of both a Goat and a home of God. War II Masonry. fish. According to J.E.. Cirlot in his Dictionary of Symbols; this The Ionic Column is a later develop- Certainly I can find no references to dual aspect refers to the dual ment over the Doric, having devel- the Goat or even "riding the Goat" in tendencies of life towards the abyss oped in the 7th Century B.C., it al- Mackay's Masonic Encyclopaedia, ( or water) " or chaos of the begin- lowed for more filigree work in its Duncan's Ritual, Morals and Dogma ning of time, and " the heights or base and at its top. It is seen as be- by or even Freemasonry mountains " or order and malkuth ing more feminine than the mascu- and its Etiquette by William Preston (the earth) as symbolized by the line Doric Column. Campbell-Everden. Even such anti- goat aspect. Masonic writers as Walton Hannah "The Dionysian Artificers or archi- (Darkness Visible and Christian by In fact the very same Babylonians tects were an association of scien- Degree) make no reference to it, and who gave us this symbol of Capri- tific men, who were incorporated by it would certainly be something he corn and the science of Astrology command of the Kings of Pergamus would not be loathe to use to slander were the first Temple builders, and into a corporate body. They had the the Craft. the goat for them symbolised the city of Teas given to them. The essence of the Temple or Lodge. members of this association were Thus with such sparse reference An animal usually found climbing intimately connected with the Dio- sources available we could easily in the mountains. Thus from the nysian mysteries, were distinguished dismiss our Goat as a simple joke, a first ziggurats to the Temple of Sol- from the uninitiated inhabitants of hangover from those other fraterni- omon even to later Churches the Teos by their Science and by words ties that abound on college and uni- Goat was seen as symbol of Man and signs by which they could rec- versity campuses across this great striving to reach God through his ognize their Brethren of the Order. nation. In fact a bit of school boy building of Temples that represent- Like Freemasons they were divided prank amongst pals. ed mountains. Since in all reli- into Lodges which were character- gions Gods abode is symbolized by ized by different names. Such is the Thus dismissed as a bit of tom- mountains. nature of that association of archi- foolery I wouldn't have much of a tects, who erected those splendid paper to present this evening. Yet What a better symbol to attribute to edifices in Ionia, whose ruins even can we dismiss our ancient friend our own striving to understand the afford us instructions, while they who has played such a great role in G.A.O.T.U. then a Goat. And here excite our surprise. If it be possible the myths and legends, of all reli- too we find an anagram for Goat. to prove the identity of any two soci- gions and cultures of Western Eu- eties, from the coincidence of their rope? The Goat dates back to the According to a research monograph external forms, we are authorized to very earliest primordial memories of on the Dionysian Artificers and conclude that the Fraternity of Ioni- Man. And perhaps even used as a Early Masonry edited by Manly P. an architects and the Fraternity of joke within the Lodge it would do us Hall, the symbolism of the goat Freemasons are exactly the same" well to look at him as a totem or relates to the pre Christian God says Dr. R. Swineburne Clymer in symbol of the Great Work. In fact if Pan, Dionysius. The Goat-God his book: Ancient Mystic Oriental you will bear with me I think I shall was accepted by the later Greek Masonry. be able to prove to you that, using Mystery Schools as the symbol of the training we are recommended as the Temple Builders. In fact the Besides representing the Temple or Fellow Craft Masons, we can find Dionysian Artificers was such a Home of the gods, the goat repre- that the humble Goat too reflects the mystery school. They viewed prac- sents the active male sexual or fertil- truth of Masonry "veiled in allegory tical Temple Construction as a ity aspect of nature. and illustrated by symbols". source of understanding the mys- As Capricorn he rules the returning tery of Nature and God; thus being sun, from the darkness of winter The Goat is known to all of us one of the early esoteric schools solstice. In the sign of the Goat/ through the ancient science of As- from which Masonry has inherited Capricorn the sun begins to resume trology first developed by the Chal- certain symbols and teachings. its ascent towards the spring Equi- deans, or as they are commonly Most specifically this Greek Mys- nox. As well the goat horn is a hal- known; Babylonians. The Goat tery School developed the Ionic low phallic symbol, represented symbolizes male fertility, and is Column which are introduced to us (Continued on page 12) known, to even those who peruse the in the Fellow Craft degree. Once

Issue 55 page 9 and operation of the (NGL), its founding bodies, its subordinate creations, those which re- belled, and subsequent splits and mer- gers. They deal with numerous conven- tions and congresses, court battles, in- correct statements by many (mainly PHA) writers, and the interaction be- Book Reviews tween PHA and PHO from 1847 to the present day. There are surprises in store, even for The author is particularly well placed the fairly well informed reader; for ex- to conduct the necessary research and ample: the claim that Boyer Grand present it clearly. He is a respected Lodge of New York never existed, an member of a PHA Grand Lodge with argument supported by contemporary mainstream recognition, and therefore documents which fail to mention this has had access to the biggest and best Grand Lodge; and the convoluted histo- Masonic libraries in America; he is an ry of PHA and PHO in Georgia. experienced researcher, author, editor The 56 appendixes (470 pages) con- and publisher; and over a period of tain a wealth of additional information. years has gained the trust and coopera- They include transcripts of documents tion of PHO researchers. Large in both difficult to access, such as: Joshua body and courage, he is built to weath- Woodlin’s, A History of the Origin of er the storm of outraged PHA brethren Ancient Freemasonry Among the Col- who are unable to accept The Untold ored Citizens in the United States of Truth. Of course, the challenge is for America (1855); Lewis Hayden’s Letters those who do not accept it to produce a in Vindication of the National Grand Lodge (1867), which includes his hilari- The National Grand Lodge and Prince refutation in book form. It is not easy ous lampoon of the actions of National Hall Freemasonry, the Untold Truth. to review a book this size thoroughly, within the space constraints necessarily Grand Master Richard Gleaves; a three- Alton Roundtree. imposed on a reviewer, but the attempt page history of the Grand Lodge of Li- will be made, examining three aspects: beria, from that Grand Lodge’s 1957 KLR Publishing, Maryland 2010 design, contents, and reliability. Do not Proceedings; several old newspaper Hardcover, 28 x 21.5 cm, xx+962 pp, judge this book by its cover, or its title! articles; and a copy of a response by the b&w illos, 56 appendixes, index The cover design attempts to impart NGL in October 2008 to a report pre- ISBN 0-9772385-2-0 too much information, which would sented to the PHA Conference of Grand In this huge work of nearly a thousand have been better placed as a two-page Masters by its committee on clandestine pages, Alton Roundtree examines the spread within the text, and the title will Masonry in May 2008. contrasting claims of the Grand Lodges present reference and citation problems There can be no doubt that the author of Prince Hall Affiliation (PHA) and the that might have been avoided by rear- has achieved his stated objectives (see National Grand Lodge (of Prince Hall rangement, thus: above), and little doubt that some PHA Origin, PHO), and elaborately docu- THE UNTOLD TRUTH: the National members will go to great lengths to dis- ments his conclusions. As he states in his Grand Lodge and Prince Hall Freema- pute the evidence of The Untold Truth. Introduction: sonry. There are two main ways for them to The objectives of this book are to con- That said, the reader is well served attack this work: to find vital inaccura- centrate on the documents and facts and by the detailed table of contents (6 cies in the quotations, citations, and present the true story of the National pages), list of appendixes, bibliography transcripts of original documents; or to Grand Lodge. This research will review (23 pages), glossary (15 pages), name find alternative interpretations of the the arguments for and against National Grand Lodge legitimacy, especially the index (single column, 54 pages) and existing evidence. argument[s] that the National Grand the footnotes. It is not a reviewer’s task to check Lodge was formed illegally, that it was The main text is divided into 16 every quotation, but spot checks have shutdown, that it has no lineage to Afri- chapters, preceded by an Introduc- been made using references to hand. can Lodge No. 459, that it did not func- tion as a regular Grand Lodge and was tion (objectives; research method- They reveal some slight differences, but not accepted as a regular Grand Lodge. ology; use of the terms ‘Prince none of these affects the main issue, and In addition, this book explores the inter- Hall’, ‘Negro’, ‘Colored’, ‘PHA’, collectively they are not sufficient to twined relationship of Prince Hall Free- ‘PHO’, ‘National Grand Lodge’, throw doubt on the general accuracy of masonry and the National Grand Lodge. In accomplishing the objectives, exten- ‘sovereign’, ‘States Rights’, etc; the Untold Truth. Some minor errors are sive and longer than usual quotes and and comments on availability of to be expected in such a large work, presentations of some documents are Grand Lodge records), and fol- particularly if under time pressure for made, along with extensive appendices lowed by a succinct 4-page Conclu- publication. so the readers will have sufficient infor- mation to draw their own conclusions sion. Nor does it matter that the author chooses 1808 as the date of formation of regarding the National Grand Lodge or Those 16 chapters (around 370 pag- use the information as a basis for further African Grand Lodge, which is bound to research. es) present a reasoned and well- be disputed by some. The fact remains documented account of the formation that he has demonstrated that the current page 10 Harashim National Grand Lodge is directly de- history. Crammed with facts its ten discrete parts, ‘natural philosophy’ or scended from African Lodge #459, of chapters provide extensive coverage of science, and religion; Boston, and is equally as ‘regular’ as the Desagulier’s life from his childhood to * Newtonian science amounted to a Grand Lodges of Prince Hall Affiliation. his last days in a London house to process for discovering God’s creation, The evidence is there, and the interpreta- which he moved from Oxford. The the universe, and the laws by which it tion is convincing. decades between are given themed operated; The logical next step, recognition of chapters which slice his life into dis- * His lifetime’s belief was that ‘the orig- the National Grand Lodge by PHA crete sections as lecturer, Fellow of the inal religion’ was that of Pyrtanaea, or Grand Lodges, mainstream US Grand Royal Society, as engineer, as poet and ‘those who followed Noah’; that Moses Lodges and Grand Lodges generally, is playwright and as socially-well con- and Solomon also followed this religion; beyond the remit of the author, and wise- nected disseminator of the ideas of and that its ritual was not only practised ly is left for another occasion. [It was Isaac Newton. in the Temple of Solomon but embodied tackled, however, by John Belton and Of particular interest but little-known in its architecture. Tony Pope in Freemasonry and Brother- are the circumstances of the flight of Morrison’s text is the most complex of hood, published by the Grand Lodge of the Desagulier family from the the three books here under review, but Turkey in 2011, and reviewed in Hara- Hughenot-stronghold of La Rochelle in for this reviewer, it leads to two im- shim #54. Most Grand Lodge libraries Catholic-dominated France, real-life portant considerations. Firstly, that will have a copy.] experiences which of course fed into mainstream portrayals of ‘modern’ Free- The Untold Truth is the definitive and greatly influenced the intrigues masonry have been as much attempts to work on the history of the National around the 1717-origins of London’s win theological arguments as they have Grand Lodge, and should be on the Grand Lodge. been to win political ones; and secondly, shelves of every Grand Lodge library, Ric Berman’s sub-title, Political that the connections of operative stone- for consultation by students of Prince Change and the Scientific Enlighten- masonry with speculative Masonry do Hall Freemasonry, and by those involved ment, 1714-1740, introduces an ac- not stem from the actual building of in the recognition procedures of their count of the crucial context, namely, cathedrals and other structures, but from Grand Lodge. the judicial, commercial and political the symbolic significance of the act of networking, which produced the ‘buzz’ measurement. Speaking of the crucial, Tony Pope of interest in Freemasonry in 1720’s but previously unpublished manuscript London. His seven chapters, briefly from Newton’s library, she says: Brief reviews of 3 books taken together: and succinctly, locate Desagulier in Babson MS 0434 carefully construct- this broader picture, where we also find ed the Temple through its measure- A Carpenter, John Theophilus Desagu- Martin Folkes, George Payne and ments and its geometry. To under- liers - A Natural Philosopher, Engi- many of the other, ‘noble’ players. stand the frame of the Temple was to neer and Freemason in Newtonian Berman has located new material understand a great part of the origi- England, Continuum, 2011. 340pp, incl showing the predominance of magis- nal religion’s Theology; the frame of Notes, index, biblio; trates in Masonry’s most sociable, and the Temple was the symbol of the therefore influential lodges, and he has exoteric knowledge while the enact- R Berman, The Foundations of Mod- emphasised the bridge these provided ment and understanding of the ritu- ern Freemasonry – The Grand Archi- between the theory of Newtonian sci- als within the Temple lead to the tects, Sussex Academic press, 2012, ence and its application. The lectures esoteric knowledge of the prophets. 344pp, incl Notes, index, biblio; and demonstrations of ‘natural philoso- (Morrison, p.45) phy’, which were Desagulier’s strength Morrison shows how Inigo T Morrison, Isaac Newton’s Temple of and passion, fed directly into the engi- Jones’ and William Stukely’s interest in Solomon and His Reconstruction of neering and hydraulic schemes increas- Stonehenge fits with the formal architec- Sacred Architecture, Birkhauser, 2011. ingly driving the industrial revolution. tural ideas of Vitruvius and the most 186pp, incl Notes, plates, index, biblio, This two-way street meant the rapid speculative of Biblical scholars from the and ‘Translation of Babson MS 0434 of popularisation of Newton’s ideas en- earliest days of Christianity to the likes Isaac Newton.’ hanced Freemasonry’s image as THE of Milton and, even the 20th century society for the upwardly mobile, and economist, John Maynard Keynes. She It is a rare opportunity for a reviewer to vice versa. concludes: have a number of new books, each valu- The Morrison book extends the context Newton was a highly complex able in its own right but which, set further and in ways that will force man and in writing about one alongside one another, illustrate a trend, readers to re-visit all that may have element of his thought there is in this case, a trend within recent Mason- been learned from the first two. This is always a danger of oversimpli- ic research. Although each is by an expe- because her work questions the com- fication. However, the Temple rienced and talented academic, the infor- mon view of ‘Newtonian science’ and was a part of that complexity, it mation contained, and its importance to thus of what Desagulier and others was not just a study for its own all Masons, is of such importance that it were actually doing when they were sake…it was part of Newton’s deserves to be made available by way of demonstrating his theories, and apply- philosophy and…deserves to be brief, non-academic ‘translations’, such ing ‘his’ principles. Her argument is considered as central to an as the following. the briefest of the three, and can be understanding of Newton the Audrey Carpenter’s account of the life of summarised as follows: person and Newton the scholar. a key participant in the events surround- * The vast majority of what Newton (p.103) ing the establishment of English Freema- wrote has never been published; Bro Dr Bob James, sonry is more of a documentary than a * his life’s work cannot be broken into Issue 55 page 11 Research Lodge in Blenheim in May which I enjoyed immensely. This President’s Corner meeting took the form of an early emulation and involved full partici- pation of all the members present that evening. It was well organised brarian and crowned a very enjoyable even- Title (provisional) “Crafting the ing. Masonic Vision”

I have yet to complete visits to the NSW/ACT Bro Philip Purcell two research lodges in Auckland. Title “Statistical Foundations for the Masonic Mind” Finally I must conclude on a rather Victoria W Bro Brendan Kyne sad note. I have learned of the death Title “French Memphis Rite of Murray Yaxley in Tasmania last Goldfields Lodge – Ballarat month. Murray was a stalwart of the 1853” ANZMRC being a Past President and also a Fellow of Australian and Charles and Mrs Miller. Western Australia New Zealand Masonic Research V W Bro Alan Gale, PGIW Council. Greetings Members, Title “Freemasonry – Positively Defined” In craft masonry he was a P Pro GM We are now into the run down time of Tasmania. th for our 12 biennial conference at New Zealand (1) Wellington in November. R W Bro Ian Nathan, PGW I met Murray at the 2004 conference in Tauranga NZ and have always Title “On Becoming a Grand Our lecturers have been found and been sorry I have not been able to Lodge – The Grand Lodge of now it is the trying time for our Edi- make further meetings with him. I New Zealand” tor and his team to have the papers thank Richard Num for his e-mail printed and ready for distribution at advising of the passing of Murray our conference. With six individual New Zealand (2) Yaxley which also contained an en- lectures to process you may well W Bro Hugh Montgomery closure of his address “Path to think that there is plenty of time to Title “The Origins of Speculative Light” published in Freemasonry do this work but in reality it never Freemasonry and Modern Aca- Tasmania - February 2012. I would works out that way. We certainly do demic Discipline” deem it and apt commemoration if it hope every thing will run smoothly could also be published in Harashim. and I extend my thanks to the editori- From the titles above I think we are al team for what has to be done. in for an interesting series of lec- Charles Miller tures covering historical aspects President The Lecturers selected to present and possibly the way to future ide- their papers in November are listed ology. It augers well for a success- below and I congratulate them on ful conference. PS I have sent condolences to the their selection. I also thank the adju- Yaxley family from the ANZMRC dicators for their patience and under- On other matters in regard to our as President but that dos not cover standing in the job they had to under- biennial conference our convenor any messages of condolence that our take. Ed Robinson has been campaigning members may want to add to the list in the lower half of the North Is- provided on the web site. land whilst I have completed my KELLERMAN visits to the two South Island re- “Path to Light” will be published in search lodges I could not visit the next issue of Harashim ED when our 2011 Travelling Lecturer LECTURERS Rodney Grosskopff was here. I attended the Installation of The 2012 Masters and Past Masters Research Lodge No 130 in Christchurch and was impressed at the simplicity of Queensland V W their installation. I also attended the Bro Anthony Tabrett, Grand Li- meeting of the Top of the South page 12 Harashim Your letters: From the Editors Desk

ANZMRC Conference 2012 Computing and the internet has The Rule of the Illustrious Order is one Thu 15 November to brought Masonic information to all of Secrecy. To that end, Great Truths are Sun 18 November 2012 who seek it. There are literally mil- often clothed in Mirth and hidden in the Wellington, New Zealand lions of Masonic websites available for Uproarious and Precocious Attitude af- the person who spends the time look- fected by any tried and true Ruffian of ing. Below is a link/address where the Order. Planning for the conference is well under there is a wide variety of clipart there way. The registration form and a draft for you to use. The site is part of a Thus, the Ancient and Illustrious Order timetable are now available from the webring where you can access many of the Three Ruffians does not exist. It ANZMRC website. Masonic web sites and in particular has never existed. There are no Mem- what other masons are thinking and bers. There is nothing to speak of, dis- In a week or so the names of the Keller- doing. I lifted these two pieces of pose of or even deny the existence of. man Lecturers and the titles of their clipart from this site. The Ruffians are a Myth. We are Keyser presentations will be known and posted Soze. to the website. We already have a good range of both presenters and subjects. (Keyser Soze is a fictional character in the 1995 film The Usual Sus- Copies of Kellerman Lectures pects, written by Christopher McQuar- Copies of the Kellerman Lectures will be rie and directed by Bryan Singer). provided to participants at the close of http://masonicclipart.bravehost.com/ the Conference. Following the practice We are the Usual Suspects indeed. of Quatuor Coronati, a copy of each pa- Exploring the net you may even If we existed. Which we don’t. Period. per will be provided to selected at- come across new, at least to you tendees so they can prepare brief com- Those Brothers and Fellows that recog- orders like the ments to lead discussion. These people nize the 3 Ruffians from Ritual are invit- will be selected from those who have of the ed to come to an understanding of the registered –early registrants may have a USA part these three scoundrels play in one's better opportunity to be involved. Established on May 12, 1932 - The individual development. Once revealed, Grand College of Rites is a were they not Brothers? And so Brothers Short Talks "regular" Masonic body, dedicated they remain. We also ask all attending to prepare a to preserving the history and rituals short talk, either 3 minutes or 5 minutes, of defunct and inactive Masonic Heed the Counsel of the Three Ruffians: on a topic which will of interest to other orders. This body meets just once a conference attendees. We hope some of year and can be found at http:// 'Woe Is Me... these short talks will also be suitable for That my Thoughts were not Tempered. grandcollegeofrites.org/index.php presentation to “non-research” lodges. That my Emotions were not Prudent.

As many of these talks as possible will That my Actions were not Just. be presented during the conference, and Oh God. Grant me Fortitude in my Hour What about this website. they will all be published. Hopefully, of Despair. this will encourage further research … That so Corrupt I have Been. encouraged and assisted by Masonic Righteous I Shall Become.' research organisations.

And so YOU have made it This Far since

Discussions on Matters of Import to Re- embarking on that First Great Step. search Lodges Carry the Temple in your Heart and

A short session will be included on how Mind. Always walk about the Center and we can learn from each other on: Know that Peace Thereon. Moreso than

The provision of services to mem- Always Seeking that Great Light; Ra-

bers of research and other lodges; ther, BE that Great Light upon this world, Reflecting Always those Immortal http://www.3ruffians.com/2008/04/ What strategies Research Lodges and Timeless Virtues of Truth. about-ruffians.html have found successful,

How they could assist other parts The Ancient and Illustrious Order of So my brothers give it a go and explore the Three Ruffians of Freemasonry in their jurisdic- all the worlds knowledge and experience tions. available to your dancing fingertips. “Always Secret. Always Shadowed. Download a Registration Form, and Always Hidden.” Register as soon as you can! www.anzmrc.org Issue 55 page 13 (Continued from page 9) ing over the hills. My beloved is been accused of being in league with even today as the cup of plenty or like a gazelle or a young wild the Devil, being a satanic tool etc. cornucopia which we see represented goat." "My beloved is mine and I That has arisen from the fact that in the Lodge. am his; he delights in the lilies. Freemasons by their initiation into While the day is cool and shadows the Light have been eager to re- Says J. E. Cirlot; " In mythology it are dispersing, turn my beloved, search and study the Mystical sym- was the goat Almathea who fed the and show yourself a gazelle or a bols of the past and present, without infant Jupiter on milk. Given that the young wild goat on the hills where fear or irrational prejudice. In times general symbolism of the horn is cinnamon grows." past of religious persecution and su- strength, and that the goat has mater- perstition the Mystical Mason has nal implications, and in addition that " How beautiful you are my dear- treaded the path of heresy in search the shape of the horn (phallic outside est, how beautiful! Your eyes be- of the Light of Truth. and hollow inside) endows it with hind your veil are like doves, your I hope that this paper has afforded us complex symbolism (including that hair like a flock of goats streaming all a broader view of meaning and of the lingam or symbol of genera- down Mount Gilead." depth of the symbolism of even tion) it is easy to understand its alle- something as simple as "our little gorical use as the horn of abundance. The Song of Songs (Which is Solo- joke", about the Goat. Plobb points out also that the cornu- mons). copia is an expression of prosperity BIBLIOGRPPHY deriving from its association with the Herein as well in the Old Testa- WEATHERVANE BOOKS 1978 Zodiacal sign of Capricorn." ment we find the beautiful love J.E.CIRLOT: A DICTIONARY OF SYMBOLS. poem which views the goat as sym- PHILOSOPHICAL LIBRARY NY 1971.

The androgynous symbolism of the bolizing nature, and fertility as it horn of plenty is typical of the sym- did in pre Christian times. In the DR.R. SWINBURNE CLYMER: ANCIENT bolism of the goat in general. While MYSTIC ORIENTAL_MASONRY. Song of Songs both lovers refer to the Greek Goat Gods Pan and Diony- each other as goats. As to be ex- THE ROSICRUCIANS: THEIR TEACHINGS. sius were male, we look at the goat pected since the lovers in this poem THE PHILOSOPHY OF FIRE as an animal in masculine terms PHILOSOPHICAL PUB. PA. 1907 RE- are a shepherd and shepherdess PRINTED BY HEALTH RESEARCH, CA.1969 while it is both male and female. herding goats!!! And we have the The identification of the male goat in symbolism of the goats in relation- ALEISTER CROWLEY: 777. WEISER PUBLISHING 1978 by his beard, since both genders have ship to sacred mountains or written horns. The phrase " by my beard, or on them. This is not the Christian MALCOLM C. DUNCAN: DUNCANS RITUAL " he pulled my beard " as well as the OF MASONRY devil but a symbol of the ancient DAVID MACKAY CO. style of beard called a 'goatee' all alchemists representing the fact relate to the goat. that nature and natures God is a WESLEY J. FUERST: CAMBRIDGE BIBLE COMMENTARY: THE FIVE SCROLLS combination and balance of male The goat-Gods Pan and Dionysius in and female forces, light and dark- COMMENTARY ON THE SONG OF SONGS Greek mythology represent the forest ness, moisture and dryness. The CAMBRIDGE UNIV. PRESS 1975 and unbridled nature; lust in the case very principle of Hermes Trisme- DAVID-GODWIN: CABALISIIC ENCYCLOPE- of Pan and Drinking, and fertility in gitus; As Above So Below" is what DIA LLEWELLYN PUB.1979 the case of Dionysius. Hence from is symbolized by Baphomet. MANLY P. HALL: ed, THE DIONYSIAN MYS- the OED we have the term for a lech- TERIES AND MASONRY erous older man; "you old Goat". Another Goat headed deity worship PHILOSOPHICAL PUB. HOUSE 1936. Pan is represented as being half hu- by the ancient pagan Celtic peoples WALTON HANNAH: CHRISTIAN BY DE- man, half goat with horns, and would was Cernnunos the horned god of GREE. later be used in medieval times to the Wood. Today in witchcraft BRITONS PUB. CO. 1964 represent the devil. covens the goat head is seen to ELIPHAS LEVI: THE HISTORY OF MAGIC symbolize this ancient deity. THE KEY OF THE MYSIERlES Ironically the horns on the head of TRANSCENDENTAL MAGIC RIDER PUBLISHING CO. 1972 Michelangelo's statue of Moses are Unfortunately to the those who re- also Goat horns, symbolising not the main in the dark, these goat deities ALBERT PIKE: MORALS AND DOGMA: of devil but the power of nature and the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of are seen as something evil rather Freemasonny,. natures God; Fiat Lux. For in the than as the symbol of the earth, SOUTHERN JURIDICTION AASR 1906. bible it states that Moses was beheld fertility, the prima mater, and the H.W. PERCIVAL: MASONRY AND ITS SYM- by his people as having two rays of first principle. BOLS. THE WORD PUB. CO. 1952. Light springing forth from his head. "Hark! My Beloved! here he comes, W.G. SIBLEY: THE STORY OF FREEMA- Freemasonry in its past like its pre- SONRY bounding over the mountains, leap- decessor the Knights Templar have THE LIONS PAW CLUB 1913. REPRINTED HEALTH RESEARCH, CA. 1968 page 14 Harashim credibility, the symbolic ‘power of the tempted to bring together all sides in- apron’ diminished greatly, indeed lost volved in the struggles between capital and labour. In the 19th century, indus- most of its power to mystify and in- Perspectives on Ameri- trial conflicts reached very violent trigue. can Freemasonry and heights, including the infamous Hay- Fraternalism market Explosion of May 1886. The A young Mormon scholar, Bradley Ki- Knights of Labor achieved enormous me (Brigham Young University, Utah), by Bro Bob James memberships but declined rapidly has found ‘Masonic motifs’ in Roald when it became obvious that capital Dahl’s ‘Willy Wonka and the Chocolate [A brief report on the Symposium held and labour were not to be easily Factory’, at least in the original story at the National Heritage Museum, Lex- brought together. and the original film, 1971, for which ington, Massachusetts, on 28 April 2012, Dahl wrote the screenplay. The story by Bro Dr Bob James PhD, President of Anti-Catholic and anti-Masonic views originally was of ‘Charley’ being trained Newcastle Masonic Study Circle, who came into conflict during the 1910s in in the craft secrets of chocolate-making attended as their representative and with the USA, particularly over an oath sup- and succeeding where others failed be- their generous assistance.] posedly used by the Catholic Knights cause he avoided temptations set to trip Overall the Conference was extreme- of Columbus and alleged to be racist him up and because he was pure of ly useful. Most valuable from my and disloyal. What was later called the heart. Although the author was not a point of view was the approach taken Masonic Whitewash Committee of the Mason, Kime argued that Dahl was in- by all speakers, the organisers and, Grand Lodge of California investigated fluenced by Geoffrey Fisher, Master of most encouragingly, by the audience and concluded that the oath had been Repton School where Dahl was a pupil, participants—namely, that locating forged by an anti-Catholic organisa- and who later became the Archbishop of Freemasonry within the broad frater- tion. Canterbury. nal context, and not treating it sepa- Their finding set off further controver- rately in a class of its own, was the sy within Freemasonry and more gen- A speaker from England, Dr Kris Aller- obvious way to go. The diversity of erally within US society, which at the feldt (Exeter University), brought to- the speakers, Jewish, Mormon, time was quite severely partisan and gether three US fraternities, the Molly Christian, Masonic, and ‘secular’, when the KKK was making a come- Maguires, the Ku Klux Klan and the was also remarkable. back. Numerous Masons were Klan Mafia, to illustrate his belief that frater- Very briefly, and in sequence: members and fanatically anti-Catholic. nalism was sometimes criminal in prac- The speaker, Adam Kendall (Masonic tice and not always benevolent and be- The Ancient Order of United Workmen librarian & curator, California), used nign. He pointed out that 19th-century [AOUW] was an extremely important the story to illustrate ‘the distinct and observers of these groups held only sim- fraternal society during what US schol- important role that fraternal organiza- plistic understanding of fraternal history ars call the ‘Golden Age of Fraternal- tions and their members played as arbi- but used them, and other fraternities, for ism’, the second half of the 19th century. ters and, sometimes, challengers of political and related purposes. On the Its official history concentrates on the social trends’. other hand, association with the Odd man known as ‘the Father of the Order’, Fellows or the Freemasons could lend John Upchurch. The most engaging paper for me in- respectability to societies seeking posi- The speaker, Prof Jeffrey Thyssens tive status. (Brussels Free University, Belgium), volved what the speaker, Sam Biagetti showed from his very recent research (Colombia University, New York), It is worth pointing out that that Upchurch was not the figure deserv- called ‘a prehistoric lodge on Rhode all of the fraternities men- ing the most credit in the history of this Island’ and a claim that in 1658 Jewish tioned, with the possible Order. William Walker, today virtually colonists to the New World had exception of the AOUW, forgotten, because much less vain, was brought ‘degrees of Masonry’ which established themselves, the original architect of the Order, espe- for a time they worked in their new however briefly, in Austral- cially of its benefit systems. Upchurch home. ‘Prehistoric’ because of a date ia. was able to capture the limelight and the before 1717, the lodge involved had, prestige as a result of a tour around the even earlier, been brought from Hol- western States in conjunction with an land to Brazil, and thence to the West Indies. The story questions the whole A special lunch-time presentation by aggressive political campaign using Up- Kansas Mason and independent scholar church to create interest by exploiting narrative of English origins of Specula- tive Freemasonry. Michael Halleran, of one chapter of his fraternal values. book The Better Angels of Our Nature, detailed aspects of Freemasons’ involve- The Knights of Labor, like the AOUW, Dr Alyce Graham (University of Dela- ment on both sides of the American Civ- used the title ‘Master Workman’ and ware) spoke of the changes in fraternal il War of the 1860s. A copy of the whole ‘Grand Master Workman’, something regalia in the wake of the 19th-century book will be received into the Newcastle for which no one seems to know the disappearance of William Morgan, a Masonic Study Circle Library shortly, origins. The speaker, Yoni Appelbaum crime for which Freemasons were be- and reviewed more fully then. (Brandeis University, Massachusetts), lieved responsible, and as commercial described the Knights of Labor as a po- priorities became more and more domi- litically-oriented fraternity which at- nant. She argued that during the period when Freemasonry struggled to regain Issue 55 page 15 The following is taken, with permis- bers or meeting place of a branch side. The layout with the Junior sion from the Transactions of the of society such as Freemasons; ot- Warden in the west is the seating United Masters Lodge No 167 Auck- ter’s lair. arrangement found today in the din- land New Zealand May 2012. Note the capital initial of Freema- ing tables in English lodges in Eng- What Alan Bevins has to say is, I sons. Freemasons, Masons and Ma- land. think very pertinent to the position sonry with a capital initial refer to we find ourselves in, in Freemasonry the Craft. The same words without The ceremonial area was a drawing today. Here is an opportunity for the capital initial refer to the trade on the floor elsewhere in the room. discussion and comment via Hara- of workers in stone. Furthermore, a The drawing was replaced by a floor shim. Send your comments, opin- lodge (no capital initial) is any un- cloth from about 1790. The ceremo- ions to me so that discussion through der those definitions, but with a nial area was only created for a new these pages can ensue. The Editor: capital initial it refers to a named member or one who was progressing at [email protected] lodge specified in the particular to a higher level and then only oc- paper being read. casionally in a year. Most of the ac- A Lodge: a Building, an Organisa- We know from those definitions tivity was at the table. tion or People? and from many books and papers Bro. Alan Bevins which can be found in our libraries The rooms were cleared at the end of Frequently, I get asked “What is a that we believe masons’ lodges the meeting. A small cupboard was lodge?” This paper seeks to answer were small temporary buildings in used for what little furniture and oth- that question and put the three as- the grounds of a large building be- er things a lodge had. Later as lodges pects of a lodge into perspective. ing worked on. They were used as got larger then bigger rooms were Firstly, a lodge is more than just a a base for the workmen, for their needed and eventually purpose-built matter of Freemasonry. So let’s look tools and equipment and for meal properties were created. That has led at a couple of dictionaries. The Read- breaks. Note the lower case “m” for to increasing use of furniture and ers Digest Universal Dictionary in- masons. other artefacts which you see around cludes English and American Eng- Let us now consider the situation in a lodge room. I will make reference lish. It says: respect of Freemasonry. to it later but there was obviously a 1. A small house on the grounds of point in time when the layout of an estate or park for a caretaker, A Building chairs or benches round a table gatekeeper or the like. A lodge can meet almost anywhere. changed to what we see now. 2. A cottage or hut, often located in The main criteria put simply are Over some years I used to frequent a an isolated place, used as temporary availability of space, economics of pub in the suburbs of Los Angeles, accommodation or shelter by hunts- the location and convenience for arranged as an old English tavern, men, climbers or the like. members. where the one room had a flagstone 3. The room(s) at the entrance of a We know from lodge minutes and floor with benches around the walls university which house the porter’s many books and papers that in the and a table in the middle surrounded office. formative years of Freemasonry as by more benches. The atmosphere 4. At Cambridge University, the resi- we know it, the usual meeting plac- was blue with tobacco smoke. The dence of the head of a college. es in the UK and Europe were tav- proprietor, dressed like an 1880s 5. a. A local chapter of certain frater- erns but sometimes in a member’s railway engine driver complete with nal organisations. home. They were probably the only cap and red and white silk scarf, b. The members of such a chapter places where there was enough played the piano all the time and considered collectively. space to accommodate the number each person got his own drinks put- c. The meeting hall of such a society. of members attending. When a ting the money in the till. Everyone 6. The den of certain animals, such as room was prepared, trestle tables joined in the singing, so conversa- otters. were set out in an oblong with tion was limited by the noise. Many 7. (USA) The central building in a chairs placed on all four sides. The lodges I have visited outside NZ camping ground or nature park. Master, a Past Master and the Sen- have been in rented accommodation. 8. (USA) a. A North American Indi- ior Deacon were at the east end, the I have been to lodges meeting in an living unit such as a wigwam. Treasurer, Secretary and other basements of hotels, and once in a b. The group living in such a unit. members on the north side, the wide corridor of a hotel with double Chaplain and Director of Ceremo- doors at each end and two Tylers. Then the Oxford English Dictionary nies with other members on the That was furnished and cleared away which also includes Freemasons spe- south side and on the west side at every meeting. cifically: were the Senior Warden, Junior I also went to a lodge a number of A small house especially one at an Deacon and Junior Warden facing times in the Duke of York’s Army entrance to a park or grounds of a the Master. Later the Junior War- Headquarters in Chelsea, London. large house; porter’s room etc. mem- den’s place was moved to the south That was usually with three other

page 16 Harashim trade”, which is known as a warrant ficers and advisers to ensure people people, one of whom was a police- or charter. There are officers of a attend? man. As per the regulations, he al- similar nature to lodges such as I would suggest we in NZ have tried ways wore his helmet and a black Secretary, Treasurer etc. All mem- to address the problem of declining raincoat which had the little loop on bers and officers are volunteers membership by appointing hundreds his left arm to fix the black and white except one administrator usually of advisers, but the decline contin- striped band. That band when worn titled Grand Secretary. Some larger ues. signified he was on duty. I always countries have administrators in I attend two lodges regularly and felt safe on the London Underground dispersed geographical areas, dis- don’t see any advisers except those when with him. He was very tall. He tricts or provinces. There are 47 who happen to be members of the used to practice his words with his Provinces in England and Wales lodges attending as Past Masters. police dog. Just digressing for a mi- (and 35 districts overseas) for ex- However, this imbalance of chiefs nute, that black and white striped ample, nine of which have more and Indians is irrelevant. I will say armband was the forerunner of the than 200 lodges, the largest being why later. We need to address that black and white squares on a police- 515 in West Lancashire. imbalance though. man’s hat and on the vehicles. It is A Province generally has only one blue and white here in NZ of course. administrator and usually a lady In terms of organisation much of our That pattern is not copied from Ma- working part time say 10am to 3pm time seemingly is diverted or affect- sonic floors but lodges in the 1840s while her children are at school. ed by rank, regalia, ritual and reg- copied that flooring from ancient Ladies I have known in those posi- ulations. That is the 3 R’s four ac- buildings. Like lots of things in Free- tions possessed a greater tually. masonry symbolism has been at- knowledge of the Craft than many The rule book is massive with a tached to it, to suit our needs. Masons. large proportion related to matters You might say the lodge as a place In this country the national body is other than lodges, bearing in mind or building is therefore not the most the Grand Lodge of NZ with one the main reason for the existence of important factor, as any room or administrator and a number of staff. the organisation is the lodges. There place would suffice. The Craft in NZ is quite small with is a list of Grand Officer role titles

some 275 lodges with a country often considered a promotion ladder, An Organisation membership of some 9000, an aver- but it is only a list of precedence in Let us examine the organisation of age of about 33 per lodge. event of a formal procession into a Freemasonry in simple terms. There NZ is arranged in three Divisions meeting. The organisation if drawn is no worldwide single body. Each with a Divisional Grand Master for up like a family tree is flat. For ex- country where Freemasonry exists each. They are titled Northern, ample a Bible Bearer, a Sword Bear- has a national co-ordinating body. Central and Southern with around er and a Standard Bearer although Some countries have several such as 80 to 90 lodges in each. Those considered by many to be at differ- in the USA and Australia. They have lodges are arranged in Districts ing levels are all the same. The only the title of Grand Lodge or Grand with a District Grand Master re- difference is what they carry. Orient. Their role is limited or sponsible for each. Additionally in Having skated over Grand Lodges should be as lodges are independent the districts there are Grand Stew- and the network of advisers in NZ, legal entities managing their own ards and District Grand Directors of now more importantly let us look at affairs. I won’t dwell on the charita- Ceremonies plus many advisers for a lodge. ble side of Grand Lodges as I believe Benevolence, Property, Planning, A lodge is an autonomous body. In this is not the most important factor, Education, Communication and NZ it is a non-profit body, an unin- though it may seem to be so. Music. In Northern Division, there corporated group where every indi-

are about 90 lodges, and the num- vidual has full legal responsibility The question “what is a Grand Lodge ber of Present Grand Officers and for his actions and those of all the for?” can be posed here. The nearest divisional and district advisers are other members. Provided it doesn’t equivalent is probably a trade associ- around 110. Some do more than violate the principles of Freemason- ation. A trade association is created one role. When the number of ry and acts within the book of rules by the members and it is there for lodge officers at say average 15 per it should be able to act on its own. their benefit as opposed to a fran- lodge is added to that then the num- Often this is restricted by a percep- chise where a franchisor recruits ber of officer roles in the Division tion among members of what is al- franchisees to operate its product or is around 1460. The membership if lowed or not allowed by that book service. Lodges are affiliated to a at around that average of 33 per even if it is not specifically men- Grand Lodge and either the lodges, lodge when halved to reflect the tioned. all Freemasons or some are members number of attending comes out The main purpose of a lodge is for of a Grand Lodge and have voting roughly as 1485. One may ask, is members to meet others of like mind rights depending on the Grand this a good balance of “chiefs” and and to guide each other in personal Lodge’s rules. It issues a “licence to “Indians”? Do we need lots of of- self-development by means of cer- Issue 55 page 17 tain aspects of ceremonial. I say cer- We should forget place and organi- er levels. This continued until after tain, as ceremonial is per se not edu- sation, rank, regalia, and ritual, get the merger in 1813 of the two organ- cational. that mix right. Only an individual isations, the Ancient and Moderns This is in some way self-defeating as lodge can do that in its own way Grand Lodges in England. That was the ceremonial is very lengthy and and no adviser can make a differ- as much political as administration bewildering for the recipient and no ence. Think about a person’s as the lodges continued on their own doubt boring for many non- health. No amount of medication way. Some lodges were affiliated to participating observers in the room. will do the trick. A person has to both Grand Lodges. However, that There is a charitable aspect to the adopt a way of dealing with prob- merger caused a need for some sort organisation but tax authority regula- lems him or herself. of standardisation of the ritual. tions prevent lodges themselves be- I read a report recently in the “The Though we don’t know how “non- ing charities and earning tax ad- Square” magazine about Freema- standard” it was. The result was a vantages which were the case in NZ sonry in Austria being on the in- series of three short workings as a until recent years. In the early days crease. The author considered it a guide for lodges. of the Craft much work was done to major factor that the type of meet- assist indigent brethren and families ing and the way the lodges operat- A quote from The Duke of Sussex, which has over the decades expanded ed was conducive to the member- Grand Master of the United Grand to doing good work in local commu- ship trend being completely oppo- Lodge of England, in about 1819, is nities. site to the world-wide trend. Cere- appropriate here. There is some administration though monial forms a small proportion of “it was his opinion that so long as a but an increasing number of advisers the lodges’ activities. This mirrors Master observed exactly the Land- create more. Ritual and ceremonial the early days of Freemasonry. marks of the Craft he was at liberty form a major part of a lodge’s role This article said: to give the Lectures in the language and has done so for some 175 years. “The particular elements of the best suited to the character of the The number of meetings varies, Austrian system – weekly meetings, Lodge over which he presid- mostly monthly for formal ceremoni- regular talks followed by critical ed.” (The Lodge of Reconciliation al from 5 to 11 times a year in this discussion – could provide useful 1813-1816 and its Influence on Pre- country with rehearsal meetings enlivening elements. It is already sent-Day Ritual, by CD Rotch, 1957) about once per month. There are few apparent that ancient rituals do not if any educational meetings. There is attract younger men”. (The Square A landmark in geographical terms is provision in the book of rules allow- March 2012, Freemasonry in Aus- a visible point which cannot be re- ing lodges to set up lodges of instruc- tria – a model for the Future? By moved such as a major hill or a wa- tion where the work can be arranged Peter Hoffer). I question the word ter feature. In Freemasonry it has not as educational rather than just run- “ancient” too later in this talk. been defined other than to say that ning through a ceremony. Such a Freemasonry would not continue to lodge of instruction has to be formal- In the formative years of Free- exist if it is changed in a major way ly set up but one may question why. masonry as we know it, say early or removed. Grand Lodges do not 1700 to mid 1800s in UK, Europe officially define landmarks but ritual That apparent need for formality may and America, the three E’s were has not been considered a Masonic be a reason why such lodges of in- more important: Entertaining, landmark as it can be changed and struction are rare in NZ if any. Educational, Everyone partici- has done so over the decades though pating. Those have disappeared only by minor tweaking since the In earlier centuries the formal cere- to be replaced with the four R’s 1837 change I mention below. A monial was very short, just a matter Ritual, Regalia and Rank and question I am often asked is “What of a few minutes, but since about mid Regulations. are those landmarks we are supposed 1800s it developed to the length seen to conform to?” There is no simple today. I say more about that later. The number of members of a lodge answer to the fact that they are not was small, and most attended. Eve- defined. People ryone knew each other. Poor means Until 1837, lodge workings were Now we come to the real meaning of of transport ensured lodges were Lectures, a form of question and an- a lodge. The most important aspect is self-sufficient. There was no need swer. It was Educational, Enter- the mix of members by age, abilities, for a national body to enforce rules taining and Everyone participated. background, attitude, and chemistry and regulations or to offer outside The three E’s. Apart from those, and the constant minor evolution of advice or interference. discussion was also educational in those as people join and leave. It Meetings were held around a table that events of the day were covered sometimes depends on a driver or a with a very small amount of time such as inventions, voyages of dis- couple of them. Lodges decline and needed to perform the ritual of en- covery and probably the weather . revive according to that mix. try to the lodge or progress to high- These were freely entered into as

page 18 Harashim of introducing a member to a lodge This lodge, United Masters should two major subjects were prohibited, or progressing to a higher level. I be doing that too. religion and politics. Life was turbu- believe this change from the 3 E’s About the author: Bro Alan Bevins was lent and personal views on those sub- to the 4 R’s was the reason for the born and brought up in Lancashire to at jects could lead to disastrous conse- decline in our membership. It start- least eight generations of ironworkers, quences. Most men carried a sword. ed from 1837 or whatever subse- but spent most of his working life in the Freemasons of a wide range of views quent date a lodge took on the airline industry at London Heathrow and stations in life could discuss changes, which were probably over matters on equal terms without those Airport, which included travelling to a long period of time since commu- constraints. An obvious “levelling” many places but not NZ. He spent some nication and transport was slow. factor often missed today is that time managing staff training and later Members were taken on in greater Freemasons wore two items of cloth- project managing introduction of new numbers than were leaving but the ing which emphasised that equality; aircraft. He was initiated into a London loss of members was not noticed a white apron and white gloves. The lodge at the well-known Great Queen until the 1970s when the number of latter hid smooth or rough hands Street art-deco building of the United new members slowed down. We which would otherwise give away Grand Lodge of England. He later have restricted our target popula- the status of a member. joined a Surrey lodge and was Founding tion to those who are comfortable Master of another, reaching Provincial with ritual as a major aspect and They are the two predominant fea- rank for his trouble as also in the Royal have set a barrier to those for whom tures which link the equality of Ma- such a discipline is not a major in- Arch. He came to NZ in 1997 and joined sons of those early days and today. terest and thus we have lost the po- United Masters and other lodges. He In this lodge for very many years we tential they may have offered. was Grand Lecturer and Chairman of have worn white aprons with the ex- the National Education Committee a few ception of the Master and only he A recent quote on ritual, “It always years ago. His other hobby is genealogy. has a prefix to the title brother. That puzzles me why we want to retain emphasises the fact that rank and language which was modern hun- Alan presented this paper to his re- regalia are unimportant but education dreds of years ago, but is archaic search lodge which has generated a and research is. now. Some sentences in our ritual lot of comment. These comments So what happened in 1837? Queen literally need translating because Victoria came to the throne of the will be published in the next Hara- it’s difficult to read in the modern UK. So, was it her fault? shim. What about you, the reader. mode. Why do we put up with The answer is that the question and Do you have an opinion? If so share it?” (The Square March 2012, reg- answer procedure comprising the it with the readers of Harashim. Send ular article by Pat Streams) three degree workings was then writ- to me at [email protected] ten down in the form of ceremonies, As examples of resistance to adding a predominance of addresses change, we seem unable even to Some web sites that will inter- and a lot of walking around. The cer- correct some things which are emonial required a room with an est you. plainly wrong. Many say “fidelity” open centre for the walking parts. as in “fight” instead of as in “fit”; and “tenant” instead of “tenet”, this revision, Peter Gilkes and even though those have been point- George Claret, neither of whom went The web site mentioned in the ed out for a good number of years. to school. Thus the ritual although Presidents address can be viewed with some older words and phrases from the link below. So, in summary, our people – was couched in terms of everyday http://murrayyaxley.com/about/ members are the key to our or- spoken language of the 1830s. Es- ganisation. They should be our sentially therefore it is not the beauti- http://www.masonicworld.com/ main focus and methods of working ful language often espoused by education/ and content we should be doing to some. It is well known there are keep those members we now have some very poor examples of gram- http://issuu.com/masconicartexchange/ and to attract more of that calibre to mar. Many words are no longer used docs/masonic_odes___poems_- support good but small lodges. We _r_morris today or have a different meaning. A should be emphasising the 3 E’s good example is the word “awful”, (Entertaining, Educational and Eve- The following link is to a video presen- previously meaning full of awe or ryone participating) which stimu- tation by W Kirk MacNaulty. A writer respect, reverence or wonder. Today late human thought and interest and of three books on Masonic Symbolism. it means “bad” and is replaced by the http://vimeo.com/32267443 restrict the 4 R’s Rank, Regalia, word “awesome”. . Ritual is not a Ritual and Regulations) which re- Landmark. It is a very lengthy means strict human thought and interest. Issue 55 page 19 Harashim

The Quarterly Newsletter of the Australian & New Zealand Masonic Research Council

ISSN 1328-2735 Issue 57 October 2012

Masonic Education.

You will by now get the impression that I am a great fan of Masonic Education. It In This Issue seems to make sense to me as the more I learn about Freemasonry the more I realise how much more there is to know. I am a great fan of the concept of Mentoring, probably from Page 1 Editorial my time teaching Electrical engineering, electronics and other subjects to young people who wanted to know all about the craft that they had decided to study. Is this not what Page 2 Two of our the new Mason wants? ED. finest taken

District of Cyprus Masonic Education Programme. Page 5 Vale Bro Ken Wells. In October 2008, in keeping with current UGLE policy, The District Grand Lodge of Cy- prus Established a Masonic Education Programme for the Masonic Education of all new Page 5. Manly P members and for existing members. Hall The District Education Programme operates on three levels, Page 6 Masonic As- At level one is the District Grand Mentor. He is responsible for overseeing the Educa- tion Programme at District Level. tronomy and the Royal Arch of the At level two is the Lodge Mentor. Each Lodge in the District appoints a Lodge Mentor Heavens who is responsible for overseeing the Education Programme in his Lodge and working closely with the mentors of individual members. Page 10 Book Re-

views.

At level three are the Candidate Mentors Each prospective new member is appointed a Mentor at the time of his application for membership and this Mentor will be responsible Page 13 The Presi- for ensuring that the Education Programme is followed until it's completion when the dents Corner. member is a fully qualified Mason. Page 18 Comments

The District Grand Mentor is also responsible for : on the paper. A * Maintaining a library of Masonic Books and literature for the use of Lodges for educa- tional purposes. Lodge: A Building * Maintaining a list of lectures for the use of Lodge Mentors at Lodge or LOI Meetings. or an Organization

* Keeping the Programme current and drawing up additional Programmes as required. of People.

* Offering Advice and assistance to Lodges on Educational matters. * Holding regular Seminars to address educational issues within the District. Page 22. Items from Freemasonry Today. For further information about the District Education Programme, please e-mail. Page 24. Important The District Education Officer at [email protected] Notices

"Education, then, beyond all other devices of human origin, is the great equaliser

of the conditions of man, the balance-wheel of the social machinery" . - Horace Issue 55 page 1

About Harashim Harashim, Hebrew for Craftsmen, is a quarterly newsletter published by the Australian and New Zealand Masonic Research Council (10 Rose St, Waipawa 4210, New Zealand) in January, April, July and October each year. It is supplied to Affiliates and Associates in hard copy and/or PDF format. It is available worldwide in PDF format as an email attachment, upon application to the Asst. Secretary, [email protected]. Usually the current issue is also displayed on the website of the Grand Lodge of Tasmania http://www.freemasonrytasmania.org/. Copyright and reprinting Copyright is vested in ANZMRC and the author of any article appearing in Harashim. Affiliates and Associates are encouraged to reprint the entire newsletter (at their own expense) and circulate it to their own members, including their correspondence circles (if any) and to supply copies to public and Masonic libraries within their jurisdictions. Individual items from any issue may be reprinted by Associates and Affiliates, provided:  The item is reprinted in full;  The name of the author and the source of the article are included; and  A copy of the publication containing the reprint is sent to the editor. Anyone else wishing to reprint material from Harashim must first obtain permission from the copyright holders via the editor. Unless otherwise specified, authors submitting original work for publication in Harashim are deemed to grant permission for their work to be published also on the Internet websites of ANZMRC http//anzmrc.org and the Grand Lodge of Tasmania: http://www.freemasonrytasmania.org/. Contents Affiliate and Associate members are encouraged to contribute material for the newsletter, including:  Their lecture programs for the year;  Any requests from their members for he excelled throughout his life. He information on a research topic; TWO OF OUR FINEST was born in Devonport on 30  Research papers of more than local interest March 1928. He was educated at that merit wider publication. TAKEN Devonport High School where he The newsletter also includes news, reports from - Kent Henderson ANZMRC, book reviews, extracts from other excelled and next attended the

publications and a readers’ letters column, from Phillip Smith Teacher Training time to time. It is with great sadness that I advise College, University of Tasmania If the source of an item is not identified, it is by the death of two bastions of the editor. Opinions expressed are those of the and the University of Melbourne. Masonic research in Australia, both author of the article, and should not be attributed He graduated as a teacher with a to the Council. of whom made a substantial Material submitted for publication must be in a Bachelor of Science degree and contribution to the Australian and digitised form on a CD or DVD, or Memory then continued – gaining a stick addressed to the editor, Harvey Lovewell New Zealand Masonic Research diploma then a Bachelor of 33 Wattle Street Millaa Millaa Queensland 4886 Council – MWBro. Murray Yaxley, Australia. Or email to [email protected] Education. Murray was a strong Past Pro Grand Master (Tasmania) teacher in the sciences, but Clear illustrations, diagrams and photographic and RWBro. Ken Wells, Past especially in mathematics and prints suitable for scanning are welcome, and Deputy Grand Master most computer graphic formats are acceptable. geology – the latter remained close (Queensland). Photos of contributors (preferably not in regalia) to his heart over his lifetime. He would be useful. Contributors who require married his wife Edna (known as mailed material to be returned should include a Much of the material which follows stamped, self-addressed envelope. “Eddy”) on 12 May 1951. comes a memorial web site – http:// General correspondence murrayyaxley.com/ All other correspondence, including about Murray was quickly recognised as purchase of CDs and books, should be directed an outstanding teacher who had a to: The Secretary, ANZMRC Murray Yaxley was born both and a 10 Rose St, Waipawa 4210, deep empathy with children. He New Zealand. teacher and a contributor. In both [email protected] was appointed to schools in page 2 Harashim Queenstown (1948) and Hobart (1949 – Ocean Curriculum (1981-85). He 1955). Murray was promoted to Master Seoul, Korea – 1974-77 – compiled a set of books on of a Subject Department (Science and appointed by UNESCO to work Antarctica. While working on this Mathematics 1956 – 1960). He next with the Korean Ministry of project he travelled to Macquarie was appointed to more significant Education and UNICEF to bring Island to gain firsthand experience. leadership positions in schools as about changes in science curricula His curriculum work was of such a Deputy Headmaster at Taroona High and teaching methods which had high standard that he was always (1961); Hobart High (1962-63) and previously relied on rote learning. given the difficult or sensitive Rose Bay High (1964). He was clearly An important aspect was to oversee problems and never failed to achieve a skilled and respected professional the establishment of a factory, excellent results. person on the move and was appointed funded by UNICEF and the Korean Following this position he was Foundation Headmaster of Rosetta Teachers’ Mutual Fund for the appointed: High School from 1965 to 1969. At that manufacture of equipment for use  Project Personnel Officer time he was one of the youngest in school laboratories. Kaduna, (Recruitment) (1985 – 89) and later headmasters appointed in Tasmania. In Nigeria – 1977-79 – Leader of the Project Manager (Commonwealth education Murray initiated many Science Education Team, Funded Special Projects) 1989 – 92 aspects of school life, including – established within a new National He represented the Tasmanian school uniforms different from the then Teachers Institute charged with Education Department on a number ‘norms’, School Council of Students producing text and other teaching of National and State committees replacing ‘Prefect Boards’, traditional aids that could be used nationwide preparing for the educational term exams were replaced by on a distance education basis, to components of Australia’s 1988 progressive testing and he regarded modernise the teaching in Bicentennial Celebrations. children more as individuals. He government schools. A former Deputy-Director of introduced a link with overseas students Freetown, Sierra Leone – 1980 – Education in Tasmania, Bryce Ward at this school. Murray, as expected, appointed Consultant to the AM, said of Murray, “… He was a fulfilled the role successfully with skill Curriculum Branch of the Sierra highly respected teacher and and ability and leadership qualities. Leone Education Department for educational leader who did much to Because of this new educational the purpose of revising the develop science teaching as it grew environment created by Murray, school secondary General Science texts from a narrow Physics and leaders from around Tasmania quickly with particular reference to Chemistry dominated curriculum flocked to Rosetta High School to Environmental Science and through the Sputnik age to the observe these successful innovations. Population Science. Huangshan, diverse offerings that we have today. China – 1981 – appointed He held the torch which showed the Murray Yaxley has always shared a Consultant on Teacher Education way.” wider vision of professional service. for a UNICEF sponsored national His interests in society, and especially conference of teacher educators In 1952, insightfully, he saw the education, resulted in him (in today’s from all provinces of China. benefits that could come from a terms) being ‘head hunted’ for Hitherto teacher education had ‘subject-centred’ teacher appointment as a Science Consultant been along traditional lines with organisation for science teachers and Government advisor to the emphasis on chalk and talk. The from both government and non- prestigious United Nations. Murray thrust of this conference was to government schools. He convened a therefore took extended leave from the point out the need for teachers to meeting and by so doing founded Education Department in Tasmania expand their own learning The Science Teachers’ Association from 1969 until 1981 and worked for experiences in terms of studying of Tasmania UNESCO and UNICEF in: the psychological characteristics It was quickly recognised as a Mahasarakham, Thailand – 1969 -70 – and needs of children and their own professional organisation that he was invited by UNESCO to work understanding of some of the provided benefits such as in-service with another UNESCO Adviser and a philosophical aspects of education. training for teachers. It was not long group of local educators in four When the UN suggested to Murray before his initiative was followed teachers’ Cclleges in NE Thailand with that Kabul was needing his skills, whereby other such organisations a view to improving teacher training, Edna decided that Tasmania was were formed by teachers of English, with particular reference to looking very attractive! Mathematics, Music, Special Mathematics and Science. Bangkok, Education and Art. Positions held Thailand- 1971-73 – at this time the On returning to Tasmania in 1981, were: Science Education Improvement following a consultancy with the Project was a national project involving  Secretary 1952-61, The Science United Nations, he rejoined the Teachers’ Association of Tasmania a large team of international advisers Education Department and was  President 1963, The Science and local educators. The work involved appointed as Curriculum Officer-in Teachers’ Association of Tasmania curriculum and textbook development -Charge of Antarctic and Southern as well as teacher refresher courses. Issue 55 page 3  President 1963, Australian As seen from the details above, he personally, serving as Secretary of Science Teachers’ Association. had a deep interest in PROBUS and the ANZMRC during his long  Life Member STAT 1970. in 1993 was invited by the then Presidency. Indeed, his personal District Governor of Rotary Masonic profile did much to  Life Member ASTA 2002 International to be Chairman of the enhance the reputation of the (presented by Dr Peter Doherty, PROBUS Committee for Rotary ANZMRC and the organization Nobel Laureate) International District 9830 – which today would be a much lesser one  He was invited to become a in effect is ‘Tasmania’. This but for his contributions. I last saw member of the Tasmanian Chapter of position he held until he resigned in Murray in February this year when the Australian College of Education 2006. he was in Melbourne attending a in 1962. He held the positions of He instituted: lodge installation. In short, he was Secretary, Tasmania Chapter 1965 –  An annual meeting of the one of the finest men I have ever 69 and 1982 – 87. principal office bearers of the met. He made a massive  He was twice elected to national southern Tasmanian clubs which contribution to society and truly, he Council for two year terms at enabled better liaison between was an ornament to Freemasonry. national elections PROBUS Clubs. Murray died peacefully on 24 May  National Vice President of the  He acted as resource person for 2012, aged 84 years. Australian College 1985-86 the clubs, and acted as the principal  Fellow of the College 1981 link between Tasmanian PROBUS I knew RWBro. Kenneth George In 1993 he was awarded the Clubs and the PROBUS central William Wells, Past Deputy Grand ‘Margaret Record Award’ for office in Sydney. Master (Queensland) somewhat less than I knew Murray Yaxley. Outstanding Service by the  This was no small task, he However, Ken also made a great Tasmanian Chapter of the College. being responsible for the progress contribution to Masonic Research. and prosperity of an organisation He was secretary of our ANZMRC- Murray was invited to join the catering for some 4,500 active affiliate in Brisbane – Barron Barnet Glenorchy Rotary Club in 1966. Not retired persons. The clubs under his Lodge – for a great many years. He content with simple membership he jurisdiction flourished, assisted by served a term as a Vice President of formed an Interact Club (junior his guidance. the ANZMRC, and was Kellerman Rotary) for school students at In both Probus and Rotary, Murray Lecturer for Queensland in both Rosetta High School and used it to has shown a concern and absolute 1992 and 1996. He retired from interest students in charitable, commitment to the people who Brisbane to Kilcoy in recent years, community and global activities. He make up the organisations. He was and it was there he passed away visited Rotary Clubs in Bangkok and always ‘people centred’, and that peacefully on 8 June 2012 – aged 87 became an active Rotarian in both was his innate strength. years. the Seoul Rotary Club in Korea Murray was, of course, an

(1974-77) and the Kaduna Rotary outstanding Freemason. His Both Murray and Ken truly lived Club (1977-79) in Nigeria. He was contribution to Tasmanian respected, and die most regretted – bulletin editor for both clubs. In 1981 Freemasonry was recognised by but their contributions to he joined the Rotary Club of North two rare awards (which he is seen Freemasonry in general, and Hobart and chaired each of the major wearing in the accompanying Masonic Research in particular, will Club Committees several times, and photo): the Grand Master’s Order continued to serve as Treasurer. live on well into the future. of Honour (the small blue ribbon and jewel around his neck) and the Kenneth George William WELLS Rotary International: rank of Past Pro Grand Master (the  He was elected President 1992– WELLS, Kenneth George William Late emblems on the chain and apron). of Gregors Creek. Formerly of Wavell 93 during which term he was Heights. Passed away peacefully on 8th instrumental in forming the He served as President of the June, 2012. Aged 87 Years Beloved following clubs: Australian and New Zealand Husband of Val. Loved Father and  Salamanca Rotary Club Masonic Research Council from Father-in-law of Clive and Jill. Loved  North Hobart Probus Club 1996 to 2002, and was twice Grandfather of Averil, Brittany, and selected to represent Tasmania as David. Family of Kevin and Michelle  Murray served as Treasurer of White, Darryl and Deb White, Sonya the club from 2005 -2008. Kellerman Lecturer (in 1996 and jointly with Max Linton in 2004), and Peter Rule, and their Families.  New Town – Lenah Valley Relatives and Friends are respectfully and was made a Fellow of the Probus Club invited to attend a Celebration of Ken's Council in 2002 for his contribution Life, on Friday, 15th June, 2012, at 11  Hobart Macquarie Probus Club to Masonic Research. He was named and honoured as a a.m., in St Mary's Anglican Church, 67 Williams Street, Kilcoy, following to Paul Harris Fellow – 17 June, 1994. I knew Murray very well Kilcoy Cemetery.

page 4 Harashim In 1928, at the age of 27 years, knowledge of the Divine Plan. Here Vale RWBro Kenneth George Manly P Hall published The Secret William Wells in the lurid turmoil of a great Teachings of All Ages: An industrial, political, commercial Ken was born on November 11 1924 in Encyclopedic Outline of Masonic, inferno, men writhe in self-inflicted England. He served in the Royal Air Hermetic, Qabbalistic and agony and, reaching out into the Force in World War II and came to Rosicrucian Symbolical Philosophy Australia after the War ended. He had swirling mists, strive to clutch and many jobs but ended up as a Statistician. The following is from Manly P hold the grotesque phantoms of He was Barron Barnett Lodge’s longest Hall’s work The Secret Teachings success and power Ignorant of the serving member, having joined in of all Ages. The Conclusion p cause of life, ignorant of the purpose January 1974. He was Secretary of the 201.You can view this work here. Lodge from November of that year until of life, ignorant of what lies beyond

November 2008, 34 years. He was a the mystery of death, yet possessing Trustee of the Lodge from 1988 until http://www.sacred-texts.com/eso/sta/ within himself the answer to it all, 2008. Despite many efforts from index.htm man is willing to sacrifice the members he could not be talked into Philosophy bestows life in that it serving as Master. beautiful, the true, and the good reveals the dignity and purpose of within and without upon the blood- He was initiated into Remembrance living. Materiality bestows death in stained altar of worldly ambition. Lodge No 362 on 13 February 1953. He that it benumbs or clouds those joined Zillmere Lodge 468 in 1958, The world of philosophy–that faculties of the human soul which became a member of Northgate beautiful garden of thought wherein should be responsive to the Remembrance when Remembrance the sages dwell in the bond of surrendered its warrant in 2005, enlivening impulses of creative fraternity–fades from view. In its Hopetoun Lodge 172 in 2007. He served thought and ennobling virtue. How in Grand Lodge as Steward, Senior place rises an empire of stone, steel, inferior to these standards of Deacon, Deputy Grand Director of smoke, and hate-a world in which Ceremonies and Junior Grand Warden remote days are the laws by which millions of creatures potentially between 1968 and 1977 and had the men live in the twentieth century! conferred rank of Past Assistant Grand human scurry to and fro in the

Master in 1982 and Past Deputy Grand desperate effort to exist and at the Master in 1994. He served as Master of Today man, a sublime creature with same time maintain the vast Zillmere Lodge in 1968 and infinite capacity for self- Remembrance Lodge in 1979. He was institution which they have erected improvement, in an effort to be true awarded a 40 year service jewel in 1993 and which, like some mighty, and a 50 year jewel in 2003. His first to false standards, turns from his juggernaut, is rumbling inevitably charity jewel Life Governor was birthright of understanding–without towards an unknown end. In this presented in 1962, elevated to Life Vice realizing the consequences–and President in 1968, to Life Vice Patron in physical empire, which man erects plunges into the maelstrom of 1980 from Zillmere Lodge and to Life in the vain belief that he can Patron in 1996 from Remembrance material illusion. The precious span outshine the kingdom of the Lodge. of his earthly years he devotes to celestials, everything is changed to the pathetically futile effort to He was active in other Orders, joining stone, Fascinated by the glitter of Burstow Royal Arch Chapter in April establish himself as an enduring gain, man gazes at the Medusa-like 1956 and remained a member until it power in a realm of unenduring face of greed and stands petrified. closed in 2005. He achieved the rank of things. Gradually the memory of Past Deputy First Grand Principal in the Order. He was also a member of the his life as a spiritual being vanishes In this commercial age science is Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite for from his objective mind and he rd concerned solely with the Australia having attained the 33 focuses all his partly awakened classification of physical knowledge Degree. He was a member of Brisbane and investigation of the temporal Sovereign Council and from 2001 for 5 faculties upon the seething beehive years was the District Commander for of industry which he has come to and illusionary parts of Nature. Its so -called practical discoveries bind Brisbane North and North Coast. He consider the sole actuality. From held the rank of Sovereign Grand man but more tightly with the bonds Inspector General. the lofty heights of his Selfhood he of physical limitation, Religion, too, slowly sinks into the gloomy has become materialistic: the beauty Ken was in failing health in latter years depths of ephemerality. He falls to and dignity of faith is measured by and a fall early this year hastened the the level of the beast, and in brutish huge piles of masonry, by tracts of decline of his health. He passed away on real estate, or by the balance sheet. fashion mumbles the problems 8 June 2012 in the Palliative Care Unit at Kilcoy Hospital. arising from his all too insufficient

Issue 55 page 5 his paper was presented to the Barron Barnett Lodge of Research No 146 on the roll of the United Grand Lodge of Queensland on the 16th of May 2012 as the Ken Wells Commemorative Address and was presented by Bro David Cook.

Masonic Astronomy and the Royal Arch of the Heavens

Brethren, the roll of the workmen has been called, and one Master Mason has not answered to his name. He has laid down the working tools of the Craft and with them he has left that mortal part for which he no longer has use.

His labours here below have taught him to divest his heart and conscience of the vices and superfluities of life, thereby fitting his mind as a living stone for that spiritual building -- that house not made with hands, eternal in the heavens.

Our Brother Ken passed to the Celestial Grand Lodge on the 8th of June 2012

This address is dedicated to his memory.

The Seven Liberal Arts

Every Freemason around the globe is familiar with the Seven Liberal Arts and Sciences which, in Queensland, are first briefly encountered near the end of the Charge After Initiation on the night a man becomes a Mason.

For the rest of our Masonic life we hear and see both subtle, and not so subtle, references to the Seven Liberal Arts and Sciences made up of the; Trivium (Tri Via, 3 roads or paths) which Earth concerns the study of language i.e. - Grammar, 87° - Rhetoric, - Logic, and the Quadrivium (Quad Rivium 4 Streams) which

concerns the study of numbers i.e. - Arithmetic (relationships between numbers), 3° - Geometry (numbers in space), - Music (numbers in time), Sun - Astronomy (numbers in space and time). Astronomy and Geometry, have ever been held in high esteem by Freemasons and since time immemorial, Geometry has been recognised as the foundation of Astronomy.

The earliest examples of Geometry being used in Astronomy come from ancient Babylon around 3000BCE. Both the Babylonians and Egyptians were using the formula we know as the 47th problem of Euclid (c300BCE) at least 1500 years before Pythagoras (570-495BCE).

There are records from around 300BCE that Aristarchus used trigonometry and the 47th problem to estimate the size of and distance to the Sun and the Moon. Around 250BCE, Eratosthenes used Geometry and the 47th problem to calculate the circumference of the Earth and the tilt of the Earth’s axis. Elements of Astronomy are shown, alluded to, or mentioned at almost every step of our Masonic journey from EA to the final degree in every Masonic order. Why is Astronomy considered such an important part of Freemasonry?

This paper is one Brother’s interpretation based on his comprehension, and I ask you to accept that while others may comprehend things differently, we are all likely to be correct.

T page 6 Harashim

the “Seven Planets” of old. to the sunrise on the day of longest Astronomy These Astronomical symbols have daylight, the Summer Solstice. remained unchanged for centuries, and Let us begin by reviewing the etymology are also used in many esoteric studies, The corner of the most Light; the corner of two words relating to this liberal Alchemy and Astrology. between the Darkness of the North and Science; Why Astronomy? Astrology Our investigation begins by referring to Albert Gallatin Mackey’s 1873 Astronomy Encyclopaedia of Freemasonry, which says: The word Astrology is from the Latin “With Astronomy the system Astra meaning stars, and the Greek of Freemasonry is intimately Logos meaning word, study of, or connected. Many of having to do with. Masonry’s symbols and emblems come from The word Astronomy uses the Greek Astronomy. The Lodge room Nomia meaning law of, knowledge of, itself is symbolic of the world, or facts about. and it is adorned with symbols representing the sun and Astronomy, the “knowledge of the moon whose regularity and stars” came to be used during the 1600s precision provides a lesson to as a description of calculating and the initiate. The pillars of foretelling the movements of the strength and establishment, heavenly bodies; in other words, and the spheres of the heavenly divination. terrestrial and the celestial From about this same time, the word demonstrate the connection of Astrology, the “study of the stars”, Freemasonry with the heaven became more aligned with earthly and earth, God and man.” divination, or fortune telling. the Light of the East. Consider for a moment, the number of A quick look at some of the other words times you have seen or heard overt The second time our new brother we will encounter. references to astronomical bodies in Entered Apprentice attends lodge, and Planet comes from the Greek Asteres our meetings. When you delve a little witnesses the opening ceremony for the Planetai = wandering stars deeper into our rituals, you will also first time, he hears that the three find many subtle or even covert principal officers mark the Sun at its Solstice comes from the Latin Sol = sun, references to astronomy. meridian in the south, mark the setting Stiti = stand, or stand still. The overt references begin very early Sun in the west, and he hears that the Equinox comes from the Latin Aequus in the Masonic journey. Within Master is placed in the position of the = equal or level, Nox = night. rising Sun, the source of Light, to employ and instruct the brethren in Freemasonry. Next, he sees the Sun, the Moon and seven stars as the First is   ⊕ ♃ ♄ ☿ ♂ ♁ displayed. And either at that meeting or Mercu- Earth soon thereafter, he receives the Lecture Sun Moon Mars Venus Jupiter Saturn ry on the First Tracing Board. In the First Tracing Board Lecture are Zodiac comes from the Latin Zodiacus, minutes of completing his obligation descriptions of the Sun and Moon as which in turn came from the Greek and being introduced to the Three messengers of the heavens, the Temple Zodiakos meaning circle of animals; the Great Lights, the new Entered of the Universe being crowned with same Greek root as the English word Apprentice hears the first clear stars “as a diadem”, the covering of the Zoo. astronomical statement. I am Lodge being a celestial canopy, the referring, of course, to the three Lesser starry firmament being depicted by In modern western society any mention Lights, the Sun, the Moon, and the seven stars, The Blazing Star refers us to of the Zodiac immediately suggests Master of the Lodge. the Sun whose benign influence Astrology, or fortune telling. After being tested and invested, our dispenses its blessings, the tessellated Astronomers however, would be quick new brother encounters the first covert border referring us to the Planets to point out that the Zodiac is, in fact, reference to Astronomy, and it is not forming a skirt work around the Sun. the most important group of heavenly something he hears, but where he is bodies, the one that all other astronomy placed, in the North East corner of his Never forget that this last part about the uses as a reference. intended structure. The NE is (in the Planets was written not very long after northern hemisphere) the corner of the Giordano Bruno was burned at the stake Below are the symbols used by building that sees the first rays of the for suggesting that the planets went Astronomers to represent the Earth and sun, the corner of the building closest around the Sun instead of the Earth.

page 7 Harashim During the First Degree, we learn that studying the heavens comes from cave *Despite modern misunderstanding, the the Masonic Lodge is situated due East paintings dated from about 25,000 word Esoteric simply means designed to, or and West, it is boundless or without BCE where Lunar cycles were being likely to be understood by only a small limit, and its covering is no less than the recorded. number of people with a specialized knowledge or interest. clouded canopy by day and the starry decked heavens by night. It is apparent The records of the Babylonian This was one of the key teachings of from the position, the form, the observations from around 2500 BCE the Mystery Schools from which dimensions, and the principal officers, showed that humans in that region had Freemasonry is often said to have that the Lodge is meant to represent the been methodically recording the descended. entire solar system, with a particular movements of the fixed stars and the interest in the Sun. Astronomical wandering stars (planets) over at least For the sake of convention, all further references continue through the three the previous 4,000 years. That’s over Astronomical references will be from degrees, and beyond – well beyond. 8500 years ago! the point of view of the northern While we in Australia “square the hemisphere. lodge”, in many other jurisdictions this In general, historians seem to agree is expressly forbidden. that the key driver for humans to understand the heavens was the The path of the Sun: The Ecliptic To quote from the ritual of my Mother change to an agricultural society and We all know that the equator of the Lodge within the jurisdiction of the the need to be able to accurately earth is tilted at 23½° from its path United Grand Lodges of Germany; predict the changing seasons to ensure around the Sun and this tilt is what “During circumambulation, processions successful harvests and therefore their gives us our seasons. must always proceed clockwise around survival. the Lodge, taking care NOT to square Viewed from Earth, the Sun appears to the corners. Movement should be Our ancestors recognized that there move along an orbit called the plane of elliptical or circular.” The brethren are were four critical moments during the ecliptic which makes the sun here reminded that they symbolically each year that they needed to follow the path of the Sun which, from recognise and be able to predict. an earthly point of view, travels in an These times are; ellipse. when the Sun reaches its strongest on the longest day of the year, the Many Lodges around the world have the Summer Solstice; Sun and moon hanging or painted on the wall behind the Master in the East, when the Sun is at its weakest on the or stars painted on the ceiling, or even shortest day of the year, the Winter miniature lights in the ceiling to imitate Solstice; and a starry night. the midpoint between the solstices when the day and night are equal, the We come across many Astronomical Autumnal Equinox and the Vernal symbols and devices in Freemasonry Equinox (Spring Equinox). including the zodiac. For example, each of the three buildings that have been It was during the weeks following constructed in Great Queen Street as the these four annual events, that it was home of the UGLE, has conspicuously critical to human survival to take displayed a huge zodiac on the ceiling. certain actions; planting, harvesting,

storing food for the winter. In true Masonic fashion, none of the astronomical references are ever fully The knowledge of how to accurately explained in our Rituals, but are left for predict these times was a mystery the individual Mason to study and communicated to the chief priests or understand in his own way and in his Magi alone who kept this knowledge own time. secret simply because it gave them power. The wondrous beauty of Masonic learning is that it allows every man to They used myths and stories that were learn in a way that is “within the common knowledge amongst the compass of his attainments” and reach people (exoteric) and were retold and his own conclusions in the light of his passed on from generation to own beliefs, values, education and generation. When these stories were appear to rise and set at different places interests. It also means that there are explained in a different way, an on the horizon over the course of the many individual interpretations of esoteric* way, those with the right year. almost every paragraph, picture and instruction could use them to symbol within Freemasonry. understand and predict the movements As we view the rising Sun throughout Earliest Records in the heavens. the year, it first travels north to the The earliest evidence of humans Tropic of Cancer and stands still

page 8 Harashim (Solstice) at the maximum northern find the constellations of the zodiac mount Olympus, and many Gods had declination for 3 days from the 21st to circle of animals. This thin band of twelve sons rd the 23 of June. sky is divided into twelve segments of The Zoroastrians had twelve 30° each, with one constellation commanders of light, light being a The Sun then begins its migration contained, or at least mostly contained, symbol for the Sun southward to the Autumnal Equinox in within each segment. September, keeps travelling southward Pythagoras taught that the number to the Tropic of Capricorn where it lies As far as we know, the concept of the twelve had a divine, profound dead for 3 days from 22nd to 24th of zodiac evolved from Sumerian and mystical meaning December at its maximum southern Babylonian astronomy, and was later Jacob, AKA Israel, had twelve sons declination. influenced by the Egyptians and There were twelve tribes of Israel Greeks. The Romans gave the Then the Sun moves northward again constellations the Latin names we Mithras had twelve disciples until it reaches the Vernal Equinox and know them by today. Christ had twelve disciples the cycle recommences. There are twelve days of Christmas The four most important times of the From a very early time the twelve year, the cardinal points of the Solstices zodiac constellations became fairly The Shiite Muslims list twelve ruling and Equinoxes, are marked by four First standardised in western and middle Imams following Muhammad Magnitude stars. eastern civilisations. They were so There are twelve notes in the musical In writings from around 3000 BCE, important to agriculture and navigation scale (Western music descended from Zarathustra called these four stars the that they have remained remarkably Pythagoras) unchanged for over 5000 years despite Royal Stars. There are 12 inches in a foot During the course of a year, each of travelling across many different these stars is dominant in the night sky languages and cultures. At the equinoxes, there are twelve hours for around three months and one can of day and twelve hours of night. estimate the season by correctly But why twelve constellations?* The Hindu Sun Deity Surya has twelve identifying the dominant star. Why not ten or some other number? names, twelve mantras, and rides Humans like patterns because they help *Constellation for the Latin Con = across the sky in his chariot drawn by us to understand things, help us to Together with, and Stella = Stars. seven horses who represent seven remember things, and help us to teach The Number Twelve colours (rainbow) and seven chakras. them to others. So it was natural that The number twelve has since time Hercules had twelve labours our ancestors looked for patterns to help immemorial been a highly respected correctly identify the Royal Stars. and highly practical number. It is the Arthur had twelve knights at his Round lowest number divisible by more than Table Our ancestors imagined shapes between two factors. Eleven is a prime number, Twelve is the product of 3 and 4; and around these stars to look like ten only has two factors being five and Triangle and Square; Spirit and creatures that then became a part of the two, nine only the factor of three, eight Matter; Divine and Human stories and myths that enabled them to only two and four, seven is a prime Twelve is the sum of 5 and 7; Life and be remembered and passed on. number, six only two and three, and Good Fortune five is a prime number. You get the They filled the path of the planets with idea. In several early cultures, twelve was the these imaginary shapes or constellations. Ed Note. It is suspected that ancient man number of perfection They naturally concentrated their with one hand and using his thumb to count imaginations on that band of the sky can count to twelve by pointing his thumb While many groups, such as the early at each bone on the four fingers of his hand where the Wandering Stars travelled; on Gnostics, understood the allegory of the giving twelve. Then using each of the five twelve disciples of Mithras to be or near the path of the Sun, or the fingers on the other hand count to 60. symbolic of the journey of the sun ecliptic. Twelve, however, divides into six, throughout the year, other groups four, three, and two, giving it a wide understood the allegories literally and On a band of sky which lies roughly 8° range of practical uses where there is a believed in twelve actual people. The either side of the Ecliptic is where we need to divide things up into whole timeless symbol of the One and his numbers, from the compass rose to Twelve has featured in myths and calendars to clocks to weights and stories as long as man has told them. measures. As a result, people in We see it in Moses and the twelve tribes general, and mathematicians in seeking the promised land, in Hercules particular, tend to get excited about the and his twelve labours, in Mithras and number twelve and apparently they his twelve disciples, in King Arthur and always have done. his twelve Knights of the Round Table, The Sumerian government was always and in the stories of Robin Hood and his composed of twelve people twelve merry men; The Babylonians used the number Continued page 14. twelve for calendars and times The Greeks imagined twelve Gods on

Issue 55 page 9 tered by African Lodge of Boston, the change of name occurring no earlier than 1818. Bro Bey describes the lodge as having a rich history, well document- ed since 1812, and goes on to state (pp23–4): Boyer Lodge was an outspoken, Book Reviews political Lodge in the early to mid- 19th century. It was very much involved in the needs and strug- gles of the black community and state of New York. society as a whole. She used all of The author is well known among her resources such as newspapers, Masonic researchers. Born in New pamphlets and periodicals, to get York in 1967, to parents of Carib- its message across. bean origin (Dominican and Puerto Rican), he changed his name from The inference is that the lodge was ac- Juan Rentas to Ezekiel Mu’Akil tive in the ‘Underground Railroad’ sys- Bey. In 1990 he was initiated in tem to aid runaway slaves, and in the Mecca Lodge #1, the principal pros and cons of migration to Liberia lodge of a spurious New York and Haiti, among other issues. body, Mecca Grand Lodge. When Until recently, it has been generally he realised that his organisation accepted that in 1845 Boyer Lodge was bogus, he successfully peti- joined with other lodges in forming tioned Cornerstone Lodge #37 un- Boyer . This der the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of was challenged by Alton Roundtree in New York. He declined a ‘short- The Untold Truth (2011) on the basis form’ healing and insisted on full that there is no (documentary) mention initiation, passing and raising, to of such a Grand Lodge prior to the state- become a regular Freemason in ment of the discredited William Grim- 1997. shaw in 1903. Ezekiel Bey, after a fur- ther survey, and references to discus- He continued to research and study, sions with Joseph Walkes, Ralph joined the Phylaxis Society, the Ohio- McNeal and others in 2004/5, concurs based Wesley Masonic Research Soci- provisionally that there is no evidence of ety and several research and discussion the erection of Boyer Grand Lodge. The e-lists, formed his own PHA-only e- origin of the present Prince Hall Grand list, and contributed to PHA and other Lodge of New York can be traced to the Masonic magazines and newspapers, establishment in 1848 of the United including the philalethes, Phylaxis, Grand Lodge of New York by four lodg- Masonic Globe, Masonic Voice, Prince es headed by Boyer Lodge. Hall Sentinel (NY) and Prince Hall Bro Bey then reviews the participa- Masonic Digest (DC). He served on his tion of New York brethren in the for- Grand Lodge’s education committee, mation of the National (Compact) Grand edited its magazine, and was for sever- Lodge, concluding that the representa- The Hour Glass: al years its Grand Historian. With the tives of Boyer Lodge acted beyond their African American Freemasonry in the late Joseph Walkes as his mentor, he remit, and that the formation of a Na- State of New York, was appointed to the four-man Phylax- tional Grand Lodge was contrary to Ma- is Society Commission on Bogus Ma- 1812–2012 sonic jurisprudence. When Boyer Lodge sonic Practices. Bro Bey is now a Fel- and the other three lodges (Celestial, low of the Phylaxis Society, and his Rising Sun and Hiram) formed the Unit- Ezekiel M Bey work on the Commission, published on ed Grand Lodge of New York in 1848, a the website and in magazines, is highly Self-pub, New York 2012 minority of the members of those lodges regarded. pb 14x21.5 cm, xii + 122 pp broke away and in 1850 formed Union The Hour Glass is not a definitive b&w illos, index, bibliography Grand Lodge of New York, with a char- history of Boyer Lodge, nor of the ISBN 978-1-4675-3130-6 ter from the National Grand Lodge. In Prince Hall Grand Lodge of New US$20 + $6 p&h from author, 1877 Union Grand Lodge quit the Na- York, but contains elements of both. It 101-59 126th St, Richmond Hill NY tional Grand Lodge and merged with begins with background information 11419, USA, or . United Grand Lodge. In 1919 the United on Jean Pierre Boyer, the Haitian A lodge at work for two hundred years is Grand Lodge changed its name to the revolution, the New York—Haiti con- a glorious achievement, and this attrac- Prince Hall Grand Lodge of New York. nection, and the migration of some free tively presented book is published in Chapter 7 is titled ‘National Grand Black Americans to Haiti. Boyer time to celebrate the 200th birthday of Lodge Dissolved’ and comprises ex- Lodge of New York began life in 1812 Boyer Lodge, and thus two centuries of tracts from the Chicago Daily Tribune as African Lodge of New York, char- African American Freemasonry in the of September 1877, reporting on a page 10 Harashim ‘National Convention of Colored Ma- Research of New York (1944–1946); Brother Bey is the first of them to do so. He is to be commended for his research, sons’, together with additional quota- the inside story of its birth and early for his devotion to Prince Hall Masonry, tions in support of the traditional PHA demise, and perhaps something on the and for taking the time to complete a stance that the current National Grand attempt by Bro Terrance Williams to volume such as this while committed to Lodge lacks continuity with the original resurrect it fifty years later, would have all his other activities. body, which was itself unlawfully been of great interest. I respectfully concur with Bro Wil- formed. The third biographical chapter is liams. It is a book worthy of a place The next two chapters relate to titled ‘The Jazz Master and the Ma- in every library, Grand Lodge or ‘bogus’ Masonic bodies in New York, a son’. No, it is not about Louis Arm- personal, that has a section on Prince state where they proliferate and are more strong, who was not a Mason, and Hall Masonry. I trust that it will be than a mere nuisance to genuine African there never was a Montgomery followed by other books from this American Masons. In the 1950s and Lodge in the jurisdiction of the author, and that they will include the 1960s it became clear to the Prince Hall Prince Hall Grand Lodge of New definitive histories of Boyer Lodge Grand Lodge of New York that its mem- York! It is about Samuel David and the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of bers were greatly outnumbered by bogus Bailey (1926—), not as famous as New York, displaying copies of rele- organisations, to the extent that the Satchmo but a competent drummer vant documents and the healthy Prince Hall Grand Lodge instituted law- who played with Herbie Jones, scepticism of the careful researcher suits to close down these bogus bodies. Johnny Hodges, Charlie Mingus, he emulates. Make it soon, my broth- Lawsuits, even successful ones, proved Art Farmer, Ben Webster, Clark er, because I grow older each day. expensive, and did not solve the prob- Terry, Lee Konitz, Gerry Mulligan lem. Bro Bey includes an article by Jo- and Bob Brookmeyer among many Tony Pope seph Walkes on the subject of bogus others. David’s father had been a Masonry (2004), and a list of such or- ‘Buffalo Soldier’ in the 10th Caval- M Halleran, The Better Angels of Our ganisations in New York (from the early ry, and in 1943/4 David joined the Nature – Freemasonry in the Ameri- research of Harry Williamson, and later US Army Air Force and was com- can Civil War, Uni of Alabama, 2010; investigation on behalf of the Phylaxis missioned as a pilot. After the war 229pp, incl index, biblio; $29.95 (US). Society), together with extensive notes he found it impossible to get a job on what is known about them. with an airline but later became a The manifold connections be- These are followed by pen portraits of certified flight instructor and com- tween Freemasonry and the military, three New York Masons and two chap- mercial pilot. In the meantime, he whether regular, press-ganged or volun- ters of information about the Prince Hall studied music and became an active teer, go well beyond the accounts of Grand Lodge. Freemason. He was initiated in travelling regimental lodges, so beloved Arthur Schomburg (1874–1938) mi- Boyer Lodge in 1952, studied under by mainstream scholars from the time of grated from Puerto Rico in 1891 and was Harry Williamson, served as Mas- RF Gould. To come to grips with just initiated the following year in El Sol de ter of Boyer Lodge in 1987 and one element of the whole, Michael Hal- Cuba Lodge #38, the first Spanish- 1988, and then was appointed Dis- leran has in this concise and forthright language lodge chartered by what is now trict Deputy Grand Master. account focused on the years of the the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of New The renaming of a section of 155th American Civil War, 1861-1865.This York. This lodge was renamed Prince Street in Harlem in 2004 as Prince Hall allows him to considerably narrow the Hall Lodge #38 in 1914. Bro Schomburg Plaza gives the author an opportunity context, and to imply the American ex- served as Grand Secretary from 1918 to to provide further facts about the perience was somehow unique and self- 1926, but is best known for his extensive Grand Lodge, perhaps even to com- contained: collection of books and memorabilia ment on contemporary events, but it More than any other conflict, the relating to Black history. It became the proves a slip. However, the final chap- American Civil War was a war be- basis for the Schomburg Center for Re- ter, with a list of all the lodges ever tween brother Masons. (p.49) search in Black Culture in the New York chartered by this Grand Lodge, togeth- Yet, it is sufficiently curious a fact for Public Library, and he was appointed er with date of issue of the charter and me to point out that, for reasons not yet curator of this collection. other useful data, provides more infor- unexplained, Masons in various parts of Harry Williamson (1875–1965) was mation for the careful reader. For ex- the world, were, at the same time, publi- initiated in Mount Olive Lodge #2 in ample, he can discover that nine of the cally debating the morality of Masonic 1904, served as Grand Secretary for four 136 charters were for lodges in other involvement in the military, including years from 1910, as Grand Historian states of the USA (California, Connect- how the Order should respond to the from 1911 to 1924, and Deputy Grand icut, Georgia, New Jersey and North period’s surge of interest in citizen- Master from 1918 to 1921. He was a Carolina), plus five in Canada (Nova initiated militia. Just one example, taken prolific writer, perhaps best known for Scotia and Ontario), four in the Baha- from an English periodical: his history of the Grand Lodge 1845– mas, and nine elsewhere in the Carib- Some outsiders, from a consideration 1910 and his Prince Hall Primer (1925), bean (Barbados, Dominica, Guyana, St that many thousands of brethren and a fierce opponent of bogus Masonry. Maarten and St Lucia). swell the ranks of the volunteer His opposition to the claim of legitimacy In his preface to The Hour Glass, force, now leagued together for the by the National Grand Lodge provides a John Williams, President of the Phy- purpose of acquiring a knowledge of handy peg for Bro Bey to expound fur- laxis Society, writes: the art of war, have questioned ther on this topic. It is unfortunate that I have been encouraging members of whether, in so doing, Craftsmen are no mention is made of another of Bro the Phylaxis Society’s Joseph A. acting quite in unison with the spirit Williamson’s achievements, the estab- Walkes Jr. Commission on Bogus Ma- of Freemasonry, whose mission is lishment of the Prince Hall Lodge of sonic Practices to publish works such as this, and it is gratifying to see that Issue 55 page 11 prominently held forth to be one of or spurious. and in his ambition and allows himself UNIVERSAL BROTHERHOOD AND Importantly, though still confining to stretch out and encompass the larger PEACE. [emphases in original] himself within the limits of the USA thesis for which this book is an introduc- It would seem that it is from the and those five years, he goes on to tion, albeit an intriguing and very worth- period, 1850’s-1860’s, that stories first contextualise a broader field of en- while one. began to emerge of Masonic communi- quiry. His subsequent six chapters pur- Bro Dr Bob James, Newcastle. cation across battle-lines, usually of port to show that: August, 2012. stricken soldiers being assisted by an Masonry’s influence on the individ- ********************* erstwhile enemy. Some of these anec- ual level was profound, encompass- Some humour dotes appeared from the least-likely con- ing not only soldiers resorting to flicts, for example, in outback Australia, Masonry to secure aid and comfort A new initiate returns home to his where native tribesmen supposedly made on the battlefield, but also Masonic wife who is naturally curious to Masonic ‘signs’, or responded to certain funerals attended by soldiers from know what went on. The conversa- gestures made by European travellers, both sides, prisoners invoking the tion goes something like this: with whom they were otherwise engaged fraternal tie to stave of starvation She) Well how′d it go? in exchanging spears with bullets. in prison or to effect escape from He) Very well - most interesting In popular literature such stories have capture, and Masonic signs given She) What did go on? persisted, often creatively expanded and to preserve cherished personal He) I′m not really sure if I can tell embellished, without gathering much in effects from thieves and freeboot- you about it. the way of credibility. Halleran, a de- ers. (p.30) clared Masonic enthusiast, has tracked Readers will make their own assess- She) Well is there anything you down Civil War versions, hopefully to ment of Halleran’s approach, and his *can* tell me? their source, in order, he asserts, to veri- conclusions. In this brief review, I will He) Well it seems there are 3 fy or dismiss them. One relating to a make only two points – firstly, that this classes of men in the Lodge - Confederate soldier, Lewis Armistead, at is an important sortie written with walkers, talkers and Holy men. Gettysburg is possibly the source for grace and vigour; and, secondly, that She) What do they do - if you can many, if not all, of the numerous varia- his investigation of the later-episodes, tell me? tions that followed. that is, those not concerning He) The walkers walked me Halleran emphasises that his motivation Armistead, does not appear to have around the lodge. The Talkers talked is not to praise Masonry but to apply, as been carried out with as much thor- to me and to the walkers as I was led far as possible, reasonable rules of evi- oughness. Again, as one only example, dence. To establish his methodology and after quoting a non-Mason’s account of around .... his bona fides with the reader, he uses an enemy soldier reportedly ‘making She) And the Holy men? What his opening chapter to discuss the events the masonic sign of distress’, Halleran of them? before and after General Armistead’s leaps to an assertion: He) They seem to be a special death. Having assayed the material at Although the report contained no class of men - all in dark blue and what seems reasonable length, he pro- clue if the distress call was ulti- gold aprons and gauntlets. They just nounces with conviction: mately answered, the fact that it sit on the benches around the lodge The unmistakeable conclusion is that was noted and recorded by an ordi- with their heads in their hands chant- the legend of Armistead’s dramatic nary soldier provides some insight ing repeatedly - "Oh My God Oh My Masonic death scene simply didn’t into the pervasiveness and influ- God !" happen. ence of Freemasonry. (p.59) The version against which Halleran is In his Preface Halleran allows that his A man had been convicted of murder arguing can be read on Wikipedia today, ‘myopic view’ dissects no battles, ‘nor and was about to be hanged. Just but in case there remains any doubt are grand strategies explained’. He before the sentence was executed, about his serious intent towards what is acknowledges the difficulty that Ma- the hangman asked the man if he had clearly still a sensitive topic, he contin- sonic secrecy can mean for a serious any last words. "Yes" came his re- ues: historian, and touches on the issue of Without question he made no ges- whether a Mason or a non-Mason is ply, "I hate Masons!" "Why do you tures when he was shot down and no better-suited to describe events involv- hate Masons?" asked the hangman. evidence exists to contradict that ing Masons. These are important and "The man I killed was a Mason," statement. He was not rushed from current questions, but Halleran insists explained the murderer, "the sheriff combat by anyone. There was no on making himself a small target: who hunted me down was a Mason, Masonic huddle with Doctor Bing- The object of this study is a simple the Prosecutor who tried my case ham, (and) no handoff of a Masonic one: to illustrate how the fraternal was a Mason, the Judge who presid- bible...(p.29) bonds of Freemasonry influenced ed at the trial was a Mason, and all The effect is spoiled somewhat by his men in the midst of America’s of the men on the jury who found me then saying: greatest calamity, and in that con- guilty and said I should be hanged Something of Masonic significance text, whether or not the secret probably occurred as Armistead lay handshake is given with two fingers were Masons!" "Is that all?" asked wounded after the assault – and he or three is entirely unimportant. the hangman, " "Yes" replied the very likely made the Masonic allu- (p.xi) convicted murder. "Then you will sion to ‘the widow’s son’. But…any I hope that he returns to this advance one step with your left claims beyond that are unsupportable topic, more confident in his methods foot."

page 12 Harashim From the Editors Desk: I am pleased to inform you that we President’s Corner have been receiving requests from America for copies of Harashim to be sent to Freemasons there. It is good to know that the quality of city and harbour. Photographers our papers are recognised in other delight. parts of the Masonic world. I only

th urge you as a reader feel free to con- Slice of Heaven: 20 century Ao- tribute to any and all discussion on tearoa Museum of New Zealand Te the papers contained in Harashim. Papa Tongarewa Downtown Wel- Let us share with all readers our lington 55 Cable Street. Admission thoughts on our wonderful craft. free. What you as a members of a research lodge are doing. What effects do the Wellington Underground Market. words of our brothers have on our Open every Saturday from 10am to thinking, remember we are a Frater- 4pm. Venue: Frank Kitts Park, nity and as such are able to share our Downtown Wellington, Jervois ideas and thoughts and questions and CHARLES and KAYE MILLER Quay. Shop in a relaxed atmos- concerns. The papers written by you phere and browse among the many come from the heart as well as the stalls. Your convenor and his team have mind and this is recognised by our been working extremely hard to en- readership. Zealandia. Conservation at its best. sure the success of the activities ar- Zealandia (Karori Sanctuary), set ranged for you. Compliments have also been re- around a picturesque reservoir, is a ceived from England on our excel- living ecosystem home to some of Our editor Harvey Lovewell has lent Magazine requesting reciprocal New Zealand’s most rare and ex- asked me if there are other activities sharing of ideas and the sharing of traordinary wildlife – all thriving on in Wellington that may be of in- Masonic thought. wild in a world-first protected sanc- terest to wives and members who On page 23 is a piece written By tuary valley. may not be fully engaged each day. John Hamill (Masonic Author) on Open every day except Christmas The organising committee have of Ritual, he does not make a comment day, 10am - 5pm* (last entry at course published the official tours on well read Ritual. What are your 4pm). Night tours run every night but for those who want to potter thoughts? (booking essential). around at their leisure I have found a Following are some interesting web Zealandia is not as close as the small selection of items that may be sites that you may like to explore. above mentioned venues and of some interest. It is thirty years transport will be needed to reach since I lived in Wellington so my http://www.sacred-texts.com/index.htm there, it is in the suburb of Karori at recollection of places and events is a the end of Waiapu Road little impaired, however I have se- http://www.fourhares.com/index.html? lected as few events which may be of tab=2 Finally I must conclude on a sad interest. note, two of New Zealand affiliate http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/fiction/

research lodges, Research Lodge of vernacular.html “Wildest Weather in the Solar Sys- Southland No 415 and the Research tem” An exhibition at the Carter Lodge of Otago No 161 have lost http://www.deepertruth.com/ Observatory running until Sunday nd valued and stalwart members of 2 December 2012. This is in con- http://web.mit.edu/dryfoo/Masons/ This their lodges. V W Bro Phil McDiar- junction with National Geographic. website claims to be the oldest Masonic mid, P G Lec. who has been secre- Admission NZ$18.00 per adult. Website on the net. tary of Southland Lodge of Re- Carter Observatory is situated in the search for many years passed away city suburbs at 40 Salamanca Road, http://www.freemasons- on 30th July 2012 and R W Bro freemasonry.com/phpnews/ it is open from 10am to 5.30pm daily Hugh Montgomery a member of masonic_news.php with late nights on Tuesday and Sat- The Research Lodge of Otago died urday with a closing time of 9.30pm. on 10th August 2012 Hugh was se- http://www.metrowestdailynews.com/

lected as a Kellerman Lecturer for news/x1602170779/Symbols-of- The Kelburn Cable car this runs from Freemasonry-sewn-into-quilts-on- 2012 and his paper will be deliv- Lambton Quay to its terminal at Kel- display-at-museum ered at the biennial conference by burn with magnificent views of the V W Bro Gordon Fraser, G Lec. Issue 55 page 13 Continued from Page 9. Fire Earth Air Water all allegories of the Sun and his twelve houses in the heavens. The Vernal Equinox For thousands of years, the start of Spring, the Vernal Equinox, has been a most important time of the year for human survival and civilisation.

For most cultures throughout history and even (latest evidence shows) pre-history, the Vernal Equinox was the start of a new year. The great importance of the Vernal Equinox has been recognised in many To the Egyptians, probably to earlier ways by civilisations since the dawn of civilisations, and certainly to later time. civilisations like the Greeks, this If we consider just the western traditions, threefold symbol identified an initiate, the Vernal Equinox is used by the church who during the Sacred Mysteries to determine the Feast of the represented the Sun, and was about to Annunciation, and to set the date for die symbolically before rising once more Easter. to a new life in the glory of the light. In the year 725 the venerable Bede wrote The Classical Elements in The Reckoning of Time that; The Greek philosopher Empedocles “The Sunday following c.490 - 430 BCE, whom Aristotle called the full moon which the Father of Rhetoric, gave us the falls on or after the cosmogenic* theory of the four (Vernal) Equinox will indestructible and unchangeable roots give the lawful which Plato later named the four Easter.” Elements. Continued on page 14. *Cosmogenesis is the origin and From then until now this is how Easter development of the Cosmos, the creation of has been determined. the universe Southern Gate of the Sun), Actually Plato said there was five Note at right the representation of Eostre, Aquarius the Water Bearer and elements, the Quintessence or fifth the Germanic Goddess of Spring with Pisces the two Fishes. element being Ether or Spirit. He also the symbols of fertility like, rabbits, male related the five elements to the five and female symbols at the bottom, all in Scorpio is Different pointed star, or pentagram. the shape of an egg. Let us briefly digress to discuss Scorpio for a moment. To the The classical elements Earth, Air, Fire, The Vernal Equinox was the start of the Egyptians the Scorpion represented and Water persisted throughout the new year in England until 1752 when death and initiation, and was Middle Ages and into the Renaissance, they finally adopted the Gregorian particularly related to their sacred where they were heavily used in calendar, 35 years after the first Grand mysteries. In Egyptian temple texts, Rosicrucian and Alchemical writings of Lodge was formed in London. Consider the Scorpion is seen along with two the period. In alchemical writings, each for a moment what that might mean to other creatures. The first is the constellation of the zodiac is associated those who wrote our rituals. Phoenix rising from death in the fire, one of the four classical elements. and the second is the Eagle rising into The zodiac also commences at the the Air. In alchemy, the Fire and Air signs are Vernal Equinox, which on the modern considered positive, extrovert, masculine nd Gregorian Calendar is around the 22 of So the Scorpion, the Phoenix, and the signs. The Water and Earth signs are March. Eagle together represent the process of considered negative, introvert, feminine initiation from a neophyte to a master signs. They are identified as four groups The order of the constellations from the in three steps. of three signs (4 triangles) as follows: Vernal Equinox is: Spring: Aries the Ram, Taurus the Ox, In the zodiac they are represented Fire signs: Aries, Leo, Sagittarius Gemini the Twins. together in one constellation. Scorpio, alone of the twelve constellations, has Earth signs: Taurus, Virgo, Capricorn Summer: Cancer the Crab, Leo the three different creatures associated Lion, Virgo the Virgin. with it, and it appears on the Zodiac Air signs: Gemini, Libra, and Aquarius

Autumn: Libra the Scales, Scorpio, just prior to the death of the Sun in Water signs: Cancer, Scorpio, and Pisces Sagittarius the Archer. Capricorn. Winter: Capricornus the Sea Goat (The

page 14 Harashim The Mutable signs of Gemini, Virgo, Regulus is located either as the heart of Sagittarius and Pisces, also called the Leo the Lion, or on the right foreleg of Christian Astrology common signs, are the link or bridge Leo (i.e. on the Lions Paw). that connects the change of seasons, Aldebaran Also called the Watcher Before it finally became heretical there the end of one season to the start of the of the East and the star of the Archangel was a great deal of study in Astrology by next and are generally considered to be Michael. The name comes from the meaning aالدبران) ) the early church leaders and scholars. passive or accommodating signs. The Arabic Al Debaran Christian astrology identifies three word mutable simply means capable of follower or disciple. It is located in the qualities and relates them to the three change, or having a tendency to change right eye of Taurus the Bull and is seen aspects of God in the trinity. or mutate. to be following the Seven Sisters or the Pleiades which are themselves located They are identified as three groups of The Fixed signs Aquarius, Taurus, on the left shoulder of Taurus. The four signs. Leo, and Scorpio are the sustainers of seven stars shown on the First Tracing (3 crosses or 3 Squares depending on the Zodiac. They are like four pillars Board and the Royal Arch Tracing how you connect the signs) holding up the structure, or the four Board are generally accepted to be the corners of the year and are generally Pleiades. The three qualities are: considered to be balancing or Antares Also called the Watcher Cardinal, (Active, Resisting, mediating signs. More about the fixed of the West and the star of the Corinthian, Beauty, JW) signs in a moment. Archangel Uriel. The name comes from Fixed, (Balancing, Mediating, Ionic, These three qualities, Cardinal, Fixed the Greek Ant Ares meaning Against Wisdom, Master) and Mutable are sometimes referred to Ares; the Greek name for Mars. It is a red star that is sometimes confused with Mutable, (Passive, Accommodating, as crosses in Christian Astrology the planet Mars. Antares is located in Doric, Strength, SW) because each of the three qualities of the constellation Scorpio representing four constellations forms a cross when the Scorpion, the Phoenix, and the These qualities are each then linked to drawn on the zodiac, giving us a trinity Eagle. four specific constellations within the of crosses within the twelve zodiac. constellations of the zodiac. The Fixed Signs Hmm, where have we seen three The four Royal Stars can thus be seen to The Cardinal Signs are the fundamental crosses together before? (Calvary, be located in the four constellations of signs of the Zodiac and are generally Rose Croix Collar, etc.) Aquarius, Leo, Taurus and Scorpio. The considered to be active or resisting. The The Royal Stars four constellations that are known as the word cardinal simply means “Fixed Signs” or the Man, the Lion, fundamental, or most important. They Those four stars that marked the the Ox, and the Eagle. Together these are the constellations of Aries, Cancer, corners of the year were variously signs make up the Great Fixed Cross of Libra and Capricorn which contain the known by different civilisations as The the heavens. Cardinal points of the year. Royal Stars, The Guardians of the Sky, The Pillars of the Year, The Watchers Aries Spring Equinox (see the Book of Enoch, Book of As the Sun progressively rises in each constellation of the zodiac during the Cancer Summer Solstice Jubilees), and The Archangel Stars. Today we know them by the names year, we see it allegorically pass through Libra Autumnal Equinox Fomalhaut, Regulus, Aldebaran, and its youth, adulthood, old age, and then Antares. death – to be reborn once more. It Capricorn Winter Solstice grows stronger in Taurus following the

Fomalhaut Also called the Watcher Vernal Equinox in Aries. Reaches its of the South and the star of the full splendour and strength in Leo Archangel Gabriel. The name comes following the Summer Solstice in Cancer. Becomes old and weak in الحوت فم ) ) from the Arabic Fom al-Hūt meaning Mouth of the Whale. The star Scorpio following the Autumnal is located in the mouth of Pisces Equinox in Libra. Is reborn in Aquarius Australis, the Southern Fish, not to be following its death at the Winter Solstice confused with the two fishes of the in Capricorn. constellation of Pisces. The Southern Fish is depicted with its mouth open The four drinking the water flowing from the jar creatures, of Aquarius the water bearing Man. the man, lion, ox and Regulus Also called the Watcher eagle, are of the North and the star of the mentioned Archangel Raphael. The name of this many times star was given by the Polish in ancient Astronomer Copernicus as a Latin writings equivalent of the Arabic word for from many Prince or little King. Depending on the different particular graphical representation, cultures and Issue 55 page 15 were associated with the four corners of carbon dated to c. 1480, over 530 years the year. The most well known place ago that we see them in our society is of Freemasons have used representations of course in the Bible. There are two the Four Creatures for centuries. specific places in the Bible where the The wood panel (at left) was painted by four creatures are mentioned together. Jacob Leoni in 1680.

We also encounter the four Fixed Signs in representations of the Babylonian Cherubim, which is also a human / animal hybrid creature from 4500 years ago. The Cherubim has; the head of a Man, the back and tail of a Lion, the body of an Ox, and the wings of an Eagle. The Lion represents strength and power. The Man intelligence and understanding. The Ox patience and assiduity (diligence). Ezekiel 1:10 As for the likeness The Eagle promptness and celerity of their faces, they four had the (swiftness of action). face of a man, and the face of a Royal Arch Masons will of course lion, on the right side: and they recognise these four creatures as being four had the face of an ox on the on the four principal banners in the East left side; they four also had the of the Chapter. face of an eagle. Ancient Astronomical Legends According to ancient astronomical Revelations 4:7 And the first legends from diverse cultures, the Sun is beast was like a lion, and the said to be progressively killed by the second beast like a calf, and the three months of Autumn to lie dead at third beast had a face as a man, the Winter Solstice. and the fourth beast was like a The legends tell us the following: flying eagle. Starting at the Autumnal Equinox, the summer Sun is first attacked by Libra The Four Creatures but recovering from the shock he makes it through to the end of the constellation The four creatures, the Man, the Lion, relatively unharmed. the Ox, and the Eagle are therefore symbols of the Fixed Signs, four corners Next he is assaulted by the venomous of the year, or the Great Fixed Cross of Scorpio. He loses the majority of his the heavens. When they are shown power, and staggers faintly on and together on heraldic standards, they are leaves this constellation considerably almost always shown in the four quarters weakened. of a cross. Examples of this can be seen on the Crests of many Grand Lodges The third attack comes from the archer around the world like the UGLE Crest at Sagittarius whose arrow proves fatal. left. When he leaves the third autumnal sign he lies dead at the Winter solstice in Capricornus for three days from 21 to 24 December, ready to be reborn.

They can be found on the Crest on the According to the ancients, Capricornus Royal Arch tracing board and on the was the house of the Planet Saturn, the Royal Arch Banner shown at right. Greek “Kronos” or Father Time, who Notice also the figures standing either destroys all things. side of the Royal Arch Crest, who have The figure of Father Time with his the body of a man, the wings and legs scythe is still an emblem of death, of an eagle, and the feet of an ox. sometimes called the Grim Reaper, and The Kirkwall scroll (above) has been is also associated with the symbol of the

page 16 Harashim our North Pole star to change over time. An imaginary line extending from the Earth’s axis at the North Pole, will at the current time point very close to a star we call Polaris, the Pole star. By the year 2095 CE, Polaris will be at its closest alignment with this imaginary line. By the year 4000 there will be no pole star, just as there was no pole star two thousand years ago.

three Autumnal months, lies dead through the three Winter months, Raised again by the three Vernal months, and returns to his full strength, beauty and glory in the three Summer months. Each year the tragedy of death and the victory of resurrection is repeated.

Quote from Robert Hewitt Brown, Stellar Theology and Masonic Astronomy, 1882 “As long as this allegory is remembered, the truths of hourglass. Astronomy will be perpetuated, and the sublime doctrine of the The Sun is considered to be reborn on immortal nature of man, and the the 25th of December and grows each other great moral lessons they are day until it reaches the Spring or Vernal thus made to teach will be Equinox around the 21st of March. illustrated and preserved.”

After the Vernal Equinox in Aries, the Quote from Rev. Charles H. Vail 32°, Sun is considered to be resurrected from The Ancient Mysteries & Modern its cold death, and the bounty of the Masonry, 1909 earth returns. The days become warmer and grow longer, the flowers bloom, and “H∴A∴ is identical with the Sun- the hope of plenty is renewed. Gods of all nations – it is a universal glyph, for all real As one Masonic Ritual puts it: Initiation is an internal process, a “The blazing Star has regeneration, the consummation of reappeared in all its splendour, which is the Perfect Man or our altars are renewed, the true Master, the goal of human light restored to our eyes, the evolution. The H∴A∴ Legend and clouds of darkness dispersed.” the Master's Degree are derived from the Mysteries. Following the Vernal Equinox in Aries, the Sun enters the Vernal constellations They are the latest expression of the of Taurus and then Gemini during old Sun Myth and the Ancient Rite. which time he revives in both light and We see thus that the story of H∴A∴ heat but does not yet reach the full is but a variation of the ancient and There is disagreement over the dates power of his adulthood. universal legend, in which Osiris, that determine the beginning and end of Adonis, Dionysus, Balder, Hu, and each Age because the 30 degree seg- Where Taurus and Gemini failed in their many more have played the ments of the sky belonging to each zo- attempt to lift the Sun to its full strength principal part.” diac constellation are somewhat subjec- at the summit of the zodiac, Cancer tive and their starting and ending points succeeds with the aid of Leo who leads Precession of the Equinoxes are themselves not universally agreed. the Sun with his powerful lion’s paw The Earth not only rotates on its own The next star we can call a Pole star (Regulus) to regain his full strength once axis, the axis itself also wobbles, a bit after Polaris will be Al Deramin which more. like the motion of a spinning top. This will be aligned around 7500 CE. Allegorically, the Sun is slain by the wobble of the axis of the Earth causes Issue 55 page 17 Around13,000 years from now, the Age of Timeframe Notes bright star Vega will be the Pole star Leo 10,750 to 8600 BCE Referred to as the Golden Age, the first Fixed Age again, as it was around 13,000 years ago. The age of the Lion, Man, Ox and Eagle This wobble also makes the equinoxes Neolithic period move westward, or precess, along the Legends of great civilisations like Atlantis ecliptic relative to the fixed stars at a rate of about 1 degree every 72 years. The net effect of this is that the Sunrise Cancer 8600 to 6450 BCE Referred to as the Mother Goddess Age at the Vernal Equinox can be seen to move slowly backwards through the Considered the period of the rise of civilisation zodiac year after year. This is called the Goddess images from this period have been found Precession of the Equinoxes. throughout the near east and eastern Europe.

The Vernal Equinox gradually travels backwards through each constellation of Gemini 6450 to 4300 BCE Referred to as the Communication Age the zodiac for about 2150 years referred to as an Age. To complete a full 360° The beginnings of writing are found in this period precessional cycle through all of the 12 and evidence of early trade constellations takes approximately

25,800 years.

This is referred to as the Great Platonic Taurus 4300 to 2150 BCE Referred to as the Agricultural Age, the Second Year and each of the 12 Ages takes its Fixed Age name from the constellation. The Zodiac is therefore the face of the Great Galactic Evidence of Calf or Bull worship by the Minoans, Clock of the Platonic year. the Egyptians in the form of Apis, and the Israel- At the present period of history, the ites much to the chagrin of Moses and Aaron. Im- Vernal Equinox occurs at the intersection ages of calves, horns or bulls, from this period of the signs of Pisces and Aquarius. have been found in abundance. Thus, it is said that the Age of Pisces is coming to an end and we are entering the Aries 2150 BCE to 1 CE Referred to as the Age of Wars or the Age of the dawn of the Age of Aquarius. Ram. There is disagreement over the dates that determine the beginning and end of each Names from this period include Ra, Amun Ra, Age because the 30 degree segments of Ramses, Rama, Brahma, Abraham. the sky belonging to each zodiac Images of the Ram and Lamb are common in this constellation are somewhat subjective period. and their starting and ending points are themselves not universally agreed. Pisces 1 CE to 2150 CE Referred to as the Age of Monotheism and Spiritu- ality However, the following dates (See Table this page) are reasonably indicative and The advent of religions like Christianity, Bud- somewhat accepted. dhism, Islam. Images of the Fish are common.

Ed Note. This is one half of the paper which will be continued in the next issue of Aquari- 2150 to 4300 CE Referred to as the Age of freedom and group con- Harashim don’t forget any and all comments us sciousness are welcome. The third Fixed Age. The exact opposite of the In Harashim 56 July 2012, which was Golden Age. Whether this is a new beginning, or the last issue. A paper by Alan Bevis the end depends on which philosophy you sub- was published. It was titled “A scribe to. Lodge: A Building an Organisation Is your glass half full, or half empty? or People” At the end of that paper comments were called for. I have not received any comments from Harashim Is not the essence of this paper The Master, opening the discussion readers, the following are those the survival of Freemasonry? I said: This is one of many topics that comments made by his Lodge brothers. often wonder just how many of deserves to be discussed more often – or This paper opens up much for the Freemasons who receive this at least considered openly. discussion, it is radical and maybe the Harashim of ours actually read it. Like many aspects of our meetings we subject matter needs to be so. I am Let me know if you do!! ED are inclined to use words, phrases or disappointed that I have not received titles without reflecting on just what any comments from Harashim readers. page 18 Harashim paper made me think more about the This is not a new discussion. When I they really mean. It simply blends into word ‘lodge’ and from his paper I moved from Kenny Road I had to becoming the way we do it. determined, that what we call a lodge dispose of a number of books and papers Alan discussed the three obvious is not referring to a building, but to collected in the course of a long and definitions in turn with some reflection those people who make up that probably misspent life so I am hazy in just what they do represent. organisation or group. about dates and am quoting from For me there was a real highlight in the For example, if we were to refer to this memory. trends that are being re-discovered in lodge, United Masters Lodge, we are in About twenty year ago Grand Lodge some parts of the world. In the former, fact referring to the members that make embarked on a membership scheme with or formative times emphasis was on up this Lodge. This group (us) meet the (borrowed) slogan 'Recruit, Retain, Entertaining, Educating and Everybody here in the Auckland Masonic Centre, Regain'. In preparation they being involved. a building used for the purpose of this commissioned a high powered public In Europe, it is now suggested that re- Lodge to meet. If we move this group relations firm to carry out a survey to focusing on these aspects is the of people to another location, say a ascertain the public perception of the cornerstone on which the growth of the private home, or another building it is Craft and the views of lapsed members. Craft is being built. We all know what the Lodge (us) that moves, not the The responses were not flattering. The the response is to the notification of an building and that private dwelling or public saw us as a collection of old ‘Education night’ in our Lodges. As other building does not become the fogies wearing funny clothes and Alan noted, Education is NOT and has lodge. It remains what it is intended muttering a meaningless ritual. They did not been a significant part of our present for. Therefore, whatever lodge we refer not mean regalia, they meant tails and or latter day activities. to must be a group of people. white waistcoats, which were old It is a core focus from our own central Grand Lodge is the same. This group fashioned in Dickens' day. body and has been for a couple of years of people (the Grand Lodge Officers) The survey of lapsed members showed or more. This is a subject that I am meet in a convenient building in that many resigned within ten years of passionate about and as we consider just Wellington. If they (G.L.) decide to joining and usually cited boredom and what a Lodge means, so we should be move elsewhere, they as a group of disillusionment as the reasons. Bear in cognizant of the associated opportunities people are still referred to as Grand mind that if you lose a member like that and responsibilities. Lodge. The building they use is not you have lost all rabbit's friends and As Alan concluded the ritual is not the Grand Lodge. relations. If Freemasonry is mentioned real purpose of Freemasonry but So in all the years that I have been the response will be 'Been there, done entwined around it. Therein exists the thinking that the word ‘lodge’ was the that, there's nothing in it.' End of story. reason for our coming together in these building, this was not so, when in fact About twelve years ago when the prescribed groups operating under a set the building or meeting place should Review Committee first met we had of rules and practices in a chosen always be referred to as the ‘lodge before us the report of a working party location – to all of which we append the room’, or some other as below. This set up by the Grand Lodge of Scotland. label ‘a Lodge’. has been pointed out in Bro. Bevins’ They found that many members were I now invite any other brother to present paper and this can be any place where bored by the endless 1,2,3, 1,2,3, 1,2,3, any comments or reviews of Bro Alan’s the lodge, or group of people wish to Installation. Apparently in Scotland a paper. convene their meetings. To conclude I number of lodges run social clubs as a

quote from a minute of Lodge sideline. Some members were believed Bro Reg Watt said: Having now read Pukekohe No 382 (now closed). to retain their membership only to gain Bro. Bevins’ paper, ‘A lodge, a building, Minutes access to the booze barn. an organisation or people’ more Of the Regular Meeting of Lodge A few years ago I was speaking to a thoroughly and having reflected on its Pukekohe No 382 senior member of a lodge which I would content, I can say that it has given me a Held in the Franklin Masonic Centre, regard as fairly successful. He told me different outlook on what the word Roulston Street Pukekohe he had been asked by more than one ‘Lodge’ actually means to us as Masons. On Thursday 25th March 2004. young member 'Is that all there is? If so I Like most of Bro. Bevins’ papers, one The ‘lodge’, a group of people won't stay long.' The young member can always learn from them and be given gathering in a place for the purpose of meant ritual. a totally different outlook on some of conducting a meeting in a building and The Marquis of Northampton, when he our Masonic teachings. that building being the Franklin was Pro Grand Master of the United I would assume like many of us who Masonic Centre. I enjoyed Bro Grand Lodge of England gave an have come into the Craft, gone through Bevins’ paper and with that my address which was extensively the ceremonial degrees, having now knowledge has advanced even further. publicized in which he pointed out that become a Master Mason and progressed Continental lodges were gaining through the ranks and finally to the Bro. Alaric Wood said: Bro. Bevins' members faster than we were losing position of Master, would never have paper appears to have drawn more than them. thought about the lodge as being nothing the usual amount of interest as, Continental lodges are not obsessed with other than a building. This would have contrary to custom, it inspired several ritual, rank and regalia. Their regular had to do with the many past lectures members to comment on that evening. meetings are devoted to education, self and papers given on the subject of the In his inimitably forthright style he has improvement and enjoyment. If they lodge, as being a building attached to a drawn attention to the problems of have a degree to confer, they call a main structure, such as abbeys, churches Freemasonry and has suggested the special meeting for the purpose. If they and castles, that was used in those early remedy. have business they call a special meeting years of operative masons. Bro. Bevins’ to discuss it. They do not spend three Issue 55 page 19 quarters of an hour at a regular meeting Lodge and whilst there are times we much time do we spend with the arguing over whether the secretary can have misgivings we are responsible. candidate before and after the ceremony buy a packet of pins. There are no Past We the members of Masonry have to see how much of the preparation is ranks. While in an active office you wear allowed the ranking regulatory understood by him? In most cases I a collarette to show what you do. In due Ritualists to take control and to that would think very little or none at all. The course it is passed on to your successor. end we get what they want which is; in only thing most lodges would do is to Everyone wears the same standard apron their opinion and the only way ensure that the candidate has his and there is nothing to indicate you have forward; for many of these Masons if questions and be reminded not to write been a Lord High Pooh Bah. I believe it is not in the Ritual Book or the the answers down as that would be at some American jurisdictions have the Constitution so they can mutter or variance with his obligation. While I same practice. moan many these Masons do not want could look at the other degrees the I mentioned at the beginning of my bleat to know. answers would be similar and the that there had been a number of Men joining the Craft today have in commentary equally the same therefore comments. Bro. Neil Ingram said that many cases researched as fully as they no further commentary is necessary. Grand Lodge had conducted a survey are able what the aims and objects of With respect to visitations by Grand and there was no call for shorter ritual. the Craft are; and in a lot of cases Lodge I have heard on many occasions Perhaps he could provide more when they find that it is ritual in steps of the upcoming Grand Lodge visitation information. I have no recollection of one two and three and for the encore to a lodge “We will do a Second Degree being asked to participate. I admit that more ritual in steps one two and three, because it is shorter”. One could I with increasing years my memory is not if they want to they can participate as a suppose suggest that the visit was more as good as it used to be, but I have asked deliverer as opposed to a receiver. important than the working or perhaps it several secretaries who are younger and This is supposed to be the way one was the least chance for the lodge to more active than I am and none of them learns and in the early part of the make mistakes. Longer in the refectory could remember being asked for their 1900s for some it worked. Today for fellowship, or is the visit to be the lodge's views. I am not a statistician but I however younger men have more only reference point for District do not think the word 'survey' provides enquiring minds, they want to Management to report to the Grand useful information unless one knows the understand what it is about how the Master. Where is the pastoral care by exact wording of the question, who was practices and allegories can be bought District Grand Master and his Officers to asked to answer it and how many into context in today’s world. ensure that lodges are taking care of their actually did so. When delivering lectures I am of the members? That is not to say that nothing I do not think I am particularly in favour opinion that everyone present should is happening but I would suggest that the of a drastic rewrite but I do think we have something they can take away majority of see their role as ceremonial could shorten the ceremony substantially and use to their own benefit and if that and not pastoral. by cutting out all the totally unnecessary can’t be achieved then I feel that I No work is done with the candidate to saluting. With a friend I once started to have not done the job properly. One of ensure that he is comfortable with what count the salutes in a second degree. We the adages I do use quite a bit is that if is going on, how he is going to progress, lost count at 43. you do the same thing every year for what level of understanding he is I agree with Bro. Bevins about the thirty years, some would say they have looking for and what does the lodge need armies of advisers. I wholeheartedly thirty years experience. I believe they to provide for him. support Bro. Carson's efforts to get probably have one year’s experience We have heard in this forum many times lodges to plan their work and future but I repeated thirty times. that the most progressive lodges in am entirely unconvinced that most of the One of the real issues facing Craft continental Europe focus on the advisers have any useful function or that Masonry today is such that we are not candidate and education as the primary the Board of General Purposes has come preparing our members for leadership reason for meeting and to that end we to any decision as to their duties. Bro or leadership roles, in many lodges probably fail miserably. Graeme Norton said: Brother Bevins’ because of the lack of members; new Brethren I don’t believe we have paper bought to the front of mind some Masons are thrown on the ladder at the sufficient time available to us this thoughts I have had for some time. This earliest opportunity and in many cases evening to fully comprehend what this commentary is looking more at the these Brethren are still not really paper is seeking to achieve. Whilst we organisational aspects and people of the aware of how the lodge functions, but are a research lodge and as such are also Craft rather than the buildings. by their nature the ritualist’s view is; all members of individual lodges and At an organisational level the Craft has that you put them on the merry go therefore have a deep interest in the in many ways failed itself. I mention this round if they don’t falter then their Craft in general, to that end we should because while Grand Lodge is an entity choice was right, if they do falter; well all be making our presence felt to the it is the membership of Craft Masonry there will be someone else to pick up benefit of the Craft in general. that makes Grand Lodge up and to that the pieces. Where I ask is the Research is not always about history and end when we criticise Grand Lodge for enjoyment and sense of achievement historical events. Research is about not doing this or that we are in fact in that? In all probability it is why learning and understanding; this is criticising ourselves. We as Masons need some do not come back and others sit perhaps why our predecessors have to take the responsibility for ensuring in the wings only to resign or become invested in the Chairs of Gerontology, that Grand Lodge is what we want it to embittered with Masonry as a whole. Paediatrics about providing the be, always remembering that some We speak in the ritual of the First necessary tools for research. Also the Brethren are selected or elected to be Degree that preparation is of two kinds scholarships to assist the graduates of Officers of Grand Lodge, our Grand internal and external, and you all probably know the words, well how page 20 Harashim today to continue their research and members together, which is said to members’ efforts locally within the learning for the future. be gaining ground in some lodges. We lodge. If we need to keep creating Grand Freemasonry has a need for Learning, are a social club with a social message Officers then let us return to the earlier Education and Leadership. These can of personal self-development. practice when it was usual to attach a best be achieved through education and Remember the three E’s: Education, Past Grand Officer’s oval collar jewel to enjoyment not repeated trials and Entertainment, Everyone a ribbon as a breast jewel. I believe this probations. participating. is a better reward than a suit of regalia Bro Alan Bevins in reply said: Thanks There is plenty of anecdotal evidence and far cheaper too. W Bro Ian and Bros Reg, Alaric and of change for less of the R’s and more Ask for the United Masters Lodge 2006 Graeme for your comments and to those of the E’s so: do more of the E’s Alternative Shorter Ritual to be members who made comments at the yourself and lobby for DistGM, resurrected. They are a 35mins First April and May meetings and by e-mail. DivGM etc for reduction and removal Degree and 4 mins opening, 2 mins After the meeting I was reminded that of the R’s. closing procedures, still keeping the the tracing boards are often referred to as You the lodge members are the essential elements. “the Lodge”. On the Charter, it says “shareholders” of Grand Lodge. So do Ritual; start with not doing what you do something like “I as Grand Master have what shareholders do to change which is not in the book. Then cut out got this petition from (list of names) so I directors and boards. Unfortunately surplus actions and words. If long hereby constitute these brethren into a we have changed our organisation to ceremonies are essential don’t do them lodge called . . . “ At the consecration be less responsive to our members. so often. the founders surround the tracing board Changes seemingly not made by the Try regular discussion meetings instead. which has a liquid-proof cloth over it grass roots. They work well in other countries who and the Grand Master scatters corn, Bring the Masonic culture back to the are working the same Freemasonry as wine, oil and salt. He can’t do that to lodges from Grand Lodge and a we are or should be. Ask one of your some 20 or 30 people so the board is perception of being a national-based Past Masters or local friendly Past symbolic of those founders. organisation. RW Bro Greg Goding, a Grand Lecturers or even the nearest To summarise then: Past Asst Grand Master, a recent research lodge to help you set it up. You Buildings are less important as lodges visitor from Queensland in don’t have to stick to Masonic subjects. can meet anywhere that can be arranged. presentations to our three Divisional A potentially constructive development The organisation is unwieldy and conferences made that observation. towards the 3 E’s (Education difficult to change. Regulations are the There is a perceptive trend now in Entertainment and Everyone preserve of the Grand Lodge a strengthening the roles of DivGMs participating) but not adding anything representative body now meeting every and DistGMs towards “local significant to the R’s is perhaps a closer three years which almost proves we management”. Is this yet another association of the research lodges in NZ. don’t need it and thus regulations attempt to “cure the problem”? We are all promoting the message of become unresponsive to the needs of the Lobby and keep lobbying your better education as are some of the lodges. Lodges are the backbone of DistGM and DivGM for change to the lodges in Australia . We are all (plus the Freemasonry. Rank we need to seriously Book of Constitution and the Ritual Research Chapter) members of the examine the need for all the ranks and Book. Don’t accept a “create a remit” Australia and NZ Masonic Research officer positions with progressively suggestion as that takes 4 years. When Council, which is an association of most fewer lodges. Regalia, other than the revising, separate those rules which research bodies in Australia and all of light blue is not needed in lodge relate to lodges and make a new those in NZ. The Secretary , President workings. Ritual, aren’t we the same workable Lodge Guide. and Conference Convenor are here in people who support seven-a-side rugby, Divisional and District Grand Masters NZ. In rugby terms this would be a one-day cricket or Twenty/20 cricket, could do their bit by not appointing Super 25. So why not a NZ “conference 100m athletics as opposed to 10,000m? people, but stop, think and ask two of 11” just like our 5 rugby teams. Regulations, Rank and Regalia are questions, “Do we actually need that Research Lodges in NZ are less trappings of 19th century pomp and role?” and as the number of lodges prominent than they should be. We are ceremony and are not true Freemasonry. reduces, “why do we still appoint considered by many as self-serving Change has to be at lodge level. Our more people? The best roles for lodges, but we have a massive wealth of organisation is not designed to be Master Masons and Past Masters is for knowledge and expertise available to all. “managed from the top”. their valuable volunteer time to be Maybe the description “research” is the We know People change as society spent in their own lodges. wrong word, as we research and changes as society is people and what Question why the smaller organisation disseminate what we develop. they do. Society will always change. We is still using two rule books written for We should form a District of our own, made a drastic change to lodge ritual an organisation twice the size. a Research District like any other workings in 1837 which may have been Question why in a smaller District in NZ with our own District in response to members’ wishes but organisation do we need a Grand Grand Master and be a force to be more likely a desire to impose a view of Lodge and a Grand Lodge office all of reckoned with in those 3 E’s. a minority of enthusiasts. which costs money . The many years of discussion on the Don’t volunteer for adviser or Grand problems by many people has little Officer. Spend your time on your effect, in some part because the two rule lodge. books are untouched. So let’s go back to Don’t put names forward for Grand the mainly social desire of bringing Officer. Find other ways of rewarding

Issue 55 page 21 There is, from the official publication of contributions to international More on the GLNF situation in Europe, the United Grand Lodge of England, disaster relief funds. this from the Board of General Purposes “Freemasonry Today” a report UGLE. conducted by independent research The role of ritual is shown to be an people (SIRC), called The Future of QUARTERLY COMMUNICATION Freemasonry. Below is a précis and a important part of Freemasonry for 14 September 2011. UGLE link to a site where one can read the many members, with the report A Statement by the RW President of whole report. ED concluding that it provides both the Board of General Purposes structure and familiarity, in just the Anthony Wilson concerning Grande http://www.freemasonrytoday.com/ugle- same way as the normal rituals of Loge Nationale Française sgc/ugle/item/511-future-of-freemasonry -study-is-published daily life do for many people. Right Worshipful Deputy Grand Nigel Brown, who has been the "The Future of Freemasonry" report Master and Brethren. is the first ever independent study Grand Secretary of the United conducted by a non-Masonic body, Grand Lodge of England since At the June Quarterly Communication of Grand Lodge I and was commissioned as part of the 2007 and is leading the plans for expressed the Board’s concern over build-up to the United Grand Lodge the tercentenary celebrations, says: the turbulence and discord within of England's tercentenary in 2017. "This is just one step in our Grande Loge Nationale Française, including the appointment of an Produced by the highly respected ongoing efforts to demonstrate our openness and transparency, and to Administrative Receiver over its Social Issues Research Centre legal entity. (SIRC), an independent, non-profit inform people about the role we play in society. organisation based in Oxford, which Since then, as stated in the Board’s conducts research on social and "The tercentenary is a significant Report, the situation has deteriorated. lifestyle issues, socio-cultural trends milestone for Freemasonry and There appears to be no sign of it and provides insight into human improving. On the contrary the while we're keen to celebrate our behaviour and social relations, the disharmony within the Membership first three hundred years, it's also report suggests that, contrary to some and the substantial number of crucial that we look forward to misleading commentary, Lodges, representing over one-third ensure that we remain relevant and Freemasonry actually demonstrates of the Membership, who appear to be continue to grow our membership genuine openness and transparency distancing themselves from the over the next three hundred." and it concludes that it is arguably leadership of their Grand Lodge continues to give cause for concern. more relevant today than ever before. Peter Marsh, co-director of SIRC, said: "The "Future of In particular, the report highlights We cannot ignore the lack of Freemasonry" provides an harmony. Nor can we overlook the that Freemasonry acts as a 'constant', insightful commentary, not just on fact that a significant proportion of providing members with a unique the organisation, but also on the Membership of the GLNF combination of friendship, belonging modern society. Despite the many apparently no longer recognise the and structure, with many Masons changes taking place – or perhaps leadership of its Grand Master, saying they have made valuable because of them – our desire to be which does not offer much hope for lifelong friendships. part of something and to help other an end to the disharmony and people is undimmed. It's here that turbulence. It is clear, therefore, that The report also highlights the while the present situation continues Freemasonry has an important part importance that Freemasonry places our Members should not be in to play." on charitable giving, the part that Masonic contact with our Brethren in many Freemasons play in their local Nigel Brown concluded: "This France. Hence our recommendation communities and the central role of report will form an important part that relations with the GLNF be the family. As well as instilling in its of our discussions as to how best to suspended. members a moral and ethical ensure that Freemasonry continues approach to life – including to evolve and adapt to meet the Set out in the Board’s Report is what thoughtfulness for others, kindness in needs of its members and also of we mean by the suspension of the community, honesty in business, wider society, while at the same relations. I may add that the Board has consulted the Grand Registrar courtesy in society and fairness in all time retaining the distinctive who is satisfied that the Report things – Freemasons are the largest character and intrinsic values that have attracted members for accurately describes the effect of a charitable givers after the National suspension of relations; and that the Lottery, and also make major centuries and continue to appeal to people today." terms of the Resolution which page 22 Harashim appears at item 5 on the Paper of behalf of Grand Lodge, one of the about the basis of our present Business achieve the desired comments that I regularly received ceremonies. One of the sad effects of objective. from journalists was that if the that was that the lectures gradually I should emphasise that the ceremonies are the main purpose of dropped into disuse, except in places suspension of relations does not, of lodge meetings it must eventually like the Emulation Lodge of itself, force any of the Brethren who become very boring to see the Improvement, where they are still are currently also members of Lodges under the GNLF to resign same ceremonies year after year. worked every Friday evening during from those Lodges. But I should My answer was always a the masonic season. It’s sad because draw attention to the possibility that resounding ‘no’. they contain a wealth of explanation – for so long as the GNLF is No two ceremonies can ever be the that would increase the brethren’s recognised by Grand Lodge as the same. The candidate is different understanding of the ceremonies. Sovereign Grand Lodge having each time, the officers taking part Word of Mouth jurisdiction over freemasonry in regularly change and those France – those of our Brethren who attending the meeting are never The aim of producing a standard are members of a French Lodge exactly the same. Although the form of ritual was not achieved. In which formally repudiates that basic words and actions of each those days writing down ritual jurisdiction (even on a temporary ceremony may be the same each matters was a heinous masonic basis) may find that Rule 176 in the time it is worked, those changes of crime. Ritual was passed on by word Book of Constitutions requires them personnel can make an enormous of mouth. Its work having been to make choice, in the future, difference. agreed by Grand Lodge in 1816, the between severing their links with that One of the most memorable Lodge of Reconciliation gave weekly Lodge and remaining members of the demonstrations of the new rituals in Craft in our constitution. The Board meetings I have attended was a London. Lodges were invited to send will need to keep this issue under Third Degree, the candidate for review as matters develop in France. which was in a wheelchair. You representatives to the demonstrations News from Israel. could almost feel the atmosphere to pass on the new method to their A Greek Orthodox Palestinian Arab, of good will in the room with the lodges. Nadim Mansour, has been installed officers concentrating on the This method of transmission and a in Tel Aviv as Grand Master of the comfort of the candidate and those failure to suppress cherished local Grand Lodge of the State of Israel, a on the sidelines silently willing the traditions has resulted in a richness position he will hold until 2013. officers to do a good job for the and variety of working in our lodges, Israel has had two previous candidate. It was Freemasonry at which makes visiting all the more Palestinian Arab Grand Masters – its best. interesting for us. Yakob Nazee (1933-1940) and Jamil Our ritual did not simply happen. It In recent years there have been calls Shalhoub (1981-1982). went through a long gestation in for officers to be allowed to read the Nadim Mansour, who was born in the eighteenth century, moving ritual in lodge. For two reasons I Haifa but moved to Acre aged five, from simple lessons in morality to think this would be a retrograde step. was initiated – as a Lewis – into a complex series of catechetical First, having seen ritual read in Lodge Akko in 1971, of which his lodges in Europe, a badly read piece father Elias was a founder, and in lectures in which the principles and of ritual is infinitely worse that a 1980 became its Master. tenets of the Craft, as well as the badly remembered piece. More He also has the rank of 33rd Degree symbolism and content of the in the Ancient and Accepted Rite. ceremonies, were explained. A importantly, by learning the ritual we Currently, the Grand Lodge has watershed came in 1814 when, as a increase our understanding of it. about 1,200 members in 56 lodges, result of the union of the two Whoever we are we all come into working in ten languages – Hebrew, Grand Lodges, a Lodge of Freemasonry in the same way. Our Arabic, English, French, Hungarian, Reconciliation was set up to progress through the three Rumanian, Turkish, Russian, reconcile the two former systems ceremonies is what the late Canon German and Spanish – and five of ritual and bring about a standard Tydeman so aptly described as ‘the different religions. form of the ceremonies to be shared experience’. Combined with adopted by all lodges. our belief in a supreme being, it is A badly read piece of Ritual is Like many special committees, the what unites us, whatever our Infinitely worse than a badly Lodge of Reconciliation went way backgrounds, and gives us the basis remembered piece, explains beyond its brief and extended the to build and be of service to our Special Projects Director John original simple ceremonies by communities. ED What of a well Hamill. introducing material from the read Ritual as opposed to a badly When dealing with the media on catechetical lectures, and brought remembered piece, any comments?

Issue 55 page 23 Important Notices. participating research lodge most WH Green Memorial Masonic Study convenient to you, or talk to your Circle (Australia) research organisation – they may An Advancement in already have limited temporary WHJ Mayers Lodge of Research Masonic Knowledge access to evaluate participation (Australia)

Would you like to know a bit more The library provides a growing about Freemasonry? Our Research resource for personal research, Lodges have a wealth of information, knowledge and inspiration –it ANZMRC Conference with presentations designed to help demonstrates the diversity of 2012 explain Freemasonry to lodge members the Craft and is a tribute members. Unfortunately most of to a large number of Freemasons Thu 15 November to Sun those presentations have not been who have worked to pass that 18 November 2012 easy to access; finding information is knowledge on to others. Brooklyn Masonic Centre, now much easier. 383 – 401 Ohiro Road, Should you want to access the Recently over 800 members of Wellington Masonic Digital Library you only masonic research organisations from have go to this web site http:// This is a brief update on the various countries received their www.anzmrc.org/component/ Conference. personal username and password for contact/12-contacts/2-ed-robinson free access to the Masonic Digital Kellerman Lectures are Library – containing over 4,000 Here is a list of those Research confirmed as: articles, talks and presentations from Lodges participating in the around the world. Masonic Digital Library project. Thu pm WBro Hugh Montgomery (NZ) “The Origins of The Masonic Digital Library is Barron Barnett Research Lodge Speculative Freemasonry and promoted by the Australian and New ( Queensland Australia) Modern Academic Zealand Masonic Research Council Discipline” (to be read by VW (or ANZMRC), and is now available The Discovery Lodge of Research Bro Gordon Fraser G Lec, KL) (NSW Australia) through their website: www.anzmrc.org The files are fully Fri am Bro Philip Purcell (NSW/ Hawkes Bay Research Lodge (NZ) ACT) “Statistical Foundations searchable by any word or phrase and, like a library, many files have a for the Masonic Mind” Linford Lodge of Research (Australia) subject assigned. A search on Fri pm WBro Brendan Kyne (Vic) “Apron,” for example, gives more Louisiana Lodge of Research (USA) “French Memphis Rite than 25 talks specifically about the Goldfields Lodge – Ballarat Apron – with many more including Research Lodge of Ruapehu. (NZ) 1853” the word. Research Lodge of Taranaki. (NZ) Sat am RWBro Ian Nathan, PGW The ANZMRC acknowledges and Research Lodge of Wellington (NZ) (NZ) “On Becoming a Grand thanks the Grand Lodge of New Lodge – The Grand Lodge of Zealand for hosting the library and South Australia Lodge of Research New Zealand” assisting with related programming. (Australia) Sat am (after am tea) VWBro Access to the library is restricted to Temple of Athene Lodge (England) Alan Gale, PGIW (WA) members of Masonic Research “Freemasonry – Positively organisations participating in the The Hobart Lodge of Research Defined” library– these organisations have (Australia) committed to sharing future Sun am VWBro Anthony Tabrett, The Research Lodge of Otago (NZ) publications in electronic form, and Grand Librarian (QLD) “Crafting providing past publications as they your Masonic Vision” The West Australian Lodge of ———————————————— become available. Other Research (Australia) organisations (including the Grand —— Registrations If you are going Lodge of New Zealand) and Top of the South Research Lodge to attend, please get your form in individual authors have also provided (NZ) quickly, even if the form cannot files for the collection. Waikato Lodge of Research (NZ) yet be completed (eg for travel If you would like access, see the information). website www.anzmrc.org for the page 24 Harashim Lunches, am and pm tea. The or Colin Heyward cost of these for registered ([email protected]). All talks attendees is included in the will be printed with Conference registration fee, and also includes Proceedings. lunch for partners on Thursday. Reminders: Partner Programme. Following Send in registration the opening of the conference by information quickly MW Bro Selwyn Cooper, Grand Prepare a Short Talk Master, there will be a meeting of Comment on a Lecture? partners to discuss and arrange Send an email now! activities. If you have any special interests send an email to Ed Registration Form from Robinson (email address below) http://www.anzmrc.org/ ———————————————— (Choose NZ or Aus form) ——

For Freemasons attending, we need two things now: Convenor Ed Robinson Registrations – Keith Knox Leading Discussion of ANZMRC Secretary Colin Kellerman Lectures. Copies of Heyward Kellerman Lectures will be sent to [email protected] one or two people before the [email protected] conference to enable them to [email protected] prepare brief comments – if you would like to be one of those you need to URGENTLY send your first and second preference for the lecture(s) that you would like to prepare comments on to Ed Robinson (see below). So far there have been indications of interest from attendees from NSW and NZ –preferences are needed now. To give sufficient preparation time, allocations will be made no later than the end of this month.

Short Talks We would like as many attendees as possible to prepare a short talk for possible presentation at the Conference. It should be either 3 minutes (up to approx 350 words) or 5 minutes (up to approx 600 words) in length; it can be on any masonic topic, preferably suitable for presentation at either a research lodge or ordinary lodge. If we have enough short talks, some will be able to be used for a workshop on the use of such talks.

Thank you to those that have already sent a talk in. Please send your copy to either Ed Robinson

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